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The European Economic Union is an international organization uniting 27 independent states of Europe, based on the Council of Europe and founded to increase political, economic and social cooperation. To date, the EU is the most effective, authoritative and dynamic among such supranational "structures".

Common Market”, a state-monopoly organization of 6 Western European countries: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, created in order to unite the national economies of the participating countries into a single “Common Market”. The agreement on the establishment of the EEC was signed in March 1957 in Rome and entered into force on January 1. The official goal of creating the EEC was to achieve "comprehensive development economic activity"on the scale of the entire community, "constant and even development, increasing stability, the speedy improvement of living standards and closer ties between the states that it unites", through the creation of a "Common Market". Under the "Common Market" is meant such an association (integration) of the national markets of the participating countries, which provides for: the gradual elimination of all restrictions on trade between them; introduction of a common customs tariff in trade with third countries; removal of obstacles to the free movement of "persons, capital and services"; implementation of a common policy in the field of transport and economy; development of principles for coordinating the economic policies of the participating countries; Establishment of Uniform Rules of Competition US ruling circles supported the creation of the EEC, counting on its help to strengthen the economic base of NATO and rally the forces of Western European imperialism in the struggle against the world communist movement. However, the community has become a strong competitor to the United States, squeezing them out on world markets. Hopes for the strengthening of NATO did not come true either.

Principles of functioning of the European Union: The EEC was originally based on the rule of law and democracy. The historical diversity of countries, regions and cultures must be preserved. This goal is clearly stated in the provisions of the EEC Treaty. The principle of subsidiarity plays a paramount role in this policy. Following this principle, the EU takes on only those tasks that it can handle better than the national and local authorities of the Member States.

The EEC consists of 27 states: Sweden Finland Denmark Ireland England Netherlands Germany Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Austria France Italy Greece Spain Belgium Malta Poland Slovakia Slovenia Bulgaria Romania Portugal Cyprus Czech Republic EEC building in Brussels

Today the European Community is the largest modern world trade and economic the bloc of 27 states is the main political and economic partner of Russia. The European Union accounts for about 40% Russian export and about 1/3 of foreign investment in the Russian economy. Russia ranks 6th in the list of country exporters to the EU and 7th among importers, but the problem is that Russia's main export to the EEC is energy, especially natural gas, the percentage of deliveries of the Russian Federation of other goods and the European Union is negligible.

Established in 1960 to create a free trade area, the original members were the UK, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland and Portugal. Flag of EFTA Headquarters Geneva (Switzerland)

The Stockholm Convention was subsequently replaced by the Vaduz Convention. This Convention provided for the liberalization of trade among the member states of the association by 1970 by reducing customs duties and curtailing quantitative restrictions. EFTA was limited to more modest tasks than the EEC. Under the Stockholm Convention, the EFTA customs policy applied only to manufactured goods. The EFTA countries did not impose a single tariff on products imported from third countries and retained national customs duties, thus pursuing an independent trade policy. The European Free Trade Association is governed by the EFTA Council. The Council meets twice a month at the level of ministers or permanent representatives. In its activities it relies on a number of committees: customs experts, trade experts, economic committee, advisory committee (representatives of business and trade unions, up to five people from each member state), committee of parliamentarians, budget committee, etc. Expert groups convened from time to time consider specific issues. The Council monitors the implementation of the EFTA Convention and develops recommendations to the governments of the participating countries. The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, provides support to the Council, committees and expert groups. Six departments of the secretariat are responsible for trade, economics, integration, press and information, etc. The EFTA secretariat is located in Geneva (Switzerland). In connection with the Agreement on the European Economic Area of ​​1992, two more EFTA organizations were established: the EFTA Supervisory Body and the EFTA Court. The EFTA Supervisory Body is headquartered in Brussels (same as the headquarters of the European Commission), while the EFTA Court is headquartered in Luxembourg (same as the Court of Justice of the European Union). All governing bodies of the Association, in contrast to the bodies of the EEC, perform mainly advisory functions.

Finland became an associate member in 1961 (became a full member in 1986), Iceland joined EFTA in 1970. Liechtenstein joined in 1991 (previously represented by Switzerland in EFTA). Great Britain (1973), Denmark (1973), Portugal (1986), Finland (1995), Austria (1995), Sweden (1995) left the EFTA and became members of the EU. EFTA flag since 1995

Council supreme decision-making body (members of the Council of EFTA, members of the European Commission, one representative from each member of the EFTA), Joint Parliamentary Committee. Medical services in the CES; Open method coordination and CES; Energy and climate change and implications for the SES; EU future maritime policy and the EEA, as well as Environmental issues of the European northern peaks Joint Committee forum for the exchange of views and information, body for search and decision-making officials Commission and Member States of the EU and EFTA), Advisory Committee (members of the Economic and Social Committee of the EU, members of the Advisory Committee of EFTA).

The day-to-day affairs of EFTA are handled by a permanent Secretariat. All governing bodies of the Association, in contrast to the bodies of the EEC, perform mainly advisory functions. In addition, in connection with the Agreement on the European Economic Area of ​​1992, two more EFTA organizations were established: the EFTA Supervisory Body and the EFTA Court. The EFTA Supervisory Body is headquartered in Brussels (same as the headquarters of the European Commission), while the EFTA Court is headquartered in Luxembourg (same as the European Court of Justice).

EFTA members currently have 24 free trade agreements (covering 33 countries) with the following partners: Korea, Republic of Lebanon Macedonia Mexico Montenegro Morocco Palestinian Authority Peru Serbia Singapore Albania Canada Chile Colombia Croatia Egypt Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Hong Kong, China Israel Jordan South African Customs Union (SACU) Tunisia Turkey Ukraine

At the initial stage of integration between the participants, customs duties and quantitative restrictions on mutual trade were abolished, but each participating country still retained its national customs tariff for third countries. In the same period, the coordination of domestic economic policy began (primarily in the Agriculture). Almost simultaneously with the EEC, since 1960, another Western European integration group began to develop - the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). If France played the leading role in the organization of the EEC, then Great Britain became the initiator of EFTA. Initially, the EFTA was more numerous than the EEC - in 1960 it included 7 countries (Austria, Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Switzerland, Sweden), later it included 3 more countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Finland). However, the EFTA partners were far more heterogeneous than the EEC members. In addition, Great Britain was superior in economic strength to all its EFTA partners combined, while the EEC had three centers of power (Germany, France, Italy), and the most economically powerful country in the EEC did not have absolute superiority. All this predetermined the less successful fate of the second Western European grouping. The second stage of Western European integration, customs union, turned out to be the longest - from 1968 to During this period, the member countries of the integration group introduced common external customs tariffs for third countries, setting the level of single customs tariff rates for each commodity item as the arithmetic average of national rates Strong economic crisis 1973–1975 somewhat slowed down the integration process, but did not stop it. Since 1979, the European Monetary System began to operate. The success of the EEC made it a center of attraction for other Western European countries

It is important to note that most of the EFTA countries (first Great Britain and Denmark, then Portugal, in 1995 3 countries at once) “crossed over” to the EEC from EFTA, thus proving the advantages of the first grouping over the second. In essence, EFTA turned out to be, for most of its participants, a kind of launching pad for joining the EEC/EU. The third stage of Western European integration, 1987-1992, was marked by the creation of a common market. According to the Single European Act of 1986, the formation of a single market in the EEC was planned as "a space without internal borders, in which the free movement of goods, services, capital and civilians is ensured." To do this, it was supposed to eliminate border customs posts and passport control, unify technical standards and taxation systems, and conduct mutual recognition of educational certificates. Since the world economy was booming, all these measures were implemented fairly quickly. In the 1980s, the bright achievements of the EU became a model for the creation of other regional integration blocs of developed countries that fear their economic backwardness. In 1988, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was concluded between the United States and Canada, in 1992 Mexico joined this union. In 1989, on the initiative of Australia, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) organization was formed, whose members initially included 12 countries - both highly developed and newly industrialized (Australia, Brunei, Canada, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, USA). Fourth stage of Western European integration, development economic union started in 1993 and continues to this day. His main achievements were the transition to the single Western European currency, the euro, which was completed in 2002, and the introduction, in 1999, in accordance with the Schengen Convention, of a single visa regime.

theme international organizations

introduction to the European Union

) European Union (European Union) - association 27 European states who signed the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty). The EU is a unique international entity: it combines the features of an international organization and a state, but formally it is neither one nor the other. The Union is not a subject of international public law, but has the authority to participate in international relations and plays an important role in them.

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European Union. (EC)

The European Union (European Union) is an association of 27 European states that have signed the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty). The EU is a unique international entity: it combines the characteristics of an international organization and a state, but formally it is neither one nor the other. The Union is not a subject of international public law, but it has the authority to participate in international relations and plays an important role in them.

To date, the EU includes: Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Hungary, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia , Slovenia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Bulgaria, Romania.

The first step towards the creation of a modern European Union was taken in 1951: Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Italy signed an agreement establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the purpose of which was to pool European resources for the production of steel and coal, by virtue of this agreement joined in July 1952. Start…

Since the establishment of the EU, a single market has been created on the territory of all member states. On this moment the single currency is used by 18 states of the Union, forming the eurozone. The Union, if considered as a single economy, produced in 2009 a gross domestic product of 14.79 trillion international dollars in terms of purchasing power parity ($ 16.45 trillion at nominal value) , which is more than 21% of world production. This puts the economy of the Union in first place in the world in terms of nominal GDP and second in terms of GDP at PPP. In addition, the Union is the largest exporter and largest importer of goods and services, as well as the most important trading partner of several major countries such as China and India. EU Economy

The principles governing the monetary union were laid down already in the Treaty of Rome in 1957, and the official goal of the monetary union was in 1969 at the summit in The Hague. However, it was only with the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 that the countries of the union were legally obliged to establish a monetary union no later than January 1, 1999. On this day, the euro was introduced to the world financial markets as a settlement currency by eleven of the then fifteen countries of the union, and on January 1, 2002, banknotes and coins were introduced into cash circulation in the twelve countries that are now part of the eurozone Monetary union

European central bank

European Parliament

The European Parliament is an assembly of 754 deputies (as amended by the Nice Treaty), directly elected by the citizens of the EU member states for a term of five years. The President of the European Parliament is elected for two and a half years. Members of the European Parliament are united not on a national basis, but in accordance with a political orientation. The main role of the European Parliament is legislative activity. In addition, almost any decision of the Council of the EU requires either the approval of the Parliament, or at least a request for its opinion. Parliament controls the work of the Commission and has the right to dissolve it.

The Court of Justice of the European Union sits in Luxembourg and is the highest judicial body of the EU. Court of Justice of the European Union

Science in the European Union has a pronounced innovative orientation. A large-scale research network Future and Emerging Technologie operates under the auspices of the European Union, coordinating the efforts of scientists in developing problems artificial intelligence, virtual reality, robotics, neurophysiology and other high-tech areas. The science

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The EU is an international entity that combines the characteristics of an international organization and a state, but formally it is neither one nor the other. The Union is a subject of international public law, has the authority to participate in international relations and plays an important role in them.

1993 - economic + political union - Maastricht agreements - EU and "Three pillars" EU: 1.economy, 2.foreign policy and security, 3.justice and foreign affairs Sweden Finland Austria

1999-Amsterdam Treaty-confirmation of the "three pillars". Introduced into circulation EURO Nice Treaty-on the participation of new states in the work of the EU. May 1, 2004 - Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Slovenia January 1, 2007 - Romania Malta Hungary Cyprus Bulgaria

European Council Political directions. Consists of the heads of state and government of the EU member states. European ParliamentCouncil of MinistersEuropean CommissionEuropean Court of Justice Adopts Legislative acts, political control. 626 deputies. Direct general elections. For 5 years. Strasbourg. Brussels. Secretariat in Luxembourg. Adopts legislative legal acts. State ministers. Brussels. Legislative initiative, supervision of compliance with EU rights. One representative each, two from large states. Sim Kallas. Brussels. Interprets legal acts, resolves disputes. Strasbourg.

The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. Twenty members of the Commission (two representatives from each of the 5 large member countries - France, Germany, Italy, Great Britain and Spain and one from each of the 10 small countries - Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal , Finland and Sweden) are appointed for five years by the national governments, but are completely independent in the performance of their duties. The composition of the Commission is approved by the European Parliament. European Union European Parliament

Presidency rotation order: Ireland 1 January - 30 June 2004 Netherlands 1 July - 31 December 2004 Luxembourg 1 January - 30 June 2005 United Kingdom 1 July - 31 December 2005 Austria 1 January - 30 June 2006 Finland 1 July - 31 December 2006 Germany 1 January - 30 June 2007 Portugal 1 July - December 31, 2007 Slovenia January 1 - June 30, 2008 France July 1 - December 31, 2008 Czech Republic January 1 - June 30, 2009 Sweden July 1 - December 31, 2009 Spain January 1 - June 30, 2010 Belgium July 1 - December 31, 2010 Hungary January 1 - June 30, 2011 Poland July 1 - 31 December 2011 Denmark January 1 - June 30, 2012 Cyprus July 1 - December 31, 2012 Ireland January 1 - June 30, 2013 Lithuania July 1 - December 31, 2013 Greece January 1 - June 30, 2014 Italy July 1 - December 31, 2014 Latvia January 1 - June 30, 2015 Luxembourg July 1 - December 31, 2015 NetherlandsJanuary 1 - June 30, 2016 Slovakia July 1 - December 31, 2016 Malta January 1 - June 30, 2017 United Kingdom July 1 - December 31, 2017 Estonia January 1 - June 30, 2018

The EU Council of Ministers should not be confused with the Council of Europe, which is an international organization, and the European Council, which includes the Heads of State or Government of the 15 member states of the European Union, as well as the President of the European Commission. According to the regulations, the European Council meets twice a year (usually in June and December). During these meetings, the general situation and the most important problems of the EU are discussed, priority areas of activity are determined, programs and decisions of a strategic nature are adopted. Meetings are held in the state that currently presides over the Council.

Estonia has 6 representatives in the European Parliament: Katrin Sachs (SDPE), Marianne Mikko and Andres Tarand from the Social Democratic Party of Estonia (Party of European Socialists faction), Siiri Oviir from the Center Party, Toomas Savi from the Reform Party (both are members of the European Socialist Party faction). Liberal Democrats and Reformists) and Tunne Kelam from the Union of the Fatherland (a faction of the European People's Party - Christian Democrats).

Parliament has the right to dissolve the European Commission (which, however, it has never used). The approval of the Parliament is also required for the admission of new members to the Community, as well as for the conclusion of agreements on associate membership and trade agreements with third countries. The Parliament appoints an Ombudsman who is empowered to take complaints against EU institutions or bodies and to send reports to Parliament. The last elections to the European Parliament were held in 1999. The European Parliament holds plenary sessions in Strasbourg (France) and Brussels (Belgium).

The European Court of Justice sits in Luxembourg and is the highest judicial body of the EU. The Court regulates disputes between member states; between Member States and the European Union itself; between EU institutions; between the EU and natural or legal entities, including employees of its bodies. The Court gives opinions on international agreements; it also makes provisional rulings in cases referred to it by the national courts, though without legal effect. Of course, areas not covered by EU treaties, such as criminal law, do not fall under its jurisdiction.

The Court of Accounts began its work in 1977 with the aim of auditing the budget of the European Union and the institutions it created. It consists of 15 members, elected for six years and completely independent in their activities. The Court of Accounts is located in Luxembourg.

The European Investment Bank was established in 1958 under the Treaty of Rome. Its mission is to provide financial assistance to a balanced and sustainable development common market in the interests of the Union. The Bank provides loans and guarantees for projects that are of interest to the Union as a whole and to several Member States and/or, due to their size, cannot be fully funded by own resources EU member countries. The board of the bank, consisting of the ministers of finance or economy of 15 member countries, approves the main directions of the credit policy. The Board of Directors (25 members) is responsible for the management of the bank, approves loans and credits. The bank is located in Luxembourg.

The Economic and Social Committee is an advisory body to the EU and also oversees the functioning of the single internal market. The committee consists of 222 members who represent various areas economy and social groups and independent in the performance of their duties. Members of the Committee are appointed by the Council by unanimous decision for a period of 4 years. The committee meets once a month in Brussels.

The Committee of the Regions, an advisory body to the Council of Ministers and the Commission, began its work in 1994. The Committee consists of 222 members - representatives of the regional and local authorities completely independent in the performance of their duties. The Committee gives opinions on all issues affecting the interests of the regions. Plenary sessions are held in Brussels 5 times a year. Council of Ministers Commission

European Parliament - : Information office Political groups - Links to other parliaments - Council of the European Union - : Page of the Presidency of the European Union - European Commission - : Directorate-General External Relations Review of relations between the European Union and the Republic of Belarus European social fund- Office of Statistics of the European Communities - Joint Research Center - Other Agencies and Institutions - Translation Center - European Information and Environmental Observation Network - Information Service - European Documentation Centers - European Development Center vocational education- Project office information society(ISPO) - Court of Justice - Chamber of Auditors - European Central Bank - Economic and Social Committee - Committee of the Regions - European Investment Bank - Publications Office EUR-OP - Official Journals of the EU, treaties, legislation (EUR-Lex) - Supplement to the Official Journal of the EU, daily electronic tenders - European Ombudsman - European Police Office (EUROPOL) - Who's who in the European Union? - inter-institutional directory - European University - Historical Archives of the European Communities -

Euro page - Dialogue with citizens and business - Governments online - Council of Europe - : Information Center Council of Europe in Russia - Parliamentary Assembly - European Court of Human Rights - European Council of Municipalities and Regions - Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe - Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development - European Youth Parliament - European Agency for Drug Evaluation - European Educational Foundation - Representation European Commission in Belarus - Delegation of the European Commission in Ukraine - Delegation of the European Commission in Russia - Center for European Documentation (Moldova) - Center for European Union Law, Department of European Union Law of the Moscow State Academy of Law - Russian-European Center for Economic Policy (RECEP) - Russian website European Documentation Centers - Europe by Satellite - A complete description of the possibilities of satellite reception of the programs of the European Union news service CELEX (Communitatis Europeae Lex - European Community Legislation) - a comprehensive source of information on European Union legislation. Contains the full texts of legislative acts adopted on the basis of the founding Treaties, decisions of EU institutions and advisory bodies, court cases of the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance. CORDIS (Community Research and Development Information Service - Information service research work in the European Community) - The purpose of the CORDIS information base is to disseminate complete information about research activities and scientific and technical developments in the European Community to the widest possible audience. The database is an important source of information for various institutions: research institutes, industrial enterprises, small businesses, universities that wish to take part in EU research programs, read breaking news about research and development, find a partner for joint research work. ECLAS (European Commission Library Automated System - Automated system libraries of the European Commission) EUDOR (European Union Document Delivery Service on the WEB - European Union Document Distribution Network) - EUDOR - a repository of documents of the European Union, which is an interactive (on-line) form of providing information about official publications of EU institutions. Contains data published in the Official Journal of the EU, series L,C. EUROPA (The European Union on the Information Highway - Information about the European Union) - EUROPA - The most complete database on all aspects of European integration. Accessible and easy to use, it contributes to the openness of institutions PROSOMA (Turning Innovation into Business - Innovations in business) - The database was created to support the Program information technologies ESPRIT provides a link between program participants who have contributed to the development of the technological base of the information society and those who can benefit from these achievements. REM (Radioactivity Environmental Monitoring - Observation of radioactivity

Other useful links: ( environment) - The database contains the results of observations of the state of environmental radioactivity in the EU Member States after Chernobyl accident- regarding air, radioactive fallout, water, food, - taking into account the obligations of the Member States under the Treaty establishing the European Community for atomic energy. The information contains data for the 15 EU Member States and, to a lesser extent (environment and food), also for other European countries. The total amount of data exceeds records, of which may be provided to foreign users. SCADPlus (Practical Information for European Citizens - Practical information for European citizens) - The purpose of creating a database is to provide practical help citizens of Europe in understanding the policy of the European Union. It offers summaries of articles from periodicals around the world on the EU. It may be useful to employees (professionals of all levels), teachers and students, as well as to all those who are interested in the affairs of the European Union. TED (Tenders Electronic Daily - Daily information about tenders) TED offers tenders for public works and supply contracts not only for EU member states, but also for Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific Ocean, countries that are associated members of the EU, and those that do not have it (Japan, USA). Traditionally, the following types of tenders are offered: work, supplies, services

Council of Europe. May 5 Strasbourg (France). Estonia was admitted in 1993. Protection of human rights.

Estonia in NATO. At the Prague Summit in November 2002, Estonia, along with Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, received an official invitation to start negotiations on joining the North Atlantic Alliance. Negotiations, which began in December 2002, were completed on March 26, 2003 with the signing of accession protocols. Estonia, along with the above-mentioned countries, officially became a member of NATO, having deposited on March 29, 2004 documents on joining the organization for safekeeping to the US government (NATO depositary). Until the official entry into the alliance, Estonia participated in NATO missions as a partner and as an invited party. Today, Estonia continues its peacekeeping activities as a full member of the organization. Today, the priority of Estonian security policy is participation in the implementation of NATO tasks in Europe, as well as even more expanded participation in international operations.

To date, Estonia has provided the following funds in crisis management during international operations: infantry military police staff medical staff engineer team air traffic control military surveillance transit Maintenance/ Cargo airmail Participation in NATO-initiated peacekeeping missions and operations remains an important area of ​​Estonian policy.

Since 1996, Estonia has participated in the NATO mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFOR) in rotation as part of the Danish military contingent. From August 2001 to February 2002, the Estonian mission was represented by a reconnaissance company of 98 people as part of the Baltic Squadron. Estonia continues to participate in the mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of EUFOR (EU military forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina), as SFOR moved from NATO to EU structures and was renamed EUFOR as a result. – Estonia has been participating in the NATO mission in Kosovo (KFOR) since 1999 with one unit of the Estonian military police as part of the special forces unit of the Italian carabinieri. Since 2003, Estonia has been periodically represented in Kosovo by a reconnaissance company as part of the Danish military contingent, in which Estonian soldiers will again take their place in February 2006 - At the call of the US government, since June 2003, Estonia has been participating in the mission in Iraq Iraqi Freedom a light infantry battalion and an airmail Cargo operations team. Infantrymen are replaced every 6 months. The Estonian Parliament has extended the mission of the Estonian Defense Forces in Iraq until December 31, 2005, reserving the right to review the deadline if the UN extends the mandate of the coalition. – In order to support the interim government of Iraq, Estonia is sending weapons and ammunition to Iraq, and also offered to equip a computer room and allocated EUR to the Iraq Trust Fund. – Estonia contributes to the war on terrorism by participating in the Operation Enduring Freedom mission in Afghanistan by a bomb disposal team with specially trained dogs and since March 2003 in the ISAF (International Security Assistance Force) mission by the Explosive Ordnance Disposal sapper team in Kabul. The ISAF mission is a priority for Estonia. As a result, the contribution to this mission was doubled in 2005. The current parliamentary mandate to deploy military forces to Afghanistan expires in September 2006. In addition, Estonia intends to participate in the Provincial Reconstruction Team for reconstruction work in Afghanistan. In addition to NATO missions, Estonia participates in the OSCE Border Control Mission in Georgia, the UN Observer Mission in the Middle East and the European Union Police Missions in Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

BALTBAT - Baltic Battalion. It was created in 1994 as an infantry battalion to participate in international peacekeeping operations. It was dissolved on September 26, 2003, in connection with the achievement of goals and the completion of the mission. Further cooperation between ground forces is aimed at training national units according to relevant NATO standards. BALTRON - minesweeper squadron. It was established in 1996 to ensure the safety of navigation and reduce the risks of environmental pollution. After joining NATO, the squadron will serve as a training unit for the mine search unit (MCM) of NATO. In the future, the right to cooperate with MSM will be rotated between the Baltic States. BALTDEFCOL - Higher Military College. A joint project of the three Baltic States, with the support of partner countries. It was established in 1998 and is located in Tartu. Training complies with NATO standards and is conducted on English language. In 2004/05 academic year students from Europe, North America and Asia studied at BALTDEFCOL. BALTNET- one system control of the airspace of the Baltic States. Established in 1998, BALTNET's coordinating center is located in Lithuania.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). 25 June Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe 1 August Signing of the Helsinki Final Act 1 January Formation of the OSCE. 25 June Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe 1 August Signing of the Helsinki Final Act 1 January Formation of the OSCE. Vein. On September 10, 1991, Estonia joined. 59 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS). League of Red Cross Societies () International Committee of the Red Cross May 5 League of Red Cross Societies. Geneva, Switzerland).

COMPOSITION OF THE EU 1. Austria. 2. Belgium. 3. Bulgaria. 4. UK. 5. Hungary. 6. Germany. 7. Greece. 8. Denmark. 9. Ireland. 10. Spain. 11. Italy. 12. Cyprus. 13. Latvia. 14. Lithuania. 15. Luxembourg. 16. Malta. 17. Netherlands. 18. Poland. 19. Portugal. 20. Romania. 21. Slovenia. 22. Slovakia. 23. Finland. 24. France. 25. Czech Republic. 26. Sweden. 27. Estonia. 28. Croatia

The first step towards the creation of a modern European Union was taken in 1951: Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Italy signed an agreement on the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the purpose of which was to pool European resources for production of steel and coal, this agreement entered into force in July 1952. Flag of the ECSC

In order to deepen economic integration, the same six states established the European Economic Community (EEC, Common Market) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957. The most important and broadest of these three European Communities was the EEC, so in 1993 it was officially renamed the European Community (EC).

Accession Criteria (Copenhagen Criteria) Each country intending to become a member of the European Union (EU) must comply with the conditions laid down in Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union and take into account the main provisions set out therein. The criteria for countries to join the European Union were established in 1993 at the meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen and confirmed in 1995 at the meeting of the European Council in Madrid. To become a member of the EU, a state must meet three conditions: - Political criterion: institutional stability as a guarantor of democratic and legal state structure, the protection of human rights, and the respect and protection of the rights of minorities. - Economic criterion: workable market economy and the ability to withstand the pressures of competition and market forces within the Union. - Acceptance of the rules (Acquis) of the Community: the ability to assume the obligations arising from membership in the Union and demonstrate commitment to the goals of political, economic and monetary union (adoption of the “acquis communautaire”, or legal acts of the Community). For the Council of Europe to decide to start accession negotiations, a political criterion must be met. Each candidate country must meet the Entry Criteria.

Development and features of the EU At the initial stage of the existence of the grouping, the main task was to create a single customs area and a market for goods. Later, the countries of Europe took steps towards the creation of a single economic, monetary and political space. Within the organization, in fact, there are no borders and difficulties for the movement of people within the Union. Signing of the Schengen Agreement June 14, 1985 The Schengen Agreement is an agreement on the abolition of passport and visa control at the borders of a number of states of the European Union, originally signed on June 14, 1985 by the European states (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and Germany) . It entered into force on March 26, 1995 and ceased to exist on May 1, 1999, being replaced by the EU Schengen legislation.

Monetary union On January 1, 1999, the euro was introduced to the world financial markets as a settlement currency by eleven of the fifteen countries of the union at that time, and on January 1, 2002, banknotes and coins were introduced into cash circulation in twelve countries that are part of the eurozone by that time. The Euro replaced the European Currency Unit (ECU), which was used in the European Monetary System from 1979 to 1998, at a ratio of 1:1. There are currently 19 countries in the Eurozone. The euro is intended to help build a common market by facilitating tourism and trade; elimination of problems related to exchange rates; ensuring transparency and price stability. The eurozone (dark blue) is made up of 19 member states whose official currency is the euro

European Council The highest political body of the EU, consisting of the heads of state and government of member states and their deputy foreign ministers. The members of the European Council are also the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission. The Council determines the main strategic directions for the development of the EU. The development of a general line of political integration is the main mission of the European Council. It meets at least twice a year, either in Brussels or in the presiding state, chaired by a representative of the member state currently presiding over the Council of the European Union. The meetings last two days.

European Commission European Commission supreme body executive power European Union. Consists of 28 members, one from each Member State. When exercising their powers, they are independent, act only in the interests of the EU, and are not entitled to engage in any other activity. Member States have no right to influence members of the European Commission. The European Commission is formed every 5 years as follows. The European Council proposes a candidate for the President of the European Commission, which is approved by the European Parliament. The Commission plays a central role in ensuring the day-to-day activities of the EU towards the implementation of the fundamental Treaties. It comes up with legislative initiatives, and after approval controls their implementation.

In case of violation of EU legislation, the Commission has the right to resort to sanctions, including appeal to the European Court of Justice. The Commission has significant autonomy in various areas policy, including agricultural, trade, competition, transport, regional, etc. The Commission has an executive apparatus, and also manages the budget and various funds and programs of the European Union (such as the TACIS program). The main working languages ​​of the Commission are English, French and German. The headquarters of the European Commission is located in Brussels. TACIS Program Headquarters Brussels

Council of the European Union The Council of the European Union (officially the Council, usually informally referred to as the Council of Ministers), along with the European Parliament, is one of the Union's two legislative bodies and one of its seven institutions. The Council consists of 28 ministers of the governments of the member countries in a composition that depends on the range of issues under discussion. At the same time, despite the different composition, the Council is considered a single body. In addition to legislative powers, the Council also has some executive functions in the area of ​​general foreign policy and security policies. Headquarters in Brussels

European Parliament The European Parliament is an assembly of 751 members directly elected by the citizens of the EU member states for a term of five years. The President of the European Parliament is elected for two and a half years. Members of the European Parliament are united not on a national basis, but in accordance with a political orientation. The main role of the European Parliament is legislative activity. In addition, almost any decision of the Council of the EU requires either the approval of the Parliament, or at least a request for its opinion. Parliament controls the work of the Commission and has the right to dissolve it. European Parliament in Strasbourg

The Court of Justice of the European Union The Court of Justice of the European Union sits in Luxembourg and is the highest judicial body of the EU. The Court regulates disputes between member states; between Member States and the European Union itself; between EU institutions; between the EU and individuals or legal entities, including employees of its bodies. The Court gives opinions on international agreements; it also makes preliminary rulings on requests from national courts for the interpretation of the EU's founding treaties and regulations. Decisions of the EU Court of Justice are binding on the territory of the EU. Court of Justice of the European Union in Luxembourg

The Court is composed of 28 judges (one from each of the Member States) and eight Advocates General. They are appointed for a six-year term, renewable. Half of the judges are renewed every three years. The Court played a huge role in the formation and development of EU law. Many, even the fundamental principles of the Union's legal order, are based not on international treaties, but on precedent decisions of the Court. The EU Court of Justice should be distinguished from the European Court of Human Rights

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EU motto

In varietate concordia - Consent in diversity

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Anthem of the EU

Ode "To Joy" (German: An die Freude) is an ode written in 1785 by Friedrich Schiller. In 1972 it was adopted as the official anthem of the Council of Europe, and since 1985 - of the European Communities (of the European Union since 1993)

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Official site

http://europa.eu

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European Union

the largest regional association aimed at creating a political and monetary and economic union of European states in order to remove all obstacles to the free movement of goods, services, capital and people, as well as to form a common foreign and security policy

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Membership of the EU

• Austria
• Belgium
• Bulgaria
• Great Britain
• Hungary
• Germany
• Greece
• Denmark
• Ireland
• Spain
• Italy
• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Luxembourg
• Malta
• Netherlands
• Poland
• Portugal
• Slovakia
• Slovenia
• Finland
• France
• Czech
• Sweden
• Estonia