● Essence social management. Social management as a special kind human activity arises from the need to organize joint activities in the social sphere, incl. in the system of social protection of the population.
The process of social management can be conditionally divided into two component interconnected parts - administrative, which includes the development and definition social policy, goals, objectives and ways to solve them, and actually managerial, aimed at efficiency, execution, technological and technical organization control object.
Social policy refers to the activities of the state and (or) public institutions to create conditions and distribute the social product between social groups and communities, allowing to coordinate the specific interests and needs of population groups with the interests and goals of society. The main goal of social policy is to ensure the dynamic development of the socio-political system by creating conditions for able-bodied citizens to maintain their well-being through their work, and for those who are unable to work, by providing social assistance and support.
Social management acts as a set of institutionalized formations and managerial relations between them, the implementation of which makes it possible to implement managerial influence between individuals, social groups and communities, political, economic and other institutions of society. It covers all objects and processes in society, the state of which is significant for its existence and development as a social system, for the life of people.
The social management system is "a form of implementation of interaction and development of management relations, expressed primarily in the laws and principles of management, as well as in its goals, functions, structure, methods, process and management mechanism."
The implementation of social management functions is carried out using various management methods. “A control method is a set of techniques and ways of influencing a controlled object in order to achieve its goals. Through management methods, the main content of management activities is realized.
The most common methods of social management are administrative, legislative, economic, motivational and socio-psychological methods.
Administrative methods are based on discipline, clear subordination and strict regulation of activities. The forms of expression of these methods are orders, directives, directives of higher authorities, which are binding on lower ones.
Legislative methods are based on the legislative impact on people and social actors through the rule of law.
Economic Methods influence the material interests of people and social subjects, while each level of management uses its own means of influence.
Motivation methods operate at the individual level and are based on the use of a variety of incentives and the creation of material and moral interest that encourages people to achieve high results in their work.
Socio-psychological methods are based on the moral impact of the team on its members, while each person is affected not only by his superiors, but also by the informal leaders of the team.
● Features of the management of social protection of the population Management of the system of social protection of the population (social work) is a kind of social management, which is a system of "flexible enterprising management in society, aimed at effective regulation social position all participants in public life, to ensure their development as subjects of all types of social relations, a worthy existence.
Social protection of the population is powerful social instrument, restraining the development of social risks and conflicts in public life, the more effective, the more resources society and the state allocate for these purposes. As a result, the importance professional management system of social protection of the population.
Organizational and structural management involves the organization of management at various levels (federal, regional, municipal) and the creation of appropriate organizational structures, including: the Ministry of Health and social development RF, federal agencies and services, regional ministries, departments, committees, departments and departments of social protection of the population, territorial centers and services social service.
The second meaning is functional. In the process of managing the system of social protection of the population, both general and specific functions. General, regardless of the level of the subject, his competence are: forecasting, planning, organization, coordination, stimulation, marketing, accounting and control. Specific functions are understood as the types of work in relation to the position, division, enterprise, organization, institution, which are fixed in the relevant instructions and regulations.
The professional (activity) value of social protection management is the activity of managers at different levels in the system of social protection bodies. The quality of management organization and its effectiveness largely depend on the professionalism of managers.
The next meaning of management in the social sphere is procedural, implying a process that includes target orientation, distribution of functions and formation of organizational structures, selection and placement of personnel, resource provision, the use of various forms, methods and means of management.
“Goal orientation is an important element of social management, followed by a system of actions, measures, activities or management decisions. Management is organized in a certain way through the distribution of functions and the formation of organizational structures, the selection and placement of personnel. In the management process, it is also important to link goals, objectives and decisions with resources - informational, material, labor, financial, temporary. Resource support is an important condition for achieving the goals set. The process uses various forms and methods of management or means to achieve certain results. Finally, the control process uses Feedback- Accounting, control, verification of execution.
The subjects of management in social protection are the heads of services and institutions of social protection, as well as the formed management bodies endowed with managerial powers.
The objects of management in social protection are social workers, employees of social protection institutions, as well as the entire system of relationships that develop between people in the provision of social assistance to the population.
The social service center is one of the main types social organizations. As institutional features of the center, the following should be noted:
Legal status or legal consolidation of the activities of the institution with the help of standard and original provisions, regulations;
The organizational structure of the institution, typical or original, reflecting the features and specifics of the conditions;
Practical implementation certain functions, based on the legal status and organizational structure.
Thus, the institutional basis of social institutions is: legal status, organizational structure and a set of functions performed.
By the mid-1990s, the following types of social services: government, commercial, mixed services working with charitable foundations, religious and public organizations. They carry out the following types of social services: the provision of material assistance, home social services, permanent care in a hospital, provision of temporary shelter, organization of day stays in social service institutions, advisory assistance, social patronage of families, children, the elderly and the disabled, social rehabilitation of citizens , including minors, as well as persons who have returned from places of deprivation of liberty, social assistance to children left without parental care, the organization of trade services, social and ritual services.
The management of social protection of the population, as a type of social management, is characterized by all general functions management (planning, organization, stimulation, motivation, accounting, control), as well as specific functions specific to organizations in the social sphere.
“The function of social adaptation is to create the conditions necessary for self-solving problems, measures for the social rehabilitation of individuals, changing the social environment aimed at restoring the adaptive potential of the entire population and, in particular, needy groups, the directed impact of all social institutions on the formation of new types of social interactions.
The social integration function should include social control and analysis of ongoing processes, prevention negative consequences, control social processes, the formation of an ideology of influence on public opinion, tk. no community can exist without an ideology.”
The organizational and executive system is used both in the formation, refinement of the organizational structure, and in daily activities when organizing the implementation of certain tasks. It is created using such regulatory means as regulations on divisions and job descriptions.
Regulation is an organizational and legal document regulating the activities of units, which defines the status of the unit in the management system; the main activities and rights of the unit; the functions and responsibility of its head for the performance of tasks and the implementation of the functions of the unit; organizational structure and relationships with other departments.
IN job description the name of the position and department are indicated; the main tasks of the employee; subordination by position; procedure for appointment and dismissal; basic and additional responsibilities; requirements for special knowledge, level of training, experience of practical work; the rights and responsibilities of the employee; criteria for evaluating performance in relation to this position.
Distribution and consolidation functional duties between departments and specific officials is reflected in the organizational structure of management. In social systems, organizational structures are distinguished that reflect the internal structure of the subject and object of activity.
The organizational structure of subdivisions, links constitutes the general organizational structure of the institution of social protection of the population and reflects the composition, subordination and interrelationships of all organizational units in accordance with the regulation on the institution. The composition, subordination and interrelationships of management units form the organizational structure of the organization's management.
Strong regulatory framework and increased requirements for uniformity of its application; the need to take into account the really needy segments of the population; increase in the volume of processed information, the need for a powerful information and analytical base that allows you to control the funds spent; the constant change in the nature of the tasks facing the bodies of social protection and the prompt performance of new functions by them determine the allocation of the main areas of activity of the bodies of the social sphere, including:
1. social services for the disabled:
Organization of home-based social services for the elderly and disabled;
Organization of sanatorium treatment;
Providing disabled people with technical means of rehabilitation and means of social adaptation;
Provision of services of the "Social Taxi" service, etc.;
2. social support:
Appointment and payment of social benefits (benefits to families with children, housing subsidies, lump-sum cash payments certain categories citizens, etc.);
Organization of social support for women, families and children;
Organization of social rehabilitation for minors;
Provision of one-time material assistance and distribution of in-kind types of assistance;
Maintaining databases of certain categories of citizens (veterans, disabled people, low-income, large families, families of single mothers, etc.);
Monitoring of socially unprotected groups of the population, etc.;
3. inpatient care for the elderly and disabled:
Organization of a network of stationary social service institutions;
Organization of social and medical services in stationary social service institutions;
4. pension provision:
Organization of pension provision for citizens (appointment, recalculation, payment, control over the correctness of the assignment of pensions), etc.
Bodies of social protection of the population carry out work on planning, accounting, distribution of budgetary funds, training and retraining of personnel for work in the social sphere, initiate the adoption of regulatory legal acts in the field of social protection of the population.
The objects of social assistance and protection are legally defined and represented by a fairly wide range of categories of citizens, including: pensioners, disabled people, veterans, disabled children, children from large, incomplete, low-income and socially disadvantaged families, victims of radiation, etc.
The subjects of assistance are the state represented by the bodies of social protection of the population, a network of various institutions of social services for the population, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Fund social insurance Russian Federation, the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, as well as non-state charitable foundations, societies, and individual entrepreneurs.
Social protection of the population in Russian Federation is a complex constitutional and legal institution that implements one of the fundamental foundations of the constitutional order of Russia (the right of citizens to social security) and state social policy.
The activities of all state and non-state bodies and institutions of social protection of the population are reduced to practical work on social security and services to citizens and covers all aspects of the process, from budgeting to regulating almost all meaningful forms life of the population.
In the management system of social protection of the population, the following main areas of activity of bodies and institutions of the social sphere are distinguished: social services for the disabled, social support for the population, inpatient services for the elderly and disabled, pensions, etc.
In order to solve the problems facing society, “priority areas for the development of the system of social protection of the population in modern conditions are:
Activation of the development of the theory of social protection, theoretical substantiation of its goals and objectives, methods of activity and organizational structures, legal norms of activity;
Strengthening social policy in the field of social protection of the population through concretization political decisions in the field of assistance and support to socially vulnerable groups of the population and, above all, families;
The concentration of material, financial, intellectual resources to ensure constitutional and legislative social norms, implementation social guarantees at all levels;
Improvement and comprehensive strengthening of the social service system as the most important area of social protection, including its legal, financial, organizational and managerial, personnel, material and technical, scientific, methodological, information and analytical support;
Support for the development of social services in non-stationary institutions different kind: comprehensive service centers, social service institutions for families and children, specialized departments of social assistance at home;
Assistance in expanding the range and improving the quality of social services;
Technologization social work, the formation of complete social technologies in working with socially vulnerable groups of the population;
Ensuring a differentiated approach to the implementation of social protection for various categories of those in need;
Implementation of the principle of the family approach, concern for strengthening the family, its maximum implementation in order to fulfill its main functions;
Ensuring targeting in the implementation of social assistance;
Introduction of additional regional measures of targeted social assistance to the population after the provision of the established federal social guarantees in full, financing of activities, programs and maintenance of institutions of social protection of the population;
Activation of public participation in the development and implementation of federal and regional targeted programs for the social protection of socially vulnerable strata and groups of the population, expansion of active forms of social assistance.
The right of citizens of the Russian Federation to social protection is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of December 12, 1993, which proclaimed that the Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. As a matter of priority, social protection in the Russian Federation is in need of:
1. elderly citizens, especially single and lonely living (including single married couples);
2. invalids of the Great Patriotic War and the families of fallen servicemen;
3. invalids, including from childhood, and children with disabilities;
4. invalids from among the soldiers-internationalists;
5. citizens affected by the consequences of the accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant and radioactive releases elsewhere;
6. unemployed;
7. forced refugees and settlers;
8. children are orphans;
9. children with deviant behavior;
10. Families with disabled children, orphans, alcoholics and drug addicts;
11. low-income families;
12. large families;
13. single mothers;
14. young, student, families;
15. citizens infected with HIV and AIDS patients;
16. persons with disabilities;
Management bodies of social protection and their subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, territorial bodies social protection of the population form a unified state system of social protection of the population, providing state support families, elderly people, veterans and disabled people, persons discharged from military service and members of their families, the development of a system of social services, the implementation of state policy in the field of pensions and labor relations.
The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population consists of the following elements:
· The state represented by its representative and executive bodies operating at the federal, regional and local levels. They formulate a general concept, determine the main directions of social policy, its strategy, tactics, provide legislative, legal basis implement specific provisions on the ground.
· Structures of the emerging civil society (public associations, organizations, enterprises, firms).
Great value in decision social problems certain categories of the population acquire social activity carried out within the framework of enterprises, firms; activity of political, trade union and public associations, charitable and voluntary organizations. They implement social policy within relatively narrow limits corresponding to their competence. The management of the state system of social protection depends on the level at which it is implemented.
For management, control is created one system executive bodies in the field of social protection, which is formed by the social protection management bodies and their subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, territorial bodies.
An important goal in the field of improving this system is the establishment of stable, orderly links between all its levels and institutions of the social infrastructure that ensure its functioning.
At the federal level, the management of the social protection system is carried out by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation
The management of the social insurance system is carried out with the help of specialized Funds: the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund and the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund.
At the regional level, management is carried out by bodies executive power subject of the federation. For example, in the Moscow Region, management is carried out by the department, enterprises, institutions, organizations subordinate to it, as well as territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for families, senior citizens, veterans and disabled people, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families, the development of a system of social services, the implementation of state policy in the field of pensions and labor relations.
District departments of social protection of the population are territorial structural divisions regional ministries or departments of social protection of the population and implement the functions of social protection in relation to the population of a particular municipality.
Understanding the peculiarities of the organizational structure of social protection bodies is necessary for a church social worker in view of the fact that he can, saving time and energy, directly contact a competent specialist to resolve a specific problem. The complexity of studying this topic lies in the fact that each region forms a system of bodies and institutions independently, and even a regional body that manages the entire social sphere can be called completely differently, which somewhat complicates the understanding of the functions and tasks of these bodies.
The leading organizational and legal forms of social protection of the population are:
· pension provision;
· provision of social benefits, subsidies, compensations and benefits for categories of the population in need of state social assistance;
state social insurance;
social services.
The right to social security is one of the basic socio-economic rights of the population: “Everyone is guaranteed social security in cases of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for the upbringing of children and in other cases established by law”
An important legal form of social protection of the population is the law "On State Social Assistance", which regulates state social assistance to low-income citizens and families at the expense of regional budgets and monthly cash payments (UDV) at the expense of federal budget and "social packages" for certain categories of the population included in federal register. The system of social support for the population under this law is based on regional budgets. According to this law, the right to receive one-time state social assistance is granted to pensioners, disabled people, and other disabled citizens whose total average per capita income does not exceed the minimum established at the regional level.
The financial source of social security is the current income of participants in social production, withdrawn through taxation (income tax) and earmarked contributions from employers and employees. These taxes and contributions, in addition to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, form the Social Insurance Fund, which forms the financial basis of social insurance benefits.
The objects of state social insurance are temporarily economically inactive population.
Social insurance acts as an institution to protect the economically active population from the risks of loss of income (wages) due to disability (illness, accident, old age) or job loss.
The following are distinguished as social insurance risks:
the need for medical care;
· temporary disability;
work injury and occupational disease;
· motherhood;
Disability
The onset of old age
loss of a breadwinner
recognition as unemployed;
death of the insured person or disabled members of his family who are dependent on him.
The main task of the Social Insurance Fund is to provide state-guaranteed benefits for temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, at the birth of a child, for caring for a child upon reaching one and a half years, for burial, for sanatorium treatment and rehabilitation of workers and their families.
Currently, there are two forms of social insurance: compulsory (according to the law for subjects of insurance - state) and voluntary. Typical types of social insurance are pension, medical, industrial accident insurance.
State pension insurance-a type of insurance carried out at the expense of contributions from employers and employees in order to provide citizens with labor pensions for old age, disability, in case of loss of a breadwinner.
The law "On health insurance of citizens in the Russian Federation" determined the legal, economic and organizational foundations of this institution of social protection. The purpose of medical insurance is to guarantee citizens, in the event of an insured event, receiving medical care at the expense of accumulated funds. In accordance with the Law, health insurance is represented by two types:
mandatory;
voluntary.
Compulsory health insurance is universal for the population of the Russian Federation and is implemented in accordance with programs that guarantee the volume and conditions for providing medical care to citizens.
Voluntary medical insurance is carried out on the basis of programs that provide citizens with services in excess of those established in compulsory medical insurance programs on the basis of payment for services by citizens or organizations.
In accordance with the Law, funds for compulsory medical insurance (insurance payments to employees) are concentrated in the Federal and Territorial (regional) compulsory medical insurance funds. Compulsory medical insurance is provided, therefore, by a system of funds, consisting of a federal fund and territorial compulsory medical insurance funds in the subjects of the Federation. The insurance rate of mandatory health insurance contributions paid by employers and other payers is determined federal law Russian Federation.
Minimum social guarantees in the field of healthcare. To assess the minimum acceptable level of satisfaction of needs in medical care, indicators of the provision of doctors, hospital beds, outpatient facilities per 1000 inhabitants in the region are used.
New subjects appear in the healthcare system - insurance medical organizations who choose medical institutions and pay for medical and preventive care provided to insured persons. Since 1993, compulsory health insurance has been included in the social insurance system of Russia, which is financed in the form of contributions by most employers of all forms of ownership, as well as by the state directly from the budget. Health insurance has come to be regarded as the health care system most adequate to the market economy, improving the quality of medical services.
The insurance premiums of most enterprises amount to 26% of the payroll fund. certain types social insurance in relation to accrued wages are:
· to the Pension Fund - 19%;
· to the Social Insurance Fund - 3.4%;
· to the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund -- 3.6%.
The following are established as state minimum wage standards:
The minimum wage (SMIC);
living wage for the working population.
Minimum social guarantees in the field of wages will not be valid until the economic function of wages is restored. In terms of social protection, this is important, since wages are not only an economic, but also a moral category, designed to provide a person with a certain social status.
One of the important aspects of minimum social guarantees is guarantees of protection against unemployment. There are two sides to solving this problem: the creation of economic conditions for maximum employment and self-employment of the population, on the one hand, and state support, on the other. The state employment assistance programs adopted annually by the government, as well as the implementation of the federal target program for creating jobs, are aimed at reducing the unemployment rate.
The state guarantees the unemployed:
payment of unemployment benefits;
Assistance in search suitable job
payment of scholarships during vocational training, advanced training, retraining in the direction of the employment service;
Opportunity to participate in paid public works and temporary work.
Unemployment benefits are provided from regional budgets, paid during the year of unemployment, subject to an active search for suitable work through the Employment Center and is equal to the subsistence minimum for the given subject of the Federation in the first 4 months of unemployment (later it decreases).
An important link in the social protection of the population is the legislatively mandatory programs of employment, retraining and housing, aimed primarily at young people.
To stimulate the economic independence of young people, it is proposed professional education or retraining and socio-psychological preparation for entering the role of economically independent taxpayers. This policy leads not only to a decrease in the number of unemployed, but also to other positive effects. To reduce the number of unemployed, "income policy" and monetary policy are also actively used.
Thus, social protection is carried out at the expense of the federal, regional budgets, specially created off-budget social funds. Its complex nature can be represented, for example, by a system of measures for the social protection of people with disabilities:
Measures for the social protection of persons with disabilities can be divided as follows:
· medical and social expertise of citizens, establishing their disability and recommending measures to eliminate or reduce their social insufficiency;
· legal protection of citizens with disabilities and public associations of people with disabilities through legislation;
· social Security;
social services.
One of the leading organizational and legal forms of social protection of the population is social services. Social services are the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult situations.
These regulations are essentially technical and do not provide fundamental legal norms. They define the basic requirements for the volume, quality and forms of social services.
The state guarantees citizens the right to social services in the state system of social services for basic types of services
1) social services - enterprises and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, providing social services, as well as citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities for social services to the population without forming a legal entity;
2) a client of a social service - a citizen who is in a difficult life situation, who, in connection with this, is provided with social services;
3) social services - actions to provide certain categories of citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, to the client of the social assistance service provided for by this Federal Law;
4) difficult life situation - a situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-service due to old age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, low income, unemployment, lack of a fixed place of residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc. ), which he cannot overcome on his own.
Social services are provided on the basis of an application of a citizen, his guardian, custodian, other legal representative, body state power, organ local government, public association. Every citizen has the right to receive free information about the possibilities, types, procedures and conditions of social services in the state system of social services.
Foreign citizens and stateless persons enjoy the same right to social services in the Russian Federation as citizens of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise established by international treaties of the Russian Federation.
In the Constitution of the Russian Federation there are no direct indications of social services, except for an explanation that in the Russian Federation, as in a social state, a system of social services is developing. Considering the basic principles of social service, we can distinguish:
1) targeting;
2) availability;
3) voluntariness;
4) humanity;
5) the priority of providing social services to minors in difficult life situations;
6) confidentiality;
7) preventive orientation, it should be noted that they are not based on civil law, but introduce a certain block of norms that have an analogy with the provisions of the Universal Declaration of 1948, since they represent human rights, fixed by the Declaration. These principles include accessibility, voluntariness, humanity, confidentiality.
The system of social services includes state, municipal and non-state services. The state social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, executive authorities of the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation, in whose competence the organization and implementation of social services are transferred. The municipal social service includes institutions and social service enterprises, local self-service bodies, whose competence includes the organization and implementation of social services. The non-state social service includes institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other organizations. non-governmental organizations and private individuals.
The types of social services include:
Financial assistance provided to citizens in difficult life situations in the form of Money, food, sanitation and hygiene products, child care products, clothing, footwear and other essentials, fuel, as well as special vehicles, technical means rehabilitation of the disabled and persons in need of outside care.
· Social services at home, carried out by providing social services to citizens in need of permanent or temporary non-stationary social services. Lonely citizens and citizens who have partially lost the ability to self-service due to advanced age, illness, disability are provided with home assistance in the form of social, social and medical services and other assistance.
Social services in stationary social service institutions, carried out by providing social services to citizens who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and in need of constant outside care, and ensuring the creation of living conditions appropriate to their age and state of health, carrying out medical, psychological, social measures , food and care, as well as the organization of feasible labor activity, recreation and leisure.
Temporary shelter in a specialized institution of social services is provided to orphans, children left without parental care, neglected minors, children in difficult life situations, citizens without a fixed place of residence and certain occupations, citizens who have suffered from physical or mental violence, natural disasters, as a result of armed and interethnic conflicts, other social service clients in need of temporary shelter.
Organization of a day stay: in social service institutions in daytime social, social, medical and other services are provided to elderly and disabled citizens who have retained the ability to self-service and active movement, as well as to other persons, including minors, who are in a difficult life situation.
· Advisory assistance: in social service institutions, social service clients are provided with consultations on issues of social and social and medical support for life, psychological and pedagogical assistance, and social and legal protection.
· Rehabilitation services: social services provide assistance in the professional, socio-psychological rehabilitation of disabled people, persons with disabilities, juvenile delinquents, other citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation and need rehabilitation services.
Forms of services provided by social services are defined State standards:
Financial assistance (cash, food, manufactured goods, vehicles, special equipment, prosthetic and orthopedic products, medicines, fuel, etc.).
Help at home (performing household services, childcare, medical and social assistance and other services).
· Permanent service in a hospital (nutrition, welfare, health care, medical, labor rehabilitation, leisure activities).
· Advisory assistance.
· Provision of temporary shelter.
· Organization of day stay in social service institutions.
A person in a difficult life situation may receive social assistance in case of applying to the social service. Specialists of a social institution are obliged to check the compliance of the parameters of the life situation of the applicant with the prescribed requirements for the recipient of social assistance.
The current system of social services in Russia is of a territorial-departmental nature, that is, it is as close as possible to the population.
The management of social services for the population is carried out by territorial (regional and district) bodies of social protection of the population, which build their activities in cooperation with the bodies of health, education, culture, physical culture and sports, law enforcement, public services youth affairs, employment services, as well as public and religious organizations.
Financing of social services is carried out on a budgetary basis and consists of:
· normative deductions from the budgets of the appropriate level (subject of the federation or municipal) in the amount of at least 2% of the expenditure part of the budget;
funds from the federal budget for the implementation of certain tasks;
finances as a result of the reallocation of funds between committees and departments of services different levels for the implementation of regional, city and district programs;
· additional funds from the regional and local budgets to provide targeted measures to adapt the income of the population to an increase in the cost of living;
Income from paid services and from economic activity;
charitable donations and contributions from businesses, public organizations and individuals, proceeds from charitable actions.
State standards of social services regulate social services that provide for the most important human needs: social and domestic; socio-psychological; socio-legal; socio-pedagogical; socio-medical and other needs of citizens.
The effectiveness of social services is ensured by specialists who have a professional education that meets the requirements and nature of the work performed, experience in the field of social services and are inclined in their personal qualities to provide social services. Rights of social workers employed in the state and municipal sectors:
Work on the terms of an employment contract (contract);
free preventive examination and examination upon admission to work and free dispensary observation in state and municipal institutions health care through appropriate budget allocations;
protection of professional honor, dignity and business reputation, including in court;
Obtaining qualification certificates and licenses for professional activity in the field of social services;
free housing and housing and communal services if they live in countryside or an urban-type settlement, in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In addition, social workers have the right to provide overalls, footwear and equipment or receive monetary compensation for their acquisition, extraordinary servicing by the enterprise of trade, Catering, life, free travel on public transport, priority telephone installation.
A number of factors hinder the development of a network of social services:
· Problems related to the mechanism for monitoring the volume and quality of social services provided;
lack of competent, educated specialists in the social sphere;
· imperfection of the normative-legislative base;
Insufficient funding for some projects;
· insufficient awareness of the population about the activities of social services;
• low social status and inadequate wages of social workers;
low awareness of the population about the activities of social services;
Lack of broad participation in the formation state order on the volume of services to the population in terms of social services for all sectors of social partnership: state authorities, local governments, businesses and associations of entrepreneurs and non-profit organizations.
The system of social protection and social education
Didactic unit: social protection and social education
Questions:
Concepts "Social education"
"Management of Social Education".
Institute of social education management: executive and legislative authorities; collectives, organizations, institutions; family; public organizations, foundations; church, religion; activities of state institutions as subjects of professional and non-professional social pedagogical work. Mechanisms for managing social education. The main goal of the management of social education.
Social protection of the population is a system of measures aimed at preventing social risk situations, as well as mitigating and eliminating their consequences. Social risk should be understood as the probability of an unfavorable life situation occurring, independent or little dependent on the citizen himself, i.e. due to external causes.
Five forms of classification of social protection of the population: 1- depending on the role of the subject of the recipient. Social protection can be active and passive. Active social protection involves active position the subject of the recipient in the form of employment. If a person fails to find a job, then unemployment benefits are assigned. 2- according to the method of accounting and compensation of social risk. Social protection can be insurance and non-insurance. Compulsory state insurance for certain categories of the population (judges, prosecutors, pilots, railway workers, sea and river fleet workers, military personnel, some types of commercial insurance) can be attributed to insurance. Non-insurance forms: social assistance and support, these are the forms where a preliminary assessment, accounting, and identification of social risk are not carried out. 3- by subject composition: state, municipal, corporate, social partner, public, carried out through public associations, charitable organizations. 4- depending on the basis for granting: contractual and non-contractual forms of social protection, the latter arise by virtue of law. 5- depending on the degree of coverage of the subject of the recipient: general (applies to all citizens without exception, for example, protection from emergencies); special (provided to certain categories of the population, which are distinguished by professional, territorial or other characteristics); exceptional (provided on the basis of special regulations, to those categories of the population that fall into extraordinary circumstances requiring exceptional measures - Chernobyl, SSHHPP).
Social education - the process of influencing the psychology of a person, not his consciousness, feelings, will, behavior. As well as the process of ensuring interaction between the system - the individual - the family - the team - society - the state in order to solve the problems of the formation and development of social. mature personality with social significant ZUN and qualitative properties.
Management of social upbringing - a set of implemented measures and actions of social. institutions of the state and society for the coordination, distribution and application of social. ped. Resources in order to implement more effective forms and methods of technology for the formation and development of social. significant qualities and personality traits, the need for motives of behavior and actions.
Institute of Social Management education: * executive and legislative authorities; * collectives, organizations, institutions; * family; * public organizations, foundations; *church, religion; *activity of state institutions as subjects of professional and non-professional socio-pedagogical work.
social control mechanisms. upbringing:
The ideology of the state and society in the field of social education,
Self-government, amateur performance, social activity,
Participation of public organizations in social education,
The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population consists of the following elements:
The state represented by its representative and executive bodies operating at the federal, regional and local levels. They formulate a general concept, determine the main directions of social policy, its strategy, tactics, provide a legislative, legal basis, and implement specific provisions on the ground.
Structures of the emerging civil society (public associations, organizations, enterprises, firms).
Of great importance in solving social problems of certain categories of the population are social activities carried out within the framework of enterprises and firms; activity of political, trade union and public associations, charitable and voluntary organizations. They implement social policy within relatively narrow limits corresponding to their competence. The management of the state system of social protection depends on the level at which it is implemented. Gusov, K.N. Social Security Law of Russia / K.N. Gusov M.O. Buyanov. - M.: Prospekt, 2013. - S. 321.
For management and control, a unified system of executive bodies in the field of social protection is being created, which is formed by social protection management bodies and their subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, and territorial bodies.
An important goal in the field of improving this system is the establishment of stable, orderly links between all its levels and institutions of the social infrastructure that ensure its functioning.
At the federal level, the management of the social protection system is carried out by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation.
The management of the social insurance system is carried out with the help of specialized Funds: the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund and the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund.
At the regional level, management is carried out by the executive authorities of the subject of the federation. Thus, in Moscow, the functions of implementing the state policy in the field of social protection of citizens are carried out by the Moscow Department of Social Protection of the Population (Regulations on the Department on the website www.dszn.ru).
The Department, enterprises, institutions, organizations subordinate to it, as well as territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for families, senior citizens, veterans and disabled people, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families, development systems of social services, the implementation of state policy in the field of pensions and labor relations.
At the local level, most often there is a department of social protection of the population under the district administration. Consider, for example, the management structure in the city of Mytishchi, Moscow Region:
Figure 1 shows the structure of social protection.
Figure 1. Structure of social protection
Regional departments of social protection of the population are territorial structural subdivisions of regional ministries or departments of social protection of the population and implement the functions of social protection in relation to the population of a particular municipality.
Understanding the peculiarities of the organizational structure of social protection bodies is necessary for a church social worker in view of the fact that he can, saving time and energy, directly contact a competent specialist to resolve a specific problem. The complexity of studying this topic lies in the fact that each region forms a system of bodies and institutions independently, and even a regional body that manages the entire social sphere can be called completely differently, which somewhat complicates the understanding of the functions and tasks of these bodies. So, if in Moscow it is the Department of Social Protection of the Population, then in Leningrad region- this is the Committee for Social Protection of the Population, the Ministry of Social Policy - in the Sverdlovsk Region, the Committee for Social Security - in the Kursk Region. Gusov, K.N. Social Security Law of Russia / K.N. Gusov M.O. Buyanov. - M.: Prospekt, 2013. - S. 322.
Conclusion. Social protection is considered as a set of legislatively fixed economic and legal guarantees that ensure the observance of the most important social rights of citizens. This is the protection of motherhood and childhood, labor and health of citizens, the establishment minimum size wages, social protection of the disabled and the elderly, the development of a system of social services, state pensions and benefits. Special attention paid to the organization of the work of social security bodies.
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of research. The stability of society, its sustainable development and, ultimately, its national security depend to a large extent on the state of the social sphere, the effectiveness of the policy pursued by the state in the field of social protection of citizens. That is why states and their governments at all times have been solving the most difficult, and at the same time, vital problem of the balance between economic efficiency and social justice, looking for ways and mechanisms to carry out social policy adequate to the situation and the modern level of development of society.
To flourish, Aristotle argued, the state must, above all, embody law and justice, the knowledge of which, according to the philosopher, is the basis of any true policy. For the thinkers of antiquity, it was obvious that states exist for " a better life their citizens."
Social policy is directly related to the political sphere of society, since it depends not only on the state of the economy, but also on the policy of the state as the subject of its implementation. The state, together with political parties and movements, trade unions, and other public associations, acts as an institution of the political system of society, being its main element. The social state and civil society is aimed at people who are ultimately the primary elements of the political sphere of society, representing the sphere of relations between social communities, groups and people regarding the organization and exercise of political power.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 declared Russia a social state, designed to create the necessary conditions for a decent life and human development. The social policy of such a state, the cornerstone of which is to support the social stability of society, should be focused on creating a system of social protection of citizens, including, first of all, the development of various forms and measures of social support for low-income strata of the population.
For modern Russia the significance of these measures is especially great, since today we are not talking about a simple reform of certain aspects of life Russian society, but about the transition of the country to a new public system accompanied by fundamental changes in the entire system social relations and institutions. Under these conditions, the main subject of social policy should inevitably be the state and its institutions, whose regulatory role in the sphere of social protection of citizens should be aimed at maintaining the crisis-free development of the country.
The main reasons for the inhibition of ongoing social reforms, along with the insufficiently high role of the state in regulating social relations, are the incomplete and inadequate legal framework for the implementation of state policy in the field of social protection of the population, the inability to adapt social assistance and social security systems to modern conditions.
All of the above determines the relevance of the topic of the final qualifying work.
Target graduation project is to develop practical advice aimed at improving the efficiency of the organization of the system of social protection of the population of the Vladimir region.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks:
Consider the system of social protection of the population as a scientific and practical problem;
To study the models and features of foreign systems of social protection;
Analyze the system of social protection of the population in Russia;
Conduct an analysis of the functioning of the social protection system of the Vladimir region;
Formulate possible ways solution of problems of social protection of the population.
Object of study– regional system of protection of the population of the Vladimir region.
Subject of study are the political, legal and institutional foundations of the social protection of the population as a priority direction of the social policy of the modern welfare state.
In the course of the work, general scientific research methods were used.
Theoretical and methodological basis of the study the works of domestic scientists devoted to the social protection of the population, legislative acts and Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation served.
The structure of the work was determined in accordance with the need to solve the tasks. The diploma project contains an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.
CHAPTER 1. THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE POPULATION AS A COMPONENT PART OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE STATE
1.1. The essence of the system of social protection of the population
The economy must function in order to meet the needs of its organizer - a person. Due to the imperfection of the economic laws of production, distribution, exchange and consumption, a person is forced to experience certain inconveniences: the lack and impossibility of acquiring primary commodities, the impossibility of obtaining medical care with a high level of development of the industry, unemployment, lack of housing in the presence of empty apartments, deprivation and suffering in old age etc.
Mitigation of the consequences of the imperfect organization of social production in the developed capitalist countries is carried out by organizing the social protection of citizens, that is, by imparting greater social justice to social production. There is a certain contradiction between production efficiency and social security, between economic and social values. Achieving efficiency often leads to mass layoffs, increased income polarization, and exacerbated social relations. On the other hand, government intervention in order to increase the social security of people often leads to the suppression of entrepreneurial initiative, a decrease in the efficiency and competitiveness of production, and bureaucratization of the social security system.
The need for social security arises from the existence of a social need to have a system of laws in the state that compensates for the social imperfection of the organization of production, wealth and their distribution. The essence of social security is the legislative provision of economic, political, social and other rights, freedoms and interests of citizens. Such a formulation of the issue has a constitutional connotation, but, as world practice shows, the rights of citizens are often only formulated in the Constitution. Their implementation is not always a fact.
In our country, the system of social protection of the population as a special social institution is in the process of its development. The term "social protection" has various meanings. In the new economic conditions, he replaced the term "social security" used in the Soviet economy, where he characterized the specific organizational and legal form of social protection carried out directly by the state.
In modern conditions, it was necessary to develop other organizational and legal forms of social support for the most vulnerable categories of the population. The term "social protection" was introduced, which has long been used in world practice.
Social protection as a social institution, which is a set of legal norms designed to solve certain social and economic problems, usually deals with categories of citizens established by law who, due to disability, lack of work, or for other reasons, do not have sufficient funds to meet their vital needs. needs and needs of disabled family members. Within the framework of social protection systems, such citizens are provided with assistance in the form of compensation in cash and in kind or in the form of any services in the event of unfavorable conditions established by law. In addition, social protection systems implement preventive measures aimed at preventing adverse events. Social protection is carried out in various organizational and legal forms, including such as the individual responsibility of employers, insurance, social insurance, targeted social assistance, state social security, etc.
Two concepts should be distinguished: "social security" and "social protection". Social security is the constitutional and legislative provision of the whole range of human rights and freedoms. Social protection is a more specific concept, which boils down to work on the realization of rights and freedoms. For example, the constitutional right to work cannot be realized if there are no laws regulating labor relations, as well as a system of state and public institutions that “force” these laws to work.
From the point of view of labor contribution to social production, there are two types of social protection: limited and absolute. Limited social protection is the provision of a guaranteed minimum to all members of society standard of living, protection from severe physical deprivation. This type security is achievable for everyone and should not be seen as a privilege. Absolute social security is the provision by the state of guaranteed relative well-being to any person or category of citizens. The purpose of absolute security is to insure individual members of society against a possible decrease in the level of income. The provision by the state of this type of security is the implementation of a "fair" remuneration, that is, remuneration correlated with the subjective merits of a person, and not with the objective results of his work. Absolute security is typical, as a rule, for a society in which full control over the market is exercised or market relations are completely eliminated.
The subjects of social protection include: the state, trade unions, unions and associations of entrepreneurs, as well as individuals called human rights activists. First, the main object of social protection is the entire population of the country. In this case, social protection involves ensuring the safety of people's lives, realizing the interests of consumers, strengthening the health of the nation, creating conditions for spiritual development. Secondly, the objects of social protection include certain groups and strata of the population. Hence, for example, the social protection of military personnel, educators, etc. follows. Thirdly, socially vulnerable groups of the population are the object of social protection: families with many children, the disabled, non-working pensioners, women, the unemployed, etc.
Let us consider in more detail the roles and functions of the subjects of social protection.
The main subject of social protection, as already noted, is the state. However, the role of the state in the implementation of the above types of social protection is different. If the provision of limited security requires the state to maintain and develop the market mechanism, then the implementation of absolute protection implies the restriction of these market relations and even nullifies them. In the first case, state participation is indirect. The state develops and adopts social protection measures, for example, legal acts regulating labor agreements, social relations related to the distribution and use of housing stock, the nature of medical care and pension provisions. At present, in developed countries, protection of the first type is guaranteed to everyone. The state should help citizens who are in trouble as a result of unforeseen events from which no one can be insured: illness, accident, unemployment, etc.
While ensuring absolute security, the state combines the owner, legislator and executor. With huge resources, the state has a real opportunity to subordinate the economy to public investment and, on this basis, to expand the scope of state intervention through total planning. The real source of the power of the state over its citizens is its control over the industrial sphere. State machine, manager economic activity, controls not only the material aspects of life. It is in charge of the distribution of limited funds necessary to achieve any goals of citizens. On this basis, the official determines not only goals worthy of implementation, but also the social status of a person and even individual social strata of society, and, consequently, the level of their social protection.
In market conditions, the state cannot guarantee the stability of income. The creation of guarantees for the stability of their incomes for all citizens is possible only with the destruction of market relations and the freedom to choose a life field. The more we strive for absolute protection, influencing the mechanisms of the market with state levers, the less real is our security. Thus, in the approach to determining the measure of social protection and state intervention, balance and caution are needed, since the consequences of " social therapy may be worse than the illness itself.
Trade unions are the most important subject of labor relations. Their activities to protect the interests of employees are regulated international conventions, national laws and labor contracts (agreements) with employers. Trade unions are called upon to solve a wide range of socio-economic problems in order to increase the level of social protection of workers. These are: the size and forms of remuneration, the length of the working day and annual leave, health insurance, etc.
The activities of trade unions are characterized by "embedded" in the market mechanism social orientation. This is reflected in the technology of conclusion of collective employment contracts, which suggests a certain element of struggle. Collective agreements are today one of the main means of social progress. The achievements of workers and their trade unions are first recorded in collective agreements and then enshrined in legislation.
The interests of entrepreneurs in the system of public interests are to maintain and increase the level and scale of profitability of entrepreneurial business. Realization of these goals requires taking into account the demands of trade unions. Therefore, entrepreneurs are forced to actively participate in maintaining the achieved standards of living standards for workers. To do this, firstly, employers participate in the creation of various insurance funds. Secondly, they contribute to the improvement of working conditions, medical and consumer services directly at enterprises. Thirdly, they introduce new, more progressive forms of remuneration and additional payments.
1.2. Foreign models and approaches to the implementation of social protection of the population
The concepts of social protection and social security are related, but not identical. When used as scientific definitions social protection includes social security as an integral part, and also covers guarantees for the protection of labor, health and the natural environment, minimum wages, etc., which ensure normal conditions for human life.
An idea of the most noticeable differences in approaches to social protection that exist in the world is given by G. Esping-Andersen's classification, which has now received wide recognition. He singled out three main models of social states: liberal, conservative (corporate) and social democratic.
The formation of a liberal model, inherent in such countries as the USA, Canada, Australia, Great Britain, took place under the dominance of private property, the predominance of market relations and under the influence of a liberal work ethic. The main conditions for the functioning of this model are the minimum involvement of the state in market relations and the limited use of state regulation measures that do not go beyond the development of macroeconomic policy; in the gross domestic product (GDP), the state sector of the economy owns only a small share. Social support for citizens is carried out through developed insurance systems and with minimal intervention by the state, which is the regulator of certain guarantees. Insurance payments are usually small. Transfer payments are also insignificant, i.e., transferred from the accounts of the state budget financial resources received from taxes directly to various groups of the population in the form of benefits and subsidies. Financial assistance has a targeted focus and is provided only on the basis of a means test.
In the sphere of industrial relations, maximum conditions have been created for the development of entrepreneurial activity. The owners of enterprises are not limited in any way in making independent decisions regarding the development and restructuring of production, including the dismissal of employees who turned out to be unnecessary. In the most rigid form, this provision is typical for the United States, where since 1948 the law on labor agreements, or "Wagner's law", according to which the administration of the enterprise in the event of a reduction or modernization of production has the right to make dismissals without warning or with two or three days' notice, without taking into account the length of service and qualifications of employees. The destiny of trade unions is to defend the interests of workers with the greatest experience in the event of the threat of mass layoffs, which, however, they do not always succeed.
This model fully satisfies its main purpose in conditions of economic stability or growth, but during a recession and a forced reduction in production, accompanied by an inevitable cutback. social programs, many social groups are in a vulnerable position, especially women, youth, and the elderly.
The conservative (corporate) model is typical for countries with a socially oriented market economy. Among them - the countries of continental Europe, such as Austria, Germany, Italy, France. The position of the state here is much stronger: budget allocations for social measures are approximately equal to the insurance premiums of employees and employers, the main channels of redistribution are either in the hands of the state or under its control. At the same time, the state seeks to concede the material support of citizens to the insurance protection system. Due to this, the amount of social benefits is proportionally dependent on labor income and, accordingly, on the amount of deductions for insurance payments. Distinctive feature is the "self-management" of insurance funds, which are jointly run by business owners and influential trade unions representing the interests of employees. The amount of guaranteed payments in case of unemployment depends on the length of service, and the terms of payments - on the duration of payment of insurance premiums, their amount and the age of the employee. In many countries, the unemployment benefit period has been extended for people over 50 years of age.
The social-democratic model (sometimes called solidary) implies the leading role of the state in protecting the population. Moreover, the equalization of the income level of the population and general employment are considered the priority tasks of the state social policy. This model has found practical implementation in the countries of northern Europe - Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, as well as in the Netherlands and Switzerland. The basis for financing the social sphere is a developed public sector of the economy, which is strengthened not least by a very high level of taxation. The share of government spending in GDP is 66 percent in Sweden, 61 percent in Denmark, and 56 percent in Finland. The main part of these expenses goes to meet the needs of social facilities. A very significant part of them are transfer payments, due to which the national product is redistributed in favor of the poorest segments of the population.
Others hallmarks This model is a developed system of industrial democracy, the regulation of labor relations at the national level, and not at the level of individual enterprises or industries, the use of effective means to minimize unemployment.
The most famous Swedish doctrine of the welfare state, which is often called egalitarian. She elevates the care of the state for its citizens to the rank of a national cult, promising to provide them with “security, reliability and protection in threatening situations, as well as the organization and leadership of protection. The Swedes do not need to depend on relatives or charity, and even more so on the market. From the cradle to the grave, the state will take care of them.
To achieve such ambitious goals in 1977, Sweden reorganized the social department and formulated the tasks of the social service - very broad, but specific and understandable to the population. Among them, four general areas can be distinguished: income guarantees, measures to environment and services, care (including healthcare) and protection working environment. A specific public institution is responsible for each of the directions (Appendix 1).
Activities in each of the above areas have brought quite impressive results. The most striking example is the "solidary wage policy", which has yielded tangible results. Her assessment is ambiguous both within Swedish society itself and beyond. At first, the spearhead of this policy, which was carried out by trade unions, was aimed at eliminating differences in wages for workers of the same level of professional training, but employed in different sectors of the economy - public and private. Trade unions were in intense negotiations with the union of entrepreneurs on the issue of wages. The arbiter was the government, which actually approved the final rates. The trade unions were not satisfied with what had been achieved, deciding to move towards conquering new heights under the slogan " equal pay for any work.
The policy of egalitarian distribution, which takes little into account the degree of education, qualifications and personal qualities of workers, in Lately subject to sharp criticism.
The above three models are not found anywhere in the world in their pure form, representing the "ideal types" of the welfare state, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. In practice, one can usually observe a combination of elements of the liberal, corporate and social democratic models, with a clear predominance of the features of one of them. In Canada, for example, along with the insurance pension, there is a so-called "people's" pension. A similar pension has been introduced in Australia. In the US, there are many benefits paid outside of Social Security. There are at least 100 financial assistance programs (many of them short-term; upon expiration they are replaced by others), differing in scope, electoral criteria, and goals. Most of these are carried out under the auspices of the five federal ministries (Health and Human Services, Agriculture, Labor, Housing and Urban Development, and the Interior), as well as the Committee on Economic Opportunity, the Veterans Administration, the Railroad Retirement Board, and the Civil services. Moreover, numerous programs operate in isolation, without constituting a balanced and organized system, as a result of which they do not cover fairly large groups of people in need of material assistance, including the unemployed who want to work, for whom a very modest amount of benefits and compensations has been established. At the same time, such programs to some extent encourage social dependency among people from the Afro-Asian and Hispanic populations: whole groups have formed that have not worked for society for almost a single day for two or three generations. Another significant drawback of these programs lies in the negative impact on family relations: they often provoke divorces, separation of parents, since the receipt of financial assistance depends on marital status.
The social sphere is constantly in the field of view of international organizations that give priority to the issues of international legal regulation and coordination in this area.
Adopted in 1966, the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contains several articles on social security rights. Compliance with the pact is mandatory for countries that have ratified it.
Plays an important role international organization Labor (ILO), which directs efforts towards the practical implementation of the general principles of social justice in the legislation of individual countries and has one of the most advanced systems of international control over the implementation of ratified conventions.
In 1952, the ILO adopted Convention No. 000 containing the whole concept of social protection. It proclaims the right of all citizens to social assistance, regardless of the length of service and the amount of paid insurance premiums, and identifies nine areas in which this assistance should be provided: medical care, sickness benefits, unemployment benefits, old-age pensions, production pensions. injury, maternity allowance, family allowance, disability allowance, survivor's allowance. The convention fixes the basic principle of equality in the provision of social assistance: all states that have ratified the convention undertake to provide on their territory to citizens of any other ILO member state, as well as refugees and stateless persons, the same rights as their citizens regarding the types established by the convention security. Countries that have not reached the required level of development of the economy and the system of medical care for the population are given the opportunity to ratify the convention "with exceptions" when justifying the reasons for the exceptions in the annual reports submitted to the ILO.
Equally important is the European Social Charter, adopted by the members of the European Union (EU) in 1989. Its provisions were supplemented and developed in the new edition of the Charter of May 3, 1995. These documents, which do not have the status of international treaties, contain norms of a recommendatory nature on the basic rights to social protection of both working citizens (in the event of a social risk and loss of earnings, they are provided with adequate payments), and unemployed, without means of subsistence (they have the right for social assistance in the amount of the living wage). The signatories of the Charter committed themselves, through the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral agreements, to ensure the equality of citizens of each of the parties in the field of social security in the event of the migration of workers from one country to another.
In many countries with a socially oriented economy, the legislation has a law on a minimum guaranteed income (benefits). Denmark adopted such a law in 1933, Great Britain - in 1948, Germany - in 1961, Holland - in 1963, Belgium - in 1974, Ireland - in 1977, Sweden - in 1982, Luxembourg - in 1986, France - in 1988. In accordance with international standards, the law applies not only to the indigenous population, but also to foreigners living in this country certain time. The benefit is not charitable. Subject to certain conditions, it can be legally assigned to all those in need. The main condition is that the amount of total income must be less than a certain value. Throughout the total income, child allowances are not included, and in some countries, housing allowances, alimony. In the US, only current family income is taken into account. Age parameters have been established: persons over the age of 30 can apply for benefits (in France and Luxembourg - 25 years); Married or having children age restrictions do not apply. The duration of the benefit payment has no fixed limits and may be extended periodically based on the results of regular means tests.
In the United States, the indicator of poverty is an indicator developed by the federal government's Social Security Administration back in 1964. It takes into account the income of a family in accordance with the number of its members, the age of the head of the family, the number of children under 18 years old and is designed to meet the minimum required level of consumption. Gross household income is made up of salaries, net income from self-employment, social security payments, cash benefits from government programs, cash receipts from property, dividends and net income from rent, other types of cash received (benefits from self-employed, alimony). For final settlements it was required to take into account the expenses of a family of four on the "consumer basket" drawn up in accordance with the "thrifty food plan" based on data from the Ministry of Agriculture. The resulting figure was multiplied by three, since, in accordance with the results of surveys and generally accepted standards, only a third of the income of citizens went to satisfy food needs. The final amount determined the poverty line, being the subsistence minimum.
In many countries, the law on the minimum wage serves as a protective barrier for low-income citizens. wages and its periodic indexation depending on the growth of consumer prices. In Italy, the indexation mechanism is launched when the price index rises by one percent, in Denmark - by three percent, in Belgium - by two percent, in Luxembourg - by two and a half percent. In some countries - USA, Canada, France, Switzerland - indexation does not cover all working population but only a part of employees.
At present, many EU countries have reached high level development of a program to protect family income that falls below the established bar, which are financed from the budget. In the Scandinavian countries, which are distinguished by the greatest coverage of the population by such programs, they have been given national status. In the Central European countries, such programs operate at the regional and local levels. In the states in the south of Europe, they are almost completely absent.
1.3. Features of ensuring social protection of the population in Russia
Social protection of the population can be considered as:
Means of formation and development of personality, ensuring its constitutional rights;
State and public support for certain categories of the population who are in a difficult life situation and are not able to overcome it on their own, that is, support that has a targeted character.
All groups of the population are the object of social protection. It should be noted that there are two main approaches to understanding the essence of social protection.
1. Social protection of the population is the social security of citizens and their families, transformed to new socio-economic conditions.
2. Social protection of the population is social assistance provided to certain categories of citizens and their families in the form of social payments, assistance in kind and social services and has a targeted character.
