Industrial policy in the military-industrial complex Russian Federation(hereinafter referred to as the GIC) is carried out in accordance with the goals, objectives and priority areas public policy in the field of development of the defense industry, approved by the President of the Russian Federation for a ten-year period and beyond, and the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of defense.
One of the main tasks in the field of stimulating and supporting the innovative development of the defense industry, realizing its competitive advantages, promoting technologies and industrial products to the markets of high-tech goods and services is the diversification of production through the use of dual-use technologies, increasing the production of civilian products and expanding the range. Order of the President of Russia No. Pr-2346 dated 05.12.2016 established the share of civilian and dual-use products in the total output of the military-industrial complex, which should increase to 30% by 2025 and up to 50% by 2030.
Today, it is extremely important to create a state demand for civilian products of the defense industry and develop an expanded list of products necessary for the implementation of national projects. The first step in this direction is to establish key indicators efficiency: an increase in the share of products purchased from defense enterprises - for large state-owned companies, an increase in the share of production of civilian goods - for defense organizations.
Under the so-called civilian procurement market, we propose to understand in this case special forms and methods of supplying goods, rendering works and services, with the exception of the state defense order (SDO).
Within the framework of national projects, the priority market niches for defense industry organizations today are: medicine, transport
construction, radio electronics, road construction equipment, power engineering and others. The capacity of these markets in terms of the competencies of defense industry organizations is now estimated at 1.2 trillion rubles.
In addition to national projects, a number of regulatory legal measures are already in place to stimulate the purchase of civilian products Russian defense organizations:
. a ban on foreign goods and services for the needs of the country's defense and state security (PP RF No. 9);
. restrictions and conditions for the admission of certain types of foreign radio-electronic products (PP RF No. 968);
. a ban on the admission of products of the machine-tool industry for the needs of the country's defense (PP RF No. 239);
. limiting the admission of foreign weapons, ammunition and their parts (PP RF No. 1119);
. a ban on the purchase of furniture and woodworking industries originating from foreign countries (with the exception of the EAEU member states) for the purposes of procurement to meet state and municipal needs (RF GD
№ 1072);
. restrictions and conditions for the admission of drugs included in the list of vital and essential drugs (PP RF No. 1289);
. a ban on foreign light industry goods (PP RF No. 791);
. restrictions and access conditions for stents for coronary arteries, as well as catheters (PR RF No. 1469);
. a ban on the admission of certain types of engineering goods to meet state and municipal needs (PP RF No. 656);
. restrictions and conditions for the admission of certain types of foreign medical devices (PP RF No. 102);
. a ban on the admission of foreign software to meet state and municipal needs (PP RF No. 1236).
At the same time, within the framework of diversification, organizations face a number of difficulties associated with entering new domestic Russian markets for civil products. Defense industry organizations carry out economic activities primarily in the interests of ensuring
defense and security of the state within the framework of the state defense order (hereinafter referred to as the GOZ). A fixed profitability has been established for the production of products supplied under the state defense order, state regulation applies to some defense products.
prices, which negatively affects the results of the financial and economic activities of organizations. The consequence of state regulation in the field of state defense orders is the lack of investment resources for defense enterprises that could be directed to the development and production of new civilian products.
In order to reduce barriers to entry into product markets, it is proposed to provide the possibility of establishing additional benefits for defense industry organizations when participating in the procurement process of civilian products. We believe that in order to adapt the defense industry to functioning in market conditions, it is necessary to provide preferential treatment for the supply of products (works, services) of defense industry organizations for state and municipal needs.
The possibility of establishing preferences (national treatment and features of its provision) is enshrined in paragraph 30 of the Protocol on the procedure for regulating procurement of the Treaty on the Eurasian economic union dated May 29, 2014
In the Russian Federation, this regime is implemented by Part 4 of Art. 14 of the Federal Law of April 5, 2013 No. 44-FZ “On contract system…”, according to which the federal executive body for the regulation of the contract system in the field of procurement establishes
conditions for admission for the purposes of procurement of goods originating from a foreign state or a group of foreign states, works, services, respectively, performed, rendered by foreign persons, with the exception of goods, works, services in respect of which the Government of the Russian Federation has established a ban.
In pursuance of this provision of the law, by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 04.06.2018 No. 126n, these conditions are defined and the List of goods is approved, the consideration and evaluation of applications for which takes place with the application of a 15% reduction coefficient to the price of the contract proposed by the participant.
It is advisable to expand this list by including the main civilian products manufactured by defense industry organizations. According to our estimates, this will allow it to include at least 85 new categories (according to OKPD 2 codes) from among the range of products produced by defense industry organizations.
The proposed approach will allow defense industry organizations, whose civilian products, as a rule, have a high cost, including due to the specifics defense industries, to compete on an equal footing with other suppliers on this parameter.
The transitional period, provided with preferential treatment, will be used by defense industry organizations to restructure the enterprise management system, including training personnel in marketing basics (determining promising competencies and sales markets), developing and launching competitive civilian products on the market, technical and technological re-equipment of enterprises.
The implementation of the preferential approach will contribute to sustainable development processes of diversification of the defense industry, growth business activity How industrial enterprises, and high-tech knowledge-intensive companies of small and medium-sized businesses.
CLUSTER PURCHASING
The implementation of measures related to the use of dual-use technologies and the expansion of the range of relevant products is one of the main system-wide tasks in the framework of the defense industry diversification. In addition to the preferential approach, a promising mechanism that, if implemented systematically, can provide an additional increase in the civilian production of the defense industry, can be the development of cluster interaction between defense organizations and innovative companies on the principles of partnership.
Certain positive results of the implementation of state support programs for innovation-territorial and industrial clusters can be noted. The Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia is developing 43 industrial clusters, and the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia is developing 27 innovation-territorial clusters, including 12 world-class superclusters.
Already today, clusters have become an important driver of the socio-economic and industrial development of regions: new highly productive jobs are being created, and the tax base is growing. The mechanism has become widely demanded by representatives of both large and small and medium-sized businesses. Today, more than 600 organizations with an annual output of more than 1 trillion rubles are involved in industrial clusters alone. The funds invested by the state showed high efficiency, including within the framework of the implementation of import substitution programs and the creation of domestic competitive high-tech products.
The strength of the cluster approach is the so-called "team game" between the state-owned company and its suppliers in order to develop suppliers to the level at which they supply quality products at a favorable price.
Today, the board of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation has a special Interdepartmental Working Group on the Dual-Use Scientific and Industrial Cluster. A dual-purpose scientific and industrial cluster is a special form of cluster cooperation based on the principles of public-private partnership with the participation of defense industry organizations and is an integrator of the regional scientific and industrial complex.
The purpose of the dual-purpose scientific and industrial clusters is to ensure the preservation of the necessary infrastructure, industrial equipment, personnel of technological and scientific reserves for quick switching between the modes of diversification and mobilization of the economy of defense industry enterprises and launch the processes of reindustrialization of the regional economy as a whole.
The specifics of the implementation of cluster mechanisms in the defense industry is largely related to the following aspects:
The core of the cluster is often made up of enterprises with state participation, which limits the space for market maneuver: defense industry organizations are forced to be guided not only by market requirements, but also by established tasks (tasks for state defense orders, maintaining mob capacities);
. the need for special competencies of an organization that claims to be the core of the cluster in the defense industry and provide it with professional personnel (universities, research centers, etc.);
. the need for scientific, educational and engineering centers capable of transferring technologies in the field of defense industry diversification with appropriate access to information;
. the need to develop special mechanisms for the transfer of dual-use technologies related to pricing, depreciation of equipment, export-import operations, etc.;
. implementation of scientific and technical expertise and technology transfer, subject to the procedure for working with information of limited use.
One of the possible schemes for the formation of dual-use scientific and industrial clusters at the present stage can be the integration of innovation-territorial and industrial clusters with the participation of interested defense industry organizations and special competence centers in the regions of presence (see figure). The cluster approach opens up significant prospects for defense industry organizations, primarily related to the influx of new ideas and private investment in research and development, technology transfer and innovation, entry into new markets in the country and abroad. The involvement of residents of scientific and industrial clusters, on the one hand, will allow defense organizations to maintain strategic control over suppliers of different levels of cooperation and transfer part of the risks of attracting SMEs to state scientific organizations. On the other hand, the cluster procurement mechanism can provide additional solvent demand from the state for high-tech products, works and services, as well as create additional high-tech jobs based on attracted SMEs. It was this issue - the relationship between the diversification of defense industry enterprises and socio-economic development in the regions of their presence - that was devoted to the next meeting of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the Dual-Use Scientific and Industrial Cluster, which was held on April 22, 2019 under the chairmanship of the Deputy Chairman of the Collegium of the Military-Industrial Commission
Russian Federation O. I. Bochkareva on the topic: "About a dual-use cluster as an effective mechanism for diversifying organizations of the military-industrial complex and reindustrializing the regional economy of the Russian Federation." The meeting was attended by representatives of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, the Ministry of Defense of Russia, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia and the Ministry of Construction of Russia; directors of leading research organizations and defense industry enterprises, representatives of several banking structures and development institutions, as well as industrial regions of Russia - the Moscow Region, the city of St. Petersburg, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Novosibirsk Region.
The participants of the meeting recognized the importance of coordinated interdepartmental work on the creation of organizational and legal mechanisms for ensuring activities for the formation of dual-purpose scientific and industrial clusters in order for the process of diversification of the defense industry to become a powerful driver of overall socio-economic development.
One of the mechanisms for the development of dual-use scientific and industrial clusters and the launch of the processes of reindustrialization of the regional economy, that is, the development of new high-tech industries that replace the old ones or contribute to their transfer to a new technological base, the participants also propose to consider an offset contract, which allows the customer to stimulate investment in new industries or upgrading existing facilities.
OFFSET CONTRACT
An offset contract allows the customer, in accordance with paragraph 48 of part 1 of article 93 44-FZ, to conclude a state (municipal) contract in the region with a supplier of goods that has established the appropriate production of goods under an offset contract. In other words, for investing in the production of the region, the investor is provided with guarantees for the sale of manufactured products to the state or municipal customer. Offset contract features:
1. The term of the offset contract is limited to 10 years.
2. The minimum investment should be 1 billion rubles.
3. An offset contract provides for a maximum period during which the creation or modernization and (or) development of production is carried out. The implementation of measures within the specified period allows the investor-supplier to conclude state (municipal) contracts in the region.
4. The offset contract specifies the executive authority of the subject of the Russian Federation, which establishes the procedure for determining the marginal price of a unit of goods, the production of which is created or modernized and (or) mastered, as well as the procedure for determining
contract prices.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 22, 2016 No. 1441 in accordance with clause 48 of part 1 of article 93 44-FZ on the procedure for determining the maximum price of a unit of goods, the production of which is created or modernized and (or) mastered in the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in accordance with a state contract concluded with sole supplier goods - legal entity in accordance with Article 111.4 of the said Federal Law, as well as the procedure for determining the price of such a contract"
establishes the following requirements for the initial (maximum) contract price:
. if the goods are subject to tariff regulation, then the marginal price is established taking into account the legal acts on such regulation and cannot exceed the price determined in accordance with them;
. in other cases, the price is determined using the method of comparable market prices (market analysis), and if the goods are sold at exchange auctions, they cannot exceed the price formed on them.
The price of the contract for the supply of goods is determined based on the marginal price of a unit of goods and the quantity (volume) of the purchased goods.
5. In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 12, 2016 No. 1166 “On establishing the features of procurement planning and holding tenders to determine the supplier with whom a state contract is concluded, providing for
counter investment obligations of the supplier-investor to create or modernize and (or) master the production of goods on the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation to meet the state needs of the subject of the Russian Federation "the supplier-investor provides security for the execution of the state contract in terms of investment obligations in the amount of 2 to 5% of the volume investment. The government contract may provide for the payment of an advance, which, in turn, may be conditional on the provision by the supplier-investor of security in the amount of the advance. This collateral is provided separately from the collateral described above relating to investment obligations.
The first offset contract was signed in Moscow in 2017 with the Biocad company, the contract amount is 14 billion rubles.
As part of the meeting of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the dual-purpose scientific and industrial cluster, representatives of the Project Office of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia proposed to ensure the possibility of concluding offset contracts not only at the regional, but also at the interregional and federal levels, to extend the duration of contracts when implementing export-oriented projects, to reduce the minimum the level of investment in export-oriented projects and establish fixed obligations for the purchase by the customer to meet federal needs. These measures, according to the participants of the meeting, will make it possible to make investments in domestic industrial production more attractive for investors, expand the list of Russian-made products, including on the basis of scientific and industrial clusters with the participation of defense industry organizations.
As a result, according to the Minutes of the meeting of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the dual-purpose scientific and industrial cluster chaired by the Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Military Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation O. I. Bochkarev No. BO-P22-prVPK "Institute of Public-Private Planning together with the Russian Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, the Ministry of Construction of Russia, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, the State Corporation Roscosmos, the State Corporation Vnesheconombank, the Advanced Research Foundation, FSUE VNII Center, FGBU Research Institute Voskhod, FGBUN Institute of Economics and Organization of Industrial Production SB RAS", FSUE "Krylov State Research Center", FSBI "Federal Institute of Industrial Property" were instructed to:
- continue developing the organizational and legal framework for intensifying the processes of diversification of defense industry organizations by creating dual-use scientific and industrial clusters, including the creation of a Competence Center for dual-use clusters based on the ERA Military Innovation Technopolis
- assess the cluster potential of existing regional consortiums of enterprises producing high-tech civil and dual-use products, including those with the participation of defense industry organizations, identify the leader organization of the cooperative process in order to disseminate positive experience;
- prepare proposals for correction guidelines on the formation of Innovative Development Programs (IDP) by including in them the requirements for the priority and systematic selection of intellectual R&D results created in the course of the implementation of state programs (FTP) and the State Defense Order; introduction from 2019 of a system of expert opinions on assessing the effectiveness of design and development projects in terms of the implementation of intellectual R&D results in design and development projects;
- to develop and apply on the basis of the dual-purpose scientific and industrial clusters being created a single end-to-end cycle of scientific and technological development, provided with the necessary and sufficient measures of state support, in order to expand the list of advanced technologies that are critical for strategic industries, as well as for the purpose of "implementing a joint project of participants in industrial clusters to launch the production of a component base, taking into account the need to achieve growth rates in the supply of these industrial products to enterprises located on the territory of Russia” (according to the minutes of the meeting with the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation D.N. Kozak dated January 31, 2019 No. DK -P9-18pr);
- prepare proposals on making the necessary changes and additions to the Federal Law of December 31, 2014 No. 488-FZ No. On Industrial Policy in the Russian Federation”.
The Institute for Public-Private Planning, together with the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, to prepare recommendations for regional leaders on measures and comprehensive indicators of the effectiveness of support production programs enterprises by forming a guaranteed regional order”.
Journal "Government order: management, placement, provision" No. 56
Article Authors:
Antipina Elena Alexandrovna - Head of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the Dual-Use Scientific and Industrial Cluster of the Collegium of the Military Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation, General Director of the Institute of Public-Private Planning.
Zhurenkov Denis Alexandrovich - Head of the Information and Analytical Support Department of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VNII Center (Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia)
Sheloumov Mikhail Aleksandrovich - Ph.D. in Law, Head of Methodology of State and Corporate Procurement of GPB Electronic Trading Platform LLC
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The volume of the State Defense Order, which used to be 100% of the load, is now clearly insufficient to keep enterprises afloat. Even taking into account the fact that a significant part of the State Defense Order was used to finance strategic forces, the almost complete absence of physical purchases of weapons by the Russian army indicates the presence of systemic failures in the distribution of the state defense order.
The total amount of the state defense order for the purchase, development and repair of weapons is about 520 billion rubles in this year's budget. To date, more than 3.5 thousand contracts have been concluded for 300 billion rubles, which is 70% of the state defense order. The Ministry of Defense has already transferred 130 billion rubles to enterprises. as part of the financing of the state defense order this year.
After the revision of the budget, according to experts, it is still unclear what the specific volumes of support for enterprises will be. Because of this, since the beginning of the year, research and development projects have not been funded at all, and the money that enterprises still received was issued mainly within the framework of earlier
signed multi-year contracts. Another reason for the delays is the reform of the ordering services of the Ministry of Defense and the peculiarities of the legislation: it takes at least two months from bidding to place an order to the conclusion of a contract, and almost half of the contracts to be concluded this year have not even been bidded. Such a situation at the beginning of the implementation of the reform can jeopardize the timing of rearmament, which is vital not only for the army, but for the entire economy of the country.
1. URL: http://www.finam.ru/dictionary/wordf00F60/default. asp?n=10.
2. New weapons will be! //A red star. 2008 .
3. Litovkin D. Will the state defense order-2009 become a locomotive for overcoming the crisis? / Izvestiya. 05/06/2009. URL: http://www.izvestia.ru/economic/article3128165/
4. On the federal budget: feder. law.
© Abramova E. V., Vlasova K. E., Eremeev D. V., 2010
I. A. Baburina, E. E. Gubaidullina Scientific director- G. I. Yurkovskaya Siberian State Aerospace University named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev, Krasnoyarsk
MAIN FEATURES OF ENTERPRISES IN THE DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
The main features of the enterprises of the military-industrial complex are determined, which distinguish their activities from the activities of enterprises in other areas of production, their essence is revealed.
Defense-industrial complex (DIC) - a set of research, design, testing organizations and manufacturing enterprises that develop and manufacture military and special equipment for state law enforcement agencies and for export, as well as civilian products as part of the conversion. In addition, for the period up to 2015, the state's needs in this area are determined by the State Armament Program for 2007-2015. That is why it is very important to clearly understand the main features of the OPK:
1. High dependence on government orders with a real prospect of its termination. National security is one of the main needs of the state and society, the satisfaction of which determines the creation of the defense industry. Hence the need for constant attention on the part of the state to the problems of the development of the defense industry. As a result, the main purpose of the functioning of the defense industry makes it dependent on the availability of a state order, i.e., on providing it with work and the necessary funding.
2. The specific nature of the purpose of products is determined by its focus on providing
the strategic interests of the country. Defense industry products are primarily military equipment designed to ensure the defense capability and security of the state, protect morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation; the main instrument for the implementation of the country's strategic objectives; the main indicator of the power and independence of the state, an indicator of its status on the world stage.
3. Most of the activities are presented in project form. The modern dynamics of development requires enterprises to implement more and more new projects. From this point of view, the OPK is characterized by the presence of a goal; limited time; the uniqueness of the product and the conditions for obtaining the result; the presence of a specific structure and team; a change in which a project takes a system from its current state to its desired state.
4. The presence of a pronounced specialization of production. The specialization of the defense industry is of a military science-intensive nature, which is manifested in such large areas as aerospace, rocket-building, radio-electronic, production of communications equipment, ammunition and special equipment, and instrument making.
Section "Economics and business"
5. Long term and capital intensive production activities. Long-term planning allows you to make decisions about the basic structure of the production program. Thus, the production program is formed not for one year, but for several years. Capital intensity is determined by constant financing and dependence on the timing of its implementation. All production costs are also calculated for several years, taking into account the possibility of making changes in the distribution of financial resources, or taking into account the likelihood of their receipt being stopped.
6. The uniqueness of the products. The defense industrial complex is a single science-intensive production that produces a limited type of product and has its own specific consumer - the state. The uniqueness of the products of the military-industrial complex lies in the use of certain high-precision equipment in its production, in the use of unique and complex technologies, and in the use of highly qualified labor resources.
7. High level science intensity of production. The Russian defense industry is a multifunctional research and production industry capable of developing and producing modern views and types of weapons, as well as to produce a variety of high-tech civilian products. The military-industrial complex is the main consumer of the results of innovation activity.
8. High level of risk. The basis effective work in the defense industry - ensuring constant monitoring of deviations. This implies regular accounting, full reporting on production, analysis and coordination of production. The state does not assume economic responsibility for causing losses to the enterprise. In addition, there is a constant risk of termination, delay or reduction in financing of the state order, as a result of which, further production of products is carried out entirely at the expense of own funds enterprises .
9. High level of requirements for the quality of manufactured products and the implementation of business processes (quality, timing, costs). Defense industry products must be produced strictly within the specified time frame and not exceed the budgeted costs.
10. High level of requirements for the qualification of personnel (workers, employees, specialists). The labor resources of the defense industrial complex are determined by the complex nature of labor and the forms of its motivation, the national significance of the formation and implementation of the labor potential of workers in this field of activity. Defense industry personnel have a unique combination of skills and abilities.
11. Limited opportunities for information and technology transfer. The information conditions for the functioning of enterprises are special requirements due to secrecy that limits cooperation and technology transfer. The main directions and volumes of development of defense technologies are determined by the military doctrine of the state. Today's legal basis conducting and protecting the development of the defense complex are determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
12. Availability of conversion production. Except military products, defense industry enterprises produce civilian products. The defense industry uses its capabilities to the maximum to ensure not only the defense, but also the economic, social and intellectual security of the country, which is envisaged in the idea of conversion.
According to the analysis, we note that on the basis of the features of the defense industry, a production program is being developed through which the main task of the functioning of defense industry enterprises is realized.
1. Katkalo V. S. State order in economic structures: principles of formation and implementation mechanism // Bulletin of the Leningrad University. 1990. Issue. 2. S. 104-111.
2. Antipov A. A. Status and development of the domestic military-industrial complex. Krasnaya Zvezda. 2006. No. 3.
3. Osmolovsky VV Organization and planning of industrial enterprises (associations). Minsk: Highest. school, 1978. S. 192.
4. Avdonina Yu. The supplier is waiting for guarantees // Risk. 1993. No. 3. S. 25.
© Baburina I. A., Gubaidullina E. E., Yurkovskaya G. I., 2010
N. V. Bakhmareva Siberian State Aerospace University named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev, Krasnoyarsk
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES
An attempt has been made to synthesize methods for evaluating the effectiveness of organizational management structures in order to identify indicators that most fully reflect the essence of the business processes under consideration.
In modern economic conditions, when evaluating the results economic activity increasingly important for the organization of acquisition
ut qualitative indicators, serving as the basis for a comprehensive analysis of financial and economic activities. We believe that more stable
The military-industrial complex of Russia in 2012-2015
The defense industry of the Russian Federation ensures the national security of the country and prevents the danger of Russia's involvement in a major war
In order to concentrate the technological, production, financial and human resources of defense industry organizations, structural transformations continued in accordance with the approved schedules and strategies for the development of defense industries. By the beginning of 2012, 55 integrated structures of the defense industry, including 330 industrial enterprises, concentrated 60% of the output of the defense industry (in 2003, 18 integrated structures, uniting 88 industrial enterprises, produced about 25.5% of the products of the defense industry). The formation of the corporate basis of the defense industry made it possible to launch the largest investment cycle in the defense industry over the past 20 years and manage it effectively.
In the period 2011-2016. about 80 normative legal acts were developed and adopted concerning various areas of activity of defense industry organizations, including nine federal laws. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 7, 2012 No. 603 “On the implementation of plans (programs) for the construction and development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies and the modernization of the military-industrial complex”, adopted in 2012, outlined the system of goals for the development of the defense industry by predefining:
a) equipping the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies with modern models of weapons, military and special equipment (AMSE), bringing their share to 70% by 2020;
b) the priority development of nuclear deterrence forces, aerospace defense systems, communications, intelligence and control systems, electronic warfare, complexes of unmanned aerial vehicles, robotic strike complexes, modern transport aviation, high-precision weapons and means of combating them, personal protection systems for military personnel;
c) the development of the Navy, primarily in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and the Far East, in order to protect the strategic interests of the Russian Federation.
At the same time, tasks were set for:
- creation of a qualitatively new system of analysis and strategic planning in the field of countering threats to national security for a period of 30 to 50 years in the interests of the formation of state weapons programs;
– expanding the practice of holding open tenders and auctions as part of the implementation of the state defense order and increasing liability for violation of the requirements established by legislative and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation in the field of the state defense order;
– improving the regulatory framework in the field of state defense orders and pricing in relation to military products;
- simplifying the procedure for creating new production facilities for military products, including through the implementation of a public-private partnership mechanism;
- creation of a control system for the full industrial cycle of production of weapons, military and special equipment - from modeling and design to serial production of products, ensuring their operation and further disposal;
– creation of a system aimed at improving the management economic activity organizations of the military-industrial complex in order to optimize production processes that allow the use of advanced technologies, including foreign ones, to create high-quality products;
– ensuring the dynamic development of breakthrough high-risk research and development, fundamental science and the implementation of applied research programs in the interests of ensuring the country's defense and state security, including with the participation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, state scientific centers and leading universities, etc.
Achieving the goals set in this decree assumed a significant increase in funds allocated for the implementation of the State Armament Program and the state defense order, which led to an increase in the dependence of defense enterprises on the state defense contracts they concluded, significantly reducing the output of civilian and dual-use products.
During this period continued:
- Strengthening the vertical control of the military-technical sphere of the country, manifested in the increase in the status of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation, which became the working body of the President of the Russian Federation;
– strengthening of vertically integrated structures of the defense industry;
– improvement of the legislative and legal framework for the functioning of the technical equipment system of the RF Armed Forces (Federal Laws of December 29, 2012 No. 275-FZ “On the State Defense Order”, of April 5, 2013 No. 44-FZ “On the Federal Contract System in the field of procurement goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs”, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 5, 2013 No. 1119 “On approval of the regulation on state regulation prices for products supplied under the state defense order”, dated December 13, 2013 No. 1155 “On approval of the regulation on the application of types of prices for products under the state defense order”, etc.);
– adoption of basic documents related to program-target planning for the development of the defense industry in order to increase the efficiency of equipping the RF Armed Forces with modern types of weapons, military and special equipment (forecast of the development of science and technology in the interests of the defense and security of the Russian Federation until 2030; technical and economic initial data for the period up to 2025; list of basic and critical industrial technologies for the period up to 2025 to ensure the development of the draft State Armaments Program for the next program period, etc.);
- creation of an integral system of state support for industry, which includes a variety of institutions and tools covering almost all categories of enterprises;
– transition to the conclusion of long-term contracts, contracts of full life cycle samples of weapons and military equipment, etc.
These measures ensured the emergence of a number of positive trends in the development of the defense industry:
– continuous growth of industrial output;
- increasing the amount of profit received by defense enterprises;
– achieving the average salary in the defense industry up to a competitive level;
– decrease in the average age of defense industry workers.
In general, since 2000 - since the beginning of the implementation of the course for structural reform and development of the defense industry - by 2016, labor productivity has increased by more than 8 times.
The new geopolitical conditions that began to take shape at the end of 2013 led to the introduction of numerous sanctions against the Russian Federation, which put domestic defense enterprises in a difficult position, and a sharp decline in prices for products of the fuel and energy complex on the world market and the resulting reduction in income federal budget did not allow the state to provide financial assistance to these enterprises in the required volumes. As a result of the financial and economic crisis that emerged in Russia, some of the emerging positive trends in the defense industry were disrupted.
The need for import substitution, due to US and EU sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation, led to the fact that Russian defense enterprises were forced to urgently reorient themselves to other markets for components and the element base.
Ukraine's anti-Russian policy made a much greater contribution to the actualization of the import substitution process compared to the sanctions imposed by Western countries. Due to the cessation of supplies by Ukraine, problems arose in the production of certain types of military vessels for the Navy. Russia was forced to transfer production gas turbine engines for frigates of the Navy from the Ukrainian enterprise "Zorya-Mashproekt" in Nikolaev to JSC "Rybinsk Motors". The problem of helicopter engines, which were previously produced in Ukraine, was also solved.
Partially, the implementation of the import substitution policy began in 2004, which significantly reduced the severity of the problems caused by the termination of technical cooperation with a number of foreign states, and the scientific, technical and production and technological potentials accumulated by that time in the country's defense industry made it possible already in 2017 to actually remove the problem of replacing foreign components with Russian counterparts.
Even in the context of another crisis, the defense industry remained the most intensively developing segment Russian industry(in 2015, production volumes increased by 13%, while in the country as a whole they decreased by 5.1%, in 2016 - an increase of more than 10% against 1.3% in the whole country).
At the same time, it is important that the defense industry ensures the fulfillment of its main function as an integral part of the military organization, ensuring the implementation of programs and plans for the development of the weapons system of the RF Armed Forces - by the beginning of 2017, the share of modern weapons and equipment in the army and navy exceeded 50%.
The improvement in the quality of the functioning of the defense industry in the recent period is evidenced by the steady increase in the degree of fulfillment of the state defense order as a whole (in 2013 - 93%, in 2014 - 96.7%, in 2015 - 97.6%, in 2016 . – 98.8%).
At the same time, focusing mainly on the fulfillment of state defense contracts has created the danger that many defense enterprises, having lost their positions in the civilian product markets, will find themselves in a difficult economic situation with a reduction in the state defense order as the specified parameters of the state of the RF Armed Forces are reached. In this regard, the President of Russia has set the task of consistently increasing the share of civilian and dual-use products in the total volume of defense industry production (up to 50% by 2025), which has updated the work on diversifying the production of defense enterprises.
On July 3, 2016, Federal Law No. 317-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the State Defense Order” and Article 7.292 of the Code of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses”, aimed at improving the interaction between state customers and the main executors (executors) of state contracts to fulfill the tasks of the state defense order and strengthening responsibility for the quality of fulfillment of the obligations assumed.
During this period, the Fundamentals of the state policy in the field of development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025 and beyond (hereinafter referred to as the Fundamentals-2025) were developed and approved by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2017. Work was organized to develop and approve the plan implementation activities in 2017-2020 Osnov-2025. The Foundations-2025 provides for a set of tasks for further building up and effectively using the potential of the defense industry.
A system of program-target planning for the development of the defense industry has been formed. In particular, the Government of the Russian Federation Decree No. 425-8 of May 16, 2016 approved the state program of the Russian Federation "Development of the military-industrial complex" and amendments to the federal target program "Development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation for 2011-2020". In accordance with the decree of the government of the Russian Federation, within the framework of this program and the state defense order, industrial basic and critical technologies are being developed at defense industry enterprises, as well as work on technical re-equipment and reconstruction of part of the production and experimental technological base, which made it possible to significantly increase production and technological readiness for the implementation of the SAP -2020.
More than 900 industrial technologies have been developed within the framework of state and federal targeted programs, and about 400 capital construction projects have been put into operation. Such instruments of state support and stimulation of the development of defense industry organizations as different kind subsidies, government guarantees, etc.
The organizational integration of the defense industry has been completed. A powerful corporate base has been formed, which currently includes 65 integrated structures - these are new centers of competence in the defense industry, concentrating about 78% of the total output of defense industry organizations. Licensing of activities in the field of state defense order is carried out. To date, the number of valid licenses for activities in the field of state defense orders is almost 1.8 thousand licenses.
Thanks to state support measures, primarily within the framework of these programs and the State Defense Order, in 2011-2016. there are high steady rates of development of the defense industry. Compared to 2010, the volume of industrial production of the defense industry in 2016 increased by 1.9 times (see table), and for the entire period of the implementation of the course for the development of the defense industry (2007-2016) - almost 2.9 times.
The volume of industrial products produced by defense industry enterprises in 2016 increased by 10.7%. Due to outstripping growth rates, the share of defense industry products (military, dual-purpose and civilian) in the total volume of industrial production in Russia increased in 2016 by 0.5% compared to 2015.
Due to the introduction of new technical solutions, labor productivity increased in 2011-2016. 1.9 times. In 2016, the increase in labor productivity was 10.3% compared to 2015. The quality of economic growth in the defense industry is also evidenced by an increase in the share innovative products in the total production of defense industry products and the growth of products manufactured for export. The age composition of the equipment fleet is improving.
Significant for the Russian defense industry was the revival of the institute of general designers for the creation of military and military equipment.
The institute of general designers was introduced in the USSR in 1956. The role and status of the general designer was determined by the very procedure for appointing this key position in the country's military-industrial complex. Candidates for general designers were considered and approved at meetings of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee.
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... and strategic missile submarines. |
In the post-Soviet period, in the new economic conditions, for a number of reasons, the role of general designers has decreased.
Understanding the strategic importance effective management developing advanced weapons and in order to form and implement a unified military-technical policy in the field of creating and improving the military and military equipment, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 19, 2015 No. 18 "On the General Designer for the creation of weapons, military and special equipment" approved the regulation on the General Designer for the creation of weapons , military and special equipment, which determines the rights, duties and responsibilities of the general designer, as well as the procedure for his activities.
In accordance with the regulation, the general designer is the head of the project for the creation of new (promising), technically complex (resource-intensive) models (complexes, systems) of AME with strategic importance to ensure the defense of the country and the security of the state.
The next logical step aimed at improving the efficiency of managing the development of advanced weapons was the creation of the institute of heads of priority technological areas in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 20, 2016 No. 347 "On the head of a priority technological area."
The head of the priority technological direction is entrusted with the management of work on the creation and implementation of industrial technologies for the innovative development of the defense industry and the development of military and military equipment, as well as the coordination of developments in this area.
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In general, an analysis of the history of the formation and development of the military-industrial complex indicates the following:
- its development was carried out to a greater extent through situational management (in the 1920s - due to the need to preserve the remaining intact industry; in the 1930s - under the influence of an impending military threat; in the 1940s - due to the rapidly changing military situation, in the 1950s - because of the danger of falling behind in the development of means of armed struggle, in the 1960s-1980s - due to the arms race, in the 1990s - as a result of cardinal changes in the country; since the late 1990s - under the cyclical impact of financial and economic crises of various scales); this left no room for developing a strategy for its development from a systemic standpoint, since the rapid volatility of the military-political situation in the world, as well as the forms and methods of conducting armed struggle, constantly required a prompt response to new threats;
- control system defense industry in its development, it changed several phases of centralization and decentralization, which showed the ability of the defense industry complex to function in various management options, but with different efficiency organ - State Committee defense (GKO), which decided all political and economic issues and having full power; in July 1941, the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command was created, which resolved all military issues, including those related to the management of the defense industry);
from the pre-war years to the early 1990s. a strict linkage between the development of the military-industrial complex and the goals of developing the Armed Forces and the country's economy was ensured; at the same time, all the constituent parts of the military organization formed a single whole and harmoniously complemented each other in terms of solving the problems of technical equipment of the RF Armed Forces;
- a qualitatively new stage in the post-war development of all objects of military-technical policy began in the 1990s. with the transition to market economy, the main consequence of which was a change in the paradigm of their functioning (at the same time, the changes that occurred in the 90s of the XX century were mainly of a destructive nature, as a result of which the effectiveness of the functioning of the military-industrial complex decreased sharply);
- the measures taken since the beginning of the 21st century first stabilized, and then created the conditions for intensifying the development of the military-industrial complex in the system of market relations;
- despite all the difficulties, the defense industry of the Russian Federation ensures the national security of the country and prevents the danger of Russia's involvement in a major war.
Course work contains 39 pages, 4 figures, 22 sources.
OPK, DOCTRINE, SECURITY, DEFENSE ORDER, EFFICIENCY.
In the work, the military-industrial complex of Russia is studied.
The purpose of the course work was to study the management system of the Russian defense industry.
The methodological basis of the study in this course work was the method of theoretical analysis.
As a result of the study, the characteristics and composition of the defense industry were considered, legislative framework and the structure of the governing bodies of the military-industrial complex, the defense order is considered as the basis of the state administration of the defense industry of the Russian Federation, as well as familiarization with the enterprises of the defense industry of the Khabarovsk Territory and their current potential.
Introduction
1. Theoretical aspects of the study of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation
1.1 The concept and composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation
1.2 Legislative framework and structure of the military-industrial complex management bodies
1.3 Defense order as the basis of state administration of the defense industry of the Russian Federation
2. Current state enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory
2.1 Characteristics of the enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory
Conclusion
bibliographic list
DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS
OPK - military-industrial complex
VVST - armed, military and special equipment
MO - Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
Rosoboronpostavka - Federal agency for the supply of weapons, military, special equipment and materiel
GOZ - state defense order
GPV - state armament program
Air Force - air force
air defense - air defense
Navy - navy
R&D - research and development
SSBN - strategic missile submarine
SPRN - warning systems about missile attack
RLS - radar station
DEPL - diesel-electric submarine
OJSC "KnAAZ" - OJSC "Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Plant named after Yu.A. Gagarin"
Introduction
One of the most important means of ensuring national security is its armed forces, the military-industrial complex as a whole. National security - one of the main needs of the state and society - today is of the utmost importance for the successful implementation of its political, socio-economic, spiritual and ideological tasks. Hence the need for constant attention on the part of the state to the problems of the development of the military-industrial complex (DIC), the development and production of weapons and military equipment, the necessary level of scientific, technical and military-technical potentials, providing Russia with the role of a great power in the world. The need for such an understanding and real actions of the political leadership of the country is also due to the actions of Western countries, and above all the United States, seeking to change the balance of armed forces in their favor, both in the West and on the southern borders of Russia.
To improve production efficiency and quality of work, improve management in modern conditions, it is necessary to know the methods of substantiating decisions, methods and techniques for analyzing planned and ongoing costs in the field of economics.
This is especially necessary when solving the problems of ensuring the country's defense capability, since here the cost of losses from erroneous or insufficiently substantiated decisions is the highest.
The concept of national security of the Russian Federation until 2020, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009 No. 537, is a political document reflecting the totality of officially accepted views on the goals and state strategy in the field of ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state from external and internal threats of a political, economic, social, military, man-made, environmental, informational and other nature, taking into account the available resources and capabilities.
The most important tasks ensuring national security adopted:
improving the quality of life Russian citizens by guaranteeing personal security as well as high standards of life support;
economic growth, which is achieved primarily through the development of national innovation system and investment in human capital;
science, technology, education, health and culture, which are developed by strengthening the role of the state and improving public-private partnerships;
ecology of living systems and rational nature management, the maintenance of which is achieved through balanced consumption, the development of advanced technologies and the expedient reproduction of the country's natural resource potential;
strategic stability and equal strategic partnership which are strengthened on the basis of Russia's active participation in the development of a multipolar model of the world order.
The relevance of this topic is due to the growing tension in the world. The development of the world follows the path of globalization of all spheres of international life, which is characterized by high dynamism and interdependence of events. Contradictions have become aggravated between states, connected with the uneven development as a result of globalization processes, the deepening of the gap between the levels of prosperity of countries. Values and development models have become the subject of global competition. The vulnerability of all members of the international community in the face of new challenges and threats has increased. As a result of the strengthening of new centers of economic growth and political influence, a qualitatively new geopolitical situation is emerging. In conditions of competition for resources, the solution of emerging problems with the use of military force is not excluded - the existing balance of forces near the borders of the Russian Federation and the borders of its allies may be violated. There is a growing risk of an increase in the number of States-owners nuclear weapons. The study and analysis of this problem was carried out by such scientists as S.A. Tolmachev, B.N. Kuzyk and E.Yu. Khrustalev.
One of the strategic goals of national defense is to ensure military security through the development and improvement of the state's military organization and defense potential, as well as the allocation of sufficient financial, material and other resources for these purposes.
The object of study in the course work is the military-industrial complex of Russia.
The subject of the study is the mechanism of functioning of the control system of the military-industrial complex of the state.
The purpose of this work is to study the management system of the Russian defense industry in modern conditions. To achieve this goal, a range of tasks was determined to be solved within the framework of this course work:
characterize the concept and composition of the defense industry;
study the legislative foundations and structure of the military-industrial complex management bodies;
consider the defense order as the basis of the state administration of the defense industry of the Russian Federation;
get acquainted with the enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory and their current potential.
The work consists of an introduction, two interrelated chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography.
1. Theoretical aspects of the study of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation
.1 The concept and composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation
Today, the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the MIC) of Russia is a multifunctional research and production industry capable of developing and producing modern types and types of weapons, military and special equipment (hereinafter referred to as AMSE), as well as producing a variety of science-intensive civilian products. Its basis is strategic enterprises and strategic joint-stock companies. The list of these enterprises and companies was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 4, 2004 No. 1009 (as amended on September 1, 2014). This list includes more than 1000 items, including:
federal state unitary enterprises engaged in the production of products (works, services) of strategic importance for ensuring the defense capability and security of the state, protecting morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation;
open joint stock companies whose shares are in federal ownership and the participation of the Russian Federation in the management of which ensures the strategic interests, defense capability and security of the state, protection of morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation.
The defense industry consists of several branches:
Rocket and space industry.
Industry of ammunition and special chemicals.
armaments industry.
Radio industry.
Communication industry.
shipbuilding industry.
Intersectoral structures and enterprises.
.2 Legislative framework and structure of the military-industrial complex management bodies
The main document of strategic planning in the Russian Federation is the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation. It is a system of views officially adopted in the state on the preparation for armed defense and the armed defense of the Russian Federation. The Military Doctrine takes into account the basic concepts<#"justify">3. The Federal Space Agency regulates activities carried out by rocket and space industry organizations in the field of military rocket and space technology and strategic military rocket technology;
4. Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation performs the functions of control and supervision in the field of military-technical cooperation between the Russian Federation and foreign states;
The Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation is a permanent body that organizes and coordinates the activities of federal executive bodies in the implementation of state policy on military-industrial issues, as well as military-technical support for the country's defense, law enforcement and state security;
Federal agency for the supply of weapons, military, special equipment and materiel (Rosoboronpostavka) performs the functions of the state customer for placing orders, concluding, paying, monitoring and accounting for the implementation of state contracts for the state defense order for the entire range of weapons, military, special equipment and materiel.
Legislature:
The Expert Council on Problems of Legislative Support for the Military-Industrial Complex under the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation was established by a resolution Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of February 26, 2014 N 44-SF. Main tasks Expert Council are the legislative support for the effective functioning and development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation and the improvement legal regulation in the field of military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign states.
.3 Defense order as the basis of state administration of the RF defense industry
The basis of state management of the military-industrial complex is the placement of a defense order. The state defense order is legal act providing for the supply of products for federal state needs in order to maintain the required level of defense capability.
The prerequisites for the formation of a defense order are the provisions of the military doctrine, the federal program for the production of weapons and military equipment, programs for military-technical cooperation with other states, the mobilization plan for the economy, and some other conditions.
The development of the defense order is carried out in conjunction with the forecast of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation and the draft federal budget for the corresponding year. The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Russia approves the work schedule for the formation of a defense order, which is brought to the attention of all developers.
The main indicators of the defense order are approved by the President of the Russian Federation. They are: production of products (works, services by type); work on the implementation of international treaties on the elimination, reduction and limitation of armaments; measures for the mobilization preparation of the economy; work on the construction, technical re-equipment of facilities intended for defense needs; material and technical resources, according to which quotas of their obligatory deliveries (state booking) to state customers and contractors are set for suppliers.
The defense order also specifies delivery times; projected cost (price); list of state customers and prospective contractors and other conditions. The state budget provides for expenditures on the defense order as part of protected items to be financed in full.
By the most important types of material and technical resources for the fulfillment of the defense order The Government of the Russian Federation establishes quotas for mandatory supplies to enterprises to the head executor of the defense order at prevailing market prices.
The state customer is responsible for the timely delivery of the defense order to the contractor, for the targeted use of the funds allocated to it from the budget. The fulfillment of the defense order is economically stimulated by appropriations from the federal budget for the construction, development new technology, guaranteeing a fixed level of profitability and other measures.
State customers, together with the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, hold tenders for placing a defense order for the supply of food to provide military and equivalent consumers.
When concluding state contracts for the execution of defense orders, data from state statistical bodies on the level and dynamics of market prices for agricultural products and foodstuffs taking into account inflation forecast by the Russian Ministry of Economic Development. When agreed with suppliers, contractual prices are provided at a level not higher than the average market prices in force in the relevant constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Purchases and deliveries are made on the basis of direct contracts concluded with domestic producers. Orders for food supply are placed in the subjects of the Russian Federation at the place of deployment of troops.
The defense order at all stages is developed and implemented in accordance with the requirements of the legislation to ensure the regime for maintaining state secrets. A defense order is obligatory if its placement does not cause losses in execution.
The rapid growth of the state defense order (SDO) of Russia began in 2005, when it increased by almost a third compared to the previous year, amounting to 148 billion rubles. A year later (2006), the State Armament Program for the period 2007-2015 (SPV-2015) was approved. Thanks to the growing military funding, it became the first such program in Russia, which really began to be implemented (Figure 1).
Figure 1 - Defense order of the Russian Federation in 2004-2011 (billion rubles)
This fact allowed the industry to start building more or less long-term production plans.
In general, it can be argued that today the state defense order is a determining factor for the Russian defense industry and serves as one of the most effective instruments of the state's industrial policy. Since 2005, the volume of the state defense order has exceeded the volume of the country's military exports, and this is the first prerequisite for the formation in Russia of the stable operation of all defense industry enterprises, and not just those that are export-oriented. It is well known that until the mid-2000s, stable economic situation demonstrated only those enterprises whose products were in demand abroad, the rest barely kept afloat.
The exact range of weapons purchased under SAP-2015 is unknown, but in 2006 the leadership of the Russian Ministry of Defense announced the general planned indicators: the program included equipping 200 formations and units. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation received about 3,000 units of new weapons for various purposes and more than 5,000 modernized weapons for various purposes. The ground and airborne troops were re-equipped with new, modernized weapons, and this is more than 300 battalions, several missile brigades. The Air Force and Air Defense provided for the receipt of more than a thousand combat complexes of front-line and army aviation. The Navy has several dozen ships and submarines, including five strategic missile carriers.
In 2005 prices, it was planned to allocate 4.94 trillion rubles for SAP-2015, of which 4.51 trillion rubles (91 percent) were intended for the Ministry of Defense. Of the total amount, 63 percent was planned to be spent on the purchase of new weapons and military equipment, and another 20 percent of the program budget was allocated for R&D.
SAP-2015 was divided into two stages in terms of funding volumes: 2007-2010 and 2011-2015, since it was supposed to sharply increase purchases for many types of weapons and military equipment after 2010.
October 2010 The State Armament Program for the period 2011-2020 (SWP-2020) was approved, which was built on the basis of the "second part" of the SAP-2015, but is "supplemented and expanded" taking into account new realities. In SAP-2020, the main priority is given to the procurement of complex high-tech samples (more than 70% of the program volume). The lessons of recent armed conflicts, primarily in South Ossetia, are also taken into account. Based on this, the share of serial purchases of modern and promising samples in the new SAP-2020 exceeds the same indicator for SAP-2015 by 15-20%.
An important innovation of SAP-2015 was the transition to three-year contracts. Meanwhile, the actual execution of these contracts faced a number of difficulties caused primarily by the inferiority of the pricing mechanism.
Thus, despite the general correctness of the idea of transition to medium-term procurement contracting, in practice it faces a number of traditional unresolved issues. Traditional problems also include high lending rates.
new trend State Defense Order, there was an increase in purchases of weapons and military equipment from foreign manufacturers. Previously, single purchases were made in the interests of the Ground Forces, but the potential acquisition of several universal landing ships Mistral type can dramatically increase the share of foreign weapons in Russian army.
The key priorities included: development of the strategic nuclear potential; means of rocket and space defense; equipping the troops with modern strike systems, command and control, intelligence and communications systems, as well as strengthening the military infrastructure. In part, the change in priorities was caused by the Russian-Georgian war of 2008, as a result of which the SDO-2010 included such a direction as “providing work to strengthen the contingent of our Armed Forces and the construction of appropriate military infrastructure in the most important strategic directions, including the South, and the modernization of the Black Sea fleet." Let's consider in more detail.
.Strategic nuclear forces.
The priority of financing strategic nuclear forces (SNF) in Russia has never been questioned. However, throughout the 2000s, the relative share of strategic nuclear forces in defense spending was declining, which is obviously due not to a decrease in the priority of strategic nuclear forces, but to an increase in the absolute budget of the Defense Ministry. If in 1999-2000 about 95 percent of the state defense order was spent on strategic nuclear forces, then in 2007 only 23 percent of the funds were spent on "nuclear" purposes.
Probably, in subsequent years, this figure remained at the same level, which is indirectly confirmed by the fact that SAP-2015 provides for the allocation of about 20 percent of funds for the purchase of weapons and military equipment for strategic nuclear forces.
The main procurement programs for the Strategic Missile Forces are the programs for the procurement of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) RT-2PM2 "Topol-M" and RS-24 "Yars" (the development of which was completed as part of SAP-2015). In 2007-2009, 24 Topol-M ICBMs (including 15 mobile ones) and the first three serial Yars mobile ICBMs were purchased. In addition, funding continued to support maintenance of the previous generation missile systems: R-36M/M2, UR-100NUTTH and RT-2PM. Obviously, by 2015-2017, the amount of funds for maintaining old systems in service will decrease, which, if the current level of purchases of new ICBMs is maintained, may mean a decrease in the share of expenditures on the Strategic Missile Forces.
At the same time, the share of the marine nuclear component is likely to increase. Now the main actively funded programs are the construction of strategic missile submarines (SSBN) of project 955 and the development of the main weapon for them - the Bulava-30 ballistic missile. Despite the fact that the building berth of the construction of the head SSBN of project 955 "Yuri Dolgoruky" was successfully completed in 2008 and the boat has been tested since 2009, the program remains in limbo due to unsuccessful launches of the Bulava. Meanwhile, the construction of serial SSBNs of project 955A "Alexander Nevsky" and "Vladimir Monomakh" is underway, the actual construction of the fourth SSBN of this project "Saint Nicholas" has begun. In parallel with the construction of the fourth generation SSBNs, active work is underway to modernize the SSBNs of the previous projects 667BDRM and 667BDR, which form the basis of the naval strategic nuclear forces. In 2007-2009, the repair of two SSBNs of projects 667BDRM and 667BDR was completed, and about 20 R-29RMU-2 Sineva ballistic missiles were purchased for them, and their production is based on a long-term contract. So, as of the beginning of 2008, Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant OJSC had an order for the production of Sineva missiles until 2014.
The aviation component of the strategic nuclear forces also received funding, and the main program here was the purchase and modernization of Tu-160 strategic bombers. In 2007-2010, the Air Force purchased one new bomber, completed from the backlog, and modernized three combatant Tu-160s. At the same time, the Tu-95MS strategic bombers were being repaired.
Thus, taking into account the scale of the work being carried out, it can be stated that the naval component in the strategic nuclear forces has the highest priority and the main state defense funds are allocated to it. If the Bulava tests are successfully completed, the cost of naval strategic weapons may even increase, since it will be necessary to purchase ammunition for the SSBNs under construction - 16-20 missiles for each cruiser, and in addition, the pace of completion of the SSBNs will obviously accelerate.
And the SAP-2020 strategic nuclear forces remain a priority in military development. In the next 10 years, they should almost completely renew their composition: 80% of the Strategic Missile Forces complexes will be systems of new production and only 20% - Soviet-made systems with extended service life.
.Space troops.
In the field of procurement for the Space Forces, we can state a stable situation. In recent years, the Space Forces have carried out an approximately equal number of launches of launch vehicles. The range of launched satellites is quite extensive: it includes reconnaissance, communications, relay, missile warning and navigation satellites. At the same time, significant financial resources are being allocated for the development of a new type of launch vehicle, the Angara (including the ground infrastructure for it), but the completion dates are constantly being postponed. It appears sharp growth spending on the Space Forces in relative terms should not be expected.
In addition to satellites, in accordance with the concept of military space defense, by 2016 it is planned to adopt the new radars of the Voronezh-DM missile attack warning system (SPRN), the over-the-horizon radars Container, Sky, Podlet and Rezonans ”, works on which are also funded. In 2007-2008, the leadership of the Space Forces confirmed the policy of abandoning the use of early warning radars located outside the territory of Russia, and as they are abandoned, two more early warning radars are planned to be deployed in Russia - "closer to the Urals and in the Far East." In total, the Ministry of Defense plans to purchase five or six Voronezh-DM early warning radars in order to create a full radar field over Russian territory by 2015.
.Air Force.
In the field of procurement for the Air Force, the most dynamic development has taken place in recent years. It was in 2007-2010 that the construction of the first prototypes was completed. Russian fighter fifth generation T-50 and the beginning of its flight tests. Obviously, funding for this program will continue and it will probably remain the most costly for the Air Force. In addition, the Air Force is actively increasing the purchase of new equipment. So, in 2008-2009, contracts were signed for the supply of 130 aircraft. Of these, the largest post-Soviet contract for the supply of 48 Su-35S fighters, four Su-30M2 and 12 Su-27SM3 worth a total of 80 billion rubles should be noted. The second largest was the contract for the purchase of 32 Su-34 front-line bombers worth 33.6 billion rubles.
During the SAP-2015 period, for the first time after an almost 15-year break, new aviation equipment began to be transferred to the Air Force. In 2007-2009, about 40 new aircraft were delivered to the troops, but most of them (31) fell on MiG-29SMT / UBT fighters, bought by the Defense Ministry after Algeria abandoned them. This deal, worth 25 billion rubles, apparently, was not provided for by SAP-2015 and actually became an “extra-planned” purchase of the Air Force. Helicopter purchases have also begun: the industry has produced about 40 helicopters for the needs of the Russian Armed Forces, including about 20 of the latest combat Mi-28N. In 2010, 27 more aircraft and more than 50 helicopters (including eight Mi-28N and six Ka-52A) should be added to this number.
During the period under review, mass production new air defense system S-400. In 2007-2009, two S-400 divisions were transferred to the troops, and five more are expected to be delivered in 2010. In addition, tests of the Pantsir-S1 air defense missile system were completed, and in 2009, deliveries of serial complexes to the troops began.
The repair and modernization of aviation equipment was actively carried out. The main programs were the modernization of the Su-27 fighters to the level of the Su-27SM, the Su-24M front-line bomber to the level of the Su-24M2 and the Su-25 attack aircraft to the level of the Su-25SM.
Also, work was underway to modernize the MiG-31B fighters and a number of special-purpose aircraft and military transport aviation, but the volume of these works was insignificant.
.Navy.
In recent years, the Navy has managed to complete the construction of a number of long-term construction projects that have been on the stocks since Soviet times, as well as to lay ships of new projects. So, in 2010, the Severodvinsk multi-purpose nuclear submarine (NPS) of Project 885 was finally launched, which is a milestone in the implementation of the program, and in 2009, the Kazan nuclear submarine of the same type was laid down. In 2010, after almost six years of testing, the lead diesel-electric submarine (DEPL) of project 677 St. Petersburg was transferred to the fleet, in 2008 the Northern Fleet was replenished with an experimental submarine of project 20120 Sarov.
Within the framework of one of the recently identified priorities of the state defense order is the strengthening of the Black Sea Fleet: in August 2010, a diesel-electric submarine of project 06363 Novorossiysk was laid down and two more ships of the same type are expected to be laid by the end of the year.
At the same time, the procurement policy of the Navy gained great fame due to the discussion of the possibility of purchasing up to four French Mistral-class amphibious assault ships. The contract was signed for 2 ships in June 2011 with the French company DCNS. The total amount of the contract is almost 1.5 billion euros. This is the largest contract for the Navy, apart from the SSBN construction program, as well as an unprecedented case in relation to the purchase of such expensive foreign equipment.
In the field of the surface fleet, positive dynamics should be noted. The project 11540 frigate "Yaroslav the Wise" was completed (construction began in 1986) and the lead corvette of project 20380 "Guarding" was put into operation, as well as the first serial corvette of the same project "Savvy" was launched. The construction of the lead frigate of project 22350 "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov" continued, in 2009 the laying of the same type of frigate "Admiral of the Fleet Kasatonov" was carried out, which was launched on December 12, 2013. In addition, in 2007-2009, the fleet was replenished with one project 02668 sea minesweeper and five landing craft. In August 2010, the laying of a small rocket ship project 21631 "Grad Sviyazhsk", which became the lead in a series of five such ships. The ship was launched on March 9, 2013.
Along with large combat units, auxiliary ships and boats were built, of which at least ten were built.
The Navy also actively carried out repairs to submarines and surface ships. Apart from strategic missile carriers, in 2007-2009, four nuclear submarines and one diesel-electric submarine were repaired, as well as several ships of the first and second ranks, including the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov of the Fleet of the Soviet Union. However, in 2009, funds for the repair of ships were reduced, which did not take long to affect the pace of repair, in particular nuclear submarine projects 949A and 971 of the Northern Fleet.
.Ground troops.
The ground forces during the period under review did not experience major shocks in the field of procurement policy and financing. An analysis of the dynamics of military equipment purchases shows that the Ground Forces continue to systematically re-equip with T-90A tanks (about 156 tanks were purchased) and modernized T-72BA (about 100 units), as well as used models of military equipment, such as BTR-80, BMP -3 and BMD-3/4. In small quantities, the purchase of new armored vehicles "Tiger" and "Dozor" was carried out. Annual purchases of automotive equipment and purchases and repairs of artillery pieces remain approximately at the same level.
At the same time, the purchase of new Iskander-M operational-tactical missile systems is the most difficult: in three years, the troops received about two divisions of these systems. Of the specifics of the procurement policy of the Ground Forces, it should be noted the refusal of the leadership of the Ministry of Defense to finance a number of R&D (development of a new generation tank “object 195”, self-propelled artillery system “Coalition-SV”), as well as the first purchases of weapons and components of foreign production. In particular, Israeli unmanned aerial vehicles, French Thales Catherine thermal imagers and Italian IVECO LMV light armored vehicles.
In the Russian Federation, the functions of the customer for placing orders, concluding, paying, monitoring and accounting for the implementation of state contracts under the state defense order are performed by Rosoboronpostavka. Let's get acquainted with the results of its activities in 2013 (GOZ-2013).
Work on the placement of the State Defense Order-2013 was carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Law of July 21, 2005 No. 94-FZ "On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs."
As of September 01, 2013, Rosoboronpostavka accepted applications for 680 items (1,050 lots) in the amount of 322.4 billion rubles, of which 1,039 lots were placed in the amount of 317.9 billion rubles, which is 796% and 84% more than the number of placed tasks within the SDO-2011 and SDO-2012, respectively (Figure 2).
Figure 2 - Dynamics of placement of state defense orders
One of the problems still remains the quality of preparation of the Terms of Reference, which leads not only to a delay in placing an order, but also to numerous requests for clarification of the provisions of the documentation at the stage of placing an order. In general, according to the SDO-2013, as of September 01, 2013, 417 requests for clarification of the provisions of the documentation for 241 lots were received from the participants in the placement of orders (Figure 3).
Figure 3 - Structure of clarification requests
According to the results of tenders held by Rosoboronpostavka on the nomenclature of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation within the framework of the State Defense Order-2013, 762 state contracts were concluded for the amount of 248.7 billion rubles, the total amount of savings was 3.3 billion rubles. Of the concluded contracts, 152 are long-term and 8 are credit contracts with a maturity date of up to 2020 (Figure 4).
Figure 4 - Dynamics of the conclusion of contracts
Savings based on the results of tenders in 2013 increased compared to the State Defense Order of 2011 and the State Defense Order of 2012 in the comparable period of time - by 25.5 and 5.5 times, respectively. As you can see, the state defense order is an effective tool for implementing state decisions in the military-technical and industrial spheres.
2. The current state of enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory
.1 Characteristics of the enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory
Currently, there are 1,353 defense industry organizations operating in Russia, located in 64 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They employ about 2 million people. There are 30 defense industry enterprises operating in the Far East, 14 of which have a defense order.
The Khabarovsk Territory today is among the most dynamically developing regions of the Russian Federation. More than one-fifth of the industrial products of the Far Eastern Federal District, the main share of engineering and metalworking products, timber products, the entire volume of petroleum products, steel and rolled steel, are produced in the region.
Historically, the leading role in industrial production is played by enterprises of the defense complex, which have the most modern technologies and highly qualified personnel. They passed another test of strength in the conditions of the financial crisis and the limited state defense order.
In accordance with the Concept for the Development of Industrial Production in the Khabarovsk Territory, then measures were taken to form production programs through the production of civilian products, re-profiling part of the capacities for these purposes, and work was intensified to attract export orders.
A convincing result of the constructive interaction between the federal authorities and the government of the Khabarovsk Territory was the growth of the state defense order at the defense industry enterprises of the Territory. From 2008 to 2011, it more than quintupled. Within the framework of the military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries, in recent years, export orders have been placed at the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Plant named after Yu.A. Gagarin (KnAAZ), OJSC Amur Shipbuilding Plant (ASZ), OJSC Khabarovsk Shipbuilding Plant (KhSZ), FKP Amur Cartridge Plant Vympel and a number of others. These orders are not enough to fully load enterprises, but they allow us to maintain unique production facilities and personnel potential of the defense complex. Work continues with the relevant federal structures on the annual increase in the state order to enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the region, as well as its timely financing.
In the military-industrial complex of the region, the development of two priority areas - aircraft building and shipbuilding - is of particular importance. Enterprises of these industries are involved in solving major state tasks of national security. The organizational structure of industries is constantly being improved. For example, at the shipbuilding plants of the region, JSC Amur Shipbuilding Plant, JSC Khabarovsk Shipbuilding Plant, measures are being implemented in accordance with the Concept for the Development of Enterprises Integrated into the Structure of JSC United Shipbuilding Corporation. Two shipbuilding zones are being created: "Amur Naval Shipbuilding Zone" - on the basis of JSC "ASZ" and "Shipbuilding Zone of Small Tonnage "Khabarovsk" - on the basis of JSC "KhSZ". On the territory of the region there is also a federal state-owned enterprise "Amur Cartridge Plant" Vympel ", the only cartridge company in the country with a state form of ownership. Enterprises for the production of explosives and the disposal of ammunition, the repair of aviation equipment, the overhaul of weapons and military equipment of the air defense and air force nomenclature operate in the region.
The leading aircraft manufacturing enterprise of the Russian Federation is Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Plant named after Yu.A. Gagarin, which is part of JSC Aviation Holding Company Sukhoi. The main products of the plant are military aviation equipment for the Russian Air Force and foreign countries. The state armament program until 2015 provides for the purchase of new types of combat aircraft for the Russian Air Force. Among them is a multirole fighter. When it was created, the latest technological advances were used, including those used in the construction of 5th generation aircraft. This machine is designed to strengthen Russia's leading position in the field of combat aviation systems. Being a logical continuation of the Su-27 and Su-30, the new aircraft has absorbed their best qualities and at the same time significantly outperforms its predecessors in terms of combat potential and flight performance. At the same time, the Su-35 provides high continuity, allowing pilots to retrain for new type fighters using the skills previously acquired on the Su-27 family aircraft.
Another area of activity of the enterprise was the production of the 5th generation aircraft under the program "Perspective aviation complex of front-line aviation" (PAK FA (T-50)). In Komsomolsk-on-Amur on March 3, 2011, the first flight of the second prototype took place aviation complex 5th generation. Special Requirements were presented to the T-50 equipment. A deeply integrated multifunctional complex of on-board equipment of a new architecture with elements of artificial intelligence, as well as a highly effective automated defense system, have been developed for it. Flying samples of the T-50 confirm that JSC "KnAAZ" is the most dynamically developing and technologically advanced enterprise in the region, producing the most modern aviation equipment for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. JSC "KnAAZ" is also the executor of the program to create a family of Russian civil regional aircraft "Sukhoi Superjet-100" (SSJ-100). Today it is the main project of Sukhoi and Sukhoi Civil Aircraft CJSC.
JSC "Amur Shipbuilding Plant" is the center of underwater and surface shipbuilding in the Russian Far East. The enterprise has production facilities for the implementation of government contracts for the construction of ships for the country's navy and for export, as well as military and civilian ships with a displacement of up to 25,000 tons. The plant is building a multi-purpose patrol ship of project 20380 "Corvette", designed for operations in the near sea zone and combating enemy surface ships and submarines, as well as for artillery support of amphibious assault. The ship has a superstructure made of multilayer composite materials, made in accordance with the requirements of stealth technology.
The plant has accumulated extensive experience in the construction, repair and modernization of nuclear and diesel submarines of the Russian Navy. In addition to military shipbuilding, the plant in 2010 began construction of a multifunctional ice-class emergency rescue vessel of the MPSV-06 project with a capacity of 7 MW. Two chemical tankers with a carrying capacity of 17.5 thousand tons each are also under completion. To develop the oil and gas shelf of Sakhalin Island, the enterprise built a floating base for the Molikpak mobile drilling platform, a flooding module and a power module for it, repaired and modernized the Orlan oil production platform.
OJSC "Khabarovsk shipbuilding plant" is one of the largest shipbuilding plants in the Far East. The company has accumulated extensive experience in the creation of ships and vessels of various classes and purposes. Production capacity allow you to simultaneously fulfill up to 25 orders with the delivery of 5-6 ships per year. The company specializes in the construction of high-speed ships and boats, including landing hovercraft Murena. There was a need to master the construction of high-speed passenger ships of the gliding type of the A-45 project, designed to transport 100 people at a speed of more than 70 km / h for a distance of up to 600 km along inland waterways. These ships should come to replace the morally and physically outdated Meteor hydrofoil ships.
FKP "Amur Cartridge Plant" Vympel "(Amursk) - one of the most modern enterprises Russian Federation for the production of live ammunition for small arms. World-class technologies allow the production of five types of cartridges in 5.45 and 7.62 calibers. The production is based on unique highly efficient technologies for the manufacture of cartridges on special automatic rotary and rotary-conveyor lines using modern specialized continuous processes of heat treatment, transportation, conservation, control and packaging. The level of automation and mechanization of production processes is more than 90%.
OJSC "Khabarovsk radio engineering plant" - the plant is overhauling weapons and military equipment for the air defense and air force forces. This anti-aircraft missile systems S-300PS, automated control systems of radio engineering troops "Field" and radar stations "Defence". The enterprise also carries out maintenance and restoration of self-propelled anti-aircraft installations, mobile units, radar stations, power supply units. The infrastructure of OJSC Khabarovsk Radio Engineering Plant, its equipment and staffing with highly qualified specialists make it possible to satisfy the needs of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the Far East region:
for the overhaul and modernization of weapons and military air defense equipment at the enterprise;
for the maintenance of weapons by mobile teams at the places of permanent deployment;
By maintenance and the operational restoration of the combat readiness of the armament of the units on combat duty.
OJSC "Aircraft Repair Plant 12" specializes in the implementation overhaul helicopters MI-24, MI-8 and aircraft engines TV3-117.
At the beginning of 2014, a meeting was held in Blagoveshchensk on the placement of state defense orders in 2014 and for the planning period 2015-2016. In 2013, 1.1 billion rubles were allocated to the enterprises of the region under the Federal Target Program "Development of the defense industry complex for 2011-2020", and an increase in funding up to 2 billion rubles is planned for the current year.
The Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Plant, the Khabarovsk Shipbuilding and Radio Engineering Plants participate in the program. According to the results of work in 2013, the volume of production at the enterprises of the defense industry of the region increased by 30.5% compared to 2012 and exceeded 37 billion rubles. The volume of tax revenues to the regional budget from defense industry enterprises amounted to 1.5 billion rubles.
In September 2014, the Khabarovsk Territory and JSC Rosoboronexport signed a cooperation agreement. The agreement implies cooperation in the development of the military-industrial complex of the region, ensuring its stable operation and building up export potential. According to the agreements, OJSC Rosoboronexport, together with the Government of the Territory, will work out the issue of placing export-oriented orders at defense industry enterprises, including the implementation of research and development work in the interests of foreign customers.
2.2 Modernization of the production of defense industry enterprises
The Russian Federation will spend almost 23 trillion rubles by 2020. rubles for defense. In general, by 2020 up to 80% of outdated defense industry equipment should be replaced with modern models, labor productivity at core enterprises should increase by 2.6 times.
In accordance with the plans for the modernization of production, individual enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory have done a great job of acquiring high-performance equipment from the best foreign and domestic firms. For the construction of the Russian regional Sukhoi Superjet-100 aircraft, KnAAZ OJSC has implemented a large-scale technical re-equipment program. Acquisition, installation and commissioning of equipment from the world's leading aircraft manufacturers. In particular, four CNC machining centers DMU-125 and DMU-200 (Germany), laser cutting machines Bistas (Switzerland), a water jet Waterjet (Sweden), and a Loire-FET tight press (France) were installed and put into operation. In addition, a UDP-2 shot-peening unit (Russia), an ARTN-13.5 panel heat treatment unit (Russia), a Loire-FEL crimping press (France) and other equipment.
In total, over the past seven years, 165 pieces of equipment worth more than 5 billion rubles have been installed. It is also used in the production of the main military products of the enterprise. In 2011, KnAAZ OJSC, together with the State Corporation Rosnanotech, launched a project for the production of metal-cutting tools from hard alloys with a nanocoating. As a result, a metalworking tool made of nanopowders without a cobalt binder will appear. Multifunctional nanocomposite coatings make it possible to process tough materials (stainless steel, high-temperature nickel alloys, titanium alloys, etc.) at high cutting speeds. The use of such a tool will increase the productivity of the machine equipment of the enterprise and reduce the cost of manufacturing products. The implementation of this project will lead to a decrease in the consumption of carbide tools by 1.9 times, economic effect will amount to 142.3 million rubles a year.
The modernization of production, combined with actively used technologies, will allow KnAAZ to mass-produce 60 or more Sukhoi Superjet-100 aircraft annually, depending on market needs. As a result of the use of high-performance machine tools and equipment at KnAAZ, the labor intensity of production in 2015 will decrease by almost 4 times compared to 2009.
Over the past two years, Khabarovsk Shipbuilding Plant OJSC has been carrying out technical re-equipment of production within the framework of the Federal target program"Development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation for 2007-2010 and for the period up to 2015". The modernization is aimed at updating the ship hull production and replacing the ship launcher. The goal is to build ships and vessels that, in terms of displacement and dimensions, are twice as large as those currently produced.
The FSUE Far Eastern Production Association Voskhod has been modernized under the project Production of Artillery Shells Dispensing by High-Pressure Water Washing Struya-V and Production of a New Type of Industrial Explosives Emulsen-GSh. The introduction of these methods into production has allowed over the past two years to more than double the output and ensure the profitable operation of the enterprise.
Conclusion
Having studied the legislative framework and the structure of the governing bodies of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, its main characteristics, as well as the importance of the defense order for the state administration of the defense industry of the Russian Federation, we can draw the following conclusion.
Achieving the required level of combat readiness of the Armed Forces is accompanied by significant expenditures of material, labor, financial and time resources. Therefore, ensuring combat readiness is a task not only military, but also economic.
The level of combat readiness depends not only on the amount of resources allocated to the country's defense, but also on the effectiveness of their use. The connection between the performance results of all structural elements of the Armed Forces and the degree of efficiency in the use of resources is becoming ever closer and more tangible.
A model of ensuring global, regional and subregional security with an adequate response to potential threats of the 21st century (political, military, economic, technological, social, etc.) with sufficient defense power is recognized as an indispensable condition for Russia's external security. This indicates adequate military spending at the present stage, ensuring the external security and territorial integrity of Russia as a state.
The most important tasks in this area are the concentration of resources in priority areas of development of science and technology, the support of leading scientific achievements, the protection of intellectual property, the development of scientific and technical information networks, and the fight against terrorism.
At present, a military reform is being actively carried out, designed to improve the financial situation in the Russian defense industry. An important place in this reform process is the optimization of military spending.
Optimization as such does not imply a reduction in military spending by the state, but their more rational spending. The following areas of optimization can be distinguished:
modernization of the military-industrial complex;
timely equipping the troops with the necessary weapons;
focus on modern military equipment of the 5th-6th generation;
more efficient use of basic production assets OPK.
In modern conditions of global instability, the military-industrial complex of Russia is heading for import substitution and the introduction of innovative technologies.
bibliographic list
industrial defense complex
1Military economy: textbook. allowance / V. G. Olshevsky, A. N. Leonovich, A. P. Khlebokazov [and others]; under the general. ed. V.G.Olshevsky.-Minsk: VA RB, 2011.
Military-economic support of Russia's national security in a multi-polar world. Ruk. Project -R.A. Faramazyan.M. : IME-MO RAN, 2009.
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Gornostaev, G.A. External military-economic relations of Russia: problems of development and ways to solve them. M.: VNI-IVS, 2000.
The results of the placement of the State Defense Order-2013 according to the nomenclature of the Russian Ministry of Defense: the official website of Rosoboronpostavi / O.V. Knyazev. - Access mode: http://rosoboronpostavka.ru/osnovnye%20itogi%20razmesheniya%20goz%202013.php.-27.11.2014.
Kuzyk, B.N. Economics of the military sphere, Textbook. -M., MGF: "Knowledge", 2006.
Kuzyk, B.N. Strategic planning military-industrial complex / B. N. Kuzyk, V. I. Kushlin, Yu. V. Yakovets. 4th ed., revised. and additional M.: Economics, 2011. 604 p.
Pimenov, V.V. Development of the defense industry management system in modern conditions: scientific and practical publication "Management and business administration" No. 1.M.: Economic newspaper, 2007. - access mode: http://www.mba-journal.ru/archive/2007/ 1/mba1_2007.pdf. - 11/27/2014.
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Subject: General characteristics of the Russian economy
Lesson: Defense Industrial Complex
Defense Industrial Complex (DIC) - a system of organizations and enterprises involved in the development and production of military equipment, weapons and ammunition.
Part Defense-industrial complex includes different types of enterprises and organizations.
1. Research organizations. They are engaged in theoretical research, on the basis of which new types of weapons are being developed.
2. Design bureaus. They create prototypes of weapons and ammunition and work out the technologies for their production.
3. Testing laboratories and testing grounds. Check prototypes in the field, as well as test finished products defense companies.
4. Manufacturing enterprises. Carry out mass production of weapons, military equipment, ammunition.
Rice. 1. Composition of the defense industry
A feature of the defense industry is that the need for its products is determined not by market mechanisms, but by the state and its defensive needs and economic opportunities.
Military equipment is one of the export items of Russia. This type of export is more profitable than the export of raw materials and materials.
Russia ranks first in the world in terms of trade in conventional arms, ahead of the US, France, Germany and the UK.
Rice. 2. Military equipment
Defense industrial complex can be considered as part of the machine-building complex, therefore, the same factors act on its deployment as in machine building, but for the defense industry the most important is the military-strategic one.
Military-strategic factor includes remoteness from state borders, placement of the most important enterprises in "closed" cities, where access is limited.
Most major industries OPKs are: Production of nuclear weapons. This part of the nuclear industry includes the extraction of ore, the production of uranium concentrate, the enrichment of uranium, the manufacture of fuel elements, the separation of weapons-grade plutonium, the development of nuclear weapons and ammunition, and the disposal of nuclear waste. Main centers Sarov and Snezhinsk .
Rice. 3. Nuclear weapons complex
Rocket and space industry. High science intensity and technical complexity of the manufactured products are the main features of this production. The main research institutes and design bureaus are located in Moscow and the Moscow region. The largest serial production of rockets and spacecraft is located in Voronezh, Samara, Zlatoust, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Zheleznogorsk. Ranges for launching missiles and testing rocket technology are located in sparsely populated areas: Cosmodrome "Plesetsk" the city of Mirny, Arkhangelsk region, Cosmodrome "Svobodny" Amur region.
Rice. 4. Launch complex Svobodny Cosmodrome
Aviation industry. The industry produces aircraft, helicopters, aircraft engines. Companies are located mainly in major cities V Volga region e and on the territory Central Russia.
Rice. 5. Russian aviation industry
Military shipbuilding. The industry is most often located in the same place as civil shipbuilding. The main center of shipbuilding is Saint Petersburg , scientific research institutes and design bureaus are also located here . Submarines are released in cities Severodvinsk (Arhangelsk region) , Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Big Stone (Primorsky Krai), in the Primorsky Territory and the Murmansk Region, the disposal of nuclear submarines.
Rice. 6. At the shipyard
armored industry. The main enterprises of this industry are located near metallurgical plants. Tanks are produced in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil , armored personnel carriers - in Arzamas , infantry fighting vehicles Kurgan
Manufacture of small arms and artillery weapons. From the 17th century to the present, a major center for the production of small arms has been Tula , since the 19th century, small arms have been produced in large volumes in Izhevsk . Famous hunting rifles and Kalashnikovs are made here.
Rice. 7. M.T. Kalashnikov
The production of artillery weapons since the time of Peter I has been concentrated on Ural .
Main Research and Development Center for Small Arms Klimovsk Moscow region
Ammunition production. The industry includes the production of explosives (chemical industry) and the assembly of ammunition (engineering plants).
Enterprises are located in many parts of the country, development is located in Moscow and the Moscow region.
Radio-electronic industry and production of means of communication. It focuses on labor resources, therefore it is located in many large cities. The main research and development offices of these industries are located in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Main
- Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: Grade 9 textbook for students educational institutions M. Ventana-Count. 2011.
- Economic and social geography. Fromberg A.E.(2011, 416s.)
- Atlas of economic geography Grade 9 from Drofa 2012
- Geography. The entire course of the school curriculum in diagrams and tables. (2007, 127p.)
- Geography. Student's handbook. Comp. Mayorova T.A. (1996, 576s.)
- Crib on economic geography. (To schoolchildren, applicants.) (2003, 96s.)
Additional
- Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook - M.: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 pp.: ill.
- Rodionova I.A., Tutorial by geography. Economic Geography of Russia, M., Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189p. :
- Smetanin S.I., Konotopov M.V. History of ferrous metallurgy in Russia. Moscow, ed. "Paleotype" 2002
- Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
- Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin.-M.: Bol. Ros. ents., 1998.- 800s.: ill., maps.
- Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Stat.sb./Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002. - 690 p.
- Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief Statistical Collection / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003. - 398s.
Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination
- GIA-2013. Geography: typical examination options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
- GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and typical examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
- GIA-2013 Exam in new form. Geography. Grade 9 / FIPI authors - compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova - M.: Astrel, 2012.
- Excellent student of the exam. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012.
- What functions does the Russian defense industry perform, what is its scale?
- What is the peculiarity of the location of the leading branches of the military-industrial complex on the territory of Russia?
- Do you think there is a need to reduce the production of defense industry products? Base your answer.
