Achievements in the development of the USSR in the period " Khrushchev's decade»

In general, in the second half of the 1950s. the country's industry has risen to a qualitatively new level. It included about 300 branches and types of production. Thanks to the overconcentration of material resources and human efforts in certain areas, the most impressive successes have been achieved. More than 5400 were built and commissioned large enterprises, including the Karaganda and Kuibyshev metallurgical plants, the Kremenchug hydroelectric power station, the Beloyarsk and Novovoronezh nuclear power plants, the Sokolovsko-Sarbai and Lisakovsky mining and processing plants in Kazakhstan, the Cherepovets metallurgical and Omsk oil refineries, the Novosibirsk heavy engineering plant, the automated plant for the production of concrete in Novaya Kakhovka .

IN nuclear power significant results have been achieved-- for the first time in history, the atom worked for peaceful purposes: in 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk, in 1956 the Institute for Nuclear Research was opened in Dubna, in 1959 the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin" was launched.

The Kuibyshev hydroelectric power station (1958), the Stalingrad hydroelectric power station (1960), the Bratsk hydroelectric power station (1961-1964) and a number of local hydroelectric and thermal power plants were built.

development of heavy industry.

In the period 1956-65. (“Khrushchev’s industrialization”), the USSR more than doubled oil production due to the exploitation of the Ural-Volga fields and (since the early 1960s) Western Siberia. Despite the fact that ten new oil refineries were put into operation during these years, the volume of oil production covered the needs of the economy, and by 1965 a fifth of all oil was exported. This provided the USSR with money for the purchase industrial equipment(since 1960 - food) abroad.

New industries appeared and began to develop: gas and diamond. A new source of energy was rapidly developed: gas in the Tyumen region (1963).

Electricity production increased from 150.6 billion kW / h in 1954 to 507.7 billion in 1965. Over the same period, oil production increased from 52.7 to 347.3 million tons, steel production - from 41.4 to 91 .0 million tons, coal production - from 347.1 to 577.7 million tons.

Actively developed chemical industry, which mastered the production of artificial materials with desired properties (adding to the slogan put forward by Lenin, Khrushchev said: "Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the entire country and the chemicalization of the national economy"). In 1958, the slogan "chemicalization of the national economy" was put forward. The reason was the catastrophic lag of this industry behind Western countries, especially in terms of consumer products (plastics, chemical fibers, etc.). Large resources of hydrocarbon raw materials and income from oil exports made it possible to purchase chemical equipment and technologies in Western countries, and to build a series of petrochemical plants in the regions of the Ural-Volga region.

As a result, the average annual increase in capital investments in the chemical industry in 1958-1963. 3 times higher than such an increase in the whole national economy. In later years capital investments in the chemical industry it was planned to increase. As a result, in 1965, compared with 1950, production mineral fertilizers increased by about 6 times, synthetic and plastic masses - 13 times, chemical fibers - 17 times.

The inability of Soviet agriculture to ensure the food security of the country, revealed in the early 1960s, led to the need development of the mineral fertilizer industry, their production more than doubled during the years of the seven-year plan itself.

In railway transport, steam locomotives gave way to diesel locomotives and electric locomotives.. N.S. Khrushchev overcame the resistance of conservatives who advocated the preservation of locomotive traction in railway transport, proving that electric traction is 4 times more economical than steam. He proposed in 1956 to adopt a master plan for electrification railways for a period of 15 years. The plan was successfully implemented, and in 1967 specific gravity locomotive traction in railway transport was only 7.6%.

New industries developed--radio electronics, rocket science.

Soviet aviation developed actively. In 1955, the first Tu-104 jet passenger aircraft took off into the sky. In September 1959, during a visit to the United States, N. S. Khrushchev arrived there on a newly built Tu-114 aircraft. On the field of the New York airfield, for some time he proudly stood at the exit - the greeters did not have a high enough ladder.

The largest scientific and technological achievement was the creation of rocket and space technology. Three centers of rocket science were created: Moscow (under the direction of S.P. Korolev), Ural (under the direction of V.P. Makeev, a student of Korolev) and Ukrainian (under the direction of M.K. Yangel). Overtaking the Americans, by the end of 1960 the USSR had created 44 types of intercontinental missiles. Short, medium and long range ballistic missiles were created. The enormous power of the engines of military rockets made it possible to begin space exploration. For this, the Baikonur Cosmodrome was built in the Kazakh steppe.

On October 4, 1957, the first artificial Earth satellite weighing 80 kg was launched from it. Then the spacecraft brought animals into space, circled the moon and photographed its far side. In 1959 the Soviet spaceship first reached the moon, leaving the pennant of the USSR on it. On April 12, 1961, the first manned spacecraft Vostok with a man on board was launched into low Earth orbit. They became Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. A milestone event has taken place- the Soviet man went into space, marking the success of the entire human race and the beginning of a new era of civilization. This flight dramatically increased the international prestige of the Soviet Union.

This success was confirmed by further space launches: soon the second Soviet cosmonaut, German Titov, was sent into space, then, in 1962, a group space flight by A. Nikolaev and P. Popovich was carried out, and in July 1963 the first woman is V. Tereshkova. Unmanned astronautics also boasted a number of successes - several spacecraft was safely landed on the Moon, in November 1962 the Mars-1 research rocket was also launched to Mars.

The conquest of space required enormous costs, but the effect was large-scale and lasting. Confidence grew that the USSR for a long time and firmly became the leader scientific and technological progress humanity.

However, all the achievements of that period should not obscure the fact that the development of many branches of Soviet industry then continued to follow the usual extensive path. . The mobilization programs in no way affected the very economic mechanism of managing a grandiose economy. Structural disproportions grew. If in 1940 the share of output of means of production (group A) was 61.2%, then in 1960 it rose to 72.5% with a corresponding decrease in the share of production of consumer goods (group B). This was largely determined by the rejection of the course proposed by G. M. Malenkov for the priority development of group B, which N. S. Khrushchev branded in 1955 as “opportunism” and “belching of the right deviation”.

The triumphs of Soviet science and technology (satellite, Gagarin's flight), high growth rates of the USSR economy in the 1950s. sparked an explosion of enthusiasm. They gave rise to the illusion that in the coming years the USSR would overtake the United States and become the first economic power in the world.

However, tough centralized system management hindered the development of industry. Qualitative shifts in its structure required changes in the forms and methods of managing industrial sectors.

However, despite a number of successes of scientists, already in the 50s. contradictions arose in science, which, constantly growing and aggravating, served as one of the main reasons for our lagging behind those profound structural shifts in technology, quality and efficiency that occurred in the production of developed capitalist countries.

Growing up in conditions of severe deprivation, it seemed to the Soviet people that the level of well-being in the United States was quite sufficient to make it possible to meet the needs of the entire population for free - only capitalism interferes with this. At the same time, the intensification of protest moods required a convincing response, and N. S. Khrushchev put forward the slogan: “The current generation of Soviet people will live under communism!” This was reflected in the new program of the CPSU adopted at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU in 1961.

Economic complex of Russia evolved gradually, as new territories were explored, institutions changed state power, domestic and foreign policy of the country, as well as in close connection with the general cyclic patterns of economic development. Chaotic economic transformation in the 1990s The twentieth century, formed with the mistakes of the economic policy of the Soviet era, led to a deep economic crisis, the objective causes of which were:

• serious disproportions that have accumulated in the sectoral structure of the economy;
• monopolization of the economy;
• failure of the administrative-distributive system of economic management;
• high degree of depreciation of the main production assets of the country;
• reduction in public investment;
• deep crisis;
• rupture of existing economic ties in production and consumption finished products;
• delaying the development and implementation of fundamental economic and social reforms in the country.

As a result economic crisis Russia lost its former positions in . During the 20th century, Russia's share (within its present-day borders) in the world's population more than halved, and in the gross domestic product, almost a second. The share of Russia in the world land surface (13%) is almost 6 times higher than the share of Russia in the world population (2.2%) and more than 4 times the share of Russia in world GDP (3.1%), calculated by currencies.

Main economic indicator development of the country - this is (GDP), it reflects the level of development of the economy, the features of its structure, the efficiency of the functioning of individual industries, the degree of participation of the country in world integration processes, the volume of investments in the economy and the quality of life of the population.

Aggregate GDP characterizes the value of goods and services produced in the country by all sectors of the economy and intended for final consumption, accumulation and export. Currently, in terms of GDP, the Russian Federation is in the top ten countries of the world. In 2005, according to the results of international comparisons of GDP in purchasing power parity, Russia ranked 8th in the world after the USA, China, Japan, Germany, India, Great Britain and France.

In the late 1990s have been outlined improvement trends economic environment. Under influence export growth, acceleration of import substitution, a relative reduction in production costs, etc., a positive trend has been established industrial production and GDP, improved financial condition real sector of the economy. However, the positive processes have not yet assumed a sustainable, irreversible and long-term character. Growth in production is proceeding without a significant reduction in the tax burden and on the basis of extremely worn technological equipment.

Only in recent years there has been an increase in GDP production: if in 1996-2000. the average annual growth rate was 1.6%, then in 2001-2005. - already 6.2%.

The most indicative estimate of GDP in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP is the number of units of currency required to purchase some standard set of goods and services that can be bought with one unit of the base country's currency (or one unit of the common currency of a group of countries). PPP reflects the real domestic purchasing power of a currency.

In 2005, occupying the eighth place in the world in terms of GDP based on PPP, Russia was 7.3 times inferior to the United States in absolute terms, 3.5 times in relative terms (GDP per capita based on PPP) and closed the top ten in terms of this indicator. among the countries of the world.

With all the complexities of the modern period of development Russia remains one of the richest countries in the world, possessing unique reserves of natural resources, accumulated industrial, intellectual, scientific, technical and cultural potential.

Sectoral structure of the Russian economy

Modern Russia - industrial-agrarian country with a multistructural (mixed) economy, which is a complex economic mechanism formed on the basis of socio-economic development, inter-district territorial division of labor and integration processes. The unified economic complex of the country is represented by sectoral and territorial structures.

Industry structure is a set of industries economic complex characterized by certain proportions and relationships. In sectoral terms, the structure of the economic complex is represented by two areas - material production (production sphere) and non-production sphere.

The basis of the economic complex is the sphere of material production, which employs more than 2/3 of the total population employed in all spheres of economic activity.

• industries that create wealth - industry, agriculture, construction;

• industries that deliver material benefits to the consumer - transport and communications;
• branches connected with the process of production in the sphere of circulation - trade, public catering, material and technical supply, marketing, procurement.

The non-productive sphere is a code name for the branches of the economy, the results of which take the form of services. The International Monetary Fund distinguishes the following types of services: freight, other transport services, tourism, other services. At the same time, “other services” include relatively new types of business services related to entrepreneurship (professional, managerial, informational, personal, operational, banking, insurance, etc.).

• housing and communal and consumer services for the population;
• passenger transport;
• communications (for servicing organizations and non-productive activities of the population);
• health care, physical culture;
• social Security;
• education;
• science and scientific service;
• culture and art;
• lending, financing and insurance;
• public administration;
• defense and public order.

In the sectoral structure of the economy, so far imbalances persist: the resource sectors of the economy are of increased importance (the so-called “heaviness” of the economy); the fuel industries remain a priority, while the infrastructure and agro-industrial complexes are experiencing serious difficulties in their development; high concentration and monopolization of production is maintained.

For modern structure economy of the country feature is the presence of not only sectoral, but also intersectoral complexes. Increasingly, there is a process of strengthening industrial relations, integration of different stages of production. Intersectoral productions (complexes) arise and develop both within a separate industry and between industries that have close technological ties. At present, such inter-sectoral complexes as fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building, chemical-forestry, construction, agro-industrial, and transport complexes have developed. More complex structure the agro-industrial and construction complexes, which include different sectors of the economy, differ.

In the conditions of the formation and development of market relations, infrastructure, that is, the totality of material resources that provide for production and social needs, is becoming increasingly important. It plays an important role not only in effective provision process of production, but also in the development of the social sphere of the population, as well as in the development of the complexity of the economy and in the development of new territories. Depending on the functions performed, production and social infrastructure are distinguished.

The most important intersectoral complexes of Russia*

The production infrastructure continues the process of production in the sphere of circulation and creates new value. It includes transport, communications, storage and container management, logistics, engineering structures, heating mains, water supply, communications and networks of gas and oil pipelines, irrigation systems, etc.

The social infrastructure includes passenger transport, a communication system for servicing the population, housing and communal services, and consumer services for urban and rural settlements.

Territorial structure of the Russian economy

Territorial structure refers to the division of the economic system into territorial entities- zones, districts of different levels, industrial centers and nodes. It changes much more slowly than the sectoral structure, since its main elements are more strongly tied to a specific territory. The territorial structure is the basis of the territorial organization of the economy. The development of new territories with unique natural resources changes the structure of individual regions and contributes to the formation of new territorial complexes.

An important feature of Russia is asymmetric organization of its space inherited from previous development. The territorial structure of the economy is dominated by the Central region - the Moscow capital, the second city of the country - St. Petersburg - in terms of the parameters of the urban environment, functions and income, it is clearly inferior to Moscow. The opposite pole to the capital is a huge territory and a sparsely populated periphery.

Accommodation productive forces and efficiency of development of the national economy. The transition to a market economic system did not remove the issues of development efficiency and distribution of productive forces from the agenda.

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that it is characterized by progressive quantitative changes (for example, an increase in production volumes), and economic development is characterized by progressive qualitative changes in the state of economic object(for example, growth in labor productivity, increase in production efficiency).

Growth can occur both due to intensive factors that provide increased performance with unchanged resources, and due to extensive factors, when there is an increase in resources with a constant degree of their use. Development is most often the result of the use of intensive factors.

The most important indicator of the performance of the economy as a whole and individual economic activities is the efficiency of production - the result of a particular production process in comparison with the costs of achieving the specified result or the ratio of effect to costs. At the same time, costs are understood as all objectively necessary investments (expenses) of materialized and living labor. In some cases, the costs are associated with shortcomings in the organization of labor, production, transportation of products, etc., leading to losses. Costs together with losses constitute the cost of production.

At the heart of the assessment economic effect from the location of production lies the general methodology for determining economic efficiency production and capital construction. The indicators characterize the ratio of the results and costs of production activities at different levels of regulation of the national economy (enterprise, industry, region, country). Absolute efficiency is determined by comparing the resulting increase in national income (net output) with the capital investment (or all production resources) expended. The comparative efficiency of different options for locating enterprises and their complexes is established on the basis of the calculation of the reduced, i.e., current and comparable one-time costs. Key performance indicator market economy- profit - worse than the cost indicator, characterizes the efficiency of production location, since it does not directly reflect the influence of influencing factors (energy, raw materials, labor, etc.).

To calculate the reduced costs per unit of production P, the sum of all current costs for its production (cost) C and the product of specific capital costs K and the standard coefficient of their efficiency E, i.e. P \u003d C + KE, are taken. Multiplying this value by the amount of production (determined by balance calculations), gives the total present costs. The calculations take into account not only production, but also transportation costs.

The choice of the optimal variant of the location of the enterprise produced at the minimum of reduced costs (when comparing many options). The two options can be compared in terms of payback periods for additional capital investments (or inverse indicators - efficiency ratios). The payback period is calculated by dividing the incremental investment by this option to save current costs. The normative coefficient of efficiency of capital investments E indicates the lower permissible limit of efficiency. For the national economy as a whole, it is set at a level not lower than 0.12 (the reciprocal of the payback period is 8.3 years).

The effectiveness of territorial shifts in the location of sectors of the national economy is usually assessed on the basis of regional differences in decisive indicators - capital investments, wages and labor productivity for the billing period. Savings of reduced costs are calculated on the increase in production transferred between regions in comparison with the option of initial placement.

The large-scale reconstruction of the national economy increases the importance of sectoral and regional indicators of production intensification, that is, its growth through the efficient use of production resources based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress. This is a much more effective way of increasing production than the extensive one, which means involving additional resources in it (on the same technical basis).

The share of the increase in the production of an enterprise, industry due to intensification, i.e., an increase in resource use (labor productivity, capital productivity or material productivity) ∆ Pi (%) for given values ​​​​of production growth ∆ P and resources (number of employees or fixed assets or raw materials) ∆ P is determined by the formula ∆ Pi = 100 - 100 100 (∆ P: ∆ P), (where the subtrahend is the share of the extensive factor).

It is of interest to identify changes in the share of regions in the location of the industry under the influence of intensive factors: for the production of products in general, including through the development of existing enterprises, through the production of qualitatively new types of products and with the use of new technology and technology, due to resource saving; for capital investments in general, including for technical re-equipment and reconstruction, etc.

For the national economy of the Russian Federation as a whole and the republics (subjects of the Federation) overall economic efficiency is defined as the ratio of the annual increase in national income in comparable prices to the capital investments that caused this increase, according to the formula:

Enc=ΔD/K

Where Enk- indicator (coefficient) of economic efficiency of capital investments in the national economy as a whole;

ΔD- growth of the annual nat. income, rub.; TO- cap. investments that caused this increase, rub.

Payback period of capital investments for the national economy as a whole is determined by the formula: Tnx=K/ ΔD

The indicators of the overall (absolute) economic efficiency of capital investments obtained as a result of calculations are compared with the standards and similar indicators for the previous period.

Capital investments are recognized as cost-effective if the indicators obtained are not lower than the standards and reporting indicators for the previous period.

Normative indicators of the overall (absolute) efficiency of capital investments in the national economy are applied at the level of En = 0.14: for industry En = 0.16; for agriculture En = 0.12; for construction En = 0.22; for trade En = 0.25.

In the future, the value of the standards should grow with the growth of labor productivity, technical progress, and a decrease in material consumption and capital intensity of products.

When calculating the economic efficiency of investing in individual facilities, enterprises should take into account the fact that the ruble invested in the current year will have a different value in 3-5 years. Over time, money loses its value.

Therefore, when a decision is made on investing in a particular facility, an enterprise (organization) must take into account the time factor and evaluate such factors as the volume of product sales, its cost, profit and profitability, taking into account changes over time. This operation is called discounting.

Discounting is based on the fact that any amount that will be received in the future has less value (utility) for the investor in the current year.

If in the current year to direct a certain amount of money into circulation and "force" to bring income, then in 3-5 years it will not only remain, but also increase. Discounting makes it possible to determine the monetary equivalent of the amount that will be received in the future. To do this, the amount expected to be received in the future should be reduced by income accruing over a certain period according to the compound interest rule.

The future value is determined by the formula: BS \u003d NS (1 + PS) t

Where BS- the amount of money that will be received in t years (future value);

NS- initial cost (current cost);

PS- interest rate or rate of return;

t- the number of years for which the summation of income is made.

Example. This year, 4.0 million rubles were invested. at 10% per annum, therefore, in a year you can get 4.0 (1 + 0.1) = 4.4 million rubles.

The impact of inflation, if forecast, should also be taken into account.

Impact of inflation is one of the negative factors that should be taken into account in the calculation of the effectiveness of capital investments, especially in the conditions of Russia, which has been living with incessant inflation for several years. If the inflation index is higher than the accepted interest rate, then the real value of the amount of money deposited in the bank in the future will be even lower than in the current year. Inflation "eats" the deferred amount of money.

The real interest rate (adjusted for inflation) can be determined by the formula:

Psreal=[(1+Psnom)/(1+I)]-1

Where PSnom- nominal interest rate; AND- inflation index.

For example, nested cash at a nominal rate of 20% per annum, the inflation index is 10% per annum. Applying the formula to the above example, you can determine the real interest rate, which will be: (1+0.2)/(1+0.1)-1=0.9%

But before moving on to numbers, let me set out a few general provisions that determine our work in building a socialist economy (I am thinking of starting with the economy).

First position. We work and build in a capitalist environment. This means that our economy and our construction will develop in contradiction, in clashes between our economic system and the capitalist economic system. We cannot avoid this contradiction. This is the framework within which the struggle between the two systems, the socialist system and the capitalist system, must proceed. This means, moreover, that our economy must be built not only in its external opposition to the capitalist economy, but also in the opposition of various elements within our country, in opposition of the socialist elements to the capitalist elements.

Hence the conclusion: we must build our economy in such a way that our country does not become an appendage of the world capitalist system, that it is not included in the general system of capitalist development as its auxiliary enterprise, that our economy develops not as an auxiliary enterprise of world capitalism, but as an independent an economic unit based mainly on the domestic market, based on the bond between our industry and the peasant economy of our country.

There are two general lines: one proceeds from the fact that our country must remain an agrarian country for a long time to come, it must export agricultural products and bring in equipment, that we must stand on this and develop along this path in the future. This line essentially requires curtailing our industry. It was recently expressed in Shanin's theses (perhaps someone has read them in Economic Life). This line leads to the fact that our country could never, or almost never, truly industrialize, our country, from an economically independent unit based on the home market, would objectively have to turn into an appendage of the general capitalist system. This line means a departure from the tasks of our construction.

This is not our line.

There is another general line proceeding from the fact that we must make every effort to make our country an economically independent country based on the domestic market, a country that will serve as a hotbed for attracting all other countries that are gradually falling away from capitalism. and flowing into the mainstream of the socialist economy. This line requires the maximum development of our industry, however, to the extent and in accordance with the pace of the resources that we have. It resolutely denies the policy of turning our country into an appendage of the world capitalist system. This is our line of construction, by which the Party adheres and which it will continue to adhere to. This line is obligatory as long as there is a capitalist encirclement.

It is another matter when the revolution wins in Germany or in France, or in both countries together, when socialist construction begins there on a higher technical basis. Then we will pass from the policy of transforming our country into an independent economic unit to the policy of including our country in the general channel of socialist development. But until this happens, we absolutely need that minimum of independence for our national economy, without which it will be impossible to save our country from economic subordination to the system of world capitalism.

This is the first position.

second position, which we must also be guided by in our construction, as well as the first, "is to take into account each time the peculiarities of our leadership of the national economy, in contrast to the leadership in the capitalist countries. There, in the capitalist countries, private capital dominates, there the mistakes of individual capitalist "Trusts, syndicates, this or that group of capitalists are corrected by the elements of the market. Too much is produced, there will be a crisis, but then, after the crisis, the economy will return to normal. Too much carried away by imports and got a passive trade balance, the exchange rate will swing, inflation will result, it will decrease imports, exports will increase. All this is in the order of crises. Not a single mistake of any kind, or any large overproduction or serious separation of production from the total amount of demand, occurs in the capitalist countries without mistakes, mistakes and gaps being corrected in order This or that crisis. That's how they live in capitalist countries. But we can't live like that. There we see economic, commercial and financial crises affecting individual groups of capitalists. We have a different matter. Every serious hitch in trade, in production, every serious miscalculation in our economy does not end in this or that particular crisis, but strikes at the entire national economy. Every crisis, be it commercial, financial or industrial, can turn into a general crisis in our country, hitting the entire state. Therefore, special care and foresight are required of us during construction. That is why we must manage the economy here in a planned manner so that there are fewer miscalculations, so that our management of the economy is extremely perspicacious, extremely prudent, and unerring. But since, comrades, we, unfortunately, are not distinguished either by special insight, or special foresight, or special abilities for faultless management of the economy, since we are only learning to build, we make mistakes and will continue to do so in the future. Therefore, we must build with reserves, we need reserves that could cover our gaps. All our work over the past two years shows that we are not guaranteed against accidents or mistakes. In the field of agriculture, very much depends not only on our management, but also on natural forces (poor crops, etc.). In the field of industry, a great deal depends not only on our management, but also on the domestic market, which we have not yet mastered. In area foreign trade a lot depends not only on us, but also on the behavior of the Western European capitalists, and the more our exports and imports grow, the more we become dependent on the capitalist West, the more vulnerable we become to blows from enemies. In order to protect ourselves from all these accidents and inevitable mistakes, we need to internalize the idea of ​​the need to accumulate reserves.

We are not guaranteed against crop failures in the field of agriculture. Therefore, a reserve is needed. We are not guaranteed against the accidents of the domestic market through the development of our industry. I'm not talking about the fact that, living on our own accumulated funds, we must be especially stingy and restrained in spending the accumulated funds, trying to invest every penny wisely, that is, in such a business, the development of which at any given moment is absolutely necessary. Hence the need for reserves for industry. We are not guaranteed against accidents along the line of foreign trade (a camouflaged boycott, a camouflaged blockade, etc.). Hence the need for reserves.

It would be possible to double the disbursement of amounts for agricultural credit, but then there would be no necessary reserve for financing industry, industry would lag far behind agriculture in its development, the output of manufactured goods would be reduced, and the prices of manufactured goods would swell, with all the ensuing consequences.

We could allocate twice as much appropriations for the development of industry, but this would be such a rapid pace of industrial development that we would not be able to withstand due to the great lack of free capital, and on the basis of which we would certainly break down, not to mention the fact that we did not have enough would be a reserve for lending to agriculture.

It would be possible to advance the development of our imports, mainly imports of equipment, twice as much as is the case now, in order to rapidly advance the development of industry, but this could cause an excess of imports over exports, a passive trade balance would be formed, and our currency would be undermined, i.e. the foundation on which alone the planning and development of industry is possible would be undermined.

It would be possible, but looking at nothing, to move exports forward with might and main, not paying attention to the state of the domestic market, but this would necessarily cause great complications in the cities in terms of a rapid rise in prices for agricultural products, in the sense of undermining wages and in the sense of some artificially organized famine with all the ensuing results.

It would be possible to raise the entire wages of the workers not only to the pre-war level, but even higher, but this circumstance would cause a decrease in the rate of development of our industry, because the development of industry under our conditions, in the absence of loans from outside, in the absence of credits, etc., is possible only on the basis of accumulating some profit necessary to finance and feed the industry, which, however, would be excluded, i.e. any serious accumulation would be ruled out if we took the rate of wage rise extremely accelerated.

Etc.

These are the two main guidelines that will serve as a torch, a beacon in our work to build our country.

Now let those go to numbers.

However, one more digression. We have a certain diversity in the system of our economy - as many as five ways. There is an almost natural way of farming: these are peasant farms, the marketability of their products is very small. There is a second mode of economy, the mode of commodity production, in which marketability plays a decisive role in peasant farming. There is a third mode of economy, private capitalism, which has not been killed, which has revived and will revive to certain limits as long as we have NEP. The fourth mode of economy is state capitalism, i.e. the capitalism that we allowed and have the ability to control and limit as the proletarian state wants it. Finally, the fifth sector is socialist industry, i.e., our state industry, where not two hostile classes, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, are represented in production, but one class, the proletariat.

I wanted to say two words about these five economic structures, because without these two words it would be difficult to understand the group of figures that I will announce and the trend that is being noted in the development of our industry, especially since these five economic structures in the system of our In his time, Lenin spoke in sufficient detail, teaching us to be able to take into account the struggle between these modes in our construction work.

I would like to say a few words about state capitalism and state industry, which is of the socialist type, in order to dispel the misunderstandings and confusion that have developed in the Party around this question.

Can our state industry be called state capitalist? It is forbidden. Why? Because state capitalism under the conditions of the dictatorship of the proletariat is an organization of production in which two classes are represented: the exploiting class, which owns the means of production, and the exploited class, which does not own the means of production. Whatever special form state capitalism may have, it must still be capitalist in its essence. Ilyich, when he analyzed state capitalism, had in mind, first of all, concessions. Let's take the concessions and see if there are two classes represented. Yes, they are. The capitalist class, i.e. the concessionaires, who exploit and temporarily own the means of production, and the proletarian class, which is exploited by the concessionaire. That we have no elements of socialism here is clear, if only from the fact that no one will dare to poke their nose into a concession enterprise with a campaign to raise labor productivity, for everyone knows that a concession enterprise is not a socialist enterprise alien to socialism.

Let's take another type of enterprises - state-owned enterprises. Are they state capitalist? No, they are not. Why? Because they represent not two classes, but one class, the class of workers, which, in the person of its state, owns the tools and means of production and which is not exploited, because the maximum of what is obtained in the enterprise in excess of wages goes to the further expansion of industry, those. to improve the condition of the working class as a whole.

It may be said that this is still not complete socialism, if we bear in mind those vestiges of bureaucracy that have been preserved in the governing bodies of our enterprises. This is right. But this does not contradict the fact that state industry is a socialist type of production. There are two types of production: the capitalist type, including the state capitalist type, where there are two classes, where production works for profit for the capitalist, and there is another, socialist type of production, where there is no exploitation, where the means of production belong to the working class, and where enterprises do not work. on profit for the alien class, but on the expansion of industry for the workers as a whole. Lenin just said that our state enterprises are consistently socialist in type of enterprise.

Here one could draw an analogy with our state. Our state is also called non-bourgeois, because it exists according to Lenin new type state, type of state proletarian. Why? Because our state apparatus does not work for the oppression of the working class, as is the case with all bourgeois states without exception, but for the liberation of the working class from the oppression of the bourgeoisie. That is why, according to its type, our state is a proletarian state, although you can find as many rubbish in the apparatus of this state and remnants of antiquity. No one, like Lenin, who proclaimed our Soviet system a proletarian type of state, scolded it so strongly for its bureaucratic survivals. Nevertheless, he kept repeating all the time that our state is a new type of proletarian state. It is necessary to distinguish the type of state from the heritage and survivals that are still preserved in the system and apparatus of the state. In exactly the same way, it is imperative to distinguish between the bureaucratic survivals in state enterprises and the type of construction of industry that we call the socialist type. It cannot be said that since there are still errors, bureaucracy, etc. in the economic bodies or trusts, our state industry is not socialist. You can't say that. Then our state, which is proletarian in its type, would not be proletarian either. I can name a number of bourgeois apparatuses that work better and more economically than our proletarian state apparatus. But this does not mean that our state apparatus is not proletarian, that our state apparatus is not superior in type to the bourgeois one. Why? Because this bourgeois apparatus, although it works better, still works for the capitalist, and our proletarian state apparatus, even if it sometimes wobbles, still works for the proletariat, against the bourgeoisie.

This fundamental difference must not be forgotten. The same must be said about state industry. On the basis of discrepancies and survivals of bureaucracy that exist in the governing bodies of our state enterprises and which will still exist, on the basis of these survivals and these shortcomings, we must not forget that our enterprises are essentially socialist enterprises. There may be less theft in Ford's enterprises, for example, which are working properly, but still they work for Ford, for the capitalist, and your enterprises, where there is sometimes theft and where things do not always go smoothly, still work for the proletariat. .

This fundamental difference must not be forgotten. Let us now pass to the figures on our national economy as a whole.

Agriculture. Its gross output for 1924/25, if we compare its level with the pre-war level, with the level of 1913, rose to 71%. In other words, in 1913 it was produced for more than 12 billion rubles at pre-war prices, and in 1924/25 it was produced for more than 9 billion rubles. By the next year 1925/26, it is planned, on the basis of the data available to our planning bodies, to increase production further to 11 billion rubles, i.e., to 91% of the pre-war level. Agriculture is growing—this conclusion naturally suggests itself.

Industry. If we take the entire industry, both state, and concession, and private, then in 1913 the entire industry produced 7 billion rubles of gross output, and in 1924/25 it gave 5 billion. This is 71% of the pre-war norm. Our planners expect production to reach 6½ billion by next year, that is, this will be about 93% of the pre-war norm. Industry is on the rise. This year it has risen faster than agriculture.

Of particular note is the issue of electrification. The GOELRO plan in 1921 planned the construction of 30 power plants with a capacity of 1,500 thousand kilowatts and a cost of 800 million gold rubles within 10-15 years. Before the October Revolution, the capacity of power plants was 402,000 kilowatts. Up to now we have built stations with a capacity of 152,350 kilowatts, and we are planning to put into operation in 1926 326,000 kilowatts. If development proceeds at such a pace, then in 10 years, i.e., approximately by 1932 (the minimum scheduled time), the plan for the electrification of the USSR will be implemented. Parallel to the growth of electrical construction is the growth of the electrical industry, whose program for 1925-26 is calculated at 165-170% of the pre-war level. However, it must be noted that the construction of large hydroelectric stations leads to a large cost overrun in comparison with the planned plans. For example, the initial estimate of Volkhovstroy was made at 24,300 thousand "rough" rubles, and by September 1925 it had grown to 95,200 thousand red rubles, which is 59% of the funds spent on the construction of priority stations, with Volkhovstroy's capacity of 30% power of these stations. The initial estimate for the Zemo-Avchala station was 2,600,000 gold rubles, and the latest claims are about 16 million red rubles, of which about 12 million have already been spent.

If we take and compare the production of state and co-operative industry, united in one way or another, with the production of private industry, we get the following: in 1923/24, state and co-operative industry accounted for 76.3% of the total industrial production for the year, private -23.7%, and in 1924/25 the share of state and cooperative industry was 79.3%, while the share of private industry was no longer 23.7%, but 20.7%.

The share of private industry fell over this period. Next year, it is assumed that the share of state and cooperative industry will be about 80%, while the share of private industry will decrease to 20%. Absolutely private industry is growing, but as state and co-operative industry are growing faster, the share of private industry is falling progressively.

If we take the property concentrated in the hands of the state and the property in the hands of private economic entities, then it turns out that in this area too—I mean the control figures of the State Planning Commission—the advantage is on the side of the proletarian state, because the state has the capital funds. in the amount of at least 11.7 billion (for red rubles), and to private owners, mainly peasant farms, owned by funds in the amount of not more than 7 and a half billion.

This is a fact that indicates that the share of socialized funds is very high, and this share increases in comparison with the share of property of the non-socialized sector.

And yet our system as a whole cannot yet be called either capitalist or socialist. Our system as a whole is in transition from capitalism to socialism, where privately owned peasant production still predominates in terms of output, but where the share of socialist industry is constantly growing. The share of socialist industry is growing in such a way that this industry, taking advantage of its concentration, taking advantage of its organization, taking advantage of the fact that we have the dictatorship of the proletariat, taking advantage of the fact that transport is in the hands of the state, taking advantage of the fact that the credit system is ours and the banks are ours, Taking advantage of all this, our socialist industry, whose share in the total volume of national production is growing step by step, this industry, moving forward, begins to subordinate private industry to itself, to adapt and lead all the other economic sectors. Such is the fate of the countryside - it must go beyond the city, behind large-scale industry.

This is the main conclusion that results from raising the question of the nature of our system, of the share of socialist industry in this system, of the share of private capitalist industry, and, finally, of the share of small commodity, mainly peasant, production in the general national economy.

Two words about the state budget. You should know that it has grown to 4 billion rubles in our country. If we take it in pre-war rubles, then our state budget, in comparison with the state budget of the pre-war period, will be at least 71%. Then, if we add to the total state budget the sum of local budgets, as far as they can be calculated, then our state budget will be at least 74.6% compared to 1913. It is characteristic that in the system of our state budget the share of non-tax revenues is much higher than the share of tax revenues. All this also indicates that our economy is growing and moving forward.

Question about the profits we had for the past year , from our state and cooperative enterprises is of the utmost importance, since we are a country poor in capital, a country that does not have large loans from outside. We must keep a vigilant eye on our industrial, trade enterprises, banks and cooperation in order to know what we can have for the further development of our industry. In 1923/24, state industry of allied significance and Glavmetal produced, it seems, about 142 million red rubles in profit. Of these, 71 million was transferred to the treasury. In 1924/25 we already have 315 million. Of these, 173 million are planned to be transferred to the treasury according to the plan.

In 1923/24, state trade of allied significance yielded about 37 million, of which 14 million went to the treasury. In 1925 we have less, 22 million, in view of the policy of lowering prices. Of this amount, about 10 million will go to the treasury.

In foreign trade in 1923/24 we had a profit of more than 26 million rubles, of which about 17 million went to the treasury. In 1925, foreign trade yields, or rather, has already yielded, 44 million. Of these, 29 million go to the treasury.

According to the calculations of the Narkomfin, in 1923/24 the banks gave a profit of 46 million, of which 18 million went to the treasury, c. 1924/25 - more than 97 million, of which 51 million went to the treasury.

In 1923/24 consumer cooperatives yielded 57 million profits, agricultural cooperatives 4 million.

The figures I have just cited are more or less understated. Do you know, why. You know how our economic agencies figure out how to keep more for themselves in order to expand the business. If these numbers seem small to you, and they are really small, then keep in mind that they are a little underestimated.

A few words about the turnover of our foreign trade.

If our entire trade turnover for 1913 is taken as 100, then it will turn out that in 1923/24 we reached 21% of the pre-war level in our foreign trade, in 1924/25 - 26% of the pre-war level. Exports in 1923/24 amounted to 522 million rubles; import - 439 million; total turnover - 961 million; the surplus was 83 million. In 1923/24 we had a trade surplus. In 1924/25 exports were 564 million; import - 708 million; total turnover -1 272 million; the balance is minus 144 million. We ended this year in foreign trade with a passive balance of 144 million. Let me dwell on this for a moment. This is a passive balance in the past business year we are often inclined to explain by the fact that this year, due to the lack of crops, we imported a lot of grain. But we imported grain worth 83 million, and here it turns out minus 144 million. What does this minus lead to? Moreover, by buying more than we sell, by importing more than we export, we thereby call into question our balance sheet and, therefore, our currency. We had a directive from the 13th Party Congress that the Party should strive at all costs for an active balance of trade. I must confess that all of us, both the Soviet authorities and the Central Committee, made a gross mistake here by not carrying out the directive given to us. It was difficult to carry it out, but still it would have been possible to obtain at least some active balance with a certain amount of pressure. We have made this gross mistake, and the congress must correct it. However, the Central Committee itself tried to correct it in November of this year at a special meeting, where, after reviewing the figures of our import and export, it decided that by next year - and we sketched there the main elements of our foreign trade turnover for the next year - that by next year foreign trade should be concluded with a surplus of at least 100 million. This is necessary. This is absolutely necessary for a country like ours, where there is little capital, where there is no import of capital from abroad or only to a minimal extent, and where the balance of accounts, its balance, must be maintained at the expense of the balance of trade in order to the currency did not swing, and in order that, having preserved the currency, we thereby could preserve the possibility of further development of our industry and agriculture. You have all experienced what a swinging currency means. We must not return to this unfortunate point, and all measures must be taken to root out all factors that may lead us in the future to conditions that could rock our currency.

BRIEF METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS TO INDIVIDUAL STATISTICAL INDICATORS PROVIDED IN THE YEARBOOK Gross national product (GNP) foreign countries and international statistics indicator of gross national product (GNP) in dopsg. connection to the system of consolidated national economic indicators (national income, social product, etc.). GNP is the most common indicator of outcomes economic activity in general for the national economy. It is intended to characterize the interrelated aspects of the economic process: the production of material goods and the provision of services, the distribution of income, the final use of material goods and services. GNP covers the results of the economic activity of all economic units: enterprises, organizations and institutions in both the sphere of material production and the service sector, personal subsidiary plots of the population, individuals engaged in individual labor activity. The results of economic activity appear in the form of material goods and services (tangible and intangible). GNP is defined as created, distributed (at the stage of income generation) and used (used). The created GNP is defined as the sum of the "gross value added" of all sectors of the national economy; GNP does not include the cost of spent: raw materials, materials, fuel, energy and other material resources, as well as services rendered to economic units. At the stage of income generation, GNP is defined as the total amount of income of economic units (and the population) from economic activities (wages, profits, net income of collective farms, income received in the course of individual labor activity, etc.), as well as depreciation deductions (depreciation estimates ). GNP used is defined as household final consumption expenditure, public institutions serving households, gross capital formation, final consumption of public institutions and organizations that meet collective needs, and the balance of foreign trade. Household final consumption expenditure covers household expenditure on the purchase of consumer goods and services at the expense of the personal budget, as well as receipts of products and services in non-commodity form. Household final consumption expenditures include: - purchases of new non-durable and durable goods in state and cooperative trade, on the collective farm market and from private individuals; - purchases of market consumer services (rent and payment utility bills for central heating, water, sewerage, gas, electricity for lighting and household needs, payments for hotel accommodation, payment for household services, purchase of vouchers in sanatoriums, rest houses, boarding houses, payments for paid services medical institutions, payment for transport and communication services, contributions to preschool institutions, expenses for the purchase of tickets to cinemas, theaters, sporting events and other payments, for training courses and other services; - the value of agricultural and other products produced by households for their own consumption; - the cost of products and services received in kind as wages; - clothing and food purchased by government agencies to supply the army; - imputed rent in respect of dwellings occupied by their owners; - balance of purchases by households of antique and second-hand consumer goods. Final consumption expenditures of public institutions serving households cover the cost of free services provided by these institutions and organizations in the field of education, culture and art, health care, physical education and tourism, social security. At the same time, the final consumption expenditures of state institutions serving households do not include partial payments for services by the population, taken into account in the consumer spending of households, as well as the cost of services related to intermediate consumption (for example, the cost of socio-cultural services provided by enterprises and organizations its workers and employees, etc.). Gross capital formation includes the costs of all enterprises, organizations and institutions in the sphere of material production and services for capital investments and changes in inventories. 1 Capital investments include: - costs for the construction of buildings, structures, reconstruction and technical re-equipment, the purchase of machinery and equipment, vehicles, livestock (considered as part of fixed assets), for perennial plantations, for reclamation work; - expenses for overhaul buildings, structures, machinery and equipment; - the cost of installation work, drilling work (in terms of deep exploration drilling), geological exploration (in the part related to certain objects); - construction cost economic way carried out by enterprises, organizations and institutions of the national economy.

Household expenditures on housing construction are considered as capital investments of the population, and the purchase of durable goods ( cars, televisions, furniture, etc.) - as household consumption expenditures. The increase in material circulating assets covers the change in the value of stocks of raw materials, materials, fuel and other items, labor for the year in all enterprises, organizations and institutions of the national economy. This item includes the change in the value of work in progress, as well as the change in the value of young and fattening livestock. Also included is the change in the value of stocks of agricultural products of household plots. The final consumption expenditure of public institutions and organizations that meet collective needs covers the value of services provided by these institutions in the field of government controlled, science, defense, etc. The cost of these services is taken in the amount of current costs (including the consumption of fixed assets) of the relevant organizations minus payments from the population, enterprises and organizations. This item also includes the balance of foreign trade and income from economic activities (profit, wages, profit-type income) received from abroad. GNP is calculated in actual and comparable (constant) prices. When calculating GNP indices, the following prices were used as comparable prices: for 1976-1985. - prices in 1973, for 1986-1988. - 1983 prices. For 1989-1990. the calculation was made using the deflator index. Deflator index - a special price index for recalculating cost indicators from actual prices to constant (fixed) prices. GNP, at constant prices, is formed by summing up the end-use components calculated at constant prices, using price indexes calculated in accordance with international practice based on monitoring changes in prices for representative goods (services). The gross social product is a set of created material goods and is defined as the sum of the gross output of the branches of material production: industry, agriculture, forestry, construction, freight transport, communications in the part serving material production, trade and public catering, logistics, procurement of agricultural Products, as well as other branches of material production - information and computing, services and other production activities (publishing houses, film production, collection and procurement of scrap metal and scrap, procurement of firewood by the population, picking mushrooms, berries, etc.). 686"

When calculating the gross social product by branches of material production, the products of branches are calculated in actual selling prices, which include, along with other types of net income, that part of it that is realized in the form of turnover tax. At the same time, the turnover tax, including that received from the sale of products made from agricultural raw materials, is taken into account in industrial products. When calculating the gross social product, the turnover tax is included in industrial output, minus the compensation for the difference in prices in the procurement and sale of agricultural products; a small part of the turnover tax is included in the production of blanks. The gross social product breaks down into a compensation fund material costs and national income. National income is the newly created value in the branches of material production. In other words, it is that part of the gross social product that remains minus the means of production consumed in the production process (raw materials, fuel, electricity, etc.). The national income is obtained as the result of the net output of individual branches of material production. The net output of a particular industry is calculated as the difference between gross output and material production costs. Like the gross social product, the national income is calculated in actual and comparable (constant) prices. When calculating the national income indices, the following prices were used as comparable prices: for 1976-1985. - prices in 1973, for 1886-1988. - 1983 prices. For 1988-1990. the calculation was made using the deflator index. The national income is formed by summing up the net output of the branches of the national economy in comparable (constant) prices using price indices calculated in accordance with international practice on the basis of goods (services)-providers. National income indices for long periods during which various comparable prices are calculated by the chain method, i.e. by multiplying the growth rates calculated for certain periods based on the same comparable prices. In addition to data on indices of national income produced, the yearbook also contains data on indices of national income used for consumption and accumulation. For each individual year, the total amount of consumption and accumulation (that is, the national income used for consumption and accumulation) in actual prices differs from the national income as a result of the net output of the branches of material production (produced national income) by the amount of compensation for losses and foreign trade balance. When the national income used for consumption and accumulation is calculated for a number of years in comparable (constant) prices, then J this 687

In this case, the used national income will differ from the produced national income mainly due to the structure of the material composition, which changes in dynamics in different ways. In this regard, when revalued in comparable (constant) prices, a slightly different dynamics of the used and produced national income is obtained. f Performance social labor calculated as the ratio of the produced national income to the number of workers employed in the branches of material production. When comparing the productivity indices of social labor with the indices of labor productivity in individual branches of material production, it should be borne in mind: that, in contrast to the productivity of social labor, labor productivity in individual branches of material production is calculated by gross output; the dynamics of the productivity of social labor is also influenced by changes in the structure of social production. The consumption of material goods and services by the population, calculated according to the Soviet methodology, includes personal consumption of goods and products, as well as paid and free services provided to the population by organizations and institutions in the non-productive sphere, as well as state expenses for the maintenance of the housing stock in the part not covered by low rents. Public domestic debt - the sum of all kinds borrowed money, which the state, represented by the federal government and the governments of the republics, received from the population, enterprises, organizations and credit institutions for expenses and did not pay off its debt obligations on a certain date. Profitability characterizes the efficiency of materialized labor resources used in production or the efficiency of current production costs. Profitability is calculated as the ratio of profit to average annual cost production fixed assets and material resources. Depreciation deductions - deductions of a part of the cost of labor instruments to compensate for their wear and tear. They are included in the costs of production and circulation in the amount of the value of the means of labor transferred to the manufactured products during their service life. Depreciation deductions are made on a monthly basis by all self-supporting enterprises and organizations on the basis of established norms and the balance sheet value of fixed assets on which depreciation is charged. Working capital - money invested in production working capital and circulation funds. to production revolving funds include raw materials, materials, fuel, feed, seeds and other material values, costs of work in progress and semi-finished products of own manufacture, deferred expenses, low-value and wearing items. The circulation funds are made up of the balances of unsold finished products, funds in settlements and cash. 688

Payments and benefits received by the population from public funds consumption, include the corresponding expenditures of the state budget, state, cooperative enterprises and economic organizations, collective farms, trade unions and other public organizations. Payments and benefits include expenses for free education and advanced training, free medical care, expenses for the payment of pensions, allowances, scholarships to students, free discounted vouchers to sanatoriums and rest homes, expenses for maintaining the housing stock in the part not covered by the housing fee, expenses for paying annual, vacations workers and some other payments and benefits.When determining the amount of these payments and benefits, expenses for education and other educational activities are taken without expenses for science, the press and the arts, expenses for all types of social and cultural activities are taken into account without expenses for capital investments; expenses for sanatorium-and-spa care are accepted without the share that is partially paid by the population; expenses for preschool institutions and boarding schools - ^ without paying parents; payment for vacations is taken into account in the amount minus taxes paid. Distribution of the population into urban and rural is carried out according to the place residence, while urban settlements are considered settlements, approved by the legislative acts of the republic as cities, urban-type settlements, workers' settlements, resort settlements. All other settlements are rural. Life expectancy at birth is the number of years that, on average, those born in a given period will have to live if, throughout their lives, the mortality rate at each age remains the same as it was in the years of birth. Age-specific fertility rates characterize the average fertility rate of women in each age group. They are calculated as the quotient of the number of births per year for women of a given age group divided by the average annual number of women of this age, obtained from the results of current estimates. When calculating the coefficient for the age group under 20, the number of women aged 15-19 was taken as the denominator. When calculating the coefficient for the age group of 15-49 years, the numerator takes into account all those born, including those born to mothers under the age of 15 and 50 years and older. The total fertility rate shows how many children, on average, one woman would give birth to over throughout her life while maintaining the existing level of fertility at each age. This indicator does not depend on the age composition of the population and characterizes the average birth rate in a given calendar period. Age-specific mortality rates characterize the average mortality rate in each age group. They are calculated as the quotient of dividing the numbers of deaths at this age per year

on the average annual number of people of a given age, obtained from the results of current estimates. Standardized rates for individual diseases and major classes of causes of death are provided to eliminate those differences in the age structure of the population that make the usual rates incomparable. In this case, the influence of differences in the age composition of patients from certain diseases, as well as those who died from different reasons of death. The population employed in the national economy includes workers and employees of state, cooperative and public enterprises, institutions and organizations; "collective farmers employed in the "public economy" of olkhozes; collective farmers and members of the families of workers and employees of working age, hushed up in personal subsidiary farming; persons engaged in individual labor activity. The population employed in the national economy is not included students of working age, out-of-work students and military personnel. labor resources persons of working age are included, except for non-working disabled people of groups I and It, and non-working citizens receiving a pension for preferential terms; actually working adolescents and working persons of retirement age. The tables on the average annual number of workers and employees provide data on average headcount employees, which takes into account employees who are on the payroll of enterprises, institutions and organizations, including those employees who were absent due to illness, were on annual and additional holidays. Some workers are not included in the average headcount, such as women on maternity leave, women on additional leave caring for a child until they reach the age of three pet. By staff turnover, we mean the departure of own will, dismissal for absenteeism and other violations of labor discipline. The average monthly monetary wages of workers and employees in the national economy and sectors of the national economy are determined by dividing the accrued wage fund and material incentive fund (except for one-time assistance), one-time and other bonuses that are not included in the wage fund and material incentive fund, by the average annual number of workers and employees. Benefits received by workers and employees from social insurance funds are not included in the wage fund and the average money wage. 890

The total family income is the sum of cash and in-kind (in monetary terms) income received by family members in the form of wages and other cash payments from state, cooperative and rental enterprises and organizations, collective farms, income from personal subsidiary farm And entrepreneurial activity, proceeds from government loans, dividends from shares, loans provided to the population and income from other sources, as well as payments and benefits from public consumption funds accounted for in the family budget: pensions, scholarships, allowances and various subsidies. The retail turnover of state and cooperative trade is defined as the volume of goods sold to the population by a retail trade network, a public catering network, and in addition to trading network directly by industrial and transport enterprises, etc.; in addition, the retail turnover includes the sale by the trade network to organizations, institutions and enterprises of food products to feed the contingents they serve (in sanatoriums, children's institutions, hospitals, etc.) and non-food products for their current economic needs. goods (products) by public catering cooperatives, trade, trade and purchasing cooperatives, as well as goods manufactured in the order of individual labor activity and sold through a common trading network. Organizations of consumer cooperatives buy agricultural products from collective farmers at prices agreed upon, accept products from collective farms on commission, and then sell them to the population. This sale is also included in the total volume and structure retail trade for the respective product groups. The sales indices of individual goods and commodity groups are calculated in comparable prices, including the turnover of consumer cooperation in the sale of agricultural products purchased at agreed prices. The index of retail prices of goods sold through state and cooperative trade for each year is determined by evaluating the entire mass of goods sold to the population in the reporting year through retail; public catering and a chain of co-optorg stores, in prices of the base and reporting periods. The retail price indices calculated up to 1988 (inclusive) reflected both changes in state list prices carried out by law and changes in prices and volumes of agricultural products sold at co-optorg prices. Starting from 1989, the retail price index for non-food products, and from the second half of 1990 for food products, is calculated on the basis of registration of prices of representative goods (1030 types). On the basis of these observations of prices for goods in 159 regional (territory) and republican centers, composite price indices for goods are calculated by 691 enlarged groups. This index, along with price changes for comparable products, takes into account the hidden price increase for new products, which manifests itself in setting prices that do not correspond to changes in consumer properties of products, the impact of contract prices, seasonal price fluctuations and other pricing factors, as well as the impact of changes in the ratio of sales volumes in state trade, cooperative stores, on the collective farm market, cooperatives and as a result of individual labor activity. Consumer Price Index The consumer price index is a relative indicator that characterizes the change in the cost of consumer basket goods and services purchased by the population. It allows you to evaluate the actual price dynamics for a set of goods (services) - representatives for the population and measures the ratio of the cost of a quantitatively and qualitatively fixed consumer basket at the current moment to its cost in the base period and does not take into account the impact of changes in incomes of the population, the quantity and structure of consumption. If the goods are purchased not in a retail chain, but from a reseller, the consumer price index is determined based on the prices at which goods and services are actually purchased by the population. The consumer price index is calculated on the basis of individual retail price indices for goods consumer goods and tariffs for paid services to the population, calculated on the basis of monthly registration of prices and tariffs for a set of goods (services) - representatives. The weights in constructing the consumer price index are the structure of consumption in the base period, calculated on the basis of family budget surveys. The index of retail prices and tariffs for consumer goods and paid services to the population is a relative indicator that characterizes the change in the cost of a certain set of goods and services purchased by the average consumer. The index of retail prices and tariffs for consumer goods and paid services to the population is calculated on the basis of individual indices of retail prices for consumer goods and tariffs for paid services to the population, calculated on the basis of monthly registration of prices and tariffs for a set of goods (services) - representatives, weighted by the actual structure of the retail turnover of the reporting period. The index of retail prices and tariffs characterizes the change in prices and tariffs for volume goods sold and services, while the consumer price index characterizes the change in prices and tariffs for the volume of goods and services purchased by the population. The volume of acquisition may differ from the volume of sale by the value of the balance of export and import of goods by the population abroad, consumption by cooperatives and self-employed persons, goods for industrial needs, small wholesale, etc. 692

The volume of sales on the collective-farm non-village market includes the sale of agricultural products by collective farms, collective farmers and other groups of the population with subsidiary farming, to workers, employees and organizations at prices agreed upon. The sale of goods by collective farms and collective farms to each other constitutes intra-village market turnover, which is not included in the turnover of the extra-village collective-farm market. Unsatisfied demand (forced monetary savings) of the population characterizes part of the savings formed due to insufficient opportunities to sell them on the market for goods and services and through other channels. The value of unsatisfied demand includes both a part of current incomes that were not realized due to a lack of goods and services, and a part of the accumulated previously forced savings that turned into unsatisfied demand due to a decrease in the population's propensity to save. Determination of unsatisfied demand is carried out using a macroeconometric model based on information about the dynamics of the volume of incomes of the population (without mandatory payments and voluntary contributions), cash savings (on the hands of the settlement, in deposits, certificates, shares, etc.), as well as retail trade and paid services. Paid public services include: domestic services, services of passenger transport, communications, housing and communal services, services for the maintenance of children in preschool institutions, touristic "excursion and sanatorium services, services of cultural institutions, health care, physical culture and the port, services of a legal nature and savings institutions Bank of the USSR, etc. The volumes of sales of services - by types in accordance with the current methodology include: then household services ^ - all paid household services performed on individual orders of the population for cash, as well as services on orders treatment-and-prophylactic studies, preschool institutions, orphanages, boarding schools, boarding schools and homes for the elderly and disabled; for passenger transport services - public transport services: railway (including metro), Jurassic, air, river and automobile; urban electric transport (tram, trolleybus); transport of ministries and departments engaged in the transportation of passengers; for housing and communal services - amounts received from housing for an apartment, for accommodation in dormitories, hotels, and other payments for various utilities (for the supply of electricity, gas, water supply, central heating, etc. ); for health services - amounts received from the population for different kinds medical care and sanitary services provided by health care institutions that are self-supporting, or their subdivisions; 693

for tourist and sightseeing services, services of culture, physical culture and sports, sanatorium and health resort and health services - the amounts received from the population, as well as the amount, additional payments at the expense of trade unions, included in the price of a voucher, entrance ticket, subscription; \u003d for communication services, for the maintenance of children in preschool institutions, legal services, institutions of the Savings Bank of the USSR, other services - the amounts received from the population for the services rendered to them by these institutions, "Housing Fund - a set of residential apartments and rooms with auxiliary premises, located both in residential buildings and in non-residential buildings, but having residential premises (a doctor's apartment at a hospital, a teacher's apartment at a school1, etc.) The housing stock does not include summer cottages, summer garden houses, other buildings and premises , intended for seasonal or temporary residence, regardless of the length of time citizens live in. Recording of dwellings is carried out according to four main forms of ownership: state housing stock - residential buildings owned by the state; public housing stock - residential buildings owned by collective farms and other cooperative organizations, their associations, trade unions and other public organizations; fund of housing-construction cooperatives - owned by housing-construction cooperatives; individual housing stock - which is in the personal property of citizens. The total area of ​​residential buildings consists of living space and the area of ​​utility rooms. Utility (auxiliary) premises include premises located inside apartments; kitchens, corridors, sanitary facilities, bathrooms and dressing rooms, pantries, built-in closets. In dormitories, auxiliary (auxiliary) premises, "in addition to the above, include premises for cultural and community purposes and medical care. The area of ​​auxiliary (auxiliary) premises also includes covered apartment verandas, loggias, terraces and balconies with established reduction factors, if this is provided for by the technical -economic indicators of residential projects. ^om, V total area residential buildings does not include the area of ​​vestibules, vestibules, landings, common corridors, as well as the area of ​​residential buildings intended for built-in non-residential premises. Living space is the area of ​​living rooms in residential buildings and premises: bedrooms, dining rooms, rooms for recreation and for extracurricular activities in boarding schools, orphanages and hostels educational institutions, in nursing homes; residential apartments, consisting of one living room, serving at the same time as a kitchen; living rooms in non-residential buildings and indoors - in schools, hospitals, clinics, etc. ,... . The living space does not include: the area of ​​kitchens, corridors, bathrooms, storerooms and other auxiliary and utility rooms; area of ​​apartments and rooms, although intended 694

for living, but used for other purposes (offices, shops, pharmacies, children's institutions, etc.). Fresh water consumption - the volume of use of water withdrawn from 43 different sources for household needs. This does not include recycling water consumption, as well as the reuse of waste and collector-drainage water. Recycling and consistent use of water - the amount of savings in fresh water intake through the use of recycling and re-use systems, including the use of waste and collector-drainage water. TO recyclable does not include water consumption in heating systems. Regulatory cleared wastewater- the volume of industrial and municipal effluents that have been treated and discharged into water bodies does not lead to a violation of the established standards for the quality of natural water resources. The total number of registered crimes in general and by individual types - identified and officially registered socially dangerous acts provided for by the criminal law. National wealth, taken into account in statistics at the present time, is a set of accumulated maternal goods created by the labor of people, which the Society disposes of at a given moment in time, in accordance with the economic purpose, the elements of national wealth are divided into the following groups: production and non-production > fixed assets, material circulating assets, as well as personal property of the population, Fixed assets constitute the most important part of the country's national wealth, Fixed assets include buildings, structures, transmission devices, machinery and equipment (working and power machines and equipment, measuring and regulating devices and construction equipment, laboratory equipment, computer equipment), vehicles, tools, working and productive jot and other types of fixed assets. in the sphere of material production, which repeatedly take part in the production of material goods, [the latter retain their natural form, wear out -: I gradually and transfer their value to the created socialized product in parts in the form of depreciation deductions, fixed assets that are not directly involved the process of production, are non-production basic backgrounds- | s. Funds of housing and communal services, organizations of healthcare institutions, education, science, culture, art: art, credit institutions and government bodies are classified as production fixed assets, regardless of whether they are listed on the balance sheets of production or non-production enterprises and organizations. Fixed assets include fixed assets of state, cooperative and public enterprises and organizations; collective farms, as well as fixed assets owned by the population. The fixed assets of the population include residential buildings, outbuildings, perennial plantings, working and productive livestock. The dynamics of fixed assets is calculated in comparable prices at the end of the year. The coefficient of renewal of industrial fixed assets is defined as the ratio of the cost of commissioning industrial fixed assets to their availability at the end of the year (excluding the cost of livestock). The retirement rate of production fixed assets is defined as the ratio of the value of liquidated production fixed assets to their availability at the beginning of the year (excluding the value of livestock). The return on assets of production fixed assets is calculated as the ratio of the produced national income to the average annual cost of production fixed assets (in comparable prices). The material intensity of the national income (without depreciation) is calculated as the ratio of the costs of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy and other objects of labor to the produced national income. The energy intensity of the produced national income is understood as a generalizing indicator that characterizes the level of gross consumption of primary energy and its equivalents within the country per unit of produced national income. The metal intensity of the produced national income is understood as a general indicator that characterizes the level of metal costs to the final result of social reproduction, and is defined as the ratio of metal costs in natural units of measurement to the volume of national income produced. . The reporting intersectoral balance of production and distribution of products (MOE) is an economic table that allows you to get a detailed description of the reproduction process. social product in terms of material composition and value (in actual prices) in a detailed sectoral context. MOB is an integral part of the balance of the national economy (BNH). The MOB is a further development and specification of the BNC and, first of all, its most important section - the consolidated material balance. . The MOB is compiled for "net industries", which are the total production of products of certain groups. The MOB scheme is built in the form of a chessboard, in which both the subject (lines) and the predicate (columns) are highlighted in

the same sequence of branches of material production. Behind the list of industries in the subject of the table are stages characterizing individual elements of net production, wages, profits, turnover tax, etc.), and in the predicate - elements of the final use of products (non-productive burial, accumulation, etc.). Each line represents the introductory material balance of the industry's products, which shows how the products of each industry are used for industrial burial (by consumer industries), non-productive consumption, accumulation and other expenses ^ Each column shows; the rest of the industry's products by value. In the yearbook, the MOB is presented at end-use prices, including trade, transport and procurement costs associated with the delivery of products to consumers, i.e., in the prices of actual consumption of products, in contrast to the prices of produc-gels (without trade, transport and procurement costs). The number of specialists who performed research, design and engineering and technological work includes specialists with higher and secondary specialized education (including postgraduate students) who were directly involved in the performance of scientific and technical work, as well as heads of scientific organizations and departments, performing scientific and technical work. The number of specialists who performed research, design and technological work does not include heads and specialists of planning and economic and financial departments, logistics support departments, bodies of scientific and technical information, scientific, scientific and technical and other special libraries, patent services, laboratory assistants who do not have higher and secondary education, accounting workers, personnel services, typists and CR- "." The total volume of industrial output as a whole and of individual branches is determined as the sum of data on the volume of output of individual industrial enterprises, taken into account according to the factory method. products, industrial enterprise the cost of all finished products produced by the enterprise for the reporting period and semi-finished products sold to the side (both from its own raw materials and materials, and from the raw materials and materials of the customer), as well as the cost of industrial work performed on orders from outside or non-industrial farms and organizations of their enterprise. Not included in the output of an industrial enterprise (with certain exceptions) is the value of own-produced products spent on industrial and production needs within the enterprise. 697

Indices of the total volume of industrial production to the previous year are calculated according to data on products in comparable, i.e. at the same prices, while the evaluation of products at these prices is carried out directly at the enterprises. Indices for long periods during which different comparable prices were applied are calculated by the chain method, i.e. by multiplying the indices for separate periods during which comparable prices were applied. Indices are calculated in the same order when the methodology for planning and accounting for products is changed and the organizational structure of enterprises is changed. The distribution of industrial products and * the production of means of production (group "A") and the production of consumer goods (group "B") is carried out in accordance with the actual use of products . At the same time, some types of products belong entirely to group "A" (machines, equipment, ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, mineral fertilizers, cellulose, etc.), other types of products belong entirely to group "B" (sewing and knitwear finished goods, food fish products, bread and bakery products, household refrigerators, radios, furniture, etc.). A number of types of products used for production and non-production purposes (electricity, coal, ready-made fabrics, flour, meat, animal oil, etc.) are distributed between group "A" and group "B" according to their actual use. The production of industrial products in kind is shown, as a rule, by gross output, i.e., including products spent on industrial and production needs within a given enterprise. Indices of labor productivity in industry are determined by the output in comparable prices per worker. When calculating indices for long periods, the method of chain indices is used. The indicator of change in costs per ruble of marketable output is the ratio of the difference, expressed as a percentage, between the actual costs per ruble of marketable output of a given year (in prices comparable with the previous year) and the costs per ruble of marketable output for the previous year to the costs per ruble of marketable output of the previous year. The return on assets by industries is calculated based on the volume of products (works, services) in comparable wholesale prices of enterprises and the average annual cost of production fixed assets in comparable prices. Depreciation of industrial and production fixed assets is defined as the ratio of depreciation charges accrued for renovation (restoration) to the initial cost of fixed assets.

Usage level production capacity determined on the basis of the average annual capacity operating in the reporting period, and the output, extraction or processing of raw materials in the regime time. For enterprises and facilities under development, the volume of production to be produced is determined in accordance with the norms for the development of design capacities. Data on the production of consumer goods (in retail prices) include: food and non-food consumer goods, including alcoholic beverages . Summarizing indicators for the agro-industrial complex are given according to the composition of industries, determined by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 14, 1985 "On the further improvement of the management of the agro-industrial complex." The agro-industrial complex includes: agriculture and forestry, procurement of agricultural products, food industry, flour, milling, cereal and feed industry, rural construction, repair of agricultural machinery, primary processing of non-food agricultural raw materials, state and cooperative trade food products and catering. Enterprises and organizations that produce means of production and other resources for the agro-industrial complex closely coordinate their work with the agro-industrial complex. Separate data characterizing the agro-industrial complex are given in the collection, including these industries. The industries that provide the agro-industrial complex with means of production include: tractor and agricultural engineering, production of technological equipment for the food, feed industry and for trade and public catering enterprises; production of mineral fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, agricultural tools, limestone and dolomite flour, peat extraction for agriculture, microbiological industry and some other industries. The given indicators for individual industries or groups of homogeneous industries of the agro-industrial complex are calculated according to the methodology of the respective industries. The indicators that characterize the agro-industrial complex in a generalized form are calculated according to the methodology adopted for the formation of the corresponding indicators for the whole national economy. The volume of capital investments for the development of the agro-industrial complex (including the sectors that provide agriculture with the means of production) includes the costs of: the development of agriculture throughout the entire range of activities, the food, microbiological, fly-and-cereal and mixed fodder industries, the production of mineral fertilizers, development tractor, agricultural and food engineering, in trade, as well as capital investments of consumer cooperation and in cooperative and individual housing construction of workers in agricultural enterprises.

The volume of capital investments for the development of agriculture for the entire range of works includes capital investments in agriculture, for the development of agricultural research institutions, as well as capital investments for the construction of enterprises for processing agricultural products, for the production building materials and for the development of the production base of the construction industry of contractors serving agriculture, for the construction of housing and cultural and community facilities for agricultural enterprises. . The wages of collective farmers include the total amount of money and the cost of products determined to be issued to collective farmers for work in all branches of the public economy. At the same time, for the purpose of comparability with the indicators of the wages of workers and employees, payments in kind to collective farmers are valued at state retail prices. The average annual number of collective farmers employed in the public sector is determined by summing up the number of all employees (able-bodied collective farmers, adolescents and elderly people, regardless of the number of days they worked) for all months of the reporting year and dividing the resulting amount by 12. The average annual number of state farm workers is determined by summing up the average the number of employees for all months of the reporting year and dividing the amount received by 12. Data for the month are calculated by summing the number of employees on the list for all its calendar days, including holidays and weekends, and dividing the amount received by the number calendar days month. The number of temporary workers involved in agricultural work from among pensioners, housewives, students working on certain days is calculated by dividing the number of man-days worked by them by the number of working days in a month. Labor productivity in public agriculture is calculated: annual - by dividing agricultural output in monetary terms (in comparable prices) by the average annual number of employees employed in agriculture, hourly - by dividing agricultural output in monetary terms (in comparable prices) by the number man-hours worked in agriculture per year. Direct labor costs in man-hours for the production of 1 quintal of agricultural products on collective farms and state farms include the costs (excluding general production and general economic costs) of able-bodied, adolescents and the elderly directly employed in the production of this type of product. 700

Agricultural production in monetary terms at comparable prices is defined as the sum of crop production and livestock production. Comparable prices are obtained as weighted average prices of commodity and non-commodity parts of agricultural products. The marketable part of the output is valued at the actual; enzm of sale: the sale of products to the state by collective farms, co-farms, inter-farm and other industrial agricultural enterprises and the population - at state purchase prices, the sale by collective farms and the population at (the market - at prices collective-farm market. The non-commercial part of the output of collective farms, state farms, inter-farm and other industrial agricultural enterprises is valued at cost. In the households of the population, the non-commercial part of the output, spent for personal consumption and for agricultural production, is valued at average commodity prices. present, as comparable prices, the average prices for the USSR were taken in 1983, From 1975 to 1985, the volume and indices of agricultural production: farms were determined in prices of 1973, since 1986 - in prices of 1983. The volume of crop production is determined the size of the sludge collection of agricultural crops, which is estimated at comparable prices.In addition, the increase (or decrease) in the value of work in progress in crop production for the year, as well as the cost of growing young perennial plantations, is added to the value of the gross harvest i in a given year. Work in progress in crop production is characterized by spending on sowing winter crops and preparing soil for spring crops, made in a given year for the harvest of the next year. The cost of growing young perennial plantations includes the cost of establishing and growing perennial plantations to fruiting age. The volume of livestock production is determined by the size of the bred offspring and the growth of young zhot grown during the year, the weight gain of adult cattle obtained as a result of its fattening, as well as the amount of milk, wool, eggs and other livestock products obtained in the process of economic use of livestock and poultry and not related to their slaughter. The volume of livestock production is determined in monetary terms at comparable prices. Meat production includes meat of all types of livestock and poultry, raw kir, edible by-products. Data are given for both industrial and on-farm slaughter of livestock and poultry. Milk production is characterized by actually milked<оровьим, овечьим, козьим, верблюжьим, кобыльим молоком, независимо от того, было ли оно реализовано или часть его потреблена з хозяйстве на выпойку телят и поросят. Молоко, высосанное теля- 701

Tami with their suckling content is not included in the products and is not taken into account when determining the average milk yield from one cow.

Wool production includes all sheep, goat, camel wool and goat down actually sheared, regardless of whether it was sold or used for on-farm needs. Wool obtained from sheepskins during their industrial processing into leather (the so-called "sour wool") is not included in the product. The weight of the wool is shown as physical (i.e. the weight of unwashed wool) immediately after shearing the sheep. Egg production includes their collection per year from all types of poultry, including eggs used for poultry reproduction (incubation, etc.). State purchases of agricultural products make up the bulk of commercial agricultural products. The volume of state purchases takes into account all products sold to the state by collective farms, state farms and other agricultural production enterprises and the population. Livestock sold after fattening in inter-farm organizations is included in the sales of livestock to the state by collective farms and state farms. Data on purchases of grain, sugar beets, oilseeds, flax fiber, hemp, tobacco, shag, potatoes, milk are given in the test weight, i.e., in weight, taking into account allowances or discounts for product quality deviation from the established standard. Data on the purchase of livestock and poultry are given both in the mass of live cattle and poultry, and in terms of slaughter weight, which is calculated according to the meat yield coefficients for slaughtering livestock and poultry in the industry. Square forest fund- a part of the territory of the USSR occupied by forests, as well as not occupied by them, but intended for the needs of forestry. The forest fund includes the forest area, that is, the territory covered with forest (actually occupied by tree species that form plantations) and not covered with forest, but intended for forest cultivation (burnt areas, clearings, wastelands, clearings, sparse areas, areas of dead plantations). In addition, the forest fund includes non-forest area: agricultural land (arable land, hayfields, pastures), areas special purpose(roads, clearings, ditches, estates, etc.), as well as areas of swamps, sands, ravines, steep slopes and other territories. 702

Forest management - a system of measures, including the definition of boundaries, the division of the forest into allotments and areas of forest plantations, groups, categories of protection (water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic and health-improving, etc.); inventory of the forest fund (forest area and timber stock); determination of the amount of annual use of the forest (allowable cutting area), reforestation, etc. Entering young plantations into the category of valuable (highly productive) forest plantations is determined based on the area classified as valuable tree plantations, grown forest crops (planting and sowing) and young stands, as a result of taking measures to promote natural reforestation, reconstruction of low-value plantations and thinning. Capital investments include costs for new construction, reconstruction, expansion and technical re-equipment of existing industrial, agricultural, transport, trade and other enterprises, costs for housing, utilities and cultural and domestic construction. Capital investments include the cost of construction work of all kinds; equipment installation costs; for the purchase of equipment requiring and not requiring installation, provided for in construction estimates; for the purchase of production tools and household equipment included in construction estimates; for the purchase of machinery and equipment not included in the construction estimates; for other capital works and expenses. Capital investments do not include the costs of drilling and exploration work carried out at the expense of the operating funds of the state budget or the funds of the main activity, for the acquisition and formation of the main herd; expenses for the purchase of equipment and inventory for state operating institutions (schools, hospitals, preschool institutions), carried out at the expense of appropriations from the budget, as well as for the overhaul of buildings and structures, equipment, vehicles and other fixed assets. Capital investments by sectors of the national economy: industry, agriculture, forestry, construction, transport, communications, trade and catering, logistics and sales, procurement, information and computing services are shown only for production facilities; capital investments in housing, communal, cultural and household and other non-productive 703

industrial construction is not included in these industries, but is reflected in the corresponding non-manufacturing industries. For the main national economic complexes, the data are given according to the composition of industries. From the total of capital investments in industry, capital investments are allocated for the construction of new, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment and maintenance of the capacities of existing enterprises and other production facilities intended for the production of goods-production (group "A") and for the production of consumer goods ( group "B"). Capital investments in industry in group "A" include the costs of building new, reconstructing, expanding, technical re-equipping and maintaining the capacities of existing enterprises and other production facilities^ as well as the costs of acquiring equipment, tools and household inventory for the entire mining and manufacturing industry, for with the exception of enterprises engaged in the production of consumer goods. Capital investments in industry in Group B include costs for the construction of new, reconstruction, expansion and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, including costs for the purchase of equipment, tools and household inventory of the manufacturing industry that ensure the production of consumer goods (clothing, footwear, food , furniture, etc.). Some enterprises produce products that are used as means of production and as consumer goods. In this case, the distribution of capital investments in industry into group "A" and group "B" is made depending on the predominant purpose of the products of these enterprises. Capital investments of collective farms include expenditures made by all collective farms (including fishing) and inter-farm enterprises. The capital investments of the population include the costs for the construction of their own residential buildings with the necessary buildings and utility rooms. The indicator of commissioning of fixed assets includes the cost of completed construction and put into operation enterprises, buildings and structures of production and non-production

water destination; the cost of equipment of all types put into operation (requiring and not requiring installation); stand, the bridge of the tool, stock and other subjects, zamisyachiemy in fixed assets; the cost of irrigation and drainage of land; the cost of completed drilling and put into operation oil and gas production wells, as well as exploratory wells with the required oil and gas flow rate, transferred to operation; Capital costs for land improvement and other costs associated with an increase in the value of fixed assets. Labor productivity in construction is determined by the volume of construction and installation work according to the estimated cost per employee, hushed up in construction and installation works and in ancillary industries (construction and production personnel), listed on the balance sheet - construction organizations. Labor productivity indices for long periods are calculated by the chain method, i.e. by multiplying the rates. The average annual number of employees employed in construction "organizations" includes the number of employees of all "contracting construction organizations, as well as enterprises and organizations performing construction and installation work economic way, the coefficient of renewal of production basic background-. dov construction purposes1 is defined as the ratio of the cost of the production fixed assets "construction purposes" put into operation to their na/Ymyu at the end of the year. ""\u003e The retirement rate of production fixed assets" for construction purposes is defined as the ratio of the value of liquidated production fixed assets of the construction site to their status at the beginning of the year, Depreciation of production fixed assets for construction purposes is defined as the ratio of the amount of accrued depreciation to the initial the cost of production fixed assets for construction purposes at the end of the year. "The transport of the national economy includes public and non-public transport. Public transport transports any cargo and any passengers, and non-public transport transports not any, but only the cargo and passengers of its Enterprise kpy of its ministry, department. - Shipping, cargo in tons is calculated as mass (weight) of all shipments of goods, including containers, accepted for transportation by transport.Cargo turnover in toshkmsshkagetra represents the mileage of goods and is determined as the sum of the products of the weight of each consignment (dispatch) of the transported cargo in tons by the final distance of its transportation in kilometers.