Day of the sailor-submariner is celebrated in Russia on March 19. 112 years ago, by decree of the All-Russian Emperor Nicholas II, submarines were included in the classification of ships, and two dozen submarines were included in the combat strength of the Russian Imperial Fleet
such as "Trout", "Killer whale", "Catfish" and "Sturgeon". Historical "fish" names have been preserved in the names of projects of Soviet and Russian submarines.
The first titles diving officer» By order of the Main Naval Staff, 68 officers who passed a special exam were awarded. Russia was one of the first countries to use submarines in armed struggle at sea.
Submarine forces as an independent branch of the Russian fleet were formed by the end of the First World War. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, there were 218 submarines in the four fleets of the country. During the war years, submariners made more than 1,200 military campaigns, made about 700 torpedo attacks, fired 1,542 torpedoes, and placed 1,736 mines in active minefields. As a result, they sank about 100 warships and more than 200 enemy transports.
In the mid-1950s, in response to the creation by the United States of a submarine with a nuclear power plant, work was launched in the USSR aimed at ensuring parity in this direction. We completed this daunting task almost twice as fast. The path from the first in the world was accurately chosen nuclear reactor, used in Obninsk, to the main power plant of the submarine, as well as huge research and development carried out by 135 organizations over the course of six years. July 1, 1958 was raised naval ensign on the first in Russia nuclear submarine K-3 "Leninsky Komsomol". On July 4, 1958, Academician Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov made a historical entry in the logbook of the GEM console: “ For the first time in the country, steam was supplied to the turbine without coal and fuel oil».
The submarine fleet of the Soviet Union was armed with 216 submarines various types and classes, now there are about 70 of them (13 projects in total). At present, Russia is building a series of multi-purpose submarines of the fourth generation of the Yasen project and strategic missile carriers"Borey", the creation of unmanned underwater vehicles is underway. In the near future, the laying of two diesel-electric boats of project 636.3 is expected, in total six of them will be built for the Pacific Fleet.
"Boreas "
Russia's Project 941 Akula heavy strategic missile submarines have given way to the more stealthy and efficient Borey-class fourth-generation nuclear missile carriers. In total, the Russian Navy has 12 nuclear-powered strategic submarine missile carriers, three of which are Project 955 Borey: Yuri Dolgoruky, Alexander Nevsky and Vladimir Monomakh. Armed with Bulava intercontinental ballistic missiles (each submarine carries 16 missiles), the boats are capable of being used anywhere in the world and have unlimited seaworthiness.
Submarines of project 955 (09551), 955A (09552) "Borey" (according to NATO codification SSBN "Borei", also "Dolgorukiy" - on behalf of the lead ship of the class) - a series of Russian nuclear submarines of the "strategic missile submarine cruiser" class ( SSBN) of the fourth generation. Developed in TsKBMT "Rubin" (St. Petersburg), under the leadership of chief designer Vladimir Zdornov. "Borey" was created in order to replace the submarines of projects 941 "Shark" (Typhoon according to NATO classification) and 667BDRM "Dolphin" (Delta-IV according to NATO classification) in the future.
Borei are the first Russian nuclear submarines where propulsion is carried out using a single-shaft water-jet propulsion system with high propulsion characteristics (given the rather high energy intensity, especially specific, of OK-650V ship reactors, the use of water-jet propulsion systems on surface and submarine ships seems to be quite justified). Also, similarly to the Project 971 Schuka-B submarines, the Borey submarines have two tilting thrusters and retractable bow horizontal rudders with flaps.
A lot of work has been done to reduce boat noise and reduce physical fields. The noise level of the strategic missile submarine of the Borei project is 5 times lower compared to the third-generation Schuka-B multi-purpose nuclear submarines and 2 times lower than that of the American Virginia" .
The boat is equipped with a nuclear power unit with a water-cooled reactor on thermal neutrons VM-5 or similar with a steam generator OK-650V with a capacity of 190 MW. PPU control and protection system - "Aliot". The boats of the project are equipped with a nuclear power unit of the 4th generation - KTM-6.
For movement, a single-shaft steam block steam turbine plant of the Mirage PTU with GTZA OK-9VM or similar with improved shock absorption with a power of about 50,000 hp is used. To improve maneuverability, the submarines are equipped with two thruster submersible two-speed propulsion motors PG-160 with a capacity of 410 hp each.
Until 2020, it provides for the construction and entry into the combat structure of the Navy of eight strategic missile submarines. There are currently five nuclear submarines of the modernized project "Borey-A" are under construction. The last ship of this series, Prince Pozharsky, was laid down at the end of 2016.
"Ash"
The Navy has 29 multi-purpose nuclear submarines of various projects, including the fourth generation submarine of project 885 Yasen - K-560 Severodvinsk (the lead submarine of the series is in service in the Northern Fleet - approx. 24RosInfo). The following boats are being built according to the modernized project 885M "Ash-M". Six submarines of this type were laid down at Sevmash in 2009-2017: Kazan (it is expected to be handed over to the fleet this year), Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk (should leave the stocks in 2019), Arkhangelsk, Perm and Ulyanovsk.
Project 885 ships use a single-hull architecture for part of the length of the pressure hull, and the torpedo tubes are moved out of the bow, where they usually were. As a result, an "acoustically clean" bow was formed to accommodate large hydroacoustic antennas.
New nuclear submarines are distinguished by optimized hull contours, an updated element base of electronic weapons systems, modernized equipment and modern materials. It is noteworthy that all components - Russian production. Previously, many elements were purchased in the countries of the former USSR. In addition, it is reported that a new, less noisy engine was installed on the Kazan.
In addition to ten 533-mm torpedo tubes, the boats of the Yasen-M project are armed with a large arsenal of missiles. They are equipped with eight universal vertical launchers, each with five Caliber-PL cruise missiles. Depending on the combat mission being performed, they can be in different modifications: anti-ship, anti-submarine, for strikes against ground targets and strategic. Instead of Caliber, the submarines are also capable of carrying the more powerful P-800 Oniks, specially designed to destroy large surface targets.
Thanks to the equipment with universal launchers, which make it possible to combine missile weapons, "Ash" performs a function that was previously not characteristic of domestic multi-purpose nuclear submarines - a full-fledged non-nuclear strategic deterrence, i.e. there was a transformation of such submarines from predominantly anti-submarine into attack ones."Ash" has universal launchers that allow the use of cruise missiles for various purposes without any alterations, without changes in the composition of electronic weapons.
Boats of the "Ash" project come to replace the world-famous "animal" division of multi-purpose nuclear submarines. The division got its name thanks to the names of the boats: "Panther", "Cheetah", "Tiger", "Wolf", "Boar", "Leopard". All of them were built according to project 971 and are among the most "toothy" submarines of the Russian Navy. Their task is to protect our strategic missile submarines from foreign submarines and ships.
" Black hole "
"Black holes in the ocean" - this is how the new Russian ones (according to NATO codification - Improved Kilo) were called in the West for their unprecedented low noise. Even knowing that a multi-purpose submarine is prowling somewhere nearby, NATO destroyers are often unable to find it with their ultra-sensitive sonars.
Submarines of the Varshavyanka project belong to the third generation, have a displacement of 3.95 thousand tons, an underwater speed of 20 knots, a diving depth of 300 meters, a crew of 52 people. The boats of the modified 636th project have higher combat effectiveness. Submarines of this project combine the characteristics of acoustic stealth and target detection range. They are equipped with the latest inertial navigation system, a modern automated information and control system, high-precision missile weapons, and powerful torpedo weapons.
The submarines are armed with torpedoes of 533 mm caliber (six devices), mines, and the Caliber strike missile system. They can detect a target at a distance three to four times greater than that at which they can be detected by the enemy. They are more compact, can operate in shallow water, come close to the shore, release combat swimmers-saboteurs, lie down on the ground, and covertly lay mines in narrow fairways. Modern systems life support allows you to stay under water for up to five days, and the overall autonomy has increased to 45.
"Novorossiysk" is the first of six built boats of this project. Launched in June 2014, based in Novorossiysk. Following her, the Black Sea Fleet included the same type "Rostov-on-Don", "Stary Oskol", "Krasnodar", "Veliky Novgorod" and "Kolpino". "Rostov-on-Don" is the first submarine in the history of the Russian Navy to hit a real enemy with missiles. In December 2015, all the Kalibr missiles launched found their targets in Syria.
The boats were so successful that it was decided to build six more for the Pacific Fleet. On July 28, 2017, the first two submarines of this project, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Volkhov, were laid down. The Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky submarine will be launched in 2019 and will be commissioned the same year. "Volkhov" will be launched in the spring of 2020 and handed over to the fleet by the end of the year. The third submarine is called "Magadan", the fourth - "Ufa". They will surrender simultaneously in 2021, with a small gap. They will be laid down in 2019. Accordingly, one will be launched in 2020, the other in 2021. The fifth boat is called "Mozhaysk", the Navy has not yet given a name to the sixth boat. Both boats will be handed over in 2022. Accordingly, one will be launched in 2021, the other in 2022.
"Lada Kalina"
Russian diesel-electric submarines of project 677 of the Lada type belong to the fourth generation of non-nuclear submarines. The surface displacement is about 1.75 thousand tons (against 2.3 thousand tons for Varshavyanka). Underwater speed reaches 21 knots. Diving depth - up to 350 meters. The crew of the submarine is a little over 30 people.
Thanks to the use of new solutions in the design of the hull, a special coating and the latest radio electronics, they have unsurpassed stealth. Designed to fight against submarines, surface ships, destroy coastal targets of a potential enemy, lay minefields, transport units and special-purpose cargo.
Project 677 submarines are distinguished by a high degree of automation and low noise levels. They can be armed with Caliber-PL cruise missiles, torpedoes, rocket-torpedoes, Igla anti-aircraft missiles.
The lead submarine of the series, St. Petersburg, was laid down at the Admiralty Shipyards in 1997; after being handed over to the Russian Navy in 2010, it is in trial operation in the Northern Fleet. The second ship of project 677 - "Kronstadt" - was laid down in 2005, the third one - "Veliky Luki" - in 2006. Then the construction of these submarines in St. Petersburg was frozen and resumed in 2013.
Submarines of the "Lada" type will be the first of the Russian non-nuclear submarines to be equipped with air-independent power plants (VNEU), the main advantage of which is an increase in the stealth of the boat. The submarine will be able to stay under water for up to two weeks without surfacing to charge batteries, while diesel-electric submarines of projects 636 and 877 of the Varshavyanka class are forced to surface every day.
VNEU Russian development fundamentally different from foreign ones: the unit itself provides for the production of hydrogen in the volume of consumption by reforming diesel fuel. Foreign submarines are loaded on board transportable supplies of hydrogen.
In Russia, the development of an anaerobic unit and a lithium-ion battery, which significantly increase the duration of underwater navigation of non-nuclear submarines without surfacing, is most productively carried out by the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering, where they create a modernized version of the Lada-type submarine - the Kalina project.
These fifth-generation non-nuclear submarines will be the first to be built for the Northern and Baltic fleets. Kalina will implement best qualities projects 636.3 "Varshavyanka" and 677 "Lada", which are now being built for the fleet. The submarine will receive VNEU, the main advantage of which is an increase in stealth. The boat will be able to stay under water without surfacing to charge the batteries for a longer period - up to three weeks.
"Husky"
The latest technological solutions should be embodied in the Husky project, a fifth-generation nuclear submarine. So far, the project exists only in the form of preliminary calculations. Formation of the appearance of the boat and research work to create draft design scheduled for completion this year. The development of a multi-purpose boat is being carried out at the Malachite design bureau in St. Petersburg.
When creating the fifth generation submarine, it is planned to widely use composite materials, which are characterized by low specific gravity, high strength and resistance to aggressive marine environments. Thanks to the advanced electronic component filling, as well as the automation of many ship and weapon control algorithms, the Husky will turn out to be quite compact and will be able to simultaneously accompany a large number of goals. According to Oleg Vlasov, head of the Malachite robotics sector, the submarine is planned to be equipped with military, special and civil purpose, which can work both in water and in the air. It is known that the submarine will be equipped with Zircon hypersonic cruise missiles, which will soon begin to enter the troops.
"Top secret"
Information on special purpose submarines is practically closed. These ships are being created in the interests of the Main Directorate of Deep Sea Research of the Russian Defense Ministry.
In 2016, the Navy received a special-purpose nuclear submarine BS-64 "Podmoskovye" after the completion of repairs and modernization under project 09787. The submarine was converted from a K-64 missile carrier of project 667BDRM "Delfin" into a carrier of underwater vehicles.
The fleet includes another similar nuclear-powered vessel, the BS-136 Orenburg, which in the early 2000s was also converted from the Project 667BDR missile carrier Kalmar. The world learned about this unique submarine only at the end of 2012, when a research expedition called "Arctic-2012" took place, as a result of which an application was submitted to the UN Commission on the Law of the Sea to expand the Russian-controlled Arctic zone. Two icebreakers took part in this expedition: "Dikson" and "Kapitan Dranitsyn", as well as a unique nuclear deep-water station AS-12 of project 10831 "Kalitka". This deep-sea station was collecting rock and soil samples at a depth of 2.5-3 km for about 20 days.
The Navy plans to receive another special purpose boat - K-139 "Belgorod" of project 949A. Its completion was announced in early 2012. It is created as a carrier of uninhabited and inhabited deep-sea vehicles. In 2014, a special-purpose nuclear submarine of project 09851 Khabarovsk was laid down at Sevmash.
March 1, 2018, during speeches in front of the Federal Assembly, Vladimir Putin showed a video about an ocean multi-purpose system with unmanned underwater vehicles equipped with a nuclear power plant, which could be carried by Belgorod and Khabarovsk.
The President specified that nuclear installation It has small dimensions and, at the same time, an ultra-high power-to-weight ratio, with a volume 100 times smaller than that of modern nuclear submarines, it has greater power and two hundred times less time to enter combat mode.
"The results of the tests carried out gave us the opportunity to start creating a fundamentally new type of strategic weapon equipped with high-yield nuclear weapons.", the president concluded.
"I can say that Russia has developed unmanned underwater vehicles capable of moving at great depths, at very great depths and at intercontinental ranges at a speed that is a multiple of the speed of submarines, torpedoes and all types of even the fastest surface ships - this is simply fantastic. Means that can resist them, today in the world simply does not exist.", - said the Supreme Commander of the Russian Armed Forces.
The Russian Ministry of Defense recently approved a contract for the development of a fifth-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarine, the construction of the submarine will begin after 2020.
Formerly United shipbuilding corporation announced the start of work on shaping the appearance of fifth-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the Husky project. They will replace the project 885 "Ash". The dynamics of development is traditional.
It is known that in the field of submarine shipbuilding, Russia is ahead of the rest. The separation is recognized even by the Americans.
At the same time, domestic submarines not only protect national interests in the expanses of the World Ocean, they have been increasing the glory of Russia for decades with a series of technological records that have not been surpassed by any country.
First missile submarine
Sixty-two years ago, in September 1955, for the first time in the world, a ballistic missile R-11FM was launched from the Soviet submarine B-67 in the White Sea, which hit targets at the training ground. Earlier, at Sevmash, under the V611 Volna project, the B-67 submarine was re-equipped and became the world's first carrier of ballistic missiles.
In the next three years, five submarines of the AB611 project (Zulu V - according to NATO classification) were completed or converted, which became the world's first serial submarines with ballistic missiles on board.
On the submarines of the AB611 project, two R-11FM missiles in the stowed position were placed in vertical shafts inside a pressure hull. The missiles were launched from the surface position from the launch pad raised to the upper section of the shaft. In 1957, the world's first strategic submarine brigade was formed in the Northern Fleet.
The fastest
Multi-purpose nuclear submarine project 661 "Anchar" K-162 in December 1970 reached an underwater speed of 44.7 knots, which corresponds to 82.78 km / h - a record for decades. This is the world's first titanium-hulled submarine. Especially for her, they created especially powerful nuclear reactors and Amethyst anti-ship missiles with an underwater launch. Specialists compare the commissioning of the K-162 submarine by the Navy with the launch of the first man into space. There were no impossible tasks for the K-162, the submarine could catch up and destroy any warship.
With the help of ten P-70 Amethyst launchers, one Project 661 submarine could guarantee to send an aircraft carrier to the bottom, and then escape from prosecution at full speed. In combat service in the Atlantic in September-December 1971, the K-162 caused a lot of inconvenience to the US aircraft carrier Saratoga, which could not tear itself away from tracking and pursuit even at its maximum 30 knots. The speed allowed our submarine to take any desired position relative to the aircraft carrier and destroy it with the first salvo.
The main characteristics of the K-162: length - 106.9 meters, maximum width along the stabilizers - 16.7 meters, displacement - 5200 tons, long-term full underwater speed - 37-38 knots, immersion depth (maximum / working) - 550/400 meters, autonomy - 70 days, crew - 82 people, armament - 10 launchers of missiles P-120 "Amethyst" (placed on the sides in the bow of the submarine, outside the strong hull, inclined to the horizon), four torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber with the total number of received torpedoes is 12 (of which eight are spare).
Torpedo tubes provided firing from depths up to 200 meters.
The baton of the fastest in the late 1970s was taken by the unique serial multi-purpose submarines of project 705 "Lira", which were also distinguished by their small size and a high degree of automation. The submarine was propelled by a unique liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor and reached a speed of 41 knots. Did not have missile weapons, but torpedoes were also enough for the submarine to deal with enemy aircraft carrier strike groups.
According to Western submarine experts, it was almost impossible to avoid the Lyra attack, and it was problematic to hit her even with guided torpedoes. Thanks to its super-maneuverability, the Lira easily evaded torpedoes fired at it, had the ability to complete a 180-degree turn in 42 seconds at full speed (also a record).
Submarine project 705 (K) "Lira"Nuclear pioneers of integrated automation
The era of automation of submarine control was coming. The world's first high-speed nuclear highly automated submarine (anti-submarine defense) received the code name "project 705" (Alfa - according to NATO classification). The submarine has been developed since 1959. The Navy received seven boats of this type, including the improved Project 705K.
The small nuclear “submarine fighter” (with a displacement of 2250 tons) had a solid titanium alloy hull, a reactor with a liquid metal coolant, a full underwater speed of 38 knots (according to this indicator, the 705 boats of the project were second only to the 661 project). Armament - 18 torpedoes and rocket torpedoes. Maximum diving depth - 400 meters. Through the implementation of systems integrated automation the crew was reduced to 32 people.
The combat information and control system "Akkord" made it possible to get rid of excess funds control and concentrate all submarine control devices in the compartment of the central command post. The main operations were carried out by the crew remotely, the automatic protection of the reactor and other vital systems of the submarine had no failures under the most prohibitive operating modes.
Until today, Project 705 submarines have no analogues in the world.
The deepest
A submarine made of titanium alloy of project 685 (Mike - according to NATO classification) could dive to depths of more than 1000 meters, where it turned out to be inaccessible to enemy anti-submarine weapons. Moreover, torpedo armament operated at great depths (thanks to the special design of six bow 533-mm torpedo tubes). The crew of the submarine was the first in the world to practice firing torpedoes at a depth of 800 meters.
The experimental nuclear submarine K-278 of project 685 (third generation) became part of the Northern Fleet in 1983 and was operated for several years. The record of the nuclear submarine K-278 diving to a depth of 1027 meters has not been conquered to this day.
The depth of immersion is a fundamental property for which domestic and foreign shipbuilders have been fighting for decades. Here everything is decided by the strength of the hull and the protection of systems outside the rugged hull from enormous pressure. The only submarine of project 685 was heavy-duty and saturated modern weapons. The unique combat information and control system (CICS) "Omnibus-685" made it possible to simplify the control of the submarine at any depth as much as possible.
Size matters
In December 1981, the Northern Fleet received the world's largest submarine - the TK-208 heavy nuclear-powered strategic missile submarine of project 941 "Shark" (Typhoon - according to NATO classification). The length of the underwater giant is 172 meters, the width is more than 23 meters, the displacement is 48,000 tons. For comparison: the American "Ohio" has an underwater displacement of 18,700 tons.
The Project 941 cruiser was designed for the RSM-52 solid-propellant intercontinental ballistic missile, has 20 such missiles on board, and each carries 10 warheads with a capacity of 100 kilotons. During the Cold War, experts hoped that one full salvo of the R-39 would be enough to wipe out the US West Coast.
Russian submarine project 941 "Shark""Sharks" - the only catamaran-type submarines in the world, have two interconnected, but independent from each other, strong hulls (between which are the mines of launchers).
A special area for combat patrols of the gigantic "strategists" was the Arctic, where submarines long time secretly operated under the ice.
A total of six submarines of this project were built. The lead ship TK-208 (today it bears the name of Dmitry Donskoy) was converted to test the strategic missile system"Mace". Nothing like Project 941 has been created in the world.
Time flies, but the Russian submarine fleet is always ahead of it.
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On multipurpose nuclear submarines a wide range of tasks can be assigned: search and destruction of enemy submarines, primarily SSBNs, in combat patrol areas and at crossings; destruction of surface ships and transports; the struggle (together with surface forces and aviation) to gain dominance at sea; organization of lines in narrow places in order to prevent enemy ships from entering the open ocean; participation in blockade actions; protection of aircraft carrier groups and formations; protection of sea lanes; delivering missile strikes on ground targets; covert laying of mines, reconnaissance, landing of reconnaissance and sabotage groups.
At present, the Russian submarine fleet includes multi-purpose nuclear submarine projects: 671RTMK "Pike", 945 "Barracuda", 945A "Condor", 949A "Antey", 971 "Pike-B" and 885 (M) "Ash".
1. Project 671RTMK "Pike" - a series of Soviet torpedo nuclear submarines of the second generation.
As of 2017, the Russian Navy includes three boats this project, namely B-138 Obninsk (SF), handed over to the fleet in 1990 - in service, B-448 Tambov (SF), handed over to the fleet in 1992 - under repair, B-414 Daniil Moskovsky (SF ), handed over to the fleet in 1990 - in reserve.
2. Project 945 "Barracuda" - a series of Soviet torpedo nuclear submarines of the third generation.
Currently, the boats B-239 "Karp" and B-276 "Kostroma" are in the reserve of the Russian Navy. The question of the restoration of boats was either raised on the agenda or closed. IN this moment repairs and modernization of these boats are not carried out.
3. Project 945A "Condor" - a series of Soviet torpedo nuclear submarines of the third generation.
As of 2017, the Russian Navy includes two boats of this project, namely the B-336 Pskov (SF), commissioned to the fleet in 1993 - in service, B-534 Nizhny Novgorod (SF), commissioned to the fleet in 1990 - in service.
4. Project 949A "Antey" - a series of Soviet nuclear submarines of the third generation, armed with anti-ship missiles "Granit".
As of 2017, the Russian Navy includes eight boats of this project, namely: K-132 Irkutsk (Pacific Fleet), commissioned to the fleet in 1988 - is under repair and modernization at the Zvezda Far East Shipyard, K-442 Chelyabinsk "(Pacific Fleet), handed over to the fleet in 1990 - under repair and modernization at the Far East Air Plant "Zvezda", K-456 "Tver" (Pacific Fleet), handed over to the fleet in 1992 - in service, K-186 "Omsk" (Pacific Fleet) , handed over to the fleet in 1993 - under repair, K-150 "Tomsk" (Pacific Fleet), handed over to the fleet in 1996 - in service, K-119 "Voronezh" (SF), handed over to the fleet in 1989 - in service, K- 410 "Smolensk" (SF), handed over to the fleet in 1990 - in service, K-266 "Eagle" (SF), handed over to the fleet in 1992 - in service.
5) Project 971 "Pike-B" - a series of Soviet multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the third generation.
As of 2017, the Russian Navy includes 11 boats of this project, namely: K-322 Kashalot (Pacific Fleet), handed over to the fleet in 1988 - in reserve, K-391 Bratsk (Pacific Fleet), handed over to the fleet in 1989 - is awaiting repair and modernization at the Zvyozdochka shipyard, K-295 Samara (Pacific Fleet), commissioned to the fleet in 1995 - is awaiting repair and modernization at the Zvezdochka shipyard, K-331 Magadan ( Pacific Fleet), handed over to the fleet in 1990 - under repair, K-419 Kuzbass (Pacific Fleet), handed over to the fleet in 1992 - in service, K-317 Panther (SF), handed over to the fleet in 1990 - in service, K-461 "Volk" (SF), commissioned to the fleet in 1991 - is under repair and modernization at the Zvyozdochka shipyard, K-328 "Leopard" (SF), commissioned to the fleet in 1992 - is under repair and modernization at the shipyard "Zvezdochka", K-154 "Tigr" (SF), handed over to the fleet in 1993 - is awaiting repair and modernization at the Zvezdochka shipyard, K-157 "Vepr" (SF), handed over to the fleet in 1995 - undergoing repairs at the Nerpa shipyard, K-335 Gepard (SF), commissioned to the fleet in 2001 - in service.
6. Project 885 / 885M "Ash" - a series of Russian multi-purpose nuclear submarines with fourth-generation cruise missiles.
As of 2017, the Russian Navy includes one boat, project 885 "Severodvinsk" (SF), commissioned to the fleet in 2014 - in service. Also, at present, the Sevmash facilities are implementing a program for the construction of six submarines pr.885M, namely: K-561 Kazan, laid down in 2009 - launched in 2017, K-573 Novosibirsk, laid down in 2013 - under construction, K-571 Krasnoyarsk, laid down in 2014 - under construction, K-564 Arkhangelsk, laid down in 2015 - under construction, K-? "Perm", laid down in 2016 - under construction, K-? "Ulyanovsk", laid down in 2017 - under construction.
And briefly about the state of the US Navy submarine fleet.
As of 2017, the US Navy includes thirty-three 3rd generation Los Angeles-class boats, three 4th-generation Seawolf-class boats, four 3rd-generation Ohio-class boats converted to KR " Tomahawk" and thirteen boats of the 4th generation of the type "Virginia" (in total it is planned to build more than 30 boats in the interests of the US Navy).
P.S. Some US Navy boats may be under repair.
The construction of the boat, called "Kazan", is carried out according to the modernized project 885M. In many respects, it is superior to the lead ship of this project, the Severodvinsk.
“Kazan should be presented to the public and launched on March 30,” said news agency TASS source from the Russian military department.
The transfer of the submarine to the fleet is scheduled for 2018. Entering the Navy, this boat will become the most powerful ship that the US Navy has ever faced. “This will probably be the most combat-ready nuclear submarine in service with a potential adversary,” Michael Kofman, an expert on the Russian military at the Center for Naval Analyzes, told The National Interest.
Indeed, Kazan should become much more perfect than its older brother Severodvinsk. This boat has updated equipment, which was born after the start of construction of Severodvinsk in 1993. The "Kazan" also took into account the shortcomings identified during the tests of the lead boat of this project.
Context
"Virginia" against "Ash": who will win?
The National Interest 03.10.2016What are the dangers of new american submarines?
The National Interest 03/15/2017Dangerous Russian submarine "Pike-B"
The National Interest 07.03.2017“The 885M is actually the first ship in its class,” Kofman said. “It has been significantly improved based on the lessons that shipbuilders have learned during the long process of designing, building and testing the first Project 885 boat.”
Project 885 differs significantly from Soviet and Russian submarines of earlier designs. Unlike the old Soviet ships, the Project 885 submarines are multi-purpose, and are similar in purpose to American boats of the Seawolf and Virginia types.
“Severodvinsk is Russia’s first truly multi-purpose submarine,” write Michael Kofman and Norman Polmar in the Proceedings magazine of the US Naval Institute. “Severodvinsk can fight against submarines, surface ships and strike at ground targets. Among the most interesting features of this boat, the Irtysh-Amphora hydroacoustic complex with an overall spherical antenna, located in the bow, as well as eight vertical missile silos located in the middle of the ship for 32 Caliber or Onyx cruise missiles. This weapon is designed to destroy ships and ground targets, took on particular significance after Russian surface ships and submarines fired these long-range missiles at targets in Syria in 2016.”
In general, Russia plans to create seven boats of project 885M. Submarines "Novosibirsk", "Krasnoyarsk", "Arkhangelsk" and "Perm" are currently being built at the Sevmash shipyards in the city of Severodvinsk on the White Sea.
Subsequently, Russia intends to create the next type of attack submarines that will hunt for American SSBNs. As Kofman and Polmar write, “a new Russian hunter submarine is being designed. This multi-purpose submarine will play a major role in the fight against Western nuclear missile submarines. The new boat is a very important project, but at the moment almost nothing is known about it, except that its construction should begin in the near future.
There is no doubt that the Russians have the technical skills to design a very powerful class of attack submarines. The question is, will the Kremlin have enough financial resources for the implementation of the next expensive defense project.
Dave Majumdar is a military editor for The National Interest.
The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.
In full accordance with the plans Navy Russia on Friday, July 28, 2017, at JSC "Admiralty Shipyards" a solemn ceremony of laying two submarines "Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" and "Volkhov" for the Pacific Fleet will be held. They will be built according to project 636.3 developed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau of MT ( CEO- Igor Vladimirovich Vilnit). These diesel-electric submarines are the pride of our country. Six such ships were built at the Admiralty Shipyards and became part of Black Sea Fleet. Last year, during the Army-2016 exhibition, the enterprise received a contract from the RF Ministry of Defense for the construction of six more Project 636.3 submarines for the Pacific Fleet. In addition, such ships in export form are assembled for our partners in the field of military-technical cooperation. Six diesel-electric submarines of project 636.1 were built for Vietnam and two more for Algeria, they are currently being tested before delivery to the customer. Admiralty Shipyards JSC is the oldest shipyard Russia. The enterprise was founded by Peter I in 1704, and since then more than three thousand ships have left its stocks. Including hundreds of submarines, of which dozens currently continue to carry out combat service both on domestic fleet, and in the navies of friendly states, including China, India, Algeria, Vietnam and others. The multi-purpose diesel-electric submarine of the basic project 636 was developed under the guidance of General Designer Yuri Nikolayevich Kormilitsin. It is designed to combat enemy submarines and surface ships, protect naval bases, sea coasts and sea lanes, solve reconnaissance and other tasks. This is a double-hull boat with modern contours (in the West they are associated with the geometry of a “falling tear” - teardrop), a high margin of buoyancy and unsinkability. The six compartments of the submarine are separated by watertight partitions, which allows it to stay afloat in case of emergency flooding of one of the compartments, while maintaining combat readiness. Project 636.3 submarines are equipped with modern means to reduce the level of own noise to the natural background of the ocean. This provides them with guaranteed pre-emptive detection and the ability to attack enemy ships with anti-ship missiles from a distance exceeding enemy detection, as well as timely evasion from enemy attacks. The submarine of the improved project 636.3 is distinguished by the latest on-board systems that were created by Russian specialists in the 21st century. It differs from foreign submarines of its dimension in its exceptionally powerful weapons. She has six 533 mm torpedo tubes with an ammunition load of 18 torpedoes and submarine-launched missiles. Moreover, missiles can be launched in one gulp. 
The power of the fire impact of Russian submariners has already been felt by illegal gangs operating on the territory of the Syrian Arab Republic. The 3M-14T missiles of the Kalibr-PL complex hit fortified command posts, factories and other well-camouflaged and protected objects of international terrorists. The "long arm" of our submariners can "get" any target located in the depths of the territory, at a distance of more than a thousand kilometers from the sea coast. And in the case of equipping the rocket with a special warhead - several times further. No other country in the world has a non-nuclear submarine comparable in terms of striking qualities to Project 636.3 of the Russian fleet. At the direction of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the main systems of Project 636 ships for the Pacific Fleet have been modernized compared to the Black Sea series, in particular, the information and control system, navigation and hydroacoustic complexes, radio communication complex. A number of improvements have been made to improve the living conditions for the crew. Currently, negotiations are underway on the possible delivery of Project 636.1 submarines to Indonesia, India and a number of other countries of the world. In the case of the conclusion of contracts for Indonesia, the Varshavyanka will be a new type of ship (after the decommissioning of ten Project 613 submarines supplied by the USSR, this country does not have our submarines), and for India, it will be, as it were, a “subtype” of the nine previously acquired Project 877EKM submarines, which according to NATO classification, they also belong to the Kilo class. In total, in the period from 1985 to 2000, ten submarines of this type were built by order of the government in Delhi, but one of them, Sindurakshak, died at the base from an explosion on board. 
According to the results of the investigation, the Indian side did not put forward any claims to us, and is currently studying the possibility of purchasing a project 636.1 boat to compensate for the loss. This will make it possible to make fuller use of the training bases for submariners created on the territory of the country, designed for ten ships of the same type. “Currently, the Central Design Bureau of MT Rubin acts as the main designer of submarines that are being built at our enterprise,” said Alexander Sergeevich Buzakov, General Director of JSC Admiralty Shipyards. 
Now India is holding an international tender to select the best offer for the next generation non-nuclear submarine under the Project 75i program. On behalf of Russia, Rosoboronexport is participating in the competition with the Amur-1650 diesel-electric submarine designed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau of MT. It represents an export version of Project 677 Lada, created under the leadership of Kormilitsin. According to Buzakov, the Indians' acceptance of our proposal would be logical, since Indian submariners have accumulated extensive experience in operating submarines designed by Rubin and built at the Admiralty Shipyards. He recalled that the diesel-electric submarines of project 641K, built in Leningrad, became the first-born of the underwater component of the Indian Navy. According to Western classification, they belong to the Foxtrot class. The first of these was accepted by the customer on September 26, 1967, so we will soon be celebrating the 50th anniversary of the subsea component. Naval Forces friendly India. At the request of journalists, Alexander Buzakov explained how the process of interaction between the developer of the ship and the builder is built. “The design bureau is developing a technical project, which is being coordinated with the Navy and with all structures and organizations that are responsible for armament, navigation and other systems on board the ship. After that, design documentation is developed, which is agreed with the builder on the subject of its manufacturability. This is done to make sure that the plant is technically capable of producing the ideas of the designers. In the process of manufacturing ships at the plant, there is a group of designers who support the construction. No matter how ideally a ship is designed, during the construction process many issues arise that require design solutions. In addition, representatives of the design bureau participate in the process of testing the ship together with representatives of the Navy and our company. Only in alliance with the fleet, the designer and the plant, it is possible to create the ships that the country needs,” he said. 
According to the plan for preparing the enterprise for the construction of next-generation submarines, a number of activities are being carried out at JSC Admiralty Shipyards. This includes the construction of two additional bays of the main workshop, as well as a number of rooms that will be allocated for work on air-independent (aerobic) power plants. Such a pilot plant, based on the principle of reforming diesel fuel, has been tested on the bench and in sea conditions. Soon, its serial versions will be delivered to the Admiralty Shipyards. Most likely, at first they will find a place on the next hulls of Project 677 Lada submarines, which are being built at the enterprise by order of the Russian Navy. Apparently, the fleet will first receive four ships in the original "diesel-electric" version (including the lead "St. Petersburg", which is already in service), and then - the version with VNEU. The industry hopes that in the near future the lead ship and four production ships, which are already scheduled for entry into the Russian Navy, will be given an order to build four or five more hulls according to an improved project, taking into account changes in the power plant. 
In addition to submarines, Admiralty Shipyards, on orders from the Navy, are building icebreakers and rescue ships. The first rescue vessel "Igor Belousov" of project 2131 has successfully passed all types of tests and is currently part of the Pacific Fleet. It is planned to build three more such vessels, one per theater. In a word, the Baltic shipbuilders will have to build three more ships to meet the needs of the Black Sea, Baltic and Northern fleets. Thus, St. Petersburg shipbuilders not only provide the fleet with modern submarines, but also give it ships that, if necessary, are able to rescue the crew of a submarine in distress. To carry out rescue operations, Igor Belousov carries underwater manned vehicles of the Bester type, as well as equipment to ensure the work of divers, including the so-called "bell". In addition, oxygen and electricity can be supplied to a submarine or surface vessel in distress. Modern technologies and engineering solutions allow the docking of a rescue craft and a submarine in distress, even if it lies on the ground at an angle of 45 degrees. 
During the transition from the Baltic to Pacific Ocean, which took place last year after the completion of acceptance tests in the Baltic, the Igor Belousov and its systems underwent rigorous tests in the Mediterranean and the Sea of Japan. The ship, its crew, bester operators and divers showed great skill, which contributed to the decision in principle to continue building a series of similar ships. As for possible export contracts, there is a great chance of getting an order in India. This country has long decided to enter into the fleet at least one rescue vessel with manned and uninhabited submersibles and equipment for divers, which could participate in operations to assist the crews of sunken submarines, both diesel-electric and nuclear . According to local experts, best solution for our Indian friends will be an order for a ship of the Igor Belousov type. Our Indian colleagues agree with this among those who were on board the Russian ship during its call at Indian ports in the process of transfer to the duty station. 
