An enterprise as a subject of a market economy An enterprise is a production unit within which a worker is directly connected with the means and objects of labor and products are created or services are provided.
The enterprise has the following characteristic features: Production and technical unity - close technological connection of all shops, sections, units, jobs. Organizational and administrative independence - territorial isolation, a single team of employees, full responsibility of management for the results of work. economic independence - separate property, independence in the choice of activities, suppliers and consumers, in setting prices for their products, in relations with state and financial and credit institutions, in developing plans. the rights of a legal entity - the presence of a name, legal address, settlement accounts in banks, a seal.
Main Components production activities Means of labor Object of labor Living labor The combination of these components takes place at the enterprise.
Interests of the main market participants economic relations in the market is a relationship of exchange. Interacting with each other, the main subjects economic activity make a continuous circulation of resources, products and incomes. At the same time, each of the market participants has its own interest in the process of this cycle.
All subjects of economic activity in interconnection constitute a single economic space of the country. However, it is quite obvious that manufacturers, i.e. enterprises, occupy a pivotal position in this space. This is determined by the fact that an equivalent market exchange is possible only in the presence of produced goods and services. All external factors affecting the enterprise can be divided into two groups: direct and indirect action. The main function of the state in regulating the economic life of the country is the establishment of legal norms for the functioning of economic units. Every company has a certain legal status established on the basis of the Civil Code (CC) Russian Federation, which determines the procedure for conducting business by enterprises, the mechanism for transferring taxes, etc.
Functions The functions of the state include antimonopoly regulation, creation of conditions for the development of civilized market relations among competitors. It also regulates the investment sphere through monetary and credit policy. This policy is based on the impact on price dynamics and the level of interest rates. Through tax rates, tax incentives, interest rate maneuvering, loan capital, public procurement and subsidies, the state develops the national economy in the desired direction. the functions of the state are also the fight against inflation, the distribution of income, the provision of economic security, the protection environment
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Presentation on the topic: Enterprise in a market economy
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Penza State University Spheres and subdivisions of economics. Features and directions of structural adjustment in Russia. The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. Entrepreneurial activity enterprises. The concept of a legal entity. Enterprise functioning environment: external and internal.
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Spheres and subdivisions of the economy. Features and directions of structural adjustment in Russia. Social production is divided into two large areas: Material production Non-production sphere Material production includes: Industry, Agriculture and forestry Freight transport Communication (servicing material production) Construction Trade Catering Information and computing services Other…
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Spheres and subdivisions of the economy. Features and directions of structural adjustment in Russia. NON-PRODUCTION INCLUDES: Housing and communal services Passenger transport Communications ( serving organizations non-productive sphere and population) Health care physical education and social security Public education Culture and art Science and scientific services Credit and insurance Activities of the administrative bodies
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Spheres and subdivisions of the economy. Features and directions of structural adjustment in Russia. Spheres of economy are subdivided into specialized branches. Industry - a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions) characterized by special conditions of production in the system of social division of labor, homogeneous products and performing a common (specific) function in the national economy. Each of the specialized industries, in turn, is subdivided into complex industries and types of industries.
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Spheres and subdivisions of the economy. Features and directions of structural adjustment in Russia. Interbranch complexes An interbranch complex is an integration structure that characterizes the interaction of various industries and their elements, different stages of production and product distribution. Intersectoral complexes arise and develop both within a separate sector of the economy and between different sectors. As part of the industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building and other complexes. The agro-industrial and construction complexes, which unite different sectors of the national economy, are distinguished by a more complex structure.
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Spheres and subdivisions of the economy. Features and directions of structural adjustment in Russia. Intersectoral national economic complexes can conditionally be subdivided into target and functional ones. The basis of selection target complexes the reproductive principle and the criterion of participation in the creation of the final product are laid down. For example, we single out the machine-building complex, the fuel and energy and agro-industrial complexes, the forestry and mineral resource complexes, the transport complex, etc. The group of functional complexes includes the principle and criterion of specialization of the complex for a certain function. Here we can single out investment and infrastructure complexes, scientific and technical, and to a certain extent, ecological complex.
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Spheres and subdivisions of the economy. Features and directions of structural adjustment in Russia. Sectors of the economy A sector is understood as a set of institutional units with similar economic goals, functions and behavior. These typically include the business, household, public institutions, as well as external. The enterprise sector is usually subdivided into the financial sector and the non-financial sector. financial enterprises.
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Spheres and subdivisions of the economy. Features and directions of structural adjustment in Russia. The sector of non-financial enterprises includes enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services for the purpose of making a profit, and non-profit organizations that do not pursue the goal of making a profit. The financial enterprise sector covers institutional units engaged in financial intermediation. Sector of public institutions - a set of legislative, judicial and executive branch, funds social security and controlled by them non-profit organizations. The household sector includes mainly consuming units, i.e. households and the enterprises formed by them.
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Spheres and subdivisions of the economy. Features and directions of structural adjustment in Russia. The external sector, or the "rest of the world" sector, is a set of institutional units - non-residents of a given country (i.e. located outside the country) that have economic ties, as well as embassies, consulates, military bases, international organizations located in this country. According to the degree of connection with the market, they distinguish: The market sector covers the production of goods and services intended for sale on the market at prices that have a significant impact on the demand for these goods or services, as well as the exchange of goods and services by barter, wages in kind and stocks finished products. Non-market sector - the production of products and services intended for use directly by producers or owners of the enterprise, as well as provided to other consumers free of charge or at prices that do not affect demand.
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Spheres and subdivisions of the economy. Features and directions of structural adjustment in Russia. The main methods of state structural policy are: state target programs, state investments, purchases and subsidies, various tax incentives for individual enterprises, regions or groups of industries.
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. An enterprise is an independent economic entity created by an entrepreneur or an association of entrepreneurs to produce products, perform work and provide services in order to meet social needs and make a profit.
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. The enterprise is commercial organization whose main purpose is to make a profit. Each enterprise in the market conditions must comply with the following principles: Profitability (maximum result at the lowest cost) Financial stability Receiving a profit
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. Small business development has a number of advantages: An increase in the number of owners (the formation of a middle class) An increase in the share of the economically active population (increase in incomes of citizens, social groups) Employment of workers released in the public sector Elimination of the monopoly of producers, creation of a competitive environment Selection of the most energetic, capable individuals who want to self-realization Creation of new jobs with relatively low capital costs.
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. Classification by form of ownership Private enterprises can exist as independent independent companies or in the form of associations created both on the basis of a participation system and on the basis of agreements between the participants of the association. State-owned enterprises act, along with private firms, as counterparties in economic turnover. Under the state enterprises are understood as purely state, and mixed, or semi-state.
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. Classification by organizational and legal forms Business partnerships and companies are recognized as commercial organizations with authorized (reserve) capital divided into shares (contributions) of founders (participants). Individual entrepreneurs and legal entities (commercial enterprises) may be participants in business partnerships and companies. Associations of persons are based on the personal participation of their members in the conduct of the affairs of the company.
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. The pooling of capitals involves the addition of only capitals, but not the activities of investors: the management and operational management of the enterprise is carried out by specially created bodies. Responsibility for the obligations of capital pooling is borne by the enterprise itself. Business partnerships can be created in the form of a general partnership and a limited partnership (limited partnership), business companies - in the form of a joint-stock company, a limited liability company and an additional liability company. Business partnerships are associations of persons, business companies - associations of capital.
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. A partnership is recognized as full, the participants of which (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for its obligations with their property. Character traits full partnership: based on an agreement between its participants; a commercial organization in the activity assumes the personal participation of all comrades; cannot be created by one person and a person can be a participant in only one full partnership; entrepreneurial activity is carried out on behalf of a partnership - a legal entity; the participants bear responsibility for its obligations with their property. the founding document is the memorandum of association.
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. A limited partnership (limited partnership) is a partnership in which, along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with their property (general partners), there are one or more contributors (limited partners) who bear the risk of losses, associated with the activities of the partnership, within the limits of the amounts of contributions made by them and do not take part in the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by the partnership.
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. A limited liability company (LLC) is a company established by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents; participants in a limited liability company are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the value of their contributions. Main legal instruments determining the position of an LLC are the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the federal law February 8, 1998 n. 14-FZ "On Limited Liability Companies" (came into force on March 1, 1998).
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. An additional liability company (ALC) is a kind of economic companies. The peculiarity is that if the property of the company is insufficient to satisfy the claims of creditors, the participants in the ALC can be held liable for the debts of the company with their personal property, and in joint and several order. However, the amount of this liability is limited: it does not concern all of their property, as in a general partnership, but only part of it - the same multiple for all of the amount of contributions made (for example, three times, five times, etc.).
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. Joint stock company (JSC) - a commercial organization, the authorized capital of which is formed at the expense of face value shares acquired by shareholders and certifying the obligations of these shareholders. The legal status of AQ is determined by the Civil Code and the Federal Law of December 26, 1995 "On Joint Stock Companies" (adopted State Duma November 24, 1995). In the characteristics of a joint-stock company, it is necessary to highlight the following: joint-stock company is a commercial organization, i.e. the main purpose of the activity is profit; the authorized capital of a JSC is divided into a certain number of equal shares, each of which corresponds to a share; JSC participants (shareholders) are not liable for its obligations, and the company is not liable for the debts of its participants; corporate name of JSC - CJSC "New Technologies"
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. Joint-stock enterprises have the following advantages: the ability to attract additional investment by issuing shares; limiting the liability of shareholders in the event of a general economic interest and efficient operation of the enterprise; business risk reduction; facilitating the flow of capital funds from industry to industry; reducing the JSC's dependence on the composition of shareholders; availability of a proven mechanism for the activities of JSC, based on the joint-stock legislation. The joint-stock company form is currently the most common form of enterprise organization.
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. economic basis JSC activity is the authorized capital. The authorized capital of a JSC is made up of the nominal value of shares acquired by shareholders and determines minimum size property of the company that guarantees the interests of its creditors.
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Types of enterprises. The authorized capital of a JSC is formed in two ways: by public subscription for shares; distribution of shares among the founders. In the first case, an open joint-stock company is formed, in the second, a closed one. An open joint-stock company is characterized by the following: it has the right to conduct an open subscription for shares issued by it and their free sale; shareholders can freely alienate their shares without agreement with other shareholders of this company and without restrictions in the choice of buyers; minimum size authorized capital must be at least 1000 times the minimum wage; is obliged to publish annually for general information the annual report, balance sheet, profit and loss account.
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. A closed society has a number of distinctive features: shares can be distributed only among the founders or other predetermined circle of persons; is not entitled to conduct an open subscription for shares; the number of participants should not exceed 50; the minimum amount of the authorized capital must be at least 100 times the minimum wage (Article 26 of the Law); shareholders of a closed company have preemptive right acquisition of shares sold by other shareholders of this company
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. Production cooperatives (artels) are voluntary associations of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production or other economic activities based on their personal labor and other participation and association of its members (participants) on the basis of property shares. Law and constituent documents production cooperative may be involved in its activities. legal entities.
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The purpose of the creation and operation of the enterprise. Types of enterprises. A unitary enterprise (UE) is a commercial organization that is not endowed with the right of ownership of the property assigned to it by the owner. In UE, property is indivisible and cannot be distributed among contributions (shares, shares), including between employees of the enterprise. They are created and operate on the basis of only one form of ownership - state or municipal, in connection with which their founders are the state (a subject of the Federation) or a municipality.
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Associations of enterprises Associations of enterprises pricing policy, a joint position in relation to large customers, the exchange of information, etc. The cartel is characterized by the following features: the contractual nature of the association; financial and legal independence; joint activities for the sale of products.
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Associations of enterprises A syndicate is a kind of cartel agreement that involves the sale of the products of its participants through a single marketing body created in the form of a joint-stock company or a limited liability company. Syndicate members retain their legal and commercial independence, and sometimes their own distribution network. Pools also belong to cartel-type associations. A pool is an association of entrepreneurs that provides for a special procedure for distributing the profits of its participants. The profits of the pool participants enter the “common pot”, and then are distributed among them in a predetermined proportion.
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Associations of enterprises A trust is an association in which various enterprises previously owned by different entrepreneurs merge into a single production complex, losing their legal and economic independence. A concern is an association of independent enterprises connected through a system of participation, personal unions, patent and licensing agreements, financing, and close industrial cooperation. The holding is a "holding" (parent, head) company, which, having a controlling stake in enterprises united in a single structure, ensures their management and control over their activities.
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Business combinations A financial and industrial group (FIG) is a set of legal entities acting as a parent company and subsidiaries, or who have fully or partially combined their tangible and intangible assets on the basis of an agreement on the creation of a financial and industrial group for the purpose of technological or economic integration for the implementation of investment and other projects and programs aimed at increasing competitiveness and expanding markets for goods and services, increasing production efficiency, creating new jobs (Federal Law of November 30, 1995 No. 190-FZ "On Financial and Industrial Groups", Article 2 ).
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Entrepreneurial activity of the enterprise. The concept of a legal entity. Entrepreneurial activity is an initiative independent activity aimed at satisfying a need and making a profit. Entrepreneurship refers to the activities carried out by individuals, enterprises or organizations to produce, provide services or purchase and sell goods in exchange for other goods or money for mutual benefit. stakeholders or businesses or organizations. Entrepreneurial activity in the Russian Federation can be carried out by citizens ( individuals), as well as enterprises (legal entities).
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Entrepreneurial activity of the enterprise. The concept of a legal entity. For the formation of entrepreneurship, certain conditions are necessary: economic, social, legal, etc. Economic conditions- this is primarily the supply of goods and the demand for them; types of goods that buyers can purchase; volumes Money, which they can spend on these purchases; too many or too few jobs work force affecting the level wages workers, i.e. on their ability to purchase goods.
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Entrepreneurial activity of the enterprise. The concept of a legal entity. Close to economic adjoin social conditions formation of entrepreneurship. First of all, this is the desire of buyers to purchase goods that meet certain tastes and fashion. Needs may change at different stages. An essential role is played by moral and religious norms, depending on the socio-cultural environment. Such regulations have a direct impact on the lifestyle of consumers and, through this, on their demand for goods.
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Entrepreneurial activity of the enterprise. The concept of a legal entity. Creation of necessary legal conditions. First of all we are talking on laws regulating entrepreneurial activity, creating the most favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship. Laws should provide: 1) a simplified and accelerated procedure for opening and registering enterprises; 2) protection of the entrepreneur from state bureaucracy; 3) improvement of tax legislation in the direction of motivating industrial entrepreneurial activity; 4)development joint activities businessmen of Russia foreign countries etc.
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Entrepreneurial activity of the enterprise. The concept of a legal entity. A legal entity is an organization that has separate property in ownership, economic management or operational management, is liable for its obligations with this property, can acquire or exercise property and personal non-property rights on its own behalf, bear obligations, be a plaintiff and answer in court. A legal entity is characterized by the following main features: Property liability; Independent property liability; Independent performance in civil circulation on your own behalf; organizational unity.
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Entrepreneurial activity of the enterprise. The concept of a legal entity. Of no small importance is the choice of the form of entrepreneurship - individual or collective. By choosing individual form, the entrepreneur acts at his own peril and risk. In case of failure, the owner bears full responsibility for the obligations of the enterprise and pays with his own funds and his property. Having made a choice in favor of the collective form, the entrepreneur shares responsibility with partners in the enterprise. This form allows you to reduce the risk, attract additional resources.
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Entrepreneurial activity of the enterprise. The concept of a legal entity. The choice of the form of the enterprise is a very responsible matter. It is necessary to take into account both the economic and legal environment, public order in which the enterprise is to operate. The next step is the formation of a production base. The enterprise enters into relations with equipment manufacturers, suppliers of raw materials and materials, with intermediary firms. Workers are hired through the labor exchange, through advertisements in the press and in other ways. An important stage is the attraction of financial resources. The shortage of funds can be overcome by issuing shares, i.e. partially transferring the rights to participate in the capital and profits of the enterprise, own debt obligations, as well as obtaining loans from commercial banks.
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Entrepreneurial activity of the enterprise. The concept of a legal entity. Competition is the economic competition of manufacturers of identical products in the market to attract as many buyers as possible and thereby obtain the maximum benefit. Competition is an important means of control in a market system. Competition forces the manufacturer and resource suppliers to properly satisfy the wishes of consumers. Competition causes an expansion of production and a decrease in the price of the product to a level corresponding to the cost of production. Competition forces enterprises to fully perceive scientific and technological achievements, apply efficient equipment, technology, modern methods organization of production and labor.
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Entrepreneurial activity of the enterprise. The concept of a legal entity. The opposite of competition is monopoly, in which there is only one seller and many buyers in the market. Being sole manufacturer this product, the monopolist sets a monopolistically high price for this product in the market. Before making a decision on the price, the monopolist studies the market demand, analyzes the costs of its production, the costs of selling products. The nature of the market demand curve is such that the higher the price, the lower the demand, and vice versa; the monopolist sets the price of the good and determines the volume of its production and sale.
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Enterprise functioning environment: external and internal. The external environment of the enterprise includes: external economic factors; external political conditions; external legal components; external scientific and technical factors; communication external conditions; natural and climatic factors, etc. All these components external environment entrepreneurial enterprise to a greater or lesser extent affect the performance of its activities. Internal environment enterprises include: production and technical factors; social conditions and components; economic forces; information component; marketing factor; factor business relations and behavior of employees.
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Enterprise functioning environment: external and internal. The external environment of an enterprise is a set of economic, political, legal, scientific and technical, communication, natural-geographical and other conditions and factors that have a direct or indirect impact on the activities of an entrepreneurial enterprise. The internal environment of an entrepreneurial enterprise is closely related to its external environment. It largely depends on the external environment of the enterprise, as well as on its goals and objectives.
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Enterprise functioning environment: external and internal. The study of the external business environment of the organization (enterprise) includes the study of suppliers of material, energy and other resources. The dependence of the enterprise on suppliers is very high. Late delivery, delivery of low-quality resources, replacement of some types of resources by others, overpricing of resources, etc. - all this makes the enterprise completely dependent on suppliers, creates great difficulties in work. Drawing. Business environment enterprises
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Reports
Omuralieva Yantimerova Andreychuk Vorobyov Evstifeev
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A. The company and the purpose of its creation. Approaches to the definition of the firm in the modern theory of the firm. b. Organizational and legal forms
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2. Ownership.
A. Forms and types of property in the modern economy. b. Property rights, their types.
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3. Production function and production theory
A. The concept of a production function (isoquant). Her properties. Special cases of isoquants: fixed structure of factor use, absolutely interchangeable factors. Marginal rate of technological substitution. b. The isocost is the firm's budget constraint. V. Equilibrium of the firm in production theory.
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4. Accounting and economic approach to the definition of costs and profits.
A. The concept of costs. Technological and economic efficiency production. b. Accounting and economic costs and profits. Fixed and variable costs. V. Normal profit. Conclusions about the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity.
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5. Costs of the firm in the short and long term.
A. The concept of a short period of time. General (cumulative) product, average, marginal product of a variable factor. Law of diminishing returns. B. Costs of the firm in the short run. Average, general and marginal costs, patterns of their change. The role of marginal cost for the firm. V. The concept of a long-term period of time. The firm's costs in the long run. d. The scale effect of production and the main types of industries.
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Related tests
1. If at release of the 10th unit of production gross costs make 1430 den. units, and with the release of the 11th - 1470 den. units, then marginal costs are: 40; 143; 133.6; 56. (1470-1430=40)
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2. The enterprise produces and sells 10 sets of dishes for 280 den. units Costs: raw materials - 1200 den.un.; fixed costs - 300; salary - 500; energy - 300. The value of the average profit is: 80 den. units; 50 den. units; 230 den. units; 280 den. units (Cost=120+30+50+30=230) (Profit=280-230=50)
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3. If in the short run the firm produces 500 units. products at average variable costs АVС=2 rub. and average fixed costs АFC=1 rub. That total costs are equal: 3 rubles; 503 rubles; 750 rubles; 1500 rub. (ATC=AVC+AFC=2+1=3) (TC=ATC* Q=3*500=1500)
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4. If, upon release of 100 units. comrade Gross costs of the enterprise amounted to 1620 den. units, and with the release of 120 units. comrade -1680 den. units, then marginal costs are equal to .. 16.2 den. units; 6 days units; 14 days units; 3 days units (1680-1620)/(120-100)=3
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5. The following changes in the composition of the company's production reserves do not apply to the long-term period ... construction of oil refineries; increasing the amount of fertilizer on the farm site; attraction of 20 additional workers; commissioning of a new production line.
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6. The state form of ownership in a market economy is not typical for enterprises: for providing heat supply; for the production of building materials; for the production of footwear and clothing; for the supply of electricity to the population.
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7. There are 2000 firms in the industry that produce the same goods. For each firm, the marginal cost of producing 10 goods is 2 den. units, 20-3 den. units, 30-4 den. units, 40-5 den. units Unit price goods is equal to 3 den. units this means that the maximum profit will be received by the industry…. Enter the correct answer. Answer: 40 (MR=MC=P=3 with Q=20 Industry Q=20*2000=40k)
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8. The optimism of firms about future profits will lead to ... a) lower interest rates; b) growth of investments; c) falling investment; d) a decrease in output.
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9. K short term include the following changes in the composition of the company's production resources ... a) the allocation of a new workforce to the factory; b) attraction of 20 additional workers; c) construction of oil refineries; d) commissioning of new equipment.
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10. The function of total income has the form: TR = 200Q - 0.1Q2. This means that the average income function (AR) has the form: a) 200 - 0.2Q; b) 200Q - 0.1Q; c) 200 - 0.1Q; d) 200Q2 - 0.4Q3.
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11. If TC = 0.1g3 - 2g2 + 30g + 1200, Q - 24, then the average fixed costs are: a) 10; b) 5; c) 25; d) 50. (AFC = FC/Q =1200/24=50)
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12. Average total costs - 37 rubles, average variables - 27 rubles with an output of 100 pieces. Fixed costs will be ... a) 6400; b) 2700; c) 3700; d) 1000. (AFC=ATC-AVC=37-27=10) (TC= AFC*Q=10*100=1000)
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13. Equilibrium wage in the industry W=300, demand Q=600-W, company costs for wages: a) 120 thousand rubles; b) 60 thousand rubles; c) 180 thousand rubles; d) 90 thousand rubles. (Qde= 600-300=300) (salary =300*300=90 thousand rubles)
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14. The average total costs of the enterprise - 26 rubles / piece, the average profit - 8 rubles. /PC. total volume of production and sales - 20 pcs. The income will be: a) 160; b) 360; c) 520; d) 680. (TR = P*Q = 34*20=680) (P =ATC+ATR =26+8=34
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15. The following changes in the composition of the company's production resources are related to the long-term period ... Attracting 20 additional workers Commissioning of new equipment Introduction of a new work shift at the factory Construction of an oil refinery
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16. Depreciation deductions are used for … Repair of machinery and equipment Purchase of raw materials and materials Purchase of new machinery and equipment to replace worn-out ones Rent of machinery and equipment
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17. If the following data on the activities of the company are known, then the gross income (TR) of the company is ... (TR = P * Q Q = VC / AVC = 20000/40 = 500 TR = 5 * 500 = 2500)
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18.If gross costs TC=7Q2-10Q+55, marginal revenue is equal to 32, then we will get the maximum profit with a volume equal to ...
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19.If function total costs firm has the form TC=50Q+0.02Q2-2Q3, then the average variable costs (AVC) of the firm at Q=10 will be ...
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20. If the following performance indicators of the company are known, then the value of the average variable costs(AVC) of the firm at Q=10 will be …
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21. Marginal costs with a production volume of 4 units. products will be: 5 den. units 5.5 den. units 50 den. units 40 den. units
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22. A characteristic feature only for a corporation is; Dividend payment; Use of hired labor: Involvement of hired managers in management: Division of the firm between the owners of the firm.
Social Studies, 11
Lesson #8-9-10
The role of the firm in the economy (firms in the economy)
D.Z.: § 4, ?? (p.53), assignments (p.54)
Ed. A.I. Kolmakov
Lesson Objectives
- To expand and deepen students' knowledge of the economic role of the company in market conditions. Justify the correct behavior of the company V conditions of market relations.
- Enrich students' knowledge economic concepts allowing better understanding of economic realities;
- Continue to develop the ability to use previously studied material in the analysis of new phenomena and processes.
Universal learning activities
- Explains phenomena, gives examples, compares, analyzes, decides practical tasks, reveals the meaning of concepts, argues his point of view, works with texts of various styles, owns the main types of public speaking.
Concepts, terms
- firm, profit, rent, capital
- production costs, economic costs, internal costs, external costs
- economic profit, accounting profit
- fixed costs, variable costs
- direct tax, indirect tax
Learning new material
- Factors of production and factor income.
- Fixed and variable costs.
- Economic and accounting costs and profits.
- Taxes paid by businesses.
Remember.
Firm -
it is a commercial organization
incurring costs
economic resources for
production of goods and services,
sold on the market
Target
earning income from
rational
basic
production resources
Factors of production and
factor income
Entrepreneurial
Telsky
capabilities
Capital
Earth
Work
Physical
Investments
Financial
Rent
Salary
pay
Profit
Percent
In a market economy manufacturer forms the offer of goods and services
Revenue (or gross income) - the producer's income from the products he sells.
Profit - difference between income and costs.
The purpose of the producer in a market economy is get the maximum profit from minimal cost
Choose the correct answer. The producer's income from the products he sells is called
- profit
- Revenue
- costs
- consumption
Costs
production costs
is the cost to the manufacturer to purchase and use
factors of production
economic costs
these are the payments that the firm
should produce to suppliers
the necessary resources to
divert these resources from use
in other industries
External (accounting)
payments to labor providers
resources, raw materials, fuel, services, etc.
Internal
Price
own
resource
Internal (implicit) costs - are equal to the monetary payments that could be received for an independently used resource if its owner invested it in someone else's business. IN external (accounting) costs - is the amount of cash payments that the firm makes to pay for the necessary resources.
fixed costs
variable costs
Depreciation - decrease in the cost of capital resources as they wear out in the process of production use
What kind of cost?
- The atelier purchases fabrics, threads and accessories for tailoring. The firm's costs
- Internal, variables
- Internal, permanent
- External, variables
- external, permanent
- The citizen organized a hotel for dogs and cats on his suburban area: he built a house and open enclosures, bought food. The citizen himself and his family work in a hotel. What are internal costs?
- Purchase of feed
- Construction of enclosures
- Home equipment
- land use
Profit
economic profit
Accounting profit
is the difference between the total
firm's revenue and economic costs
is the difference between the total
revenue and accounting
costs
Are judgments about the firm's profit correct?
A. Economic profit takes into account the internal and external costs of the firm.
B. Accounting profit is obtained by subtracting the amount external costs firms from sales proceeds.
- Only A is true
- Only B is true
- Both statements are correct
- Both statements are wrong
What is an efficient business?
- Effect (in economics) - a specific positive result of any activity (for example, an increase in the profit received by the firm compared to the previous year)
- Efficiency - the effectiveness of the process, defined as the ratio of the effect, the result to the costs.
- Profitability - the ratio of the profit received by the enterprise for certain period, to the costs incurred during the same period.
Profitability = profit
expenses
taxes - This obligatory payments of individuals and legal entities to the state.
Three systems
taxation
Proportional
tax
Progressive
tax
Regressive
tax
The amount of tax pro-
is proportional to
employees' moves
The higher the tax
the lower the income
The higher the tax
the higher the income
taxes
Direct
Indirect
Installed in the form
surcharges on the price of goods
and services
- excise taxes
- sales tax
- partially VAT
- customs duties
- export tax
Mandatory fees charged
state from income or property
legal entities and individuals:
- personal income tax
- corporate income tax
- property tax, real estate,
gift, inheritance, financial
operations.
taxes paid
enterprises
direct tax
from the company
indirect tax
from the company
income tax
value added tax
cost (VAT)
Control questions
- What determines the success of an enterprise?
- What income can be obtained by owning the factors of production?
- Is it possible and how to get income without capital?
- Why does a manufacturer calculate costs and profits?
- What is an "efficient enterprise"?
- What taxes do firms pay?
reflection
Reflection
- What have you learned?
- How?
- What have you learned?
- What difficulties did you experience?
- Was the lesson interesting?
Group work
Exercise: make a list of the costs needed to:
1 group: open a home appliance repair shop. 2 group: organize a gala dinner in a cafe for thirty people. 3rd group: open a sports equipment rental point;
4th group: open cinema hall 3 D
The purpose of the company
- Organize the activities of the company so as to receive income from the sale of goods or services in the form of profit.
The tasks of creating a company
- Rationally choose the type and amount of goods produced.
- Arrange or buy production technology.
- Connect and use the main production resources.
- Properly manage the production process
- Determine markets for finished products.
- Work (employees and their qualifications) – labor resource.
- Earth (land plot where the enterprise is located, raw materials) is a natural resource.
- Capital (industrial building, machines, tools) - a capital resource.
- Entrepreneurial ability
reflection
Reflection
- What have you learned?
- How?
- What have you learned?
- What difficulties did you experience?
- Was the lesson interesting?
The concept of 'firm' in economics THE CONCEPT of 'FIRM' IN ECONOMY
A firm is an economic entity that has economic independence for
carrying out production activities with the aim of making a profit.
Reasons for the emergence of firms
Some economists believe that the emergence of the firm is due to the need to reduce
transaction costs
Others argue that the emergence of firms is the result of minimizing risk and uncertainty.
Still others link the formation of firms with the development of the division of labor and the specialization of machine
production.
Differences between a firm and a market
DIFFERENCES FROM THE MARKETDifferences:
DIFFERENCES:The market is characterized by the isolation of factors of production, the dominance of indirect methods
regulation.
The mechanism of the market is formed spontaneously and is not subject to a strict sequence of goals.
The firm, on the other hand, assumes the concentration of factors of production, unity of command, the use of
administrative and economic methods management.
The company is created consciously, for the implementation of specific goals.
Thus, the firm and the market are alternative modes of organization.
economic activity.
The main functions of the firm
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE FIRMFirm functions:
FUNCTIONS OF THE FIRM:- mobilizing
- production
- investment
- profit maximization while minimizing costs.
principles of economy
ECONOMY PRINCIPLESThe principle of maximization means that funds should be used efficiently,
getting the maximum income.
2. The principle of minimization: the best result is achieved with the least
cost of production factors.
Transaction costs are the market costs of preparing, concluding and implementing transactions.
TRANSACTION COSTS ARE MARKET COSTSFOR PREPARATION, CONCLUSION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSACTIONS.
information processing costs (about suppliers, buyers, characteristics
goods and services);
the costs of negotiating and making decisions (concluding contracts);
costs of compliance with the terms of contracts;
costs of legal support of contracts.
The effective behavior of the firm includes the following points:
EFFICIENT BEHAVIOR INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING:complex business negotiations;
coordination of actions in the efficient allocation of resources;
administrative control over the implementation contractual obligations and risk reduction;
quickly adapt to sudden changes in the market situation, improve adaptability to
various conditions;
the ability to predict and anticipate the direction of change in market processes.
the behavior of the firm in the market is also determined by the type of market in which it operates.
Enterprise Forms
FORMS OF ENTERPRISESindividual enterprises;
partnerships;
joint-stock companies;
business associations (FIGs);
state enterprises;
mixed enterprises.
A sole proprietorship is a small firm owned by a worker.
INDIVIDUAL ENTERPRISES IS A SMALL COMPANY OWNED BYA WORKER.
Advantages:
- quick organization enterprises (opening and closing);
- Simplified accounting and reporting;
- concentration of profit in one hand;
- independence of the owner of the enterprise in making decisions and evaluating the results.
Disadvantage: the owner bears property liability, which extends to his
property, including personal property.
Partnerships are a form of organization of medium and large businesses.
PARTNERSHIPS - A FORM OF ORGANIZATION OF MEDIUM AND LARGE BUSINESS.Depending on the degree of property liability of the partnership
are divided into:
- full partnership;
- limited liability partnership;
- mixed partnership.
A joint-stock company is a business organization, co-owners of which can be an unlimited number of owners of funds.
A JOINT STOCK COMPANY IS A BUSINESS ORGANIZATION IN WHICH CO-OWNERS CAN BEUNLIMITED NUMBER OF CASH OWNERS.
Advantages:
- attracts significant financial resources
- guarantees shareholders a reduction in risk and the possibility of making a profit, as it is a limited company
responsibility
- provides a quick concentration of funds and their movement from one industry to another
- is the most stable form of capital pooling
- attracts professional managers to the management, which allows you to effectively solve various production
questions.
Flaws:
- organization and liquidation are costly
- complex structure AO increases the bureaucracy
- Poor management control leads to abuse
- The company's profits are taxed twice: first - profits, and then dividends on shares.
types of joint-stock companies: CJSC and OJSC.
TYPES OF JOINT STOCK COMPANIES: ZAO AND OAO.CJSC is an enterprise whose capital is distributed among a limited number of persons:
members of the labor collective, founders. Shares can be transferred from one person to
to another only with the consent of the majority of shareholders. There is a relationship between
the number of shares and the performance of any functions. Free flow obstructed
capital, but the independence of the firm is guaranteed (capture from outside is difficult).
OJSC - built on the distribution of shares by open subscription (you can buy
any). JSC annually publishes the balance sheet, income statement and its
use.
Business associations are associations of various firms within which the principles of subordination operate.
ASSOCIATIONS OF ENTERPRISES ARE ASSOCIATIONS OF DIFFERENT FIRMS WITHINWHICH THE PRINCIPLES OF SUBDIVISION APPLY.
FPG has the following advantages:
- accumulates significant financial resources;
- creates more favorable conditions for investment activity;
- exercises strict control over the effective use of financial resources;
- produces intersectoral distribution of resources;
- carries out maintenance and implementation of scientific and technical developments.
Thus, FIGs make the most of production opportunities to increase profitability.
State business
STATEBUSINESS State business appears in the following forms:
-Enterprise is wholly controlled by the owner budget enterprises); property
is immutable, i.e., cannot be distributed among deposits and shares. Such enterprises
received the name unitary;
- public corporations - enterprises owned and controlled by
the state through the ownership of a controlling stake; These are ordinary joint-stock companies, in
which various decisions are carried out by the state on a commercial basis.
Mixed enterprises - associations in the form of joint-stock companies and limited partnerships
responsibility (LLP), the functions of which belong to the state and private investors.
Economic activity is carried out both on a planned and commercial basis.
