Abstract: Agriculture: a general overview. Russian agriculture Rural industry

Agriculture is a special type of activity aimed at growing, processing and manufacturing products, as well as providing related services. Its main branches are animal husbandry and crop production. The well-being of its people largely depends on how developed agriculture will be as a branch of production of a particular country.

Characteristic features of crop production in Russia

There is a lot of land in our country and, it would seem, all the prerequisites for the successful development of this area of ​​agriculture are available. However, unfortunately, Russia is territorially located in such a way that climatic conditions and various kinds of natural factors limit the possibilities in this regard quite seriously. Crop production as a branch of agriculture in our country is quite a promising area, but only if new technologies are used and

Only 35% of Russian land is located in a temperate climate, well suited for growing crops such as rye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, etc. The vast areas beyond the Arctic Circle are completely unsuitable for crop production. In addition, large areas in our country are occupied by the taiga, where the cultivation of land is a process that is also associated with a huge number of difficulties.

Plant growing as a branch of agriculture: main directions

On currently The main areas of agriculture in Russia include:

• The grain direction is of great importance for the population of any country in the world, including our country. Bread can be considered the staple food of man. The most valuable feed for farm animals is also produced from
• Feed production. This is the name of the system of various activities aimed at the manufacture, procurement and processing of animal feed. In this case, the land is used for growing mainly meadow crops, root crops, tubers, melons, etc.
• Cultivation of industrial crops. These include cotton, flax, sunflower, sugar beet, tobacco, etc.
• Vegetable and potato growing.
• Viticulture and horticulture.

Geography of crop production in Russia

So, the main agriculture in our country is animal husbandry and agriculture. Geographically, Russia is located in several climatic zones. On crop production, and in particular on the variety of compositions of cultivated crops, this reason has an impact primarily.

So, wheat, demanding on the thermal regime, preferring nutritious loamy soils, a fairly drought-resistant crop, is grown mainly in the steppe and forest-steppe zones. The area of ​​growth of less fastidious rye has wider boundaries. Barley, on the other hand, is distributed throughout almost the entire agricultural territory of the country - from the cold northern regions to the arid southern ones.

Different types of industrial crops are also common in different zones. Sunflower, for example, grows very well in arid regions. The only thing is that in order to obtain good yields, this crop should be planted only on sufficiently fertile soils. Sunflower is grown mainly in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of the European part of the country. Sugar beet, on the contrary, is very demanding on the humidity regime. Therefore, it has become widespread mainly only in the central and western regions of the forest-steppe zone.

Vegetable growing includes a huge number of crops related to different biological species. Therefore, it is well developed in almost the entire agricultural territory of Russia. The most common open crops are cabbages, tomatoes, cucurbits, onions, beets and carrots. They are grown on an industrial scale most often in those places where there is access to water - along the banks of lakes, rivers and reservoirs. The largest centers of vegetable growing have developed in the lower reaches of the Volga and Don and in the North Caucasus.

Gardening is also an important area in such an area as agriculture. The branches of agriculture associated with the cultivation of fruit and berry crops have also become very widespread in Russia, especially in its European part (Volga region, Krasnodar Territory). The largest variety of fruit crops is observed in the North Caucasus. A lot of gardens are also bred in Bashkiria and Altai.

Characteristic features of animal husbandry

This industry is also promising for our country. Suffice it to recall that before the beginning of the crisis at the end of the last century, it was one of the leading ones. The characterization of the agricultural sector in this case will be incomplete without a little digression into history. In the Soviet Union, animal husbandry, and cattle breeding in particular, was very well developed. However economic crisis subsequent years had a more than negative impact on this direction. Only from 1991 to 2005, the number of cattle decreased from 54.7 to 21.4 million tons. According to the results of the same 2005, animal husbandry in our country was considered unprofitable. Therefore, there was an increase in imports of this product.

However, at the moment, agriculture as (including animal husbandry) in our country can be considered more or less profitable. To some extent, this is due to the development of private farms.

Main Industries

So, what are the main areas represented in this case, agriculture? The branches of agriculture in animal husbandry are as follows:

• Cattle breeding. Breeding of cattle, along with the cultivation of cereals, is one of the main areas of agricultural production.
• Pig breeding. This is the second most important branch. Its value is also difficult to overestimate. This direction is classified into meat, semi-lard and bacon.
• Goat and sheep breeding. These directions are most widespread in the steppe zones, as well as in mountainous regions.
• Horse breeding. This industry is designed to provide the national economy with thoroughbred breeding animals, athletic and productive.
• Camel breeding. This direction has received the broadest development in the desert and semi-desert regions of Russia. Also, very high quality wool and milk are obtained from these animals.
• Reindeer breeding. This industry is a specialization of the regions located in the tundra (Magadan, Arkhangelsk regions, etc.).
• Poultry farming. Another important branch of animal husbandry.
• Fur farming. The main task of this direction is to provide the national economy with the skins of small fur animals.
• Beekeeping. This industry is responsible for the production of a number of valuable products - honey, wax, royal jelly, bee venom, etc.

And agriculture is directly related to each other. This also applies, of course, to animal husbandry. Without well-developed pig and cattle breeding, for example, the food industry is unlikely to be particularly profitable. If the state does not pay attention to such industries as fur farming and sheep breeding, the population of Russia will be left without their own warm clothes.

Geography of animal husbandry in Russia

The placement and specialization of this area are determined mainly by the presence forage base for a given group of animals. That is, animal husbandry as a branch of agriculture, although to a lesser extent than crop production, is also dependent on natural and climatic factors.

Intensive in our country is developed for the most part in the European part - in the upper reaches of the Volga and Dnieper. Basically, these are the Moscow and Yaroslavl regions. The same direction is typical for the south of the St. Petersburg region. They are engaged in breeding cattle in other regions of the European part of the country, as well as in the southern regions of Siberia in the Urals. However, in this case we are talking mainly about the meat and dairy direction of cattle breeding. It is also distributed to the north - in most of Siberia, but in these areas it is mostly extensive in nature. In the polar regions great development received reindeer husbandry. Most cattle are bred in the Urals, in the Volga and Central regions, as well as in the North Caucasus.

Cultivation in our country has become very widespread in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus, in the Urals and in Eastern Siberia. Sheepskin coat production is also well developed in the central regions of the European part of Russia. Pig farming is practiced almost throughout the country. To a somewhat lesser extent, this direction is developed in the Far East.

What influences the development of agriculture

In addition to climatic and weather conditions, the following factors can influence the development of livestock and crop production in any state:

• Degree of support from the state. The more money is invested in new technologies, the more profitable agriculture will be. The branches of agriculture of any direction are very dependent on the amount of subsidies. These funds are mainly used for the development of innovative industries, the purchase of equipment, and the development of new technologies.
• Carrying out activities to restore depleted soils in areas of intensive crop production. In order for a country to compete with other states in the global agricultural market, it must have as much fertile land as possible on its territory.
• Another very important factor in the development of the economy of a particular country in a market environment is the existence of a healthy competitive environment. The main branches of agriculture are no exception in this regard.
• The state of science and technology. The more innovations are introduced, the more profitable livestock and crop production. scientific progress- This is one of the main factors in reducing the cost of food.

Problems of nature management

All branches of agriculture in Russia, in addition to the above factors, are directly dependent on the environmental situation. Unfortunately, in our country, the predatory attitude towards the riches of nature and mismanagement have led to a significant deterioration in the situation in this regard.

In the steppe and forest-steppe zones, it is strongly disturbed mainly due to wind and water erosion. Meanwhile, the experience of creating ecologically sustainable landscapes was laid down at the end of the 19th century by V. V. Dokuchaev in the Voronezh region, in the Kamennaya Steppe tract. Now here is the Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture. This experience is definitely worth using today.

Violation of the ecological balance in the deciduous-forest and forest-taiga zones is usually associated with the drainage of swamps and uncontrolled deforestation.

How environmental problems can be solved in modern Russia

Fortunately, at the moment the situation in our country in this regard is beginning to change dramatically. The most important task recently created science - environmental economics - is not only an assessment of the state of the environment in the light of the possibility of its use, but also the forecasting of the development of ecological systems, attempts to foresee the future and the ability to manage them today. Of course, such an approach will have a more than beneficial effect on the main branches of agriculture.

The main methods of greening modern land use at the moment are the preservation of biological organisms and the creation of natural environmentally friendly fertilizers based on fungi, bacteria and algae. The science of humus biology is the future of agriculture.

The latest developments in this area are being introduced into all branches of agriculture in Russia today. For example, in the Krasnodar Territory, herbicide-free technologies for the production of rice and corn are used. In some farms in the Omsk region, the abandonment of the use of pesticides and the use of new farming technologies have led to a significant increase in yields.

New methods include, for example:

• Drip irrigation, adopted not only by large farms, but also by many owners of household plots.
• Reckless plowing.
• Natural biological seasonal turnover of crops.

The plans awaiting implementation in the near future include the introduction of a comprehensive and comprehensive monitoring of the natural environment. That is, monitoring its reaction to human economic activity and taking appropriate measures in advance. Of course, this will have a positive impact on agriculture. The branches of agriculture - animal husbandry and crop production - will become profitable and cost-effective.

Agriculture in Germany

Reviving livestock and crop production in Russia, of course, one should pay attention to the experience of those countries where these industries are very well developed. Germany is often cited as an example. At the moment, a lot of attention is paid to the development of agriculture in this country. The profitability of all its structures is largely influenced by the flawless and most thoughtful organization, as well as the rational and careful use of natural resources.

In the central regions of Germany and in the south of this country, the owners of small farms are mainly engaged in the production of agricultural products. This situation becomes the reason for the emergence of healthy competition, a powerful incentive for the introduction of the latest techniques. The branches of agriculture in Germany - animal husbandry and crop production - bring huge profits to this country.

In our country, the possibility of implementing most projects and developing new technologies in animal husbandry and agriculture will largely depend on the improvement of the legislative framework in the near future. Reasonable housekeeping and conservation of natural resources should become priority tasks of the state. Perhaps in the future the structure of the Russian agricultural sector will resemble the German one. However, at the moment, the main share of food products in our country is produced by rather large agricultural organizations.

Since the 2000s, the agricultural industry in the Russian Federation has been one of the most successfully and actively developing sectors of the domestic economy. Contrary to the myths that are quite common in society, agriculture in Russia is not only extremely profitable and profitable, but is also able to almost fully ensure the country's food security. In addition, it allows exporting significant volumes of agricultural products abroad. Which types of production in agriculture known today? What are they and how are they different? These and other equally interesting questions can be answered in the process of familiarization with the materials of this article.

General provisions

To begin with, it should be noted that the share of all types of agriculture in aggregate, in the GDP of the Russian Federation for 2009 was 4.7%. The volume of gross value added in the agricultural sector, forestry, and hunting as of that date amounted to 1.53 trillion rubles. It is important to add that the share of people employed in the area under consideration accounted for ten percent.

According to the results of 2015, all together determined the leading position in accordance with the growth of production, because it increased by 3.5%, which is certainly a positive trend. It is interesting to note that a similar situation became relevant in 2016.

It is necessary to know that the volume of imports of commercial food products to the Russian Federation during the period of the food embargo in 2014-2016. received a threefold reduction (from 60 to 20 billion dollars). It should be added that within ten years the country has increased the export share of the agricultural product six times (namely, from three billion dollars in 2005 to twenty billion dollars in 2015).

According to the results of the reporting year, the harvest of leguminous and grain crops amounted to 119.1 million tons. This figure is 13.7% higher than in 2015 (104.8 million tons). In 2016, the Russian Federation took the first position in terms of wheat exports (from 07/01/2015 to 06/30/2016, exports amounted to 24.025 million tons). In addition, in comparison with Soviet times, the quality of all has significantly improved, and its losses during storage, transportation and direct sale have also significantly decreased. Thus, even today the agricultural industry in Russia continues to develop dynamically.

Economic inefficiency? It is a myth!

It is important to know that an absolute myth is the assertion that due to rather cold climatic conditions in the Russian Federation it is simply impossible to form an effective agriculture. By the way, it would be expedient to take the absolute failure of the corresponding production in the 1990s as a basis for spreading such myths about the notorious inefficiency of various industries. Nevertheless, in the early 2000s, agricultural loans were organized in the agricultural sector, and absolute order was introduced in accordance with all aspects of activity. At the moment, Russian agriculture is one of the rapidly growing sectors of the economy.

crop production

Among the main agricultural activities a special place is occupied by crop production. It is important to note that Russia is a huge country that is located in different climatic zones. In its southern regions, the climate for the development of the agricultural industry is considered very favorable. In Sochi, tea is grown, in the North Caucasus, in the Crimea and even in Altai - grapes, where wine is also made. In the south such type of agriculture, like crop production, is considered an extremely profitable business. For example, the profitability of grain production in the Kuban is one hundred percent. Although a significant part of the territory of the southern part of the Russian Federation has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. Naturally, these circumstances somewhat interfere with high yields.

It is necessary to know that in the south of Siberia and in the European part of Russia the main part of the most fertile type of soil is concentrated - chernozem, where such kind of agriculture, like crop production, the lead is more than favorable. However, even where the soil is less fertile, it can be developed at least for growing fodder crops or grazing animals.

It is important to note that in terms of the area of ​​land occupied by agriculture, Russia is practically in the first position in the world, and with a fairly low population density, the qualitative characteristics of the soil are somehow compensated by the quantitative ones. By the way, most of the land that has not been used in the agricultural sector is covered with forests. Timber processing, timber export, as well as the pulp and paper industry occupy a prominent position in the economy of the Russian Federation.

animal husbandry

In addition to crop production, livestock breeding is one of the elements of the Russian agricultural industry. In the northern part of the country, various types of agricultural enterprises. This fact can be confirmed by the experience of Canada, Sweden and Finland, whose agricultural industry usually operates under the same conditions as in the central, northern part of Russia.

It is important to note that the key to exceptional success is agricultural specialization of regional significance. If in the southern part of the country it is profitable to promote grain growing (corn and wheat), then in the northern part animal husbandry is developing better. In addition, in the second case, it is appropriate to plant heat-loving varieties of cultivated plants, including barley, rye, flax, oats and potatoes.

Modern technologies such types of agricultural industries, as poultry and livestock, allow to largely smooth out the impact on the production processes of the climatic factor - if only there was food for poultry and animals. It should be added that in the conditions of modern crop production, the yield is very seriously dependent on the availability of fertilizers of artificial origin. However, the Russian Federation is one of the largest producers of this product.

Exclusive agricultural products

The climatic conditions of the Russian Federation contribute to the promotion of a number of types of agricultural organizations exclusive character. Among them, it is important to highlight the collection of natural berries, mushrooms and herbs, as well as beekeeping. By the way, Russia is in the first position in the world in terms of the production of raspberries and currants. In addition, it is one of the largest producers of honey. Today, the Russian Federation is known all over the world due to the wide production of caviar (this also includes exports). The seas, lakes and rivers of the country (in particular, the Far East) contain significant stocks of fish. It should be added that in Russia there is also a unique fish, for example, the Baikal omul.

In the northern part of the Russian Federation, such a type of economic activity of agriculture, like reindeer herding. It's no secret that deer meat is a delicacy. Recently, certain efforts have been made on the part of the society in order to establish the regularity of its deliveries directly from the West Siberian reindeer herding farms. It is interesting to note that other Russian delicacies include the following items:

• Seafood: Murmansk scallop, Baltic sea ​​urchins, the Black Sea oyster, the Magadan trumpeter, as well as the Ropilema jellyfish.
• Fish: anchovy (Black Sea anchovy), St. Petersburg karyushka, Arkhangelsk toothfish.
• Vegetable products: honeysuckle berries, fir cones, outer leaves of cabbage, birch bast, and fern.
• Mushrooms, for example, black Russian truffle.
• Meat: Tuvan yak meat, Yakut horse meat, Dagestan tur meat.
• Dairy products: moose milk, yak milk, deer milk.

Grain growing

In this chapter, it would be useful to consider type of agriculture in Russia, like grain farming. It is important to know that ten percent of all arable land in the world is located in the country. In addition, more than 4/5 of the immediate plowed area falls on the North Caucasus, Western Siberia, the Urals and the Central Volga region. The Russian Federation is in the first position in the world in terms of the production of oats, rye, buckwheat, barley, sunflower and sugar beets. As of 2013, it was in fourth place in the world (after the US, India and China) in terms of wheat harvest. It should be added that in 2016, in the Russian Federation, by the beginning of the first month of autumn, more than 66.8 tons of wheat were harvested (the total yield can be estimated at 71 million tons).

type of work in agriculture? In 2014, employees of the agricultural sector in the country harvested a record harvest of grain crops since 1990 - more than 110 million tons (before direct processing). It should be added that in 2015 in the Russian Federation the gross harvest of leguminous and grain crops (in accordance with preliminary data) amounted to 104.3 million tons of grain after processing, subject to a yield, which is defined as 23.6 centners per hectare. It is important to note that wheat was harvested the most, namely 61.8 million tons.

According to the results of 2016, the harvest of leguminous and grain crops was equal to 119.1 million tons. You should be aware that the presented figure is 13.7% higher than in 2015 (104.8 million tons). By the way, for the first time in the history of development in the Russian Federation such type of agricultural sector, as grain growing, 73.3 million tons of wheat were harvested. By all means given result is positive and offers some hope for the future.

potato growing

Among the main types of agricultural products produced in Russia includes potatoes. It is important to know that its collection in 2015 was equal to 33.6 million tons. This figure is 15.9% higher than the average for the last five years. By the way, in 2014, representatives of the agricultural industry collected 31.5 million tons of the crop in question. In 2012, this indicator was on the line of 29.5 million tons.

From the statistics presented above, we can conclude that potato production has been growing quite productively in recent years. However, in comparison with the 2000s, crop yields remain not very high. For example, in 2006, employees of the agricultural sector collected 38.5 tons of potatoes. However, even with current indicators of the level of productivity, Russia has taken the third position in the world in terms of potato harvesting (after India and China). By the way, another potato power (Belarus) in 2012 collected 6.9 million tons of crops.

It is important to note that over the past ten years, overall, potato consumption in the Russian Federation has declined significantly. Why? The fact is that higher incomes of the population encourage them to purchase expensive products compared to potatoes.

Beet growing

in number main types of agriculture The Russian Federation also includes beet growing. It is important to note that in 2011 the country harvested about 46.2 million tons of beets. The Russian Federation managed to reach the first position in the world in accordance with this indicator. In 2015, employees of the agricultural industry harvested about 37.6 million tons of sugar beets. This amount is enough to produce more than five million tons of sugar.

What else can be said about the form of agricultural resources? As of 2013, beet growing in the Russian Federation made it possible to close the country's demand for sugar by 75-80 percent (the rest is mostly sweeteners of alternative value, among which there are both natural and chemical, both Russian and imported).

It is important to note that according to the results of 2016, Russia took the first position in the world in terms of the production of such a crop as sugar beet. It overtook Germany, France and the USA in this indicator. In addition, in 2016 the Russian Federation produced one million tons more sugar than needed for export purposes.

vegetable growing

TO main types of agriculture The Russian Federation would be appropriate to include vegetable growing. It is important to note that the production of greenhouse vegetables in the country in 2016 increased by eight percent (up to 691 thousand tons). During the annual period, about 160 hectares of winter greenhouses were put into operation. According to the results of last year, the current level of self-sufficiency in terms of vegetables was equal to 90%.

It is necessary to know that in 2015 the gross harvest of greenhouse vegetables in the country amounted to 470.9 thousand tons. In 2016, this figure was equal to 568.8 thousand tons (which is 29% higher than the same period last year). The total harvest in terms of vegetable crops for 2015 amounted to 16.1 million tons. And in 2014, the Russian Federation produced about 15.45 million tons of vegetables. It is important to know that the figures presented are the most significant in the history of the country.

It is interesting to note that success in the case under consideration became possible due to the construction of a large number of large-scale greenhouse complexes, which began to be practiced only recently. They are built both in the north and in the south of the country. By the way, often the presented facilities allow you to get the product all year round.

Additional types of agriculture

What types of agriculture known in Russia? To begin with, melon growing can be noted. By the way, the corresponding gross harvest in 2014, according to available estimates, exceeded 1.5 million tons. It should be added that up to seventy percent of the total crop falls on watermelons.

As for fruit growing, the most popular fruits grown in the Russian Federation are pears, apples, apricots (exclusively in relation to the southern regions) and plums. In addition, Russia is considered a berry power, which determines the effective development of berry growing. However, this is not at all surprising, because it was said above that there are a large number of forests on the territory of the country, which means that there are much more opportunities for picking berries and mushrooms. The country takes the first position in the production of raspberries and currants, and the sixth - in the production of strawberries. In addition, Russia is among the top three world leaders in terms of gooseberry and strawberry production.

In addition to the agricultural sectors presented above, it is necessary to pay attention to winemaking and viticulture, which applies mainly to the North Caucasus and Crimea, as well as to the Volgograd, Astrakhan and Saratov regions. It is important to note that such products as "Soviet champagne" and m Assandrov wines.

In Russia, tea growing is developing quite rapidly. It should be noted that the cultivation of tea in the country is concentrated mainly in the Krasnodar Territory. By the way, Russia is one of the most tea-drinking countries in the world. It ranks fourth after Turkey, China and India according to the consumption of the presented product. In addition, the Russian Federation is the largest importer of tea products in the world: more than 160 thousand tons of tea are imported annually.

It is impossible not to mention cotton growing, because it is closely connected with other rapidly developing branches of agriculture at the state level. In 2016, employees of the agricultural industry collected and sent for industrial processing the first crop of ultra-early cotton in the history of Russia. The experiment was carried out in the Volgograd region.

It is important to note that the presented variety of cotton is adapted to the climate conditions of the Lower Volga. Thus, with the successful implementation of the program, the Volgograd Region will be included among the world's northernmost cotton-growing points. One way or another, this factor will make it possible to rapidly promote import substitution in the textile industry.

In conclusion, it would be appropriate to present an industry that stands next to crop production, in accordance with its scale - this is animal husbandry. Much can be said on this topic. It is important to note that the main case is divided into several subgroups, among which the following points should be mentioned:

• Beef cattle breeding (which is more developed than other presented elements of the livestock breeding system).
• Pig breeding.
• Poultry farming.
• Dairy farming.
• Animal husbandry of meat and wool value.
• Reindeer husbandry (which occupies the smallest share in the system under consideration).

It should be noted that all the sectors represented occupy approximately the same shares in the livestock breeding system and play an important role in the development of the Russian economy as a whole.

(location geography)

Agriculture is the second leading branch of material production. It includes crop production and animal husbandry. Around the world, they employ about 1.1 billion people.

crop production.

The basis of it is grain farming. Approximately half of the world's area is occupied by crops. Grain, along with potatoes, is the main food resource of mankind. It serves as a raw material for many industries - flour, cereals, alcohol, feed. Of the grain crops, wheat, rice, and corn are of paramount importance in the world. N.N. established that the centers of origin of wheat are in and. From there it spread throughout the world. The main wheat belt stretches across the Northern Hemisphere. Wheat is grown in more than 70 countries of the world, but its predominant part is in Russia,. Here the main granaries of the world were formed. Wheat occupies a major place in the structure of Canada's exports (about 20% of world exports).

In addition to cereals, oilseeds, sugar-bearing, vegetable, and fruit crops are also widely used by humans. In the collection of soybeans, the United States occupies the first place in the world (more than 1/2 of world production), peanuts - India, olives -.

The most common of the tuber crops is potatoes, whose homeland is. The first place in the world in the collection of potatoes is occupied by China, followed by China.

Among sugar-bearing plants, sugar cane (60% of production) and sugar beet are the most important. Most sugar cane is grown in its homeland - in America, and sugar beets - in Ukraine, Russia, Western Europe and in.

Of the tonic cultures, tea (tropics and subtropics) and coffee (tropics) are the most common. China is the birthplace of tea. Today, 4/5 of the world collection of this product is given by countries such as India, China,. The birthplace of coffee is, but today 2/3 of the world collection is given by countries (,).

Among non-food crops, fibrous crops are of the greatest importance, of which cotton is of great value. The first place in its collection is occupied by the countries of Asia. Flax distribution areas are limited. Almost 3/4 of the world production of this product falls on Russia and.

animal husbandry.

It is distributed almost everywhere. Geography is primarily determined by the distribution of livestock.

Russia is a huge state, the borders of which extend over more than seventeen million square kilometers. The world's first country in terms of territory has the richest natural resources, fertile soils and forests, rivers and lakes, pastures and meadows. Russia has tremendous potential for agricultural activities. This is a priority area, which today began to pay close attention. That is why today we want to talk about agriculture. Branches of agriculture, priority directions of their development - all this is valuable information for those who want to link their future with natural production.

Main directions

To date, there are a huge number of directions in which you can move and develop, producing a particular product and selling it to the appropriate consumers. At the same time, it is in Russia, with its vast areas and resources, that agriculture is the least developed area. The branches of agriculture are constantly developing, new ones appear, which means that every businessman has the opportunity to choose the niche that he likes the most.

So, from time immemorial, two macro-industrial complexes have been distinguished in this huge sector. These are crop and animal husbandry. In turn, each of them will be divided into dozens of industries. A distinctive feature of agricultural activity is a high dependence on external factors, in particular on agro-climatic conditions. It is they who determine not only the geography, but also the specialization of industries. If you decide to lead own business, then think about the prospects that agriculture opens up for you. There are various branches of agriculture, from traditional to exotic in the form of pineapple plantations and shrimp farms. But they are all united by one factor. The produced product will always be in demand.

Plant growing as a branch of agriculture

Many thousands of years ago, man learned to cultivate the land and plant the seeds he found in order to get a large harvest of the same crop. Since then, agriculture has not lost its relevance. Many kilometers of hectares of land sown with various plants - this is how many of us imagine agriculture. The branches of agriculture can be very diverse, they are distinguished by the amount of necessary investments and profitability. But all cultivated crops are important and necessary.

What areas are developed

Basically, land for arable land was given in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the country. Agriculture has a pronounced zonation. This is understandable: growing beets or potatoes in the tundra is very problematic. But this is not the only reason. The problems of the development of agricultural sectors lie in the fact that without the immediate vicinity of the end consumer, only large farms can exist that have the opportunity to export their products to cities. Therefore, a suburban type of agriculture has developed near large population centers. And in the northern regions, agriculture in closed ground is developing.

The European part of Russia is the most favorable region. Here the agricultural areas are located in a continuous strip. In Western Siberia, they are only in the southern regions, in the Altai valleys. The central region is ideal for growing beets and potatoes, flax and legumes. Wheat is grown in the Central and Volga-Vyatka region, in the Volga region and in the Urals, in the Caucasus. In more northern regions, rye and barley are sown.

Features of domestic crop production

It is in Russia that more than 1% of all arable land in the world is located. Huge territories, different climatic zones - all this allows the country to be an exporter of a variety of crops. Plant growing as a branch of agriculture specializes in the cultivation of useful, cultivated plants. The basis of it is grain farming. Grain is a product that is most in demand on the world market. More than half of the total sown area in Russia is occupied by grain crops. And of course, the leader among them is wheat.

Agriculture in Russia is, first of all, golden fields on which future grain is eared. Hard and soft varieties are grown. The first go to the manufacture of bakery products, and the second - to pasta. In Russia, winter and spring varieties are grown, the total productivity is 47 million tons.

In addition to wheat, agriculture in Russia is the world's largest exporter of other grains and legumes, sugar beets and sunflowers, potatoes and flax.

Grassland is an important branch of crop production

Not everyone will remember the importance of growing meadow grasses for hay. But it is it that is the basis of feed for livestock. Today, the area of ​​grazing land is shrinking, and even private livestock farms buy hay for their animals at once for the whole season. And what about large farms where animals do not leave the stall.

Grassland as a branch of agriculture today is still completely undeveloped. Entrepreneurs prefer to simply buy or lease land and mow the grass that has grown on it in time. However, if you use the achievements of modern agrotechnical science, you can get rich forbs, which means you can mow more hay from a smaller piece of land. But that's not all. Purposeful sowing of the land with the right herbs, as well as the use of modern dressings, make it possible to mow young and juicy grass many times in a row from the same area. There is a saving of usable space and an obvious benefit.

Industrial crops

Not all plants are edible, but this does not make them any less useful. Today, cotton cultivation is becoming more and more popular in Russia. The branch of agriculture is quite new for our latitudes, but it has great prospects. Still, because the need for natural fabrics only increases.

The climate of the Stavropol Territory is best suited for growing this crop. In fact, this is not a new direction of crop production at all. In the 1930s, more than 120,000 hectares of cotton were cultivated here. At the same time, the harvest was more than 60 thousand tons of raw cotton. Today, this practice is being revived in the region, although it has not yet reached such a scale.

The second big section is animal husbandry

Most entrepreneurs decide to engage in farming, considering this area to be more profitable. Indeed, meat, milk, eggs and valuable furs are sold very quickly, at a decent price. But do not forget that animal husbandry is a branch of agriculture that will require you to have special knowledge, extensive experience and the help of professional livestock specialists. Any mistake costs a lot of money. Poor quality feed will lead to poor growth of young animals, a delay in vaccination can cause death of animals.

Features of animal husbandry in Russia

All countries are, to one degree or another, exporters of meat and other food products. This is not surprising, since livestock is the branch of agriculture that is most in demand. Quality food will never be left without its end consumer. At the same time, in the vast expanses of Russia, animal husbandry is completely dependent on crop production, since it is this industry that is the natural producer of feed. Therefore, each region specializes in the cultivation of a particular type of animal.

Reindeer husbandry is developed in the North. In the central strip of Russia, the breeding of cattle, both dairy and dairy-meat, is widely represented. In the more southern regions, mainly small livestock are bred for meat. This is due to the presence of more roughage. Goats and sheep are bred in the mountainous regions.

Zonarity

Continuing to consider what branches of agriculture are, we never cease to be surprised at how many options livestock farming offers businessmen. Pig breeding is widely developed throughout the country. This is one of the most productive branches of the livestock complex. This is due to the fact that pigs grow quickly, are unpretentious, and their meat is familiar and even preferred in Russia.

In the Kuban and in the Don region, horse breeding is a traditional industry. And we are talking about breeding. Today, this industry is in decline, although it is very promising. In suburban areas, as well as in the cities themselves, poultry farming is almost universally developed. There are several directions here:

• Breeding birds for feathers (down).
• For meat.
• For an egg.

Depending on the choice of the entrepreneur, they are engaged in the cultivation of chickens, geese and ducks. Today, however, new branches of agriculture have emerged. Some farms have been converted into ostrich or peacock farms. These are completely new directions, so livestock breeders have to learn all the subtleties of the content literally from scratch.

In the forest regions, which are more than enough in Russia, fur farming is developed. For these purposes, the huntsmen breed mink and arctic fox, sable. Under natural conditions, squirrels, martens and beavers are caught.

Beekeeping: features and prospects

Beekeeping products are in great demand, if you have even a few hives, they will bring a stable income. However, don't get too carried away. Beekeeping is a branch of agriculture that requires considerable experience and knowledge. In addition, in order to get a really valuable product, it is necessary to live in an ecologically clean area, preferably in the mountains, where there are luxurious meadows nearby. Professional beekeepers set aside an area of ​​​​120 square meters for apiary.

In fact, the state of this industry in our country is far from ideal. Despite the huge areas, Russia produces much less honey than, for example, Mexico. Although luxurious meadows with honey plants, we have fruit trees in abundance. That is, there is a basis for the development of beekeeping in our country, we just need to realize the potential of our natural resources. And this can be done only as a result of investment in this industry, as well as the creation of special training centers. After all, only strict adherence to technology allows the beekeeping industry year after year not only to maintain, but also to increase the number of families, and hence the volume of products received.

Expert assessments

To date, the demand for quality honey on the market is about a million tons per year, and existing farms provide only 200 tons. That is, the shortage of fresh honey is observed in almost all regions. It is covered by imports, so there is room for growth.

An acute shortage of honey leads to the fact that traders sell fakes, which hinders the correct formation of prices for finished products. Of course, this hits the pocket of beginner beekeepers. Few people know that beekeeping in our country is an extremely profitable business. Only 15-20 families are enough to be profitable at the end of the season. However, we do not have state support for beekeeping, as, for example, in Europe. Therefore, a novice businessman is left alone with the problems that arise. They are completely solvable, but it takes time and money.

Fishing in Russia

No, we are not going to talk about amateurs who are ready to sit with fishing rods along the banks of rivers and reservoirs all weekend. We are interested in fishing as a branch of agriculture. It is customary to think that fishing is carried out somewhere on the shores of China, India and Japan, where delicious marine life is found, and their production brings fabulous money. But in Russia, fish production is carried out regularly. For this, specialized minesweepers go to sea. They return to ports with rich booty, which is distributed fresh or frozen, or used to prepare canned food.

Among the commercial fish that are caught in Russia, there are red (salmon, white salmon) and white (pike, pike perch, catfish and carp, crucian carp). The most important commercial fish belong to the herring and cod family. Fish from the carp, salmon and sturgeon families are of great commercial importance.

Fish farming

In fact, this branch of agriculture is not very developed in Russia. This is primarily due to climatic features. But today paid ponds have become increasingly popular. These are artificial reservoirs that are regularly stocked with certain types of underwater inhabitants. For a fee, you can spend several hours or even days on such a reservoir and fish out the coveted trophy.

Fish farming includes activities such as breeding at all stages of the life cycle, raising and maintaining broodstock. Equally important are such activities as acclimatization and selection.

Why is the potential not realized today?

Indeed, you involuntarily ask yourself this question. All branches of agriculture in the world are more developed than in Russia, despite the richest resources and vast areas. Why is this happening? According to experts, the field of agricultural business today has four main problems:

• Climatic features. Our country is the only one in the world that includes eight natural and climatic zones. Only 30% of the territory of Russia has a favorable and relatively predictable climate, which makes it possible to engage in agriculture without risk.
• Financing. If in European countries the state sponsors a start-up business and takes on some of the risks associated with its development, then we have loans peasant economy going extremely badly.
• Lack of agricultural machinery fleet. Most small farms are forced to partially or completely use manual labor, as they cannot afford to purchase equipment.
• managerial factors. Often, a person who does not have an agricultural or veterinary education stands at the head of a peasant economy. As a result, the efficiency of activities, and consequently, the profitability is much lower.

As you can see, there are many problems. However domestic manufacturer accustomed to overcoming difficulties. If even in such conditions people achieve good results, then this niche in the market is free and you can safely try to realize yourself in it.

Instead of a conclusion

Agriculture as a branch of the economy is a large complex aimed at providing the population with food and clothing. The most important industry, it is a reflection of the development of the state as a whole. After all, meeting the basic needs of the population is a priority for any country. Russia has an amazing potential to provide food not only to its citizens, but also to export them. Today, however, many branches of agriculture are experiencing problems. It should be noted that the government today drew attention to this trend and is making efforts to correct the situation, so Russia can wait big changes. In fact, the future development of the country depends on the level of training of personnel, as well as on subsidizing agriculture.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SAMARA STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMY

Department of Economic and Social Geography

Course work

Course: Economic Geography of Russia

On the topic of: Agriculture of the Russian Federation.

The main patterns of the industry

and territorial organization .

Completed by a 1st year student

FIKR group No. 4

Maksakova Olga

Scientific adviser:

Alexandrova T.E. Associate Professor, Ph.D.

Protection rating___________

Date of protection _____________

Samara 2008

Introduction………………………………………………………………..……….…3

1. Definition and importance of agriculture in Russia……….............…….…..4

1.1.Definition and task of agriculture…………………...……...4

1.2. Importance of agriculture in the country's economy………......……..4

2. Patterns of sectoral and territorial organization of agriculture in Russia……………………….……………………………….……...……6

2.2 . Industries animal husbandry …………………………..………………….6

2.1 . Industries crop production ……………….……………………….....….9

2.3. The main regularities of the territorial organization

agriculture of Russia……………………………………….………

2.4. Characteristics of the economic regions of Russia……………………

3. Problems and prospects for the formation of a sectoral and territorial organization of agriculture in Russia……………………………………

3.1.Problems of agriculture…………………………………….

3.2. Prospects for agriculture…………………………………

Conclusion……………………………………………………………

Bibliography………………………………………………………

Applications……………………………………………………………………..

Introduction

Russian society is going through a period of systemic socio-economic transformation, which increases the need to study various areas of the national economy in order to identify the main patterns and conditions that led to the need for reforms, to study the essence of the ongoing reforms and their economic consequences.

The most important branch of the Russian economy is agriculture. Agriculture is a branch of the national economy. The main branches of agriculture are plant growing and animal husbandry. Plant growing branches produce more than 40% of all agricultural products in the country. Crop production is the basis of agriculture. The level of animal husbandry in Russia also depends on its level of development. Approximately 70% of the total set of products produced in the country is made from agricultural raw materials. In this regard, the importance of economic analysis of the development of agriculture is growing.

The purpose of this course work is to study the main patterns of sectoral and territorial features of the organization of agriculture in Russia.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are defined:

Explore the essence and significance of agriculture as the most important sector of the economy.

Explore the patterns of sectoral and territorial organization of agriculture

Consider the main problems, highlight the prospects for the formation of a sectoral and territorial organization of agriculture in Russia.

Chapter 1. Definition, structure and significance of Russian agriculture.

1.1. Definition and task of agriculture.

Agriculture is one of the main branches of material production; cultivation of agricultural crops and breeding of farm animals in order to obtain food and raw materials for industry. The main branches of agriculture are plant growing and animal husbandry, which include smaller branches, differentiated in turn by groups of crops, types of farm animals, etc.

Agriculture is a branch of the national economy that is engaged in growing plants (plant growing) and breeding animals (animal husbandry).

Agriculture is connected with many industries (food, chemical, etc.), forming an agro-industrial complex, the main task of which is to reliably provide the country with food and agricultural raw materials. Unlike industry, agricultural production is carried out in vast areas where the relief, climate, and soils are different. In agriculture, many production processes are seasonal in nature, as they are associated with natural conditions for plant growth and animal development. Natural conditions have a greater influence on the process and result of agricultural labor than industrial labor. Regardless natural conditions the level of development of agriculture is determined by the quantity and quality of labor expended, the degree of use of machinery and fertilizers.

The natural basis of agriculture is agricultural land - land used in agricultural production. Of the 17.1 million square meters. km of the entire territory of Russia, agricultural land is only 2.22 million square meters. km, or 222.1 million hectares, - 13% of all land (without reindeer pastures, which include a significant part of the tundra zone).

Agricultural lands are of the following types: arable land, hayfields, pastures. A very small area is occupied by perennial plantations (gardens, vineyards). Of the 222 million hectares of agricultural land, arable land accounts for 132 million hectares (about 60%), hayfields - 23 million hectares (10%) and pastures - 65 million hectares (about 30%).

1.2. Importance of agriculture in the country's economy.

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the national

economy of Russia. It produces food for the population of the country, raw materials for the processing industry and provides for other needs of society. The standard of living and well-being of the population largely depends on the development of agriculture: the size and structure of nutrition, average per capita income, consumption of goods and services, social living conditions. . (see Appendix No. 1)

This shows that the food situation in Russia can hardly be called favorable. Meat is one of the most expensive food products, so the level of its consumption can also be used to judge the economic availability of food in general. The highest rates are typical for:

● for regions with high-income population: Moscow, Moscow region.

● for regions where climatic features make it necessary to consume more animal protein: the Republic of Sakha, Komi, Sakhalin region.

● for regions with high per capita indicators of meat production: Oryol, Belgorod, Bryansk, Kursk, Kaliningrad, Omsk regions.

● for regions where meat consumption is ethnically determined: the republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Buryatia.

A similar picture is observed with the consumption of dairy products, but milk is less transportable, so it is consumed more locally.

production, and regions with high per capita income often

receive slightly more than half of the required amount.

Chapter 2. Patterns of the sectoral and territorial organization of agriculture in Russia .

2.1. Livestock industries.

The main branches of agriculture are plant growing and animal husbandry. Branches of plant growing produce more than 40% of all agricultural products of the country. Crop production is the basis of agriculture. The level of animal husbandry in Russia also depends on its level of development.

Animal husbandry is an important branch of agriculture, providing more than half of its gross output. The importance of this industry is determined not only high proportion its in the production of gross output, but also a great influence on the economy of agriculture, on the level of provision of important foodstuffs. (see Appendix No. 2)

The most common areas of specialization of livestock farms in Russia currently remain: in cattle breeding - dairy, meat, milk and meat; in pig breeding - meat, bacon, semi-lard, fur coat; in poultry farming - egg, meat, broiler, mixed.

Meat, milk, eggs are the main consumption products of the population and are characterized by high nutritional properties. Without them, it is impossible to provide a high level of human nutrition. Animal husbandry provides valuable raw materials for industry: wool, leather, astrakhan, etc. The development of livestock industries makes it possible to productively use labor and material resources in agriculture throughout the year. Crop waste is consumed in the livestock industries, valuable organic fertilizers are created - manure and slurry.

In animal husbandry, narrower branches are distinguished - by animal species, product composition and other characteristics.

Cattle breeding(breeding of cattle) occupies one of the main places in the country's animal husbandry.

Cattle compared to other animal species

has the highest milk production. From this type of livestock comes the bulk meat products. In the meat balance of the country, beef and veal occupy more than 40%. Milk Dairy products are essential food items. The main producers of milk are agricultural enterprises. For many farms, milk production is profitable and is the main source of daily income. However, it only becomes profitable

with a sufficiently high productivity of the dairy herd and high quality milk. From a cow, when properly grown and maintained, they receive 5-6 thousand kilograms of milk or more per year with a fat content of 4% or more. Valuable raw hides are also obtained from cattle breeding. Cattle consume the cheapest vegetable feed.

Cattle breeding as an industry plays a significant role in the development of other branches of agriculture. It supplies crop production with valuable organic fertilizers - manure, pig breeding - milk, which is necessary for young piglets.

Pig breeding - is one of the most productive and precocious branches of animal husbandry. The main products of pig breeding are meat and lard. In terms of precocity, fertility of animals, the yield of meat and fat, pig breeding ranks first among livestock industries.

Sheep breeding - is an important branch of animal husbandry, which produces a diversified and valuable product: meat, lard, milk, as well as wool, fur and fur coats, sheepskins and leather.

poultry farming - provides the population with highly nutritious dietary food products, and light industry with valuable raw materials.

The change in the number of livestock and poultry depends primarily on the provision of livestock with high-quality feed and the rate of reproduction of the herd.

Over the past period, the provision of livestock with feed has improved due to an increase in the yield of grain crops. In terms of a conditional head of cattle, the amount of feed, including concentrated feed, has increased. The offspring of cattle, sheep and goats increased, and the mortality of all types of livestock decreased. This makes it possible to count on a slowdown in the rate of reduction in the number of livestock, an increase in its productivity and an improvement in reproductive performance.

The development of animal husbandry is negatively affected by the imperfection of pricing, the disparity in prices for industrial and agricultural products, the lack of state support, and other factors. The low productivity of livestock is one of the main reasons not only for the poor quality of livestock raw materials, but also for the high labor intensity and unprofitability of the industry's production.

The number of cattle has not yet stabilized, but

the rate of reduction slowed down, as managers and specialists of agricultural enterprises realized that a further reduction in the number of cows would upset the emerging balance between the availability of livestock, fodder, means of production and labor resources.

In the production of livestock products, there is a possibility of internal and external risks. The level of internal risks is influenced by:

● production potential

● technological equipment

● level of specialization

● the level of labor productivity, etc.

Factors affecting the level of external risks:

● demographic

● social

● economic

● political, etc.

Depending on the location and specialization, the selected livestock farm systems differ significantly in their material and technical equipment, technology, organization of labor and production.

In recent years, these differences have become sharper, mainly depending on the financial condition any livestock farm.

Under the system of animal husbandry, it is customary to understand the composition and size of livestock industries due to the production specialization of the economy, as well as a set of interrelated and interdependent, scientifically based zootechnical, veterinary, technical, organizational and economic measures for their management. Livestock systems are distinguished by the level of intensity, methods of fodder production and types of animal feeding, forms of organization of livestock management, organization of herd reproduction, breeding, etc.

The improvement of these systems consists in organizing the production of livestock products on an industrial basis, at large highly specialized enterprises. In the beef cattle breeding industry, the leading positions are occupied by large specialized fattening enterprises of an industrial type. In pig breeding, in most cases, the same farms are engaged in raising and fattening animals, and the division of labor in this industry is more limited. In poultry farming, the separation of meat production, which was previously a by-product in egg poultry farming, into an independent poultry meat industry is progressing. The negative trends that began in the late 1980s in the livestock sectors of Russia were expressed primarily in a reduction in the potential of livestock and poultry in public sector farms, a gradual slowdown in the impact of intensive factors on the growth rate of livestock production since the early 1990s, destabilizing processes in the industry have taken a landslide character, as a result of which, in all types of livestock farms without exception, all parameters of their

economic activity.

The main consequences of industry degradation are as follows:

● there was a large-scale reduction in the number of livestock and poultry, up to its elimination in many farms and the disappearance of unique breeds;

● Animal productivity has dropped to a minimum;

● complete unprofitability production activities livestock buildings and other industrial infrastructure facilities;

● curtailment of measures for the introduction of factors of intensification of production and achievements of scientific and technological progress in the field of animal husbandry;

● The decline in livestock production has exceeded all permissible limits in terms of ensuring the country's food security.

In modern conditions of the deepest systemic crisis of the national economy, most developed before the beginning of the 90s. On an industrial basis, livestock complexes, highly productive enterprises and workshops, large inter-farm and regional associations for the production and processing of livestock products have been privatized and ruined.

Among the most important changes that have taken place in the last decade in the technology and organization of labor in livestock farms, it should be noted the decrease in the level of mechanization of labor processes and the deterioration of working conditions, which led to a significant decrease in its productivity.

Conducting large-scale production in a difficult financial situation, lack of material resources and technical support on farms, first of all, highly productive animals, which are more susceptible to various diseases, are eliminated.

Of all livestock sectors, the greatest losses are characteristic of sheep breeding. Its quantitative and qualitative potential has been significantly undermined, there has been a massive liquidation of sheep farms in public farms, and the material and technical base of the remaining farms has been thrown back several decades. The restoration and development of the production base of livestock farms is provided for in the Federal programs for the development of livestock industries.

Compliance with the technology of keeping livestock and poultry and the production of livestock products directly depends on the rational organization of labor in the economy. When organizing labor in animal husbandry, unconditional observance of such basic principles of the rational organization of work processes as proportionality, consistency, rhythm, continuity is necessary.

2.2. Branches of crop production.

(see Appendix No. 3)

Wheat - the most important grain crop in Russia, providing a significant part of the country's food grain basket. In recent years, it has accounted for only slightly less than 1/2 of the entire domestic production of grain, and the area sown under this crop exceeds the total area under all other grain and leguminous crops taken together.

Two types of wheat are sown in Russia - spring and winter. Due to the fact that the yield of winter wheat is two or more times higher than that of spring wheat, wherever agro-climatic conditions allow, it is winter wheat that is cultivated. In general, in the western part of the country (with the exception of the northern regions), up to the Volga, winter wheat crops predominate, and to the east - spring wheat.

Winter wheat is sown in autumn and uses autumn and spring precipitation during the growing season. Moisture availability contributes to rapid vegetation and, consequently, early ripening of the crop and determines its higher yield than spring. The total amount of active temperatures required during its growing season, depending on the variety, ranges from 1200-1500 ° C. Low winter temperatures below zero with little snow cover make it difficult for winter wheat to move eastward, especially to the steppe regions of the Trans-Volga region, the Urals and Siberia. The cultivation of winter wheat in the northern regions is hindered by the long duration of snow cover and late spring frosts.

The weak development of the root system determines the high demands of winter wheat on soil conditions. Best of all, this culture develops on structural chernozems with a high content of nutrients. Winter wheat does not tolerate acidic, peaty,

marshy and highly saline soils. On acidic soils, the culture can

grown only after they have been limed.

Spring wheat is sown in early spring and uses late spring rainfall. The best conditions for its growth are temperatures of 15-20 °C. The culture tolerates spring frosts well. The growing season is estimated to be 90-120 days long. The sum of active temperatures is 1200-1700 °C. The soil requirements of spring wheat are similar to those of winter wheat. Among the varieties of spring wheat, durum wheat is especially valued, with a high protein content and high baking qualities. It is highly rated in the world market. It is from the flour of this wheat that the best-tasting pasta, cakes, pastries and other confectionery products are made.

Barley - the second largest grain crop in terms of production, providing about 1/4 of the gross grain harvest in Russia. In the conditions of our country, this is, first of all, a fodder crop, on the basis of which concentrated feed for livestock is produced. As a food crop, it is used to make beer, cereals, concentrates, and some other products.

A very important advantage of barley is its precocity (the duration of the growing season is only 85-95 days). In addition, barley is characterized by a low growth start temperature, low sensitivity to frost and drought tolerance. In this regard, the area of ​​cultivation of barley is extremely extensive: it penetrates further than other grain crops to the north, south and southeast. In the south and southeast, barley begins to ripen early, uses the spring moisture reserves in the soil better than other cereals, and suffers less from summer droughts.

Rye - a winter crop used both for food purposes and for feeding livestock. Winter rye is one of the most important food crops in Russia.

The sum of active temperatures of this culture is only 1000-1250 °C. Compared to winter wheat, rye is less demanding on moisture and has a strong, well-developed root system, which allows it to be cultivated on a wide variety of soils. Rye, unlike wheat, tolerates acidic soils well, has greater frost resistance, and a lower growth start temperature. Better than winter wheat, tolerates drought.

The main distribution area of ​​rye is the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. Recently, rye has been pushed aside by more valuable and high-yielding winter wheat from the best agro-climatic conditions for its cultivation of the chernozem zone.

oats - primarily a forage crop, in the past used on a large scale as horse feed. However, with the reduction in the number of horses in Russia and the growth of barley harvests, the sown areas of this crop have significantly decreased. Oats begin their growth at temperatures not as low as barley, vegetate longer and tolerate drought worse than other cereals. The most important advantage of oats is their tolerance to acidic soils.

Corn - high-yielding grain crop. According to their productivity

in the conditions of Russia - 30-35 kg / ha - it is second only to rice. The value of the crop lies in the fact that it allows both replenishing grain resources and obtaining good silage and green fodder for livestock. Corn grain and flour, cereals, corn flakes and vegetable oil made from it are used for food purposes. In addition, starch, molasses, alcohol and many other products can be made from corn. The abundant green mass of this plant is an excellent succulent fodder in animal husbandry.

Corn is a thermophilic crop. To cultivate it for grain requires the sum of active temperatures in the range of 2100-2900 °C, and for corn in the phase of milky-wax ripeness - 1800-2400 °C.

Maize makes high demands on moisture shortly before flowering and in a short period after it. The rest of the time it is quite drought-resistant plant. The most favorable soils for cultivating corn in Russia are powerful chernozems; on chestnut soils and degraded chernozems, its yields are noticeably reduced. Corn for silage and green mass can also be cultivated on acidic soils when they are limed.

Millet - a low-yielding crop (in the conditions of Russia, the average yield is 8-10 kg / ha), which is not widely used in our country. Millet, like corn, begins vegetation at rather high temperatures - 10-12°C, is sensitive to frost, and is a short-day plant. The main advantage of the culture is its greater ability to tolerate drought than all other cereals, due to which it has advanced further than other plant domestics into arid regions. Millet successfully uses the moisture reserves created in the steppe zone by far from regular summer precipitation.

Buckwheat - valuable cereal crop, low-yielding (usually 6-7 kg/ha). She has an extremely short growing season (70-85 days), but quite heat the beginning of growth (6-8 ° C), in the event of frost, the plant does not die, but sharply reduces the yield. Buckwheat does not tolerate a lack of moisture in the soil and dry winds, but it is well adapted to acidic soils. The main distribution area of ​​the culture is the southern part of the forest and the north of the forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia. The example of buckwheat clearly demonstrates the dependence of productivity on the ecological state of the areas of cultivation of this crop. The yield of buckwheat increases markedly when it is pollinated by bees, and the main area of ​​its cultivation coincides with the location of the largest chemical industry enterprises in the country, which adversely affects beekeeping. Hence the unjustifiably low yields of buckwheat in Russia and its insignificant gross harvest.

Rice - valuable food crop, the highest yielding

all cereals cultivated on the territory of Russia (yield - up to 40 kg / ha and more). However, this is the most thermophilic of all grain crops (the temperature of the beginning of growth is at least 12-15 ° C, and the sum of active temperatures

for various varieties cultivated on the territory of our country,

fluctuates between 2200-3200 °C).

Mustard - having high drought resistance, it is common in the Lower Volga region, in the Stavropol Territory and in the south of the Urals.

Legumes(peas, lentils, beans, soybeans, etc.) contain a lot of protein, valuable in terms of feed and food. The most important among them is peas, demanding on moisture and soil fertility; moderate reserves of heat are sufficient for its vegetation. Peas are grown in the forest and forest-steppe zones. Lentils are mostly cultivated in the western and central regions of the forest-steppe. Beans are grown in the more southern parts of the country. Soybean, as a moisture-loving and heat-loving plant, has limited distribution areas and occupies large areas in the south of the Far East, where a humid monsoon climate prevails.

Sunflower - the most common technical culture in Russia. Almost all domestic vegetable oil Sunflower is demanding on soil conditions, this crop gives the largest yields on well-structured chernozems, but much less than sugar beet, it is demanding on moisture. An important condition for obtaining sunflower seeds with a high percentage of oil content is a large number of sunny days.

Sugar beet - multipurpose culture. In Russia, both technical (intended for the production of sugar) and fodder varieties are grown, but the former predominate. After the processing of technical sugar beet for sugar, a large amount of waste is obtained, which is a valuable succulent feed for cattle breeding and pig breeding.

To obtain stable and high yields of sugar beets, cultivated soils (preferably chernozems), good and uniform soil moisture throughout the summer are required. Any temporary deterioration in the water supply of this crop reduces the sugar content in the tubers and reduces the yield. Technical varieties of sugar beets also have higher requirements for sunlight. To increase the sugar content in tubers, a sufficiently large number of sunny days is needed.

Len-fibre - starts growing at low temperatures and has a short growing season. Because of this, its crops moved further north than other industrial crops. High-quality fiber and its large yields are obtained only in areas with cool, rainy and cloudy summers, where fiber flax varieties with a long unbranched stem are cultivated. Flax is sown in crop rotations after favorable predecessors that enrich the soil with plant nitrogen on well-cultivated soils.

In areas with a dry warm climate (in the steppe Trans-Volga region, in the south of the Urals and in the Kulunda steppe), curly flax is grown. The stem of such flax develops little in length, strongly branches and is not suitable for the manufacture of textile fibers.

Curly flax is cultivated exclusively for seed for production

oil, used mainly for technical and medical purposes.

Hemp - products made from hemp fiber can be replaced to a much greater extent by artificial fiber, which has led to a significant reduction in the crops of this crop over the past decades.

Hemp has unique ecological features: high nutrient requirements in the soil along with the consumption of large amounts of moisture and heat during the period of intensive growth. All this determines the historical distribution of hemp in the form of "foci" confined to well-cultivated soils in the south-west of the forest zone (in the Bryansk and Oryol regions), along river valleys on the western slopes of the Central Russian and Volga uplands, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. More heat-loving and valuable varieties of southern hemp are common in some regions of the North Caucasus.

Tobacco - heat-loving crop, demanding on moisture and nutrient content in soils. Tobacco cultivation is labor intensive. Tobacco crops are mostly confined to the foothill-mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, where leached soils predominate.

potato growing - an important branch of Russian crop production. The role of potatoes in the diet of Russians is especially significant. No wonder it is called the second bread. In addition to food purposes, potatoes are widely used as feed in animal husbandry, especially in pig breeding, and they are also used for technical purposes.

Vegetable and melon growing - one of the weakest links in Russian crop production. A significant part of the vegetables consumed in Russia is imported from abroad (mainly from the former Soviet republics).

Cabbage, table beets, carrots, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes, zucchini and eggplants are the most widespread in Russia. Over the past decades, the azonality in the production of most vegetables has sharply increased, expressed in their territorial concentration in the suburban areas of large cities and urban agglomerations. This was facilitated by the growth in the share of households, in particular urban residents, in the production of vegetables (in 1995 - about 70% of the total Russian production), and the expansion of the system of greenhouse and hothouse production of these crops.

fruit crops- include a large group of trees and shrubs. In the gardens of our country, pome (apple, pear, etc.) and stone fruit crops (cherries, plums, apricots, etc.) are of the greatest importance, accounting for about 9/10 of the area of ​​all fruit plantations.

Viticulture This culture is well adapted to the conditions of a moderately warm and subtropical climate. Features of the location of viticulture due to the fact that this crop is successfully cultivated on light, cartilaginous, gravelly, well-warmed and aerated soils on the slopes of hills and mountains. Thanks to a well-developed, deeply penetrating root system on skeletal soils, the vine is able to extract water from great depths.

2.3. The main regularities of the territorial organization of agriculture in Russia.

The main patterns of the territorial organization of agriculture are manifested in a certain localization of the tops of agricultural enterprises and regions, which are formed under the influence of a complex of natural and socio-economic factors at each stage of the country's socio-economic development. The basis of agricultural regions is formed by the dominant types of enterprises for which there are the most favorable combinations of natural and socio-economic conditions and resources of the countryside.

Agricultural enterprises of various types perform certain national economic functions in the system of territorial division of labor within large regions and the country as a whole.

Natural conditions in the development of agriculture act as a factor of territorial differentiation. Agro-climatic resources in combination with the soil-lithological-geomorphological features of the territory determine the possibility of cultivating certain crops as part of certain types of crop rotations. With the differentiation of farming systems in different types of landscapes are associated in the levels of crop yields, the size production costs, and consequently, the indicators of cost, production efficiency.

Socio-economic factors of territorial differentiation of agriculture. The increase in the growth rate of the urban population leads to constant changes in the territorial organization of agriculture within this zone as well. The further growth of large cities with a population of over 250,000 and especially over 500,000 inhabitants is an important economic factor in the territorial organization of agriculture.

One of the factors of the territorial organization of agriculture is the unequal economic and geographical position of rural areas in relation to the places of consumption and processing of agricultural products.

Finally, the factors of territorial organization are the transport and geographical position of agricultural enterprises (especially those producing low-transportable types of products). The degree of transportability of crop and livestock products is changing as a result of improving Vehicle, the creation of specialized modes of transport, including refrigeration and other installations. Transportation of agricultural products from places of production to points of storage, processing, and consumption of products is largely carried out by road.

The spatial localization of labor resources, associated with the characteristic features of rural settlement in various types of rural areas, is also of some importance. The quantitative assessment of labor resources is due to the unequal labor intensity of different branches of crop and livestock production at a certain level of mechanization of production processes.

With the development of the scientific and technological process and the industrialization (complex mechanization) of agriculture, there is an increase in labor productivity in all sectors of crop and livestock production, although differences remain in the cost of living labor between more labor-intensive crops (berries, fruits, vegetables) and less labor-intensive (cereals). ). Thus, combinations of natural and economic factors determine the specialization of agriculture, as well as methods of organizing agriculture and animal husbandry, leading to territorial differentiation of levels of production intensity.

2.4. Characteristics of the economic regions of Russia.

Northern economic region.

Agriculture specializes in the following areas: animal husbandry (fur farming, reindeer breeding, dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming); plant growing (flax growing, vegetable growing in closed ground, potato growing).

The natural and climatic conditions of the Northern economic region do not allow the creation of a diversified crop production system. All of the listed branches of crop production are located in the greater part of the "southern" regions of the region. The lack of agricultural raw materials makes it impossible to develop and certain types production, for example, the production of sugar, vegetable oil, etc.

Northwestern economic region.

Agriculture of the district specializes in the following sectors: animal husbandry (dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, fur farming), plant growing (flax growing, potato growing, vegetable growing, growing grain crops). Climatic conditions do not allow to achieve high yields. High air and soil humidity at relatively moderate temperatures in winter - from -10˚С to -16˚С and in summer - from 15˚С to 17˚С. Consequently, the gross yields of the most important agricultural crops have insignificant shares in the production of similar crops in Russia as a whole.

Central economic region.

Branches of specialization of agriculture: crop production

(growing grain crops: wheat, rye, buckwheat, barley; growing industrial crops: sugar beet, tobacco, hemp, hops, chicory; potato growing, vegetable growing), animal husbandry (dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming). Climate here it is milder, the summer is warmer and longer, soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils are common, suitable for growing potatoes, vegetables, cereals, industrial crops - hemp, sugar beets; dairy and beef cattle breeding prevails.

Volga-Vyatka economic region.

Branches of specialization in agriculture: animal husbandry (dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding, fur farming, poultry farming), plant growing (flax growing, potato growing, growing rye, barley, oats, wheat, beet growing, hop growing, tobacco growing, gardening). Agriculture of the Volga-Vyatka economic region has a wide specialization. Satisfies food needs through own production for most goods. Shortcomings are covered by supplies from nearby areas. Mild climate, long warm summers, soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils are common, suitable for growing potatoes, vegetables, cereals, industrial crops - hemp, sugar beets; dairy and beef cattle breeding prevails.

Central Black Earth economic region.

Based on the classification of soils, climatic conditions, and the experience of selection work, a industry structure Agriculture. The structure of agriculture: livestock (dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming), crop production (growing grain and leguminous crops: wheat, buckwheat, barley, peas, corn; growing industrial crops: sunflower, hemp, shag, sugar beet ; essential oil crops, growing gourds, horticulture).

Agriculture intersectoral. At the expense of its own resources, the needs of the population in meat, dairy products, animal and vegetable oil are satisfied. In addition, the region acts as a supplier of vegetable oil to other regions of the country.

The Central Black Earth economic region is located in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, winter temperatures are -8-11˚С and summers are 19-20˚С, moisture is unstable, the territory is prone to droughts. Land resources are the main wealth of the region, chernozem soils predominate. Agricultural lands occupy almost 80% of the area of ​​the district; wheat, rye, corn, sugar beet, sunflower are grown on them; dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding prevail. In the suburbs of the districts, vegetable growing and pig breeding are developed.

Volga economic region.

In the lower Volga region, climatic conditions are very favorable for the development of agricultural sectors, which allows the region to occupy leading positions in the production of potatoes, sugar beet, meat, milk, animal and vegetable oils, granulated sugar. , barley, peas, millet, buckwheat, rice; cultivation of mustard, hemp, sugar beet, coriander, shag, sunflower, flax-curly; cultivation of gourds; horticulture, potato growing, vegetable growing), animal husbandry (dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding , poultry farming, beekeeping, fur farming, fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced sheep breeding).

North Caucasian economic region.

Due to favorable natural and climatic conditions, the region has a high level of agricultural development. Favorable and diverse soil and climatic conditions of the region ensure the cultivation of about 80 crops in the North Caucasus and the development of highly productive diversified animal husbandry.

Branches of agriculture: animal husbandry (dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, fine wool sheep breeding), plant growing (wheat, corn, barley, rice, sunflower, hemp, essential oil crops, vegetable growing, tobacco growing, gardening, viticulture, growing gourds, castor beans, beet growing, tea growing, mustard cultivation.

Ural economic region.

The specialization of agriculture in the Urals is changing from north to south. In the northern part of the district, dairy farming and pig farming are combined with the cultivation of potatoes, vegetables, flax, barley and oats. The southern and southeastern parts are the most important grain regions, specialized in the production of strong and high-protein wheats. Meat animal husbandry and sheep breeding are also developed. Branches of specialization of agriculture: animal husbandry (beekeeping, dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced sheep breeding), plant growing (sunflower, sugar beet, curly flax, fiber flax , potatoes, peas, millet, oats, barley, wheat, rye).

West Siberian economic region.

Branches of specialization of agriculture: animal husbandry

(beekeeping, dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced sheep breeding, maral breeding, yak breeding, fur farming, reindeer breeding, fishing), plant growing (sunflower, sugar beet, curly flax, fiber flax, potatoes, peas , millet, oats, barley, wheat, rye, millet, horticultural crops, vegetables). The needs of the population are satisfied at the expense of their own resources for such food products as meat, milk, animal and vegetable oils, etc.

East Siberian economic region.

Sectors of specialization of agriculture: animal husbandry (dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, animal husbandry, deer breeding, yak breeding, camel breeding, horse breeding, meat and wool sheep breeding), plant growing (production of wheat, oats, hemp, fiber flax, barley , vegetable growing, potato growing, cedar fishing). Specialization here is largely due to the peculiarities of natural conditions. The Far North is a zone of well-developed reindeer husbandry, the southern forest-steppe regions are for meat and dairy farming, the intermountain basins of Khakassia, Tyva, Buryatia, and the Chita region are a zone of fine-wool and semi-fine-wool production.

Far East economic region.

Area specialization in the field of agriculture: animal husbandry

(fur farming, cattle breeding, poultry farming, deer farming, deer farming, beekeeping, pig farming), plant growing (horticulture, potato growing, vegetable growing, barley, oats, soybeans, wheat rice).

economic regions in the Far East grow four grains - potatoes, sunflowers, vegetables. The volume of grain production is falling, which causes its shortage for the economic needs of the region and their share in

Russian Federation. The region provides itself with meat, fish, milk, vegetables, fruits.

Chapter 3. Problems and prospects for the formation of a branch and territorial organization of agriculture in Russia.

3.1. Problems of agriculture.

Current state agriculture in Russia leaves much to be desired. The increase in productivity that began in the late 1990s began to decline again in 2002.

In terms of the level of technology and technology in agriculture, Russia lags behind the advanced countries. Only two percent of its agricultural land is cultivated with conservation farming technologies. Due to our backwardness, crop losses reach 30%. Specific electricity costs are several times higher than in the USA and Western Europe. In Russia, 13% of the total able-bodied population of the country is employed in agriculture, which is 2-4 times more than in the West.

There are a number of problems in overcoming the backwardness of Russian agriculture. Consider the main ones:

1. High fuel prices that make highly profitable agricultural production impossible. There was a proposal to convert tractors and combines to gas, which, according to experts, can reduce fuel costs by three times. But, firstly, the fleet of agricultural machinery itself, for the most part, has exhausted its entire resource. Secondly, the conversion of self-propelled vehicles to gas also requires costs. And thirdly, Gazprom is unlikely to want to lag behind the oilmen in taking advantage of the favorable situation on the world market and will raise gas prices.

High interest rates on a loan of 15 - 16%. But banks cannot lower interest rates because they are not sure about the return of loans,

2. Since in agriculture, where private owners also dominate, the redistribution of property is still ongoing, there is another wave of drive of peasants from the land, direct seizures, takeovers and deliberate bankruptcies of enterprises.

3. High customs duties on agricultural machinery and the unprotected domestic market from dumping food supplies from abroad. Even the northern countries of Western Europe differ from Russia in much more favorable natural and climatic conditions. There, the period of plant growth is longer, the winter is much less severe, etc. Our buildings should be more capital, the cost of heating the premises is much higher. Therefore, we must compete with Western producers in terms of the efficiency of agricultural production, with other equal conditions impossible.

4. Social problems rural residents: it is necessary to build housing in the countryside, improve social conditions for the peasants. Large corporations, not interested in the prosperity of the village, became the owners of the village. Today, one corporation reigns in the village, tomorrow, given the change in market conditions, it will sell its shares. It is not economically feasible to divert funds for housing construction that can be more efficiently invested in production. And the state does not have enough funds for the most urgent needs, it allocates crumbs to agriculture, of which you can’t find much for housing and improving living conditions.

Such an important branch of Russian agriculture as dairy farming faces many acute problems. The work of domestic livestock farms has long resembled not a business, but a struggle for survival - in many cases hopeless.

The state is also unable to guarantee the minimum profitability of dairy production. In Russia, not only the profitability of dairy farming is falling, but the number of dairy cows is also declining. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, as of February 1, 2006. the number of cattle in the farms of all agricultural producers, according to calculations, amounted to 21.5 million heads of which cows - 9.5 million sheep and goats - 17.1 million heads of pigs - 13.5 million.

In the structure of livestock, households accounted for 44.1% of cattle, 41.8% of pigs, 54.7% of sheep and goats (at the beginning

February 2005 - respectively 43.7%, 44.8% and 55.9%).

At first glance, the decline in livestock really looks like a disaster. Nevertheless, even with the current number of cows, their number per 1 thousand people in Russia exceeds 80 heads, and in prosperous Europe it is only 34-40 heads. That is, abroad, the success of animal husbandry is achieved not by number, but by quality. Low-producing cows in the US are culled. A highly productive cow is essentially a "factory" for the production of milk. Therefore, when a cow gives less than 20 liters of milk per day for 2 weeks in a row, they are sent to the slaughterhouse. Otherwise, milk yields will decrease, quality will decrease and the business will cease to be profitable.

In our country, the troubles of animal husbandry are attributed to a decline in the number of livestock, and agricultural enterprises perform not an economic, but rather a social role for the peasants. After all, often the farm of the former collective farm or state farm is inhabited by almost the entire surrounding population, carrying feed, milk, and, in general, everything that is badly lying from the cowsheds. For villagers, this is sometimes the only source of income. Another thing is that this practice has nothing to do with a normal economy. How productive the existing livestock is, not all farm managers think. And experts believe that the profitability of the dairy business can be discussed only after reaching the 5-6 thousandth level of annual milk yield. They also see the reason for low milk yields in the lack of balanced feed. There is an opinion that animal husbandry, like agriculture, in Russian conditions is a risky business by definition.

Milk prices have been almost at the same level in recent years. And energy carriers have risen in price during this time by about 70%. Energy costs are on average three times higher than those of foreign companies. Therefore, the cost of Russian milk is 20-30 percent higher than imported milk. But it's not just about costs, it's also about wasteful use of resources, outdated equipment and technology. For example, labor productivity in Russian animal husbandry is at least twice as low as in developed Western countries. 60 percent of cows are milked not in milk pipes, but in portable buckets. Most dairy farms in Russia were built 30-40 years ago and designed according to the developments of the middle of the last century. Dairy farms are also hindered by the disproportion between the real cost of raw milk and the purchase prices of dairies for it. Today, there is a price dictate of trade over the processor, the processor over the agricultural producer.

Another expensive cost for the industry is taxes. Both producers, processors, and milk traders are subject to VAT. It turns out that the tax is levied three times for one product.

3.2. Prospects for agriculture.

One cannot but agree that the funds allocated for the development of animal husbandry are insufficient. Today, animal husbandry occupies one of the first lines in the "agrarian budget" of the Russian Federation. Nevertheless, it remains almost the leader in terms of unprofitability. Only in 2004 the federal authorities spent 745 million rubles to support livestock breeding, not counting the funds of private investors and money allocated by regional budgets. But the problem is that these funds are not always used effectively. According to the All-Russian Research Institute of Breeding, most of the same breeding farms are not engaged in the sale of breeding animals, although they receive state subsidies for this.

Farms with real development prospects should have the right to preferences. Such a targeted approach is being implemented in the regions, especially since there is not enough money for everyone anyway. The conditions for receiving subsidies are the preservation of the livestock and the increase in milk production.

There must be an effective public policy price regulation. So far, the main profits are in the field of processing and distribution. But you can legally guarantee a minimum purchase price for milk and meat.

Stable farms need not so much direct subsidies as they need a consistent pricing policy and affordable, long-term loans in order to develop and modernize production.

To this we can add that dairy farms, in addition to loans and state support, also need real owners. Otherwise, animal husbandry - a potentially profitable and highly profitable industry - will remain unprofitable for a long time and will continue to face the budgets of all levels with an outstretched hand.

In the "Concept-forecast of the development of animal husbandry in Russia until 2010." scientifically substantiated increase in the production of milk and beef due to intensive factors. In particular, to provide the population with milk, it is enough to have 13 million cows, but their milk yield should reach an average of 4000-4300 kg by 2010 in January 2006, this figure was 1.8 million tons. -50% more, which will amount to 81 kg in slaughter weight in 2010 according to the moderate version, and 92 kg per capita according to the intensive version (60-65 kg in recent years). In the developed countries of the West, this figure today is 90-120 kg.

More than 98% of beef in Russia is obtained from the slaughter of culled cows and over-repair young animals from dairy herds. In the future, this source of beef production will also play a leading role. At the same time, it is necessary to accelerate the development of beef cattle breeding in order to increase its share in beef production from 1.7% in 2001 to 1.7% in 2001. up to 6.3% for moderate and up to 20-25% for intensive options by 2010.

Ways out of the current agricultural crisis. October 19, 2005 an expanded meeting of the board of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia was held, at which specific measures were considered for the implementation of the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex". The Plan and Network Schedule, developed by the specialists of the Ministry on behalf of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, were approved, which define the activities, the volume of their financing, benchmarks, deadlines and responsible executors.

For the first time in the past 15 years, agriculture has become a national development priority.

The national development project is based on the principles of market

economy. Its main goal is to improve the quality of life both in the city and in the countryside. Emphasis will be placed on the development of meat and milk - the most valuable types of food, the consumption of which has decreased by one and a half times over the years of reforms. The urgency of the problem is determined by the contribution of animal husbandry to the total volume of agricultural production. At the same time, its share has been declining in recent years. In 2004 it was 45% compared to 47% in 2001. World practice shows that in countries with developed agriculture, livestock accounts for most of the agricultural production (Germany - 52%), moreover, livestock is a kind of locomotive for the development of the industry, consuming significant volumes of crop production. Calculations show that the growth potential of agricultural production in Russia with an increase in livestock production is much higher than in the case of an increase in grain exports. At the same time, the meat and meat products market is extremely promising and socially significant. Meat consumption per capita in Russia is 53 kg, while in developed countries it is 80-100 kg.

At the same time, meat consumption will constantly grow as incomes of the population increase. The dynamics of recent years testify to this. Therefore, it is necessary to respond to market signals in time and orient the business regarding the prospects for the development of this sector.

The first activity in the Project Implementation Plan defines measures to expand the availability of credit resources for the accelerated development of animal husbandry. The interest rate on loans received for up to 8 years for the construction and modernization of livestock complexes will be subsidized by two thirds from the Federal budget. For such a long time this will be done for the first time.

6 billion 630 million rubles will be allocated for the implementation of the measure, including 3 billion 450 million in 2006, which will make it possible to attract about 40 billion rubles of commercial loans for technical re-equipment.

The second activity also aims to update the main

funds in animal husbandry. Its main task is to increase the genetic potential of animals bred in Russia and improve the conditions for their maintenance.

The solution to this problem is envisaged to be carried out through the purchase of pedigree livestock and modern technological equipment under the positively proven system of state leasing. Leasing deliveries will be secured by an increase in the authorized capital of OAO Rosagroleasing by 8 billion rubles, 4 billion annually.

The result of this event will be the supply of leasing up to 100 thousand heads of highly productive livestock, the commissioning and modernization of 130 thousand livestock places.

The third measure to ensure the accelerated development of animal husbandry and increase its competitiveness is the decision of the Government to abolish import customs duties on technological equipment for animal husbandry, which has no domestic analogues. The Priority Project Implementation Plan provides for the issuance of a Government Decree approving the volume of quotas and customs duties for meat in 2006-2007. and up to 2009, according to the existing intergovernmental agreements. All economic entities of the industry should be aware of the plans and conditions of the Government's customs and tariff policy.

The second important direction of the project implementation is “Stimulation of the development of small farms in the agro-industrial complex”. Small farms (LPS and KFH) produce 93% of potatoes, 80% of vegetables. The social significance of this sector is also great - 16 million families run personal subsidiary plots, 1 million 200 thousand people are employed in peasant (farmer) households.

However, due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure for commodity and credit support, their access to the processing and consumption markets is limited for peasant farms and private household plots. This direction is implemented through 2 main activities of the plan.

The first activity is aimed at expanding the availability of credit

resources for personal subsidiary and peasant (farm) holdings and agricultural consumer cooperatives created by them.

For the first time, it is planned to carry out 100% subsidization of the interest rate on attracted loans - 95% of the rate is subsidized from federal budget and 5% of the rate - from the budget of the subject of the Russian Federation in which the farm is located.

It is proposed to establish the loan amount for private household plots in the amount of up to 300 thousand rubles, for peasant farms up to 3 million rubles, for created small and peasant farms of agricultural consumer cooperatives - up to 10 million rubles. 6 billion 570 million rubles-2 will be allocated for the implementation of this measure .9 billion in 2006

Implementation of the measure will make it possible already in 2006 to take advantage of this unprecedented preferential form of lending to about 200,000 household plots and about 6,000 peasant farms, to attract up to 20 billion rubles in loans for the development of commodity production.

The implementation of the second measure will be aimed at stimulating the creation of procurement and supply and marketing structures, the development of credit cooperation, as well as the processing of agricultural products produced by household plots and peasant farms. The main executor of this event is Rosselkhozbank with its developed branch network in 65 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. To provide it with financial resources, the authorized capital of the Bank will be increased by 9.4 billion rubles. The implementation of the measure should ensure the creation of 1,000 procurement and supply and marketing, 550 processing and up to 1,000 rural credit cooperatives. The Project Implementation Plan provides for the creation of a land mortgage lending system.

The development of the land mortgage system will make it possible to use the mortgage of land to obtain a loan for 5,000 households. This mechanism is new and its implementation will be tested in the first half of 2006 on 20 pilot projects.

In the process of working on the project and based on the results of the extended

board, the Ministry of Agriculture prepared a number of additional measures necessary for the successful implementation of the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex". These measures are supposed to be formalized as instructions of the Prime Minister based on the results of the expanded collegium.

Among them:

1. Application of measures of customs and tariff regulation to imported dairy products:

● differentiated increase in import customs duties on hard cheeses;

● implementation of measures to limit the import of hard cheeses supplied from Ukraine;

● taking measures to limit the import of powdered milk and butter (including measures of customs and tariff regulation), including those supplied from Ukraine and Belarus.

2. Development of technical regulation measures:

● project development technical regulations"On the requirements for the biological safety of animals imported into the territory of the Russian Federation";

● development of a draft technical regulation "On the requirements for biological safety of products and raw materials of animal origin";

● development of a draft technical regulation “Requirements for

ensuring the safety of the use and disposal of organic waste from livestock and poultry farming, enterprises processing livestock products.

3. Using the Investment Fund to stimulate the attraction of private investments (through the mechanism of public-private partnership) for the construction of complexes for the processing of meat and dairy products in regions with an excess of raw materials.

4. Development of the concept of state support for the development of large agro-industrial structures of the holding type, engaged in the production of agricultural raw materials, processing and trade in

based on modern innovative technologies,

5. Simplification of the procedure for the formation of land plots from agricultural land and a reduction in fees for land management work when registering for cadastral registration.

6. Formation of a system of land-mortgage lending secured by land plots from agricultural land.

To organize and control the implementation of activities, specialists of the Ministry drew up a Network Schedule for the implementation of the national priority project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex".

Work on the project involves the development of:

1. Decrees of the Government;

2. Orders of the Government;

3. Technical regulations;

4. Methodology;

5. Concepts.

As well as carrying out a large amount of organizational work on information and methodological support and control over the implementation of the project in the regions. The co-executors in the project are: OJSC Rosagroleasing; JSC "Rosselkhozbank";

Among the state authorities involved are: the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Industry and Energy, the Federal Property Management Agency,

Federal Antimonopoly Service, Federal Customs

service, heads of subjects of the Russian Federation.

Summing up, we can single out the following directions for overcoming the agrarian crisis:

1. Structural restructuring of agro-industrial production in the direction of further adaptation of enterprises to market conditions.

2. Development of fast payback and resource-saving technologies and industries.

3. Consideration of existing large-scale agricultural enterprises created on the basis of collective farms and state farms on the basis of privatization of land and property into private (shared and joint) ownership, as a transition to more efficient family private property in agriculture and small (farm) farming.

4. Development and state encouragement (tax breaks and subsidies) of agricultural cooperation and agro-industrial integration.

5. Development of leasing, increasing the efficiency of the use of public credit resources.

6. Creation of a nationwide training program for agricultural entrepreneurs - new owners who will inherit land or buy it from their heirs. According to expert estimates, there are at least 1.5 million of them. If they learn how to use the land efficiently, then agriculture will be revived in Russia.

7. Improving the efficiency of state subsidies for agriculture through the reorientation of subsidies from the level of the producer to the level of the consumer of food, the provision of commodity credit to producers and the development of real financial leasing.

8. As indirect way In order to support agriculture, asset subsidies and VAT on purchased resources, in particular on fuel, should be used.

9. Use new management techniques and other innovations.

Although it is worth noting that the leaders of the country do not get tired of declaring the priority importance of agriculture for the economy and security of Russia. However, these fine statements and loud promises are realized in a very modest way.

Conclusion

The socio-economic situation in agriculture remains unstable. The number of cattle and cows continues to decline, and the number of poultry has also declined. In general, the current branches of agriculture leave to expect better results.

Crop production is developed in Russia mainly in the forest-steppe and steppe regions. This branch of agriculture includes the cultivation of grain and leguminous crops, fodder crops, vegetables and melons, potatoes, as well as the cultivation of industrial crops and perennial plantations - orchards and vineyards. The sown area under grain crops in Russia has been declining in recent years.

The main grain crops of the Russian Federation are rye, wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, millet, corn, and legumes - peas, beans, lentils, soybeans. Wheat occupies the first place in terms of sown area, but the most common crop is barley, as it is grown everywhere, but mainly as a forage crop.

Animal husbandry in its composition, animal husbandry has many more branches than crop production: cattle breeding (cattle breeding), pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry breeding, horse breeding, goat breeding, reindeer breeding, sericulture, fish farming, fur farming, etc.

The main direction in animal husbandry is dairy and meat. It is practically ubiquitous. But unfortunately, animal husbandry in Russia at the moment is not in the best condition.

Growth in agricultural production can be achieved extensively (by expanding crops, increasing the number of livestock) or through intensification (increasing yields as a result of increasing doses of fertilizers, using high-yielding plant varieties, irrigation, or introducing high-yielding breeds of livestock and poultry).

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16. Website statistics. (Production of the main types of agricultural products in households) http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b07_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d04/14-12.htm

17. Website statistics. (Production of basic livestock products)

http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_11/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d02/15-22.htm

Application No. 1

Food consumption in Russia (per capita per year)

In Russia, the real amount of food consumption has significantly decreased compared to the norm of necessary food products for normal human life.

In 2007, the amount of livestock production increased in Russia compared to previous years. Although the changes are not so significant.

http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b07_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d04/14-12.htm

Application No. 3

Production of the main types of agricultural products in the households of the population. (million tons)

Considering the production of the main types of agricultural products, in the households of the population from 2001 to 2007. there are no particularly significant jumps in the production of crop products. The situation develops mostly evenly.