Volunteer (voluntary) activity in solving social problems
Traditionally, the terms "volunteering" and "volunteering" are used interchangeably. From the law "On charitable activities ..." it follows that volunteers are individuals those carrying out charitable activities in the form of gratuitous performance of work, provision of services (volunteer activities).
In the draft law on volunteering (volunteering) an attempt was made to define the principles, goals, objectives and types of volunteering.
According to this project voluntary (volunteer) activity is determined by the principles:
- - gratuitousness, voluntariness, equality and legality of volunteer activities;
- - freedom in defining goals, forms, types and methods in choosing volunteer activities;
- - publicity and public accessibility of information about volunteering;
- - humanity, observance of human rights and freedoms in the implementation of volunteer activities;
- - equality of all, regardless of gender, religion, nationality, language, social status, age, in the right to volunteer;
- - solidarity, integrity and cooperation of volunteers;
- - safety for your life and the lives of others;
equality and mutually beneficial international cooperation in this
The goals of voluntary (volunteer) activity are defined as:
- - provision of gratuitous assistance to people who need it;
- - gratuitous participation in socially significant events with the consent of their organizers;
formation of a civic position, self-organization, a sense of social responsibility, solidarity, mutual assistance and mercy in society.
The tasks of voluntary (volunteer) activities include:
- - assistance to the state in solving its social problems;
- - assistance to citizens in mastering the skills of first aid, the basics of life safety, environmental protection, social work with various target groups and categories of the population, stimulating career guidance;
- - acquisition by citizens of skills of self-realization and self-organization for solving social problems;
- - Preparation personnel reserve volunteers;
formation of mechanisms for involving citizens in diverse social activities aimed at improving the quality of life of the population;
development and support of youth initiatives aimed at organizing youth volunteer work.
Volunteer (volunteer) activity can be carried out in the form of: individual voluntary activity; volunteering as part of an unregistered association or group; volunteering through a volunteer organization.
The main types of voluntary (volunteer) activities in the draft law are proposed, in particular, to be considered:
- 1) rendering assistance to persons affected by natural disasters, environmental, man-made and other disasters, social conflicts, accidents, victims of crime, refugees and internally displaced persons, as well as other categories and groups of people in need of outside help and support, including in healthcare, education and social protection;
- 2) participation in warning the population about natural disasters, environmental, man-made and other disasters, in overcoming their consequences;
- 3) participation in protection and protection environment, improvement of territories;
- 4) participation in the creation of opportunities for creative self-expression and the disclosure of the creative potential of everyone, the preservation of cultural heritage and the historical and cultural environment, monuments of history and culture;
- 5) participation in the development of education, science, popularization of knowledge, development of innovations;
- 6) participation in the development and popularization physical education, sports and active leisure;
- 7) propaganda healthy lifestyle life, organization and implementation of preventive work to counteract the spread of socially significant diseases;
- 8) participation in the organization and holding of mass cultural, sports and other entertainment and social events.
Volunteer any person who decides to participate in activities that benefit society as a whole or specific people in need can become.
Volunteers (volunteers) can act independently or unite in groups, participate in the activities of charitable organizations. Volunteering can also be corporate, when participation in charitable activities is supported by the employer company.
Corporate charity is the allocation of resources (funds) for charitable purposes, and corporate volunteering is the voluntary activity of company employees to participate in charitable projects (for example, holding holidays in orphanages or hospitals, organizing excursions, giving gifts).
Most often, business organizations "take patronage" of orphanages, hospitals or nursing homes; large companies are often regular partners of various charitable foundations. Thus, the partners of the charitable foundation for helping hospices "Vera" are the business school "Skolkovo", Management Company Alfa Capital, Eksmo publishing house, Maly Theatre, Lenkom, Sovremennik Theater and many other companies and organizations. The partners of the Children's Hearts Charitable Foundation are Transaero Airlines, the Snezhnaya Koroleva and IKEA chain stores, the Beeline mobile operator, the Pokrovskie Vorota cultural center, the Blago.ru portal, the Yandex search engine, etc. .
Individual and corporate volunteering is widespread in all countries of the world and is a significant resource for social development.
The scope of volunteer work can be different. It is customary to distinguish such types of volunteering as cultural, environmental, event and social.
Ecological volunteering- this is cleaning of parks, forests, banks of rivers and reservoirs, patrolling territories during a fire hazard period, planting trees; projects for separate waste disposal, fundraising for the cleaning of water bodies and other natural areas; caring for animals and birds (developing homeless animals, supporting shelters, raising funds for the treatment of animals and food for them). The environmental direction is becoming more and more popular among young people and students, many types of environmental volunteering are also available for school-age children.
Cultural volunteering- this is assistance in the restoration of architectural monuments, cultural objects; work to replenish the exposition funds of museums; organization of excursions, lectures, celebrations and other sports and cultural events.
Event volunteering - this is a “one-time” participation in volunteer projects (charitable programs) aimed at solving a specific problem associated with a specific event. These can be sports and cultural events, mass fundraising, charity events (concerts, festivals, fairs). Event volunteering also includes participation in helping victims of natural disasters or other extreme situations that require serious mass assistance.
Social volunteering- this is voluntary participation in the implementation of projects to help vulnerable groups of the population.
The most common type of social volunteering is helping orphans (raising funds for various needs of institutions for orphans - pupils and graduates of orphanages; holding holidays, concerts, excursions; organizing summer and winter holidays, as well as assistance in the treatment and education of children) .
One of the very first mass volunteer communities in Russia is an interregional public organization of volunteers "Club of Volunteers" existing since 2004. Over 3,000 people annually participate in the activities of this organization.
The "Club of Volunteers" is a community of like-minded people united by the desire to support the pupils of state orphanages and boarding schools who find themselves in a difficult life situation. Volunteers conduct classes aimed at the formation of everyday skills, the upbringing of culture, the development of educational, creative, mental, musical, technical and physical abilities of children. The "Club of Volunteers" regularly supports more than 30 orphanages and boarding schools in the regions of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. The main attention is paid to children's institutions located in villages, towns and small towns on the periphery of the regions.
Other activities of volunteers include helping the elderly, the homeless and prisoners, as well as supporting people with disabilities who are long-term and seriously ill.
One of the most famous charitable organizations is the foundation for helping children with oncohematological and other serious diseases. Gift a life". Volunteers of the foundation work in hospitals where children need help with self-care (washing, dressing, eating), walking, learning (doing school homework), organizing circles and master classes, holding matinees and holidays, but most importantly - requires moral support.
In addition to organizing assistance in hospitals, volunteers participate in various mass events (charity concerts, exhibitions, holidays, etc.) to raise funds for the treatment of children. Meeting and serving guests, transport assistance, duty near the boxes for donations, distribution of booklets - the typical work of volunteers at such events. For example, one of the projects of the Podari Zhizn Foundation is called Show Moscow. The main goal of the project is to acquaint children undergoing treatment for serious illnesses with the sights of the capital of Russia. The vast majority of young patients come from small towns and villages and have never been to museums or theaters. Children who are allowed by doctors to leave the hospital are happy to go with volunteers on excursions around Moscow, to museums or to exhibitions.
The Foundation's specialists attach great importance to optimizing the work of volunteers.
Introductory meetings are held monthly for all those wishing to become volunteers in the hospital. At the meeting, potential volunteers are told about the directions of the foundation's work and the specifics of volunteer assistance. You can become an active volunteer only after a special individual interview and passing a medical examination. Beginning hospital volunteers work under the guidance of experienced mentors.
Not all charities have such a strict selection of volunteers, but today most foundations pay a lot of attention to the organization of volunteer activities: they conduct introductory interviews, educational seminars and psychological trainings.
In conclusion, let us say a few words about the motivation for volunteering. As a rule, we are talking about the need to help other people out of compassion, a sense of civic responsibility, out of a desire to change life and the world around them for the better. Volunteers often have religious motives, as well as a desire to “pay back” for previously received charitable or volunteer assistance. A volunteer may strive to feel his need, belonging to a great common cause, to get a new life experience, find friends and associates.
52. Volunteer movement in social work
Activities for the social support of the population cannot be and never have been a purely state task. If society becomes the subject of social assistance, the security of each of its members increases significantly. The history of the pre-professional development of social work contains the customs and traditions of voluntary mutual assistance characteristic of the Russian mentality. These traditions form the basis for the development of the volunteer movement among young people today.
Volunteering is a pro-social activity in its target, procedural, content, and technological components. By engaging in volunteer activities, a person seeks, on a gratuitous basis, to influence the transformation of contemporary society, to make it better. Youth is traditionally the most socially active demographic group, which can become (and in some cases is now) the basis of a large-scale volunteer movement.
The question of the potential of using youth volunteering can be considered in at least two aspects: the impact of youth volunteering on the specific historical situation in society; the impact of volunteering on the personality itself young man involved in this activity.
According to M. Olchman, P. Jordan, volunteering strives to achieve several results. On the one hand, it helps to create a stable and cohesive society, and on the other hand, it complements the services provided by the state (and business - when these services are unprofitable, but necessary for society)
The concept of "volunteer" is disclosed in the Federal Law of August 11, 1995 No. 135-FZ "On charitable activities and charitable organizations". Volunteers are citizens who carry out charitable activities in the form of gratuitous labor in the interests of the beneficiary.
In the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov, volunteering is interpreted as the voluntary fulfillment of duties for the provision of gratuitous social assistance, services, voluntary patronage of the disabled, the sick and the elderly, as well as persons and social groups of the population who find themselves in difficult life situations
According to E. I. Kholostova, volunteers are people who do something informally, working for free in both public and private organizations in the medical, educational or social welfare sectors, or are members of volunteer organizations.
Despite the richness of the content of volunteering and the diversity of its target orientation, we can talk about the existence of common characteristics of this phenomenon.
First of all, the volunteer must not volunteer for financial gain, and any financial refund must be less than the value of the work performed. Volunteer activity should be carried out voluntarily, without coercion from outside.
Volunteering can be organized and unorganized, carried out in a group and individually, in public and private organizations.
Unorganized volunteering is spontaneous and occasional assistance to friends or neighbors, such as caring for a child, helping with repairs or construction, running small errands, or responding to a natural or man-made disaster. It is the predominant form of volunteering in many cultures.
Organized volunteering tends to take place in the non-profit, public and private sectors and is more systematic and regular.
Volunteering can be carried out with varying degrees of participation - from full involvement to occasional participation in volunteer activities
According to the target orientation, volunteering is aimed at:
· for mutual aid, when people carry out volunteer activities to help other members of their own social group or society;
for charity, when the object of assistance is a member of a group that does not include the volunteer himself;
for participation in local government when a member of a community, on a voluntary basis, is included in the activities of managing it (for example, in the activities territorial bodies self-government)
Volunteering has its roots in the early 20th century.
Then in Europe after the end of the First World War, people appeared who were ready to help the victims of the war, and the first volunteer organizations were created.
Volunteering today is a powerful social movement that has its own organizations in all countries of the world, but has long outgrown both national borders and the scope of volunteer work. Volunteering, as international experience shows, develops within the framework of the so-called third sector, or non-profit organizations. By decision of the UN General Assembly, 2001 was declared the International Year of Volunteers.
Worldwide youth volunteer movement has already become widespread, and its role in social development is appreciated at the international level. The United Nations recognizes volunteering as a rich source of energy, skills, local pursuits. The governments of many countries use the resource of volunteerism, financing its projects, in the implementation of state youth support programs, in solving social problems.
The last decades have become the most active stage in the development of volunteering in Russia's recent history. During this time, the Russian volunteer sector has developed rapidly and its current state is largely due to the social activity of young people, their desire to support those in need, which, in fact, is the basis of volunteering. According to various sources, there are about a thousand public organizations in Russia actively developing youth volunteer programs.
Volunteers work in regional centers and small towns and villages. The main areas of volunteer teams are diverse:
Ø social protection
Ø ecology
Ø landscaping
Ø prevention of alcohol and drug addiction, promotion of a healthy lifestyle
Ø human rights activities
Ø preservation of historical and cultural heritage
Ø promotion of activities in the field of physical culture and mass sports
Ø assistance in the field of education, science, culture, art, enlightenment, spiritual development of the individual.
In addition to actually practical volunteer activities, Russian public organizations are actively developing a mechanism to support these initiatives. Models for creating youth volunteer centers are being developed and implemented, specialized educational programs are being created and applied, both for volunteers and for employees of organizations working with them. Seminars are held for the exchange of experience, presentations of the achievements of youth programs, round tables to discuss the interaction of the volunteer sector with government agencies, business and the media.
Thus, one of the largest all-Russian public organizations, on the basis of which the extensive network of regional volunteer associations "Children's and Youth Social Initiatives" operates, sees education in the field of technologies for creating a youth volunteer movement as one of the main areas of its activity. In 2006 alone, a number of events were held in this direction: the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference "Pedagogical Support for Children's and Youth Social Initiatives", held on March 3-5, 2006 in St. Petersburg; three experimental shifts of the tent volunteer camp at the Orlyonok All-Russian Children's Center; All-Russian scientific and practical seminar "Dialogue of Individuals" and more.
Every year, several events that are significant for the youth volunteer movement are held all over the world, within the framework of which many local actions are united. First of all, this is International Volunteer Day (IVD) and World Youth Service Day.
International Volunteer Day, which is celebrated on December 5, was proclaimed by the United Nations on December 17, 1985. The UN Volunteers program sends out letters to the participating countries with an invitation to start extensive preparations for the DVA in all countries and its recommendations in connection with its preparation.
Along with the UN Volunteers program, one of the most active organizations in celebrating World Volunteer Day is the International Association of Volunteer Efforts (IAVE), which unites about a hundred countries of the world into an international volunteer movement.
Since 1995, Russian volunteers began to celebrate this day along with other countries of the world. Since that time, a new civic tradition has developed in our country to celebrate International Volunteer Day by holding the Week of Volunteers, which at first combined two dates: December 3, World Day of Disabled Persons, December 5, World Volunteer Day. Then the week was supplemented with several dates: December 1 - World AIDS Day, December 10 - World Human Rights Day and December 12 - Constitution Day of the Russian Federation. In recent years, the Week, as a rule, gradually develops into the Month of Volunteers, since by this time active preparations are already underway for holding children's New Year and Christmas holidays. For the first few years, the Week was held under the motto “Let's change life for the better together!”
Special meaningful emphasis in the organization process international day volunteers is to support youth volunteering; promoting and recognizing the role and contribution of young volunteers to the social and economic development of the Russian Federation; promoting the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals adopted by the world leaders of the UN member states at the Millennium Summit (2000), the key of which is poverty reduction.
The All-Russian volunteer action program is formed on the basis of planned regional, local events, the specific content of which is determined locally, taking into account the needs and requirements of each region, each territorial community or organization.
result annual promotions in general across the country is a set of public useful activities and projects implemented on a voluntary basis by citizens and organizations during the days of the actions, including: improvement of microdistricts, planting trees, cleaning school territories, squares and parks, conducting lessons of kindness in educational institutions, organizing seminars, forums, charity concerts, performances, holding actions collecting things, books, toys, money, providing targeted assistance to the elderly, lonely people and the disabled, etc. Public presentation and recognition of the results of volunteering during the celebration of the International Day of Volunteers.
Volunteers from different parts of Russia take part in the Spring Volunteer Actions, who carry out many socially significant local projects and events: they improve their microdistricts, plant trees, clean school territories, squares and parks, and conduct Kindness Lessons. They organize seminars, forums, charity concerts, performances, hold campaigns to collect things, books, toys, money, provide targeted assistance to the elderly, lonely people and the disabled, and perform many other socially useful activities.
As a result of such large and significant events, as well as the daily work of youth associations and organizations around the world, millions of young people contribute to society through volunteering programs. Youth volunteering is one of the most effective ways to optimize the social situation in society.
Thus, volunteers are volunteers who carry out social meaningful activity voluntarily, through a personal contribution and offering their help free of charge.
From a brief excursion into the historical past of Russia, one can recall the forms of volunteer movement familiar to all: the services of the sisters of mercy, the Timurov and Pioneer movements (they worked free of charge), virgin lands and BAM conquerors from among the Komsomol members - voluntarily went at the call of their hearts to difficult climatic conditions to build new cities , vital strategic facilities, raising and developing the power and economy of the country, but receiving a salary for their work, with which the state compensated for their difficult living conditions, etc.
Since there was never any legislative act on the topic of volunteering in the former union state that fixed the concept of “volunteer” or “volunteer”, it was customary to consider volunteers or volunteers to be anyone who consciously and voluntarily worked for the benefit of others (because money does not were the main motive of the work, but, by no means, were not excluded). Therefore, in the context of volunteering, one can also consider the usual work on subbotniks, harvesting or patronage work, which, however, were often closely associated with obligation and some kind of coercion.
Since the mid-80s, volunteering in that form familiar to everyone has been practically forgotten, and only in connection with the growing number of social problems, in solving which, under the current economic situation, volunteers have become indispensable, the volunteer movement began to develop. People have appeared who are willing to voluntarily spend their time and energy for the benefit of society or a particular person, uniting in public organizations.
The first legislative act appeared - the Federal Law of July 7, 1995 "On charitable activities and charitable organizations", which for the first time defined a "volunteer" (but not a volunteer) in modern Russia: volunteers- individuals engaged in charitable activities in the form of gratuitous performance of work, provision of services (volunteer activities).
"In life" volunteers are called community assistants, freelance volunteers, assistants, intermediaries.
Since it is generally accepted that volunteering is an unpaid, conscious, voluntary activity for the benefit of others, then anyone who consciously and selflessly works for the benefit of others can be called a volunteer. But modern practice dictates the need to adopt a legislative act on volunteering (or volunteerism) in order to uniformly apply approaches in the interaction of all aspects of this activity and form a single legal space on the territory of modern Russia.
Now volunteer initiatives extend to almost any area. human activity(peacekeeping, education, culture, environmental protection, sports, politics, etc.). But still, this activity is most in demand in work with socially unprotected segments of the population (disabled people, the elderly, people without a fixed place of residence, orphans).
Based on the generally accepted understanding, everyone can be a volunteer: regardless of age, education, material status etc. The main principles volunteer work are:
voluntariness (no one can be forced to act as a volunteer),
conscientiousness (a volunteer who has committed himself to perform this or that work must complete it),
gratuitousness (volunteer work is not paid, however, expenses associated with his activities can be compensated: travel expenses, transport costs, etc.),
legality (volunteer activity should not contradict the law).
Realizing the need to involve volunteers in the social protection sphere, the Ministry of Social Development of the Moscow Region adopted the order РВ-50 “On approval of the Regulations on the organization of support for socially oriented non-profit organizations, philanthropists and volunteers operating in the field of social services in the Moscow Region” and work is underway to implement it. implementation.
The purpose of organizing work to involve citizens in voluntary (volunteer) activities in the Moscow region is to create conditions for the systematic involvement of citizens in social practice in the following main areas:
a) social patronage of orphanages, social service organizations of the Moscow region and the elderly;
b) medical care (mercy services in hospitals, social service organizations of the Moscow region);
c) pedagogical support (support for children, adolescents and the elderly);
d) socio-psychological and legal support (youth psychological and legal services);
e) intellectual development (organization and holding of intellectual contests, events);
f) sports, tourism activities;
g) creative development (organization of creative events, competitions, holidays);
h) leisure activities (organization of free time for children, adolescents, youth and the elderly);
i) labor assistance (labor teams);
j) other charitable activities aimed at helping children, the disabled, the elderly and other socially unprotected groups of citizens.
We have defined the following forms volunteer (volunteer) activities in the field of social services:
a) one-time events and promotions;
b) implementation charitable assistance on an ongoing basis.
In order to organize the placement of information about volunteers, the Ministry is forming a register of volunteers, which, as of December 31, 2016, included 5,353 people.
Now in the Moscow region in the system of social protection of the population to talk about the volunteer movement as about the phenomenon already possible and there are many examples of this.
Yes, in Boarding house "Noginsky" has been cooperating with charitable organizations, foundations and volunteer movements for many years. Volunteer organizations: help in organizing leisure and cultural events, participate in subbotniks, hold various charitable and thematic events. Volunteer organizations include:
· "Good deed" - 15 people.
· "Young Guard" - 20 people.
· Center for support of social and public initiatives - 13 people.
· Movement "Many of us!"
· Volunteers of the Noginsk Polytechnic College - 20 people.
· Volunteers from the Noginsk Medical School - 15 people.
· Volunteers from the Noginsk Pedagogical School - 25 people.
Also, charitable foundations assist in strengthening the material and technical base of the institution, participate in the cultural life of the boarding house. Among them:
Old age is a joy
Fund "Sofia"
Foundation "Memory of Generations"
Fund "System"
The Seventh Petal Foundation
Fund "More Life!"
Assistance is also provided by other organizations that help in the decoration of the living rooms of social service recipients, boarding house halls, pantry rooms, and corridors. These are the organizations:
Noginsk House of Artists
Noginsk art school
Noginsk art school
Children's Art School of the City District Elektrogorsk
other activities aimed at helping children, the disabled, the elderly and other socially vulnerable groups of citizens - 1,272.
In addition, subordinate social service institutions, together with the territorial structural divisions of the Ministry, are working to attract charitable assistance to develop the material and technical base of institutions, as well as to provide additional services institution clients.
Thus, in 2016, the amount of material assistance provided in cash exceeded 5 million rubles, including the funds transferred as part of the Day of Charitable Labor (486,295.34 rubles were sent to the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of the Moscow Region "Pension Noginsky" by the Main Directorate of State Administrative and Technical Supervision Moscow region). These funds were spent on the purchase of rehabilitation equipment, office equipment, improvement of institutions.
The main volume of charitable assistance provided in 2016 fell on in-kind assistance in the form of donating property and amounted to more than 30 million rubles. So:
GBUSO MO "Bronnitsky KTSSO" Care "was donated equipment for the sensory room: a large air-bubble column "Stella", a transforming chair, a tablet for drawing with sand 50x70 cm, a decorative fountain, a salt lamp, a CD-MP3 radio, carpet for a total amount of RUB 47,360.00;
Zvenigorod PNI was given a dry corner pool, a light table for sand painting, a floor mat (2 pcs), a pear chair (2 pcs), a set of lightproof curtains (2 pcs);
GKUSO MO "Solnechnogorsk SRTSN "Forget-me-not" donated a car CHEVROLET COBALT;
computers were donated to other institutions (including sets with a monitor, keyboard, etc.) - 45 pcs.; tablets, laptops - 19 pcs.; printers, projectors, copiers, other office equipment - 66 pcs.; TVs - 37 pcs.; refrigerators - 10 pcs.; sports and rehabilitation simulators - 50 pcs.; medical equipment - 90 pcs.; video cameras - 6 pcs.; new Year gifts, grocery sets– more than 15,000 pieces; bicycles and scooters - 56 pcs.; sleds - 54 pcs.; clothing and footwear (more than 2.5 thousand service recipients provided); toys, board games, constructors, etc. - more than 2.5 thousand units; stationery (for 44 institutions); household goods, household chemicals (32 institutions); medicines (9 institutions); electrical equipment for canteens, for cooking (54 institutions); in the amount of more than 2.5 million rubles.
Charitable assistance in 2016 was also provided in the form of services. So, for clients of the GKUSO MO "Sergiev Posadsky rehabilitation center for children and adolescents with disabilities "Optimist" hippotherapy courses were held (visiting an equestrian club, 2900 sessions for the amount of 860 thousand rubles).
Along with this, at the expense of charitable funds, clients subordinate institutions social services became recipients of the following services:
household services (hairdressing, shoe repair, watch repair, bath and laundry, etc.) - 26,098 people;
medical services - 268 people;
visits to exhibitions, museums, excursions - 7,378 people;
visiting the theater, concert - 5,439 people;
transport services - 2,319 people;
organization of events (prizes, a table, souvenirs, etc.) - 1,516 events were held;
services for the repair and improvement of the premises of institutions, the adjacent territory (more than 50 institutions were provided).
Among the organizations and individuals that provided charitable assistance to social service institutions in 2016 are the following: 21 banking organizations, 157 manufacturing enterprises, 177 service enterprises, 174 non-profit organizations(public, foundations, etc.), 52 local governments, 39 executive authorities of the Moscow region (ministries, main departments, members of the government), 2255 individuals.
Employees of the Ministry and territorial structural divisions they themselves are volunteers and all are included in the register of volunteers of the Moscow region (3457 people out of 5353 included in the register, or 64.6%). As part of the Day of Charitable Labor, which takes place annually in the Moscow Region, held this year on April 4, the funds raised are planned to be sent to:
10% - to strengthen the material and technical base of Denezhnikovsky PNI,
40% - for the restoration of the Joseph-Volotsky Monastery,
50% - for equipping a resource center to support non-profit organizations (created on the basis of the State Autonomous Institution of the Ministry of Defense of the Moscow Region "Social and Health Center "Lesnaya Polyana".
Thus, the volunteer movement in the Moscow region in general and in the field of social services in particular is developing. However, due to many social stereotypes, volunteering in Russia is difficult to take root and often does not enjoy approval or is perceived with some apprehension by the majority of the population. It seems that the tasks of modern public and charitable organizations, government agencies that have experience working with volunteers should include the popularization of volunteerism, the promotion of volunteering ideas and the creation of a positive image of a volunteer. But for uniform approaches, to streamline this process, to develop uniform requirements for volunteers and form a single legal space on the territory of modern Russia, modern practice dictates the need to adopt a legislative act on volunteering (or volunteering).
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
SEI HPE "Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University
them. K.D.Ushinsky»
Rostov branch
Department of Social Pedagogy and Organization of Work with Youth
Subject: The history of the development of social volunteerism and charity in Russia and abroad
Completed by: 4th year student
Specialty: social pedagogy Galiullin T.A.
Checked by: senior teacher, Ph.D., Makeeva T.V.
Rostov, 2010
| INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………......... |
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| CHAPTER I The concepts of “social volunteering” and “charity” and the prerequisites for their development.……...………………………………………………………. |
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| 1.1 Theoretical understanding of the concept of "social volunteerism ».....……………………………………………….……………….…... |
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| 1.2 Charity as a social phenomenon …………………………….………………..…………………..…...……….…... |
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| CHAPTER II Features of the development of the processes of social volunteerism and charity in Russia and abroad…..…………………………………... |
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| 2.1 History of social volunteering in different countries………...……………………………………………………...………………….. |
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| 2.2 Historical stages in the development of philanthropy in Russia ……………………………………………………….…………………………………………………… |
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| 2.3 The historical aspect of the development of charity abroad ………………….………………………………………………………………. |
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| 2.4 Comparative analysis charity process in Russia and foreign countries in historical context…………………………………………………….….….……………….……. |
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| CONCLUSION…………………………………..……………………………….…… |
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| BIBLIOGRAPHY...………………………..………………..………………………. |
INTRODUCTION
Currently, in line with the revision of attitudes towards universal human values that is taking place in our society, there is a revival of once-forgotten concepts, traditions, activities, among which, no doubt, charity and social volunteering can be named.
The provision of voluntary and charitable assistance has a long tradition. Historians find the roots of a compassionate attitude towards one's neighbor even in the customs of the ancient Slavs. The turning point in the development of volunteerism and charity, according to many historians, was the adoption of Christianity, which called for love and mercy.
Learning the basics of volunteerism and charity is currently playing important role, because today there is a revival not only of state charitable assistance, but also of private organizations, as well as charity of individual legal entities. All this contributes to the provision of more effective assistance to people in need.
The relevance of this topic is associated with those changes, crisis phenomena occurring in modern society and caused by a historical turning point, the transition from old social relations to new ones. This process is especially painful for the poor or poor part of Russian citizens, because there is no necessary system of social protection of the population and they are not provided with timely and targeted support. And the conditions necessary for the formation of a multifunctional social policy have not yet developed in our society. Progressive poverty, unprecedented social stratification, affecting all social groups and strata of Russian and foreign society, the loss of many worldview and moral life guidelines, the blurring of historical consciousness are the characteristic features of today.
Knowledge of historical experience, both positive and negative, makes it possible to avoid mistakes and, along with the action of other important factors, ensure the worthy development of modern Russia. Thus, the interest of researchers at the present time in studying the experience of the past, the traditions of charity and volunteerism, its socio-political aspects, in particular, is quite natural.
The historical analysis of the socio-political aspects of social volunteerism and charity will help to better understand their inner essence, the relationship of social, economic, political, ideological, legal and mental principles of their development.
The purpose of this work– study of the specifics and main stages of development of the processes of social volunteering and charity in Russia and abroad.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks :
1) Analyze the available literature on this issue;
2) Theoretically comprehend the concepts of "social volunteerism" and "charity";
3) Describe the historical aspect of the formation of charity and social volunteering in Russia and abroad;
4) Conduct a comparative analysis of the process of charity in Russia and foreign countries in the historical aspect.
Object of work - volunteerism and charity as social institutions.
Subject of work– the genesis of the processes of social volunteerism and charity in Russia and abroad.
At present, charity and volunteering as social phenomena are only just beginning to be studied. Today it is extremely important to recreate the history of volunteerism and charity, to comprehend these phenomena as an element of the Russian mentality, to identify the roots, traditions, value orientations in their formation and development, both in the center and in the Russian provinces. Such an approach will allow a deeper understanding of the present, when public attention is again drawn to volunteerism and charity in their original, historically established sense.
CHAPTER I The concepts of "social volunteerism" and "charity" and the prerequisites for their development
1.1 Theoretical understanding of the concept of "social volunteering"
The history of mankind does not remember such a society, which would be alien to the ideas of voluntary and disinterested assistance. Voluntary assistance provided by a person or a group of people to society as a whole or to individuals is based on the ideas of disinterested service to the humane ideals of mankind and does not pursue the goals of making a profit, receiving payment or career development. It can take various forms: from traditional types of mutual assistance to the joint efforts of thousands of people aimed at overcoming the consequences of a natural disaster, resolving conflict situations, and eradicating poverty. Voluntary assistance includes actions taken at the local, national and international levels, as well as at the level of the international community as a whole, which are carried out across borders. The concept of "volunteering" is used to refer to volunteer work as an activity carried out by people voluntarily on a gratuitous basis and aimed at achieving socially significant goals, solving community problems.
Involvement in volunteering has no religious, racial, age or even political boundaries. Numerous transnational platforms and networks of voluntary non-profit organizations attract more than a hundred million people annually to their projects and programs.
In many parts of the world, volunteer work is now a daily routine. social practice: people unite to plant trees, teach a healthy lifestyle, spend environmental actions, organize conferences, forums, build, conduct crime prevention, solve common problems. American University. J. Hopkins in the late 1990s conducted a study in 22 countries, which revealed the extent of the phenomenon - the total amount of volunteer time during the year was equivalent to the work of 10.5 million people working full time. Recognizing the unique properties and opportunities of volunteer work at the global level, the UN, in its resolutions, urged the inclusion of volunteering as a component in the national strategies for the socio-economic development of the state.
The main characteristics inherent in volunteering:
· Reward. A volunteer must not volunteer primarily for financial gain, and any financial consideration must be less than the value of the work performed.
· Good will. Although the motivation for participating in volunteering may always be based on several reasons, including pressure from colleagues (or parents) and a duty to society, nevertheless this activity should be carried out voluntarily, without coercion from the outside.
· Organizational structure. Volunteering can be organized or unorganized, carried out individually or in a group, public or private organizations.
Unorganized volunteering is spontaneous and occasional assistance to friends or neighbors, such as caring for a child, helping with repairs or construction, running small errands, renting equipment, or responding to a natural or man-made disaster. It is the predominant form of volunteering in many cultures.
Organized volunteering takes place in the non-profit, public and private sectors, and tends to be more systematic and regular.
· Degree of participation. Although in most cases the degree of involvement in volunteering is constant, it can still be carried out with varying degrees of participation - from full involvement to occasional participation in volunteering.
There are several different types of volunteering:
Mutual help or self-help. People volunteer to help other members of their own social group or community.
· Charity or service for the benefit of others. The primary beneficiary is not a member of the group of which the volunteer is a member, but a third party.
· Participation and self-management. The role of individuals in the management process - from representation in the deliberative bodies of the government to participation in local development projects.
· Education or promotion of any issues relating to certain groups of society.
Volunteering aims to achieve two important outcomes:
Helps to create a stable and cohesive society.
· Complements services provided by the government (and business - when these services are unprofitable, but necessary for society).
In accordance with the goals and objectives of volunteering, a volunteer is a person who, working for free, strives to contribute to the implementation of socially significant projects.
In this case, the motivation of a person is very important. As a volunteer, he must understand that he will participate in the volunteer movement:
without payment, but with preliminary training and education;
To the best of your ability, but not below your abilities;
voluntarily and in cooperation with other volunteers;
Motivation is what pushes people to take some action in accordance with their need.
Often people cannot fulfill all their needs by working only in their profession. In this case, volunteer work can bring variety, allowing you to escape from the daily routine. Volunteer work helps in satisfying such needs as contact with new people, self-satisfaction, promotion of some values.
1.2 Charity as a social phenomenon
Charity, which until recently was perceived as a historical phenomenon, has become a modern reality. Russian life. However, the word “charity” itself, due to cultural, historical and etymological associations, gives grounds for an extremely broad interpretation of the concept corresponding to it, under which types of social activity that are very different in content and form are currently summed up - from building a house for employees of an enterprise to giving to a beggar.
Turning to any object, it is logical to start with the definition of its boundaries. The authors of articles on charity use very different interpretations and definitions of this phenomenon.
1. Charity - the provision of material assistance to those in need, both by individuals and organizations. Charity can also be aimed at encouraging and developing any socially significant forms of activity (for example, environmental protection, protection of cultural monuments, etc.).
2. Charity - a manifestation of compassion for one's neighbor and the moral duty of the possessor to rush to the aid of the have-not.
3. Charity - actions and deeds of a gratuitous nature, aimed at public benefit or at providing material assistance to the poor.
4. Charity - voluntary activity of citizens and legal entities for disinterested (gratuitous or on preferential terms) transfer of property to citizens or legal entities, including Money, disinterested performance of work, provision of services, provision of other assistance.
5. Charity - non-state voluntary gratuitous activities in the social sphere, aimed at supporting individuals or organizations that, for one reason or another, do not have enough resources for full-fledged functioning. At the same time, support provided on the basis of family, neighborly, friendly and other personal ties is not considered as social phenomenon charity.
6. Charity - a gratuitous activity of society aimed at protecting a particular range of objects or certain spheres of a person's being, carried out by him in the name of maintaining his balance and improvement, subjectively motivated by feelings of fear of death, mercy, justice, social responsibility and the desire for "forgiveness sins", harmony, social stability, personal significance, fame and personal immortality.
7. Charity - a universal movement, including a set of humanitarian actions individual person, organizations, societies, etc. Charity is based on the desire to show love not only to one’s neighbor, but also to a stranger, to provide gratuitous material, financial assistance needy and socially disadvantaged citizens. In the modern sense, charity means providing assistance to individuals and organizations, participating in improving the lives of the sick and the poor, who are incapable of being rejected by life.
8. Charity - selfless love for humanity, which is usually manifested through the establishment of public institutions or donations for organized and systematic assistance to the needy and suffering.
9. Charity - helping the disadvantaged, compassion, heartfelt participation.
10. Charity is the redistribution of resources for solving social problems (not only money, but also personal time, energy).
Helping one's neighbor was characteristic of all European peoples, including the Slavs. The desire to help one's neighbor arises along with the development of society. The need to unite the efforts of people in the fight against nature to obtain food, in the construction of housing - these and many other factors of human coexistence inevitably gave rise to sympathy for each other, mutual support. With the adoption of Christianity, the tradition of patronage over weak and vulnerable groups in society intensified, and over the centuries, the organization of social actions focused on providing the necessary support to needy people has become an integral part of social control over the needy. Traditionally, two leading subjects of social assistance began to stand out. This is the state and public organizations of various forms, which sought to build a system of public control in a single ideological and economic space. The social activity of the last subject was called charity.
For the first time in Russia, this concept is found in N.M. Karamzin. However, its active use begins in the second half of the 19th century, when theoretical thought in the field of social support and protection develops. Initially, charity was understood as a manifestation of compassion for others, a non-state form of assistance to those in need.
Charity is based not on the state, not official, but on a personal, informal basis. The principles of public and personal solidarity, mutual understanding and mutual support qualitatively distinguish charity from state programs to support healthcare, science, art, and culture in general. We can say that charitable activities often compensate for the shortcomings of public administration, budget deficits, the constant desire to the mighty of the world this” to give preference to state spending to the detriment of the social needs of society.
Thus, the following essential socio-historical criteria of charity can be distinguished:
It's a special kind public relations, an important social institution and a historically established form of manifestation of social activity, integrating the Russian cultural and historical model of assistance. The basis for the existence of charitable activity is the presence of urgent social problems and the expression of active sympathy and participation in their solution.
Consequently, charity is conditioned by objective reality and subjective intentions of a person, has its own history and a corresponding development perspective:
This is a socially oriented, selfless activity, caused by the altruistic desire of the individual to promote the good of other people out of love and compassion for them. It initially carries the qualities that transform society. Represents an important source of formation of various innovative structures, types and directions of the social life process;
This is a non-commercial, public activity based on the principles of voluntariness and public initiative, the social content of which is assistance, protection, assistance to the object of charity based on mercy, altruism, recognition of human rights;
It is an activity that relies on initiative, creativity and social responsibility citizens, representing a necessary element for improving civil society and a way of self-realization of the individual, as well as one of the ways to overcome mutual isolation and disunity in interpersonal interests.
Current state public relations is inseparable from the most important trends in the historical formation of statehood in Russia. In society, each generation receives a legacy in the form of the experience of previous generations. Charitable activity is an ancient moral and humanistic tradition. It arose in the conditions of the primitive communal system, when the formation of human society, the formation of basic social institutions was going on. The tradition of helping the old, the sick, the disabled, children, people in trouble and unable to overcome it on their own, is an integral part of moral culture, social norms of all civilizations
CHAPTER II Features of the development of the processes of social volunteerism and charity in Russia and abroad
2.1 History of social volunteering in different countries
Volunteering acquired the character of a global movement in the 1990s. This power lies at the heart of civil society and the development of healthy communities on the ground, which ensures security, law and order and the opportunity for each person to fulfill himself.
In Japan, the USA, Canada, Australia, England, Italy and other developed countries, it is believed that volunteering contributes to the maintenance and strengthening of the basic principles of democracy, primarily by involving big number citizens in the decision-making process. The governments of these countries provide the volunteer movement with all possible and varied support, incl. by issuing various legislative acts that stimulate its development, by creating a system of state volunteer centers and special volunteer programs. For example, in Japan there is a system of volunteer centers, which includes nationwide, prefectural and municipal centers, which are available in all municipalities, as well as in the private sector. Ministries of Japan have been charged with the duty to intensify volunteer activities. In the US, the state actively supports the volunteer movement. D. Bush in 2003 created the President's Council on Service and Civic Engagement, and a year earlier - the US Freedom Corps to support and coordinate work on a voluntary basis. He also supports the American Corps and the National Service Corporation founded by B. Clinton. Under previous presidents, a network of centers was created voluntary assistance, launched a number of government programs based on the work of volunteers. These programs are complemented by corporate volunteer programs.
The fact that the volunteer movement can make a significant contribution not only to the solution of social, environmental and other "traditional" problems, but also to the fight against terrorism and ensuring security was first understood in the United States. In the aftermath of the September 11 tragedy, the Bush administration proposed legislation to expand nationwide volunteer programs to increase the impact of community service by teachers, medics, firefighters, police officers, and emergency responders. Under this plan, volunteers are asked to take over administrative functions so that those who "possess specialized technical skills may devote all their time and energy to tasks for which they are professionally trained." Millions of Americans, who share the belief that “participation volunteers to ensure the country's internal security is an urgent need."
The organization of citizens' participation in ensuring security is relevant not only for America, but also for Russia, which has been subjected to terrorist attacks more than once and has not yet created an effective system for preventing and repelling them. Russian volunteers can play a key role in this matter. In Russia, Volunteer Day was approved in 1985. And every year the opinion that being a volunteer is not only noble, but also prestigious and exciting is becoming more and more popular.
Voluntary participation in social projects is a conscious choice and a way of active participation in the life of the city and the country as a whole. According to experts, the Russian volunteer movement has more than 5 million members. Volunteers from Russia annually participate in charitable programs all over the world. This suggests that modern people have an active civic position and unite their interests, life aspirations in the name of a good goal. Being engaged in creative and responsible work, young people, including, receive satisfaction from their significance. And since public projects are multifaceted, they cover various areas: starting from the protection of the square near the house and ending with work with children - this allows you to broaden your horizons, find new friends and gain valuable life experience.
Today, volunteers from more than 100 countries of the world, sharing universal human values, are united in a global world movement that is becoming more and more influential in the world.
The unique role of volunteering in the world is confirmed by the fact that the United Nations has proclaimed 2001, the first year of entering the third millennium, the International Year of Volunteers. Russia also took part in its implementation.
In many democracies, voluntary work is officially recognized as necessary condition sustainable development society, deepening democracy and is an integral part of the life and activities of these countries.
2.2 Historical stages in the development of philanthropy in Russia
Many researchers identify several stages in the development of charity in Russia,
Stage 1 - IX-XVI centuries. During this period, charity began with the activities of individuals and the church and was not included in the duties of the state.
Grand Duke Vladimir, who was popularly called the “Red Sun”, became famous for his good deeds, merciful attitude towards those in need. Being by nature a man of a broad soul, he urged others to take care of their neighbor, to be merciful and patient, to do good deeds. Vladimir laid the foundation and carried out a number of measures to familiarize Russians with education and culture. He established schools for the education of noble, middle-class and poor children, seeing in the education of children one of the main conditions for the development of the state and the spiritual formation of society.
In a difficult period of civil strife and wars, when a huge number of people appeared in need of material and moral assistance, it was the church that undertook this noble mission. It inspired the Russian people to fight for national revival and was extremely important for preserving the people's inherent spirituality, faith in goodness, and did not allow them to become embittered and lose their moral guidelines and values. The Church created a system of monasteries, where the poor and the suffering, the destitute, the broken physically and morally found shelter.
But the traditions of charity among the Russian people were not limited to the activities of the church and individual princes. Simple people often provided support to each other, and especially to children. The fact is that during this period, children were not recognized by the state and the church as a value for society. Bishops of the pre-Mongolian period, according to historians, did not mark themselves in any way in helping children, especially those abandoned by their mothers, while the people did not remain indifferent to the fate of orphans.
The tradition established in the pre-state period to take care of the child throughout tribal community was transformed into caring for abandoned children with poor women. Skudelnitsa is a common grave in which people who died during epidemics, froze in winter, etc. were buried. They were cared for and educated by skudelniks - elders and old women, who were specially selected and performed the role of a watchman and educator.
Orphans were kept in skudelnitsa at the expense of alms from the population of the surrounding villages and villages. People brought clothes, shoes, food, toys. It was then that such proverbs were formed as “With the world - on a thread, and a poor orphan - a shirt”, “Alive is not without a place, and the dead is not without a grave.” In skudelnitsa, both unfortunate death and unfortunate birth were covered with people's mercy.
By the beginning of the 16th century, along with the personal participation of any person in charitable activities, a new trend emerged in helping the needy, associated with the charitable activities of the state. In particular, at the Stoglav Cathedral in 1551, Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible expressed the idea that in every city it was necessary to identify all those in need of help - the poor and the poor, to build special almshouses and hospitals, where they would be provided with shelter and care.
Stage 2 - from the beginning of the XVII century. before the reform of 1861 During this period, the emergence of state forms of charity takes place, the first social institutions. The history of childhood charity in Rus' is associated with the name of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich, or rather, with his decree (1682), which spoke of the need to teach children to read and write and crafts.
But most of all history knows the name of the great reformer - Peter I, who during his reign created a state system of charity for the needy, singled out the categories of the needy, introduced preventive measures to combat social vices, regulated private charity, and legalized his innovations.
For the first time under Peter I, childhood and orphanhood become the object of state care. In 1706, shelters for "shameful babies" were opened, where it was ordered to take illegitimate children with observance of anonymity of origin, and the death penalty was inevitable for the "destruction of shameful babies". Infants were provided by the state, and funds were provided in the treasury for the maintenance of children and people serving them. When the children grew up, they were given to almshouses for food or foster parents, children over 10 years old - to sailors, foundlings or illegitimate - to art schools.
Catherine the Great realized the plan of Peter I by building, first in Moscow (1763), and then in St. Petersburg (1772), imperial educational homes for "shameful babies".
The charitable activity of the Russian Imperial Court, especially its female half, takes on the form of a stable tradition during this period.
In the same period, public organizations began to be created, independently choosing the object of assistance and working in that social niche that the state did not cover with its attention. So, under Catherine II (mid-18th century), a state-philanthropic "Educational Society" was opened in Moscow. In 1842, also in Moscow, a board of trustees of orphanages was created, headed by Princess N.S. Trubetskaya. Initially, the activity of the council was focused on organizing free time for poor children who are left without parental supervision during the day. Later, under the council, departments for orphans began to open, and in 1895, a hospital for the children of the Moscow poor.
During this period, a certain social politics and legislation, there is a system of charity for people, and in particular for children in need of help. The church is gradually moving away from the affairs of charity, performing other functions, and the state creates special institutions that begin to implement state policy in providing social support and protection.
Stage III - from the 60s. nineteenth century until the beginning of the 20th century. During this period of time, there is a transition from public charitable activities to private philanthropy. Public philanthropic organizations are emerging. One of them is the "Imperial Philanthropic Society", in which monetary charitable donations from private individuals, including those of the imperial family, were concentrated.
As in Western Europe, a network of charitable institutions and institutions was gradually formed in Russia, mechanisms for charitable assistance were established and improved, which covered an ever wider range of children with various social problems: illness or developmental defect, orphanhood, vagrancy, homelessness, prostitution, alcoholism and etc. Public philanthropic acts extended to children with physical disabilities. Shelters were organized for deaf and dumb children, blind children, disabled children, where they were educated and taught various crafts in accordance with their illness.
In 1882, the Blue Cross Society for the Care of Poor and Sick Children was opened, led by Grand Duchess Elizaveta Mavriklevna. Already in 1893, within the framework of this society, a department for the protection of children from cruel treatment appeared, including shelters and hostels with workshops. At the same time, the first shelter for crippled and paralyzed children was created at the expense of the private entrepreneur A.S. Balitskaya. At the end of the XIX century. it becomes necessary to open shelters for idiot children and epileptics, who also require special care and attention. Such a noble mission was undertaken by the Charity Society for Underage Cripples and Idiots, which opened an orphanage for idiot children in St. Petersburg. In the same place, a psychotherapist I.V. Malyarevsky opens a medical and educational institution for mentally retarded children, with the aim of assisting children with mental health problems in teaching them an honest working life.
Thus, the system of public and state care for children in Russia at the end of the 19th century was an extensive network of charitable societies and institutions, whose activities significantly outstripped the development of professional social work and social pedagogy in Europe.
During this period, charity takes on a secular character. Personal participation in it is perceived by society as a moral act. Charity is associated with the nobility of the soul and is considered an inalienable affair of everyone.
A notable feature of this period is the emergence of professional help and the emergence professional specialists. Various courses began to be organized, which became the beginning of the vocational training of personnel for social services. « social school”was formed at the Faculty of Law of the Psychoneurological Institute, where one of the departments was the“ Department of Public Charity ”(October 1911). In the same year, the first enrollment of students in the specialty "public charity" was made. In 1910 and 1914 the first and second congresses of social workers took place. At the beginning of the XX century. Russia has successfully developed a system of social services. In 1902 there were 11,400 charitable institutions, 19,108 boards of trustees. Only in St. Petersburg their income amounted to 7200 rubles, at that time a huge amount. The money went to the creation of educational institutions, the maintenance of houses for poor children, night shelters for vagrants, canteens, outpatient clinics and hospitals. A stable positive attitude towards charity was maintained and strengthened in society.
Stage IV - from 1917 to the mid-80s. 20th century The turning point in the development of philanthropy in Russia was the October Revolution of 1917. The Bolsheviks condemned philanthropy as a bourgeois relic, and therefore any charitable activity was prohibited. The liquidation of private property closed off possible sources of private charity. The separation of the church from the state and, in fact, its repression closed the way for church charity.
Having destroyed charity, which was a real form of assistance to needy children, the state took care of the socially disadvantaged, whose number as a result of the most acute social cataclysms (the First World War, several revolutions, civil war) has risen sharply. Orphanhood, homelessness, delinquency among teenagers, prostitution of minors were the most acute social and pedagogical problems of that period that needed to be addressed.
Soviet Russia set the task of combating child homelessness and its causes. These issues were dealt with by the so-called social education departments - departments of social education under government bodies at all levels. After the creation of institutions for the social and legal protection of minors, the universities of Moscow and Leningrad began training specialists for the system of social education.
During this period, pedology began to actively develop, which set itself the task, on the basis of synthesized knowledge about the child and the environment, to ensure the most successful upbringing: to help children learn, protecting the child's psyche from overload, painlessly master social and professional roles, etc.
20s had the emergence of a galaxy of talented teachers and psychologists - both scientists and practitioners, including A. S. Makarenko, P. P. Blonsky, S. T. Shatsky, L.S. Vygotsky and many others. Their scientific works, impressive achievements in practical work for the social rehabilitation of "difficult" children and adolescents (the First Experimental Station of the People's Commissariat of Education, the labor colony named after M. Gorky, etc.) received well-deserved international recognition. However, the system of social education and pedology did not develop for long; in fact, they ceased to exist after the infamous decree of 1936 "On pedological perversions in the system of the People's Commissariat of Education." Pedology was charged with the role of the “anti-Leninist theory of the withering away of the school”, as if dissolving the latter in the environment. Many representatives of this theory were repressed, and social education and the concept of the environment were discredited and removed from the professional consciousness of teachers for many years. Since the 1930s, called the “great turning point” in our history, an “iron curtain” has descended, separating Soviet scientists and practitioners from their foreign colleagues for a long time. In the totalitarian state that has taken shape, universal human values have been replaced by class values. The proclamation of the utopian idea of building the most perfect and just society, eliminating all remnants of the past, including social ills, closed the topic of social problems and the system of social assistance to needy children. New social upheavals associated with the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) again aggravated the situation of children. “Now that thousands of Soviet children have lost their relatives and are left homeless,” wrote the Pravda newspaper, “their needs should be equated with the needs of the front.” The attitude of the public towards socially disadvantaged children is changing - they began to be treated as victims of the war. The state is trying to solve their problems by creating boarding schools for evacuated children, expanding the network of orphanages for the children of soldiers and partisans. But along with this, charity is actually being revived (although this word is not used), which manifests itself in the opening of special accounts and funds, in the transfer of money by soldiers and officers for children, in the transfer of personal savings of the population for their needs. in pedagogical science and practice, there has been a clear turn towards social pedagogy, the creation and development of its organizational forms and institutions, the resumption of theoretical research in the field of environmental pedagogy related to the development of a systematic approach to teaching and education.
2.2 Historical aspects of the process of philanthropy abroad
1. Charity in antiquity.
In the ancient world, the custom of donations to charitable causes was common throughout the Mediterranean region. Plato bequeathed a certain amount to the Academy that bore his name; Epicurus, in his detailed will, specifically indicated what part of his property goes to the school he created, which later existed for about six centuries; Theophrastus, who headed the Aristotelian Lyceum after its founder, also ordered that after his death the maintenance of this educational institution be paid from the funds left by him. The Ptolemies who ruled Egypt founded the famous Alexandrian library and provided it with constant material support. These educational institutions, which for many centuries predetermined the development of world culture, remain, perhaps, the brightest and most famous examples philanthropic activities in antiquity, although most people who lived in those days may not have known about their existence. Indeed, in everyday life, the ancient Greeks had to deal with shelters and hospitals much more often.
Donations were also attracted for the implementation of many other projects that served the good of society - the construction of monuments and public buildings, the ransom of prisoners of war, the payment of cash benefits and other assistance to the poor, as well as for organizing festivities and public feasts. Society, however, was designed in such a way that private philanthropy and government activities were not quite distinct. Personal wealth implied high civic responsibility and entailed many obligations to society. Since there were no institutional arrangements for the usual collection of taxes, taxation was often carried out in the form of an open subscription, which had the goal of supporting one or another civic project.
Greek word philanthropia meant both the love of the gods for the human race, pouring out on mortals from Olympus, and the much more earthly feelings of friendliness and sympathy that civilized representatives of this kind can experience for each other. In other words, "philanthropy" meant both donations made within the framework of a narrow system of friendships and civic ties in which the individual was included, and gifts that testified to the donor's more general interest in the well-being of suffering or needy humanity. The reasons that moved the donor - if they can be exhaustively judged from the outside (an alien soul remains in the dark both in our and in any other era) - were determined social conditions, and in ancient society, the honor and respect of fellow citizens were valued above all.
One way or another, the ancient philosophers were clearly aware of the internal socio-psychological dynamism that filled the relationship between the giver and the one who accepts the gift - in other words, they saw the fundamentally two-sided character that the practice of gifting has in any culture. The attitude towards wealth, poverty and the responsibility of the powerful of this world to the weakest in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, relatively prosperous, safe and preserved its cities, has undergone major changes. In the later period of the Middle Ages, this heritage was accepted and significantly reworked by Western Europe.
2. Charitable institutions of the Middle Ages
The doctrinal and institutional foundations on which medieval charitable institutions later relied were formed primarily in the east of Europe. Both Eastern and Western Church Fathers believed that they came to God through helping their neighbor.
The institutional and legislative structures that formed the backbone of later Western European charitable institutions also took shape in the east of the Roman Empire in the 4th century. In 321, Emperor Constantine allowed the church to accept property from individuals by will and thus stimulated charitable activities. In the year 325, the Council of Nicaea, by its seventieth injunction, ordered the establishment of almshouses for the sick and the elderly in all large cities, and this call resonated everywhere, even in small cities. Many exemplary charitable institutions were founded during this time. John Chrysostom built, among other things, hospitals in Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch. Emperor Constantius (r. 337-361) founded the famous "Zotikon" - a hospital for lepers, which later, under other emperors, expanded, rebuilt and constantly replenished its financial resources.
The diversity of philanthropic institutions in the east of Europe directly reflected the complexity of the basically urbanized Byzantine society, where poverty and want took on various forms, and the population, in contrast to the western part of the continent, which was predominantly rural and experienced economic stagnation at that time, was much more mobile. .
In Western Europe during the early Middle Ages, monasteries were, one might say, typical charitable institutions. Indeed, they corresponded to many of the characteristics by which such institutions are defined in modern world: owned land and other property, collected rent payments, and used the funds received to help those in need, distributing alms and providing shelter to travelers and the sick; in addition, they had organizational structures, usually subject to the charter of St. Benedict or St. Augustine and allowed to realize the pious plans of a wealthy donor or a group of benefactors.
By the middle of the twelfth century, economic growth created even stronger preconditions for the flourishing of philanthropy. At this time, charitable institutions were created not only by kings and princes, but also by smaller feudal lords, as well as wealthy merchants. The rise of urban culture, the strengthening of monetary circulation, also influenced the nature of ideas about the philanthropic duties of a Christian. The theologians of the 12th century, who studied the writings of the early church fathers, did not get tired of talking about the potential threats associated with wealth, and about the duty of the rich to take care of the poor, in other words, to give them part of their property.
The economic growth The 12th century also gave rise to new and more diverse types of charitable institutions.
In the 11th-12th centuries, new charitable institutions were built throughout Western Europe, and they were created not only by monarchs, but also by wealthy feudal lords, wealthy bourgeois and religious brotherhoods. Especially famous at that time were leper colonies: on the one hand, they served as a constant reminder of the suffering philanthropist Christ, on the other hand, they reflected a completely earthly interest in protecting public health. Other asylums were built: in Paris in a short time their number increased to more than sixty, in Florence to more than thirty, in Ghent to about twenty, and even in small towns there were a dozen or more.
In the XII-XIII centuries, new collective forms of charity appeared. Inspired by the preaching of mendicant monks, lay brotherhoods, craft and trade guilds, parish communities began to help their weakest members. They raised funds to pay for funerals and funeral services, supported widows and orphans.
At times, city officials took matters into their own hands, creating city funds to help the poor. These foundations were in many ways the forerunners of today's communal charitable institutions.
In the 14th-15th centuries, the boundaries between charitable and commercial activities. Bankers in various parts of Europe lend money to the poor at low interest, especially in Italy, where public loan houses are springing up for short-term loans. In 1351, the Bishop of London, Michael of Northbury, bequeathed a thousand pounds, of which he ordered to issue annual interest-free loans to needy workers. There is no doubt that at that time charitable and banking institutions were not properly separated from each other, but in the same way, the secular and religious aspirations of people, their spiritual and worldly activities, or, let's say, state or private supervision of charity, were not strictly distinguished.
Growing distrust of beggars and mendicant preachers by the 15th - early 16th centuries. fear of vagabonds, gypsies, aliens from distant lands, the crime of the poor is becoming more and more outspoken. At this time, concern for maintaining social stability is growing, and charitable institutions are drawn into an even more pronounced process of consistent reform.
3. Reformation and restructuring of charitable institutions at the beginning of the New Age
The reforms of the 16th century marked a new stage in the development of European charity, accelerating the process of its secularization and subjugation. state regulation and control.
During the 16th century, many big cities centralized assistance to the poor and took control of a motley charitable institution, often outdated and inefficient. Newcomers and vagrants were evicted from the cities, and able-bodied beggars were forced to work. In many cities, centralized alms distribution funds were created, based both on private donations and on special taxes introduced.
In Italy, philanthropy reform also moved from city to city. It began quite early, at the end of the 14th century. In general, it can be said that in Italy the city and church authorities interacted much more easily and cooperated more successfully with each other.
In the first decades of the 16th century, England followed the same path. However, in the middle of the century, the Reformation gave the English reforms a significantly different character, suggesting a deeper intervention in all areas of charity by the municipalities and the supreme power - this intervention became especially obvious in the 1530s, when the monasteries were closed.
Fundamental to understanding the nature of English philanthropy after the Reformation, and more generally to understanding the special and very significant role that the charitable sector plays in this country to this day, is the "charitable use statute" (1601). The preamble of the statute reflected the change in the concept of the public good in an extremely vivid way.
The purpose of the preamble was not so much to provide a complete and exhaustive list of acceptable purposes for donations, but to indicate that the understanding of the public good must meet some clear standard. In essence, the statute was designed to encourage private charity. The statute called for the appointment of special commissioners - bishops or other respected persons - and entrusted them with the investigation of cases where the wishes of the donor were not fulfilled, the property of the charitable institution was poorly managed or illegally used its capital for other purposes.
The most significant change of this time was the rapid growth of "collective philanthropy", that is, the pooling of resources to achieve common purpose, is a model similar to the one that emerged during the era of the greatest changes in business, something like joint stock company. These new philanthropic organizations were supported by donations by many English people, especially those who had an average income or who had made it to the people of relatively recent times. At the same time, such societies did not fall under the implicit restrictions that hindered the activities of charitable trusts. It should be noted that, despite the legislative support received by trusts after the appearance of the statute on charitable use, in the 18th century they were not as widespread as in the 17th century and earlier. New charitable organizations set themselves a variety of goals. At the beginning of the 18th century, they primarily created free schools, where children from poor working-class families were taught the basics of the Christian faith and the basic skills of reading and writing. A network of new and well-equipped charitable hospitals was also built. Five of them opened in London between 1719 and 1750: they were real medical institutions, where nursing was combined with scientific work.
Gloomy or more benevolent, English benefactors existed in an environment that still encouraged any philanthropic undertakings. Since the middle of the 16th century, a model of charity has developed in England, which differed in the most significant way from the continental one. The aims of philanthropic activity have been described in great detail in the statute of charitable use and subsequent documents; the creation of appropriate trusts and institutions did not require official government approval and was relatively easy to register; legislative mechanisms, most fully reflected in the Charitable Trust Act of 1853 and the creation of the Charity Commission, were designed to implement the intentions of donors and prevent abuse; Efforts were continually made to simplify procedures before the Court of Chancery and to allow trusts to redefine their purposes as the needs of society changed. As a result, a real culture of philanthropy has developed: convenient laws, stable management procedures, stable donation traditions, flexible organizational forms, effective control and reporting system. All this provided a wide field of activity for organizations run by private individuals and serving the public good. The institutions of civil society in England enjoyed an autonomy that was unthinkable in continental Europe, where the state power exerted much stronger pressure on charitable organizations.
4. Charity in the conditions of the formation of nation-states.
Although reigning monarchs made attempts to control and reform the practice of charity in the 16th century, and made additional efforts to regulate it in the 17th century, the main burden of reforms fell on the shoulders of municipalities, parish leaders and ecclesiastical authorities. New European states chose a different device for themselves, and, as a result, charity in them, as well as the non-profit sector as a whole, were also very different from each other.
In France and some other countries with a predominantly Catholic population and strong monarchical power, a new understanding of the role of the state has formed. Ultimately, until the 20th century, these countries practically wiped out both private philanthropic institutions and the non-profit sector in general. In an effort to reform the administration of many large philanthropic institutions, the kings issued decree after decree (a process that culminated in the royal declaration of 1698). They intervened, one might say, in the very essence of the management of these institutions: the duties of the board members were now formulated extremely precisely and in detail, and the boards themselves were restructured: from now on, representatives of the parish authorities, the city elite, as well as trade and corporate groups worked together in them. Abuses in the management of French charitable institutions, not excluding relatively new hospitals general purpose, prompted a number of investigations by royal officials in 1754, 1764, 1770 and 1788. It was found that the standards set for these institutions were not respected, that their board members were often corrupt, and their accounting books and audit procedures left much to be desired, all of which, of course, further undermined the credibility of the system of charitable institutions.
If the French experience in the development of charity is conventionally placed at one end of the pan-European range, and the English one at the other, then most countries will be somewhat shifted towards the "French" pole.
In Spain, already in 1798, Carlos IV issued a decree ordering the sale of all real estate belonging to hospitals and other charitable institutions.
In 1893 and 1836, laws were passed in Spain requiring the dissolution of charitable institutions founded in the Middle Ages and prohibiting the creation of new ones, while legislators proceeded from the conviction that caring for the welfare of citizens is the business of the state, and not traditional charitable institutions. The break with the medieval past proved to be a long one. Only in 1978 was the Spanish constitution supplemented with an article guaranteeing the right to create charitable foundations; almost two centuries of intolerance towards such private institutions came to an end. In Portugal in the 19th century, a series of laws were passed to prevent the activities of religious orders, charity became secular, and traditional charitable institutions were eliminated.
A different situation developed in Norway, a relatively poor and sparsely populated country, moreover, for a long time deprived of independence: until 1841 it was subordinated to Denmark, then united with Sweden, and only in 1905 gained full independence. Some Norwegian funds date back to the Middle Ages: they are based on gifts from kings or the church; others arose in the 18th century from relatively small bequests for educational purposes or to support poor families - within the city or parish of the donor-testator, or within his business and professional environment.
After the First World War, the state of charitable foundations deteriorated somewhat. In 1918 and subsequent years, many private charitable institutions were included in organizations that had a confessional or ideological connotation, various charitable unions. In the 1930s, these national structures were integrated relatively easily into the corporatist state of the National Socialists. In the same decade, Jewish foundations and workers' organizations were banned, then most other foundations lost their assets, either due to long-term hyperinflation and economic depression, or due to the destruction brought by the Second World War.
Greece inherited rich philanthropic traditions from antiquity, but it was tradition that also determined the dependence of church funds on state control. In the field of philanthropy, there has never been a clear line between church and state, between the public and the private sector. Private investment went to support social activities, state funds could be used for church needs, in addition, private charitable capital was often given to the management of the relevant state institutions.
IN in a certain sense, although history never repeats itself, structurally present situation partly corresponds to what it was at the beginning of the century, which is why the history of the beginning of the century, the history of the formation of a culture of charity and mercy, which now exist and in the world now seems to us just as relevant and interesting.
2.4 Comparative analysis of the process of charity in Russia and foreign countries in a historical context
If we compare the processes of charity in Russia and abroad, it can be noted that they went in parallel to each other, from the simplest forms of mercy, which were carried out by private people and the church, to state support for socially unprotected segments of the population. But there were also differences. In different countries, the process of charity has its own history, a specific culture, the definition of which is influenced by many factors. First of all, it is customary among historians to talk about the influence of religious ethics on the culture of charity and on philanthropy in general.
In ancient Rome, in Athens, wealthy citizens tried to help people who needed food and clothing. It was customary to arrange public meals, distribute money, clothes, food to fellow citizens. According to Huseynov, this could not be considered as mercy and charity, because money and food were not distributed to everyone, but only to those citizens who were in a patriarchal relationship. For the rich, helping the poor was a duty, not a voluntary act. The poor did not ask for help, they demanded it as their legal right. The very structure of society required charitable activities.
The spiritual norms of Ancient Rome and Athens, the essence of society, rejected a humane attitude towards man. This is evidenced by slavery, gladiator fights and despotic rulers of those times. Public relations were built on the strength and mind of a person, on his ability to speak and convince others. IN Ancient Rus' kindness, virtue also manifested itself as the patronage of the stronger to the weak. Corporal punishment was allowed and was the norm. In family relationships, respect for parents and love for younger children and peers were required. There were rudiments of mercy at this stage of the development of society, but they assumed the presence of a strong and a weak, later this idea was refuted.
With the advent of Christianity in public life, the view of man has changed. It should be noted that all religions are based on the idea of philanthropy, but Christianity is the only one that puts a person at the center of the universe, thereby giving rise to humanistic traditions.
Vladimir Monomakh in his "Instruction" analyzes the approach of Christianity to man. The motive of mercy, in his opinion, is "the fear of God and hope in His mercy", and the manifestations are help to the poor, respect for spiritual servants and love for peers and elders.
Another clergyman, Maxim the Greek, in his “Message of Fortune” reveals the essence of mercy more deeply, he touches on such an aspect as activity, notes that sympathy and good wishes for a person are not enough, it is necessary to help him, support him in difficult times not only in word, but also in deed. As we have already said, Christianity denies violence and exalts the value of man, but a contradiction arises in the interpretation of the Bible. One of the main commandments of the Bible is “Thou shalt not kill,” but Joseph Volotsky in his “Sermon on the Condemnation of Heretics” affirms the need to destroy heresy. He calls the apostates cursed, demands "punishment of the criminals." Religion itself exalts a person and his life, but the interpreters of the thoughts set forth in the Bible, projecting them onto society and its norms, distort the meaning of Holy Scripture and create contradictions.
In the medieval period, a person ceased to be a social and spiritual value, despite the fact that the church had a great influence on the formation of social norms. The most important requirement for virtue was the removal of a person from the world, that is, from people. Also, the requirements were: contempt for the world, human needs, for the body, for joys and pleasures, for earthly, coming happiness, for wealth and glory. Society contributed to the awakening of aggression: this manifested itself in numerous civil strife, in slavery. Helping a person gave rise to a debt, that is, a person who accepted help had to remember the debt to the assistant. Gradually, social values changed, which led to the transition to the Renaissance (Renaissance), hallmark which was the recognition of human interests and rights. There was such a thing as humanism, the center of which is a person. In the era of the formation of the bourgeois system, after the French Revolution, the struggle against "false Christian mercy" intensified. By a special decree, almsgiving was declared a misdemeanor, so all charitable activities were prohibited. In the later stages of the development of the bourgeois system, philanthropy again became in high esteem among the bourgeoisie.
In the relations between people in the era of the bourgeois system, both in Russia and abroad, the position of a person in society was of great importance. The relations of the upper classes among themselves did not carry a tinge of humanity; money played a large role in mutual assistance. Altruism was not inherent in the people of that time. People of the lower classes, on the contrary, took care of each other and tried to provide support.
It can be concluded that at different stages of the development of society, ideas about humanism and mercy changed. Humanistic thought reached its apogee in the Renaissance. Summing up the above, the process underlying the various models of support and protection of some sections of society by others, as we see it, is a process of assistance and mutual assistance in a cultural-historical community. Each stage of changing the paradigm of assistance and mutual assistance is associated with a change in the subject and object, support institutions, and the ideology of assistance.
CONCLUSION
Analyzing the history of the development of social volunteerism and charity, we can conclude that they have gone through a rather difficult and long path of becoming in society. In the last decade of the 20th century, due to the cardinal economic changes that occurred, which led to the formation of private capital and, as a result, a huge stratification of the population, the topic of volunteerism and charity again became relevant. The scale, nature, and composition of the participants in the volunteer movement are changing. New volunteer and charitable organizations and foundations appear, various charitable events are held. Renaissance in Russian society charity and volunteering causes the need to comprehend these phenomena - their historical traditions, basic forms, development prospects. All this determines the relevance of the study of charity and social volunteerism in modern society.
The history of Russia is rich own experience formation and development of all forms of public charity. The developed traditions are of great importance today, because the question of reform has arisen existing forms volunteering and charity, creating new ones that will best meet the changing conditions of life. Also, these traditions will contribute to closer interaction between state charity and private charity.
Charity and volunteerism in Russia are complex processes that have a thousand-year history of formation, constantly changing in the cultural and historical perspective. The current state of social relations is inseparable from the most important trends in the historical formation of charity and volunteerism in Russia. The practical need to support various categories of those in need, which has arisen in the last decade in the context of ongoing socio-economic reforms, makes researchers turn to the methods and forms of volunteering and charity accumulated over millennia of public life for help. Charity and social volunteerism are universal human values, one of the most important attributes of civil society. They allow society to serve its interests directly, without the mediation of the state, ensure the redistribution of income from the most wealthy to the least wealthy citizens in the shortest way and in as soon as possible. Volunteering and charity are increasingly becoming a tool through which society satisfies its basic social, universal needs.
We tried to trace how the forms of voluntary and charitable activity changed from spontaneous individual to organized public. Of course, such rich historical experience influences the development of volunteerism and charity in modern society.
It is useful to analyze the historical roots and theoretical foundations volunteering and philanthropy processes. This gives us rich factual and theoretical material, the study of which helps to obtain information about the structure and self-awareness of modern societies. Analysis of the genesis of these processes is able to shed light, including on the nature of the "developed" society. And vice versa - the characteristics of modern society and its self-interpretation contribute to a better understanding of the nature of this peculiar activity.
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Activities for the social support of the population cannot be and never have been a purely state task. If society becomes the subject of social assistance, the security of each of its members increases significantly. The history of the pre-professional development of social work contains the customs and traditions of voluntary mutual assistance characteristic of the Russian mentality. These traditions form the basis for the development of the volunteer movement among young people today.
Volunteering is an activity by its nature pro-social in the target, procedural, content, technological components. By engaging in volunteer activities, a person seeks, on a gratuitous basis, to influence the transformation of contemporary society, to make it better. Youth is traditionally the most socially active demographic group, which can become (and in some cases is now) the basis of a large-scale volunteer movement.
The question of the potential of using youth volunteering can be considered in at least two aspects: the impact of youth volunteering on the concrete - historical situation that has developed in society; the impact of volunteering on the very personality of a young person involved in this activity.
According to M. Olchman, P. Jordan, volunteering strives to achieve several results. On the one hand, it helps to create a stable and cohesive society, and on the other hand, it complements the services provided by the state (and business - when these services are unprofitable, but necessary for society)
The concept of "volunteer" is disclosed in the Federal Law of August 11, 1995 No. 135-FZ "On charitable activities and charitable organizations". Volunteers are citizens who carry out charitable activities in the form of gratuitous labor in the interests of the beneficiary.
In the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov, volunteering is interpreted as the voluntary fulfillment of duties for the provision of gratuitous social assistance, services, voluntary patronage of the disabled, the sick and the elderly, as well as persons and social groups of the population who find themselves in difficult life situations
According to E. I. Kholostova, volunteers are people who do something informally, working for free in both public and private organizations in the medical, educational or social welfare sectors, or are members of volunteer organizations.
Despite the richness of the content of volunteering and the diversity of its target orientation, we can talk about the existence of common characteristics of this phenomenon.
First of all, the volunteer must not volunteer for financial gain, and any financial refund must be less than the value of the work performed. Volunteer activity should be carried out voluntarily, without coercion from outside.
Volunteering can be organized and unorganized, carried out in a group and individually, in public and private organizations.
Unorganized volunteering is spontaneous and occasional assistance to friends or neighbors, such as caring for a child, helping with repairs or construction, running small errands, or responding to a natural or man-made disaster. It is the predominant form of volunteering in many cultures.
Organized volunteering tends to take place in the non-profit, public and private sectors and is more systematic and regular.
Volunteering can be carried out with varying degrees of participation - from full involvement to episodic participation in volunteer activities
According to the target orientation, volunteering is aimed at:
- for mutual assistance, when people carry out volunteer activities to help other members of their own social group or society;
- for charity, when the object of assistance is a member of a group that does not include the volunteer himself;
- to participate in local self-government, when a member of a community, on a voluntary basis, is included in the activities of managing it (for example, in the activities of territorial self-government bodies)
Volunteering has its roots in the early 20th century..
Then in Europe after the end of the First World War, people appeared who were ready to help the victims of the war, and the first volunteer organizations were created.
Volunteering today is powerful social movement, which has its organizations in all countries of the world, but has long outgrown both national borders and the scope of volunteer work. Volunteering, as international experience shows, develops within the framework of the so-called third sector, or non-profit organizations. By decision of the UN General Assembly, 2001 was declared the International Year of Volunteers.
All over the world, the youth volunteer movement has already become widespread, and its role in social development has been evaluated at the international level. The United Nations recognizes volunteering as a rich source of energy, skills, local pursuits. The governments of many countries use the resource of volunteerism, financing its projects, in the implementation of state youth support programs, in solving social problems.
The last decades have become the most active stage in the development of volunteering in recent history Russia. During this time, the Russian volunteer sector has developed rapidly and its current state is largely due to the social activity of young people, their desire to support those in need, which, in fact, is the basis of volunteering. According to various sources, there are about a thousand public organizations in Russia actively developing youth volunteer programs.
Volunteers work in regional centers and small towns and villages.
The main areas of volunteer teams are diverse:
- social protection
- ecology
- landscaping
- prevention of alcohol and drug addiction, promotion of a healthy lifestyle
- human rights activities
- preservation of historical and cultural heritage
- promotion of activities in the field of physical culture and mass sports
- assistance in the field of education, science, culture, art, enlightenment, spiritual development of the individual.
In addition to actually practical volunteer activities, Russian public organizations are actively developing a mechanism to support these initiatives. Models for creating youth volunteer centers are being developed and implemented, specialized educational programs are being created and applied, both for volunteers and for employees of organizations working with them. Seminars are held for the exchange of experience, presentations of the achievements of youth programs, round tables to discuss the interaction of the volunteer sector with government agencies, business and the media.
Thus, one of the largest all-Russian public organizations, on the basis of which the extensive network of regional volunteer associations "Children's and Youth Social Initiatives" operates, sees education in the field of technologies for creating a youth volunteer movement as one of the main areas of its activity. In 2006 alone, a number of events were held in this direction: the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference "Pedagogical Support for Children's and Youth Social Initiatives", held on March 3-5, 2006 in St. Petersburg; three experimental shifts of the tent volunteer camp at the Orlyonok All-Russian Children's Center; All-Russian scientific and practical seminar "Dialogue of Individuals" and more.
Every year, several events that are significant for the youth volunteer movement are held all over the world, within the framework of which many local actions are united. First of all, this is International Volunteer Day (IVD) and World Youth Service Day.
International Volunteer Day, which is celebrated on December 5, was proclaimed by the United Nations on December 17, 1985. The UN Volunteers program sends out letters to the participating countries with an invitation to start extensive preparations for the DVA in all countries and its recommendations in connection with its preparation.
Along with the UN Volunteers program, one of the most active organizations in celebrating World Volunteer Day is the International Association of Volunteer Efforts (IAVE), which unites about a hundred countries of the world into an international volunteer movement.
Since 1995, Russian volunteers began to celebrate this day along with other countries of the world. Since that time, a new civic tradition has developed in our country to celebrate International Volunteer Day by holding the Week of Volunteers, which at first combined two dates: December 3, World Day of Disabled Persons, December 5, World Volunteer Day. Then the week was supplemented with several dates: December 1 - World AIDS Day, December 10 - World Human Rights Day and December 12 - Constitution Day of the Russian Federation. In recent years, the Week, as a rule, gradually develops into the Month of Volunteers, since by this time active preparations are already underway for holding children's New Year and Christmas holidays. For the first few years, the Week was held under the motto “Let's change life for the better together!”
A special substantive emphasis in the process of organizing the International Day of Volunteers is to support youth volunteering; promoting and recognizing the role and contribution of young volunteers to the social and economic development of the Russian Federation; promoting the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals adopted by the world leaders of the UN member states at the Millennium Summit (2000), the key of which is poverty reduction.
The All-Russian volunteer action program is formed on the basis of planned regional, local events, the specific content of which is determined locally, taking into account the needs and requirements of each region, each territorial community or organization.
The result of the annual campaign throughout the country is a lot of socially useful events and projects carried out on a voluntary basis by citizens and organizations on the days of the campaign, including: improvement of microdistricts, planting trees, cleaning school areas, squares and parks, conducting lessons of kindness in educational institutions, organizing seminars, forums, charity concerts, performances, holding campaigns to collect things, books, toys, money, providing targeted assistance to the elderly, lonely people and the disabled, etc. Public presentation and recognition of the results of volunteering during the celebration of the International Day of Volunteers .
Volunteers from different parts of Russia take part in the Spring Volunteer Actions, who carry out many socially significant local projects and events: they improve their microdistricts, plant trees, clean school territories, squares and parks, and conduct Kindness Lessons. They organize seminars, forums, charity concerts, performances, hold campaigns to collect things, books, toys, money, provide targeted assistance to the elderly, lonely people and the disabled, and perform many other socially useful activities.
As a result of such large and significant events, as well as the daily work of youth associations and organizations around the world, millions of young people contribute to society through volunteering programs. Youth volunteering is one of the most effective ways to optimize the social situation in society.
Thus, volunteers are volunteers who carry out socially significant activities of their own free will, through a personal contribution and offer their help free of charge.
