The military-industrial complex (abbreviated as the military-industrial complex) is a part of the industry of the state that is engaged in the production military equipment and focused on R&D in the defense sector. The formation of the military-industrial complex took place in the second half of the 20th century. The main prerequisites for its formation were the growth in the scale of hostilities and the expansion of the armed forces.
At that time, the best results were demonstrated by the military-industrial complex of the Soviet Union, America, Great Britain, Italy and the Warsaw Pact Organizations (OVD).
In connection with the transition from battles to a peaceful political dialogue between the warring parties, and then the split of the USSR and the Department of Internal Affairs, the number of weapons and armed forces produced was reduced by almost three times. Thus, since the 1990s, the Russian military-industrial complex has established itself at a sufficient level for the security of the state as a whole, and there have been no noticeable ups and downs. At the beginning of 2000, it included more than two thousand enterprises, but there was no clear understanding of what the military-industrial complex was. Today, the management commission includes 18 people headed by the President of the Russian Federation - Putin V.V. In addition, the scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex (the leader is Mikhailov Yu.M.) and the collegium of the military-industrial complex (the head is D. O. Rogozin, the head of the collegium apparatus is I. V. Borovkov) function under the commission.
The specifics of the military-industrial complex
Distinctive features of the military-industrial complex:
- the customer is always the state;
- non-standard requirements (manufacturability, capital intensity, long-term) to quality and technical properties weapons and military equipment;
- confidentiality of innovative projects;
- the inability of enterprises to enter the foreign market;
- high professionalism of the leaders of the military-industrial complex of Russia;
- producers are directly dependent on each other;
- the need for a large supply of material and labor resources;
- huge scale of defense enterprises.
The level of development of the military-industrial complex of Russia plays a key role in maintaining the security of the entire country, is largely responsible for the technical re-equipment of the main segments of the economy (medicine, transport, education, fuel and energy complex (FEC), social Security etc.), is a sign of political stability.
By what principle are military-industrial complex enterprises located?
The military-industrial complex includes enterprises that manufacture and develop necessary equipment for a successful attack, ammunition, firearms and chemical weapons.
The location of the enterprise is determined based on the following factors:
- safety;
- convenient logistics interchange;
- Availability qualified specialists and stocks of material resources;
- the city in which the enterprise is based must be closed;
- the possibility of creating duplicate production.
The main principle is the security of the location of the manufacturing enterprise of the military-industrial complex, taking into account the flight time of foreign missiles and aircraft, therefore enterprises and main centers are located in remote regions of Russia (Siberia or the Urals).
Branches of the military-industrial complex:
- manufacture of ammunition. For these purposes, the plant is located in the Central and Western regions of Russia;
- small arms industry (Izhevsk, Volgograd, Klimov, Nizhny Novgorod, Kovrovsk);
- nuclear production, including mining and processing of uranium ore (Zelenogorsk, Ozersk, etc.). Dispose of nuclear waste in Snezhinsk;
- space industry (launch and manufacture of rockets in Moscow, Samara, Omsk, Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk);
- production of military aircraft parts and their collection (Kazan, Moscow, Irkutsk, Taganrog, Saratov and other cities);
- tank industry (Volgograd, Arzamas);
- military shipbuilding (Komsomolsk-on-Amur and other closed cities).
In total, the complex includes more than a thousand enterprises throughout Russia, each of which is distinguished by special secrecy. The military-industrial complex includes factories, research centers, design bureaus and test sites.
State agents of Russia
For 2020, the structure of the Russian military-industrial complex includes five state agents:
- RASU. Operates in the field of electronic industry (radio industry and other means of communication);
- RAV. Works in the armaments industry;
- "Rossudostroenie". Engaged in warships;
- RAKA. Enterprise associated with the aviation industry;
- "Rosammunition". A specialized agency that manufactures munitions and chemical weapons.
Each of the functioning agencies is included in the government and oversees the defense industry.
Due to what is the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation being revived and what are the prospects for development?
After several years of improvement and restructuring production process Russia began to demonstrate positive results and take an active part in the implementation of innovative projects. The updating of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation takes place on the basis of the largest state corporation in the field of manufacturing and selling military equipment and weapons - Rostec. Today, the corporation includes more than 660 small enterprises throughout the Russian Federation, which employ almost half a million people. Most political observers regard such an act as copying the industrial model of the development of the USSR. If we analyze in more depth, we can see that Russian government adheres to a mixed position - a centralized type of planning and the formation of market relations. After Rostec entered the top 10 largest enterprises in the world, the head of the communications service Brovko V. stated with confidence that in the plans by 2035 the year will be firmly fixed in the fifth position. In addition, the state corporation is aimed at closer partnership with countries Latin America(today 16% of exports go to this region).
The restoration of the Russian military-industrial complex is based on the experience of the 90s. The main goal of the complex is to achieve independence from imports. To do this, Rostec companies depend on each other by expanding production.
Problems of the military-industrial complex in Russia and the USA
It's no secret that business sharks own the US economy. In this regard, the question arises: why is so much money in the United States inverted into the military-industrial complex? The economic situation leaves much to be desired, as the public debt is growing exponentially. As you know, the military industry does not generate income, and due to the cost of its maintenance, there are fewer funds left for the development of infrastructure, education and other segments of the economy. It is worth mentioning that the US military-industrial complex is the largest employer in the world (more than 3 million employees). In turn, the main problem of the Russian military-industrial complex is that the pricing system does not stimulate the employees of the enterprise to increase productivity. It is unprofitable to increase production efficiency, since most of the profits go to the state budget, so the rationing and regulation of average wages does not bring the expected results.
Outcome
The military-industrial complex contributes to the development of many industries (aviation, electronics, space, science and even the banking sector). Russia is actively integrating the fundamental and practical areas of innovation within the framework of the effective operation of military organizations. Due to this, the military-industrial complex is fully functioning and successfully developing. In addition, efforts are being made to ensure that the military-industrial complex produces ideal products that justify investment expectations. It is obvious that in such a current situation of the military-industrial complex, the prospect for a wonderful future and a successful present undoubtedly exists. The government is constantly reorganizing work so that defense enterprises can function as efficiently and efficiently as possible.
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Industrial policy in the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the defense industry) is carried out in accordance with the goals, objectives and priority areas public policy in the field of development of the defense industry, approved by the President of the Russian Federation for a ten-year period and beyond, and the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of defense.
One of the main tasks in the field of stimulating and supporting the innovative development of the defense industry, realizing its competitive advantages, promoting technologies and industrial products to the markets of high-tech goods and services is the diversification of production through the use of dual-use technologies, increasing the production of civilian products and expanding the range. Order of the President of Russia No. Pr-2346 dated 05.12.2016 established the share of civilian and dual-use products in the total output of the military-industrial complex, which should increase to 30% by 2025 and up to 50% by 2030.
Today, it is extremely important to create a state demand for civilian products of the defense industry and develop an expanded list of products necessary for the implementation of national projects. The first step in this direction is to establish key indicators efficiency: an increase in the share of products purchased from defense enterprises - for large state-owned companies, an increase in the share of production of civilian goods - for defense organizations.
Under the so-called civilian procurement market, we propose to understand in this case special forms and methods of supplying goods, rendering works and services, with the exception of the state defense order (SDO).
Within the framework of national projects, the priority market niches for defense industry organizations today are: medicine, transport
construction, radio electronics, road construction equipment, power engineering and others. The capacity of these markets in terms of the competencies of defense industry organizations is now estimated at 1.2 trillion rubles.
In addition to national projects, a number of regulatory legal measures are already in place to stimulate the purchase of civilian products Russian defense organizations:
. a ban on foreign goods and services for the needs of the country's defense and state security (PP RF No. 9);
. restrictions and conditions for the admission of certain types of foreign radio-electronic products (PP RF No. 968);
. a ban on the admission of products of the machine-tool industry for the needs of the country's defense (PP RF No. 239);
. limiting the admission of foreign weapons, ammunition and their parts (PP RF No. 1119);
. a ban on the purchase of furniture and woodworking industries originating from foreign countries (with the exception of the EAEU member states) for the purposes of procurement to meet state and municipal needs (RF GD
№ 1072);
. restrictions and conditions for the admission of drugs included in the list of vital and essential drugs (PP RF No. 1289);
. a ban on foreign light industry goods (PP RF No. 791);
. restrictions and access conditions for stents for coronary arteries, as well as catheters (PR RF No. 1469);
. a ban on the admission of certain types of engineering goods to meet state and municipal needs (PP RF No. 656);
. restrictions and conditions for admission of certain types of foreign medical devices(PP RF No. 102);
. a ban on the admission of foreign software to meet state and municipal needs (PP RF No. 1236).
At the same time, within the framework of diversification, organizations face a number of difficulties associated with entering new domestic Russian markets for civil products. Defense industry organizations carry out economic activity primarily for the sake of ensuring
defense and security of the state within the framework of the state defense order (hereinafter referred to as the GOZ). A fixed profitability has been established for the production of products supplied under the state defense order, state regulation applies to some defense products.
prices, which negatively affects the results of the financial and economic activities of organizations. Consequence state regulation in the field of state defense orders, there is a shortage of investment resources for defense enterprises that could be directed to the development and production of new civilian products.
In order to reduce barriers to entry into product markets, it is proposed to provide the possibility of establishing for defense industry organizations additional benefits when participating in the procurement process of civilian products. We believe that in order to adapt defense industry to function in market conditions— it is necessary to provide a preferential regime for the supply of products (works, services) of defense industry organizations for state and municipal needs.
The possibility of establishing preferences (national treatment and features of its provision) is enshrined in paragraph 30 of the Protocol on the procedure for regulating procurement of the Treaty on the Eurasian economic union dated May 29, 2014
In the Russian Federation, this regime is implemented by Part 4 of Art. 14 of the Federal Law of April 5, 2013 No. 44-FZ “On contract system…”, according to which the federal body executive power on the regulation of the contract system in the field of procurement establishes
admission conditions for the purposes of procurement of goods originating from a foreign state or a group of foreign states, works, services, respectively, performed, rendered foreign persons, with the exception of goods, works, services, in respect of which the Government of the Russian Federation has established a ban.
In pursuance of this provision of the law, by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 04.06.2018 No. 126n, these conditions are defined and the List of goods is approved, the consideration and evaluation of applications for which takes place with the application of a 15% reduction coefficient to the price of the contract proposed by the participant.
It is advisable to expand this list by including the main civilian products manufactured by defense industry organizations. According to our estimates, this will allow it to include at least 85 new categories (according to OKPD 2 codes) from among the range of products produced by defense industry organizations.
The proposed approach will allow defense industry organizations, whose civilian products, as a rule, have a high cost, including due to the specifics of defense industries, to compete on an equal footing with other suppliers in this parameter.
The transitional period, provided with preferential treatment, will be used by defense industry organizations to restructure the enterprise management system, including training personnel in marketing basics (determining promising competencies and sales markets), developing and launching competitive civilian products on the market, technical and technological re-equipment of enterprises.
The implementation of the preferential approach will contribute to the sustainable development of the defense industry diversification processes, the growth of business activity of both industrial enterprises and high-tech science-intensive small and medium-sized businesses.
CLUSTER PURCHASING
The implementation of measures related to the use of dual-use technologies and the expansion of the range of relevant products is one of the main system-wide tasks in the framework of the defense industry diversification. In addition to the preferential approach, a promising mechanism that, if implemented systematically, can provide an additional increase in the civilian production of the defense industry, can be the development of cluster interaction between defense organizations and innovative companies on the principles of partnership.
Certain positive results of the implementation of state support programs for innovation-territorial and industrial clusters can be noted. The Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia is developing 43 industrial clusters, and the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia is developing 27 innovation-territorial clusters, including 12 world-class superclusters.
Already today, clusters have become an important driver of the socio-economic and industrial development of regions: new highly productive jobs are being created, and the tax base is growing. The mechanism has become widely demanded by representatives of both large and small and medium-sized businesses. Today, more than 600 organizations with an annual output of more than 1 trillion rubles are involved in industrial clusters alone. The funds invested by the state have shown high efficiency, including within the framework of the implementation of import substitution programs and the creation of domestic competitive high-tech products.
The strength of the cluster approach is the so-called "team game" between the state-owned company and its suppliers in order to develop suppliers to the level at which they supply quality products at a favorable price.
Today in the college Military Industrial Commission The Russian Federation has a special Interdepartmental Working Group on the Dual-Use Scientific and Industrial Cluster. A dual-purpose scientific and industrial cluster is a special form of cluster cooperation based on the principles of public-private partnership with the participation of defense industry organizations and is an integrator of the regional scientific and industrial complex.
The purpose of dual-purpose scientific and industrial clusters is to ensure the preservation of the necessary infrastructure, industrial equipment, personnel of technological and scientific backlogs to quickly switch between modes of diversification and mobilization of the economy of defense industry enterprises and launch the processes of reindustrialization of the regional economy as a whole.
The specifics of the implementation of cluster mechanisms in the defense industry is largely related to the following aspects:
The core of the cluster is often made up of enterprises with state participation, which limits the space for market maneuver: defense industry organizations are forced to be guided not only by market requirements, but also by established tasks (tasks for state defense orders, maintaining mob capacities);
. the need for special competencies of an organization that claims to be the core of the cluster in the defense industry and ensure it professional staff(universities, research centers, etc.);
. the need for scientific, educational and engineering centers capable of transferring technologies in the field of defense industry diversification with appropriate access to information;
. the need to develop special mechanisms for the transfer of dual-use technologies related to pricing, depreciation of equipment, export-import operations, etc.;
. implementation of scientific and technical expertise and technology transfer, subject to the procedure for working with information of limited use.
One of the possible schemes for the formation of dual-purpose scientific and industrial clusters at the present stage can be the integration of innovation-territorial and industrial clusters with the participation interested organizations defense industry complex and special centers of competence in the regions of presence (see figure). The cluster approach opens up significant prospects for defense industry organizations, primarily related to the influx of new ideas and private investment in research and development, technology transfer and innovation, entry into new markets in the country and abroad. The involvement of residents of scientific and industrial clusters, on the one hand, will allow defense organizations to maintain strategic control over suppliers of different levels of cooperation and transfer part of the risks of attracting SMEs to state scientific organizations. On the other hand, the cluster procurement mechanism can provide additional solvent demand from the state for high-tech products, works and services, as well as create additional high-tech jobs based on attracted SMEs. It was precisely this issue - the relationship between the diversification of defense industry enterprises and socio-economic development in the regions of their presence - that the next meeting of the Interdepartmental working group on the dual-purpose scientific and industrial cluster, which took place on April 22, 2019 under the chairmanship of the Deputy Chairman of the Collegium of the Military Industrial Commission
Russian Federation O. I. Bochkareva on the topic: "About a dual-use cluster as an effective mechanism for diversifying organizations of the military-industrial complex and reindustrializing the regional economy of the Russian Federation." The meeting was attended by representatives of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, the Ministry of Defense of Russia, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia and the Ministry of Construction of Russia; directors of leading research organizations and defense industry enterprises, representatives of several banking structures and development institutions, as well as industrial regions Russia - the Moscow Region, the city of St. Petersburg, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Novosibirsk Region.
The participants of the meeting recognized the importance of coordinated interdepartmental work on the creation of organizational and legal mechanisms for ensuring activities for the formation of dual-purpose scientific and industrial clusters in order for the process of diversification of the defense industry to become a powerful driver of overall socio-economic development.
One of the mechanisms for the development of dual-use scientific and industrial clusters and the launch of the processes of reindustrialization of the regional economy, that is, the development of new high-tech industries that replace the old ones or contribute to their transfer to a new technological base, the participants also propose to consider an offset contract, which allows the customer to stimulate investment in new industries or upgrading existing facilities.
OFFSET CONTRACT
An offset contract allows the customer, in accordance with paragraph 48 of part 1 of article 93 44-FZ, to conclude a state (municipal) contract in the region with a supplier of goods that has established the appropriate production of goods under an offset contract. In other words, for investing in the production of the region, the investor is provided with guarantees for the sale of manufactured products to the state or municipal customer. Offset contract features:
1. The term of the offset contract is limited to 10 years.
2. The minimum investment should be 1 billion rubles.
3. An offset contract provides for a maximum period during which the creation or modernization and (or) development of production is carried out. The implementation of measures within the specified period allows the investor-supplier to conclude state (municipal) contracts in the region.
4. The offset contract specifies the executive authority of the subject of the Russian Federation, which establishes the procedure for determining the marginal price of a unit of goods, the production of which is created or modernized and (or) mastered, as well as the procedure for determining
contract prices.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 22, 2016 No. 1441 in accordance with clause 48 of part 1 of article 93 44-FZ on the procedure for determining the maximum price of a unit of goods, the production of which is created or modernized and (or) mastered in the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in accordance with a state contract concluded with sole supplier goods - legal entity in accordance with Article 111.4 of the said Federal Law, as well as the procedure for determining the price of such a contract"
establishes the following requirements for the initial (maximum) contract price:
. if the goods are subject to tariff regulation, then the marginal price is established taking into account the legal acts on such regulation and cannot exceed the price determined in accordance with them;
. in other cases, the price is determined using the method of comparable market prices(market analysis), and if the product is sold at exchange auctions, it cannot exceed the price formed on them.
The price of the contract for the supply of goods is determined based on the marginal price of a unit of goods and the quantity (volume) of the purchased goods.
5. In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 12, 2016 No. 1166 “On establishing the features of procurement planning and holding tenders to determine the supplier with whom a state contract is concluded, providing for
counter investment obligations of the supplier-investor to create or modernize and (or) master the production of goods on the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation to meet the state needs of the subject of the Russian Federation "the supplier-investor provides security for the execution of the state contract in terms of investment obligations in the amount of 2 to 5% of the volume investment. The government contract may provide for the payment of an advance, which, in turn, may be conditional on the provision by the supplier-investor of security in the amount of the advance. This collateral is provided separately from the collateral described above relating to investment obligations.
The first offset contract was signed in Moscow in 2017 with the Biocad company, the contract amount is 14 billion rubles.
As part of the meeting of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the dual-purpose scientific and industrial cluster, representatives of the Project Office of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia proposed to ensure the possibility of concluding offset contracts not only at the regional, but also at the interregional and federal levels, to extend the duration of contracts when implementing export-oriented projects, to reduce the minimum the level of investment in export-oriented projects and establish fixed obligations for the purchase by the customer to meet federal needs. These measures, according to the participants of the meeting, will make it possible to make investments in domestic industrial production more attractive for investment, expand the list of products Russian production, including on the basis of scientific and industrial clusters with the participation of defense industry organizations.
As a result, according to the Minutes of the meeting of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the dual-purpose scientific and industrial cluster chaired by the Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Military Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation O. I. Bochkarev No. BO-P22-prVPK "Institute of Public-Private Planning together with the Russian Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, the Ministry of Construction of Russia, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, the State Corporation Roscosmos, the State Corporation Vnesheconombank, the Advanced Research Foundation, FSUE VNII Center, FGBU Research Institute Voskhod, FGBUN Institute of Economics and Organization industrial production SB RAS", Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Krylovsky State science Center”, FSBI “Federal Institute of Industrial Property” was instructed to:
- continue developing the organizational and legal framework for intensifying the processes of diversification of defense industry organizations by creating dual-use scientific and industrial clusters, including the creation of a Competence Center for dual-use clusters based on the ERA Military Innovation Technopolis
- assess the cluster potential of existing regional consortiums of enterprises producing high-tech civil and dual-use products, including those with the participation of defense industry organizations, identify the leader organization of the cooperative process in order to disseminate positive experience;
- prepare proposals for correction guidelines on the formation of Innovative Development Programs (IDP) by including in them the requirements for the priority and systematic selection of intellectual R&D results created in the course of the implementation of state programs (FTP) and the State Defense Order; introduction from 2019 of a system of expert opinions on assessing the effectiveness of design and development projects in terms of the implementation of intellectual R&D results in design and development projects;
- to develop and apply on the basis of the dual-purpose scientific and industrial clusters being created a single end-to-end cycle of scientific and technological development, provided with the necessary and sufficient measures of state support, in order to expand the list of advanced technologies that are critical for strategic industries, as well as for the purpose of "implementing a joint project of participants in industrial clusters to launch the production of a component base, taking into account the need to achieve growth rates in the supply of these industrial products to enterprises located on the territory of Russia” (according to the minutes of the meeting with the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation D.N. Kozak dated January 31, 2019 No. DK -P9-18pr);
- prepare proposals on making the necessary changes and additions to the Federal Law of December 31, 2014 No. 488-FZ No. On Industrial Policy in the Russian Federation”.
The Institute for Public-Private Planning, together with the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, to prepare recommendations for regional leaders on measures and comprehensive indicators of the effectiveness of support production programs enterprises by forming a guaranteed regional order”.
Journal "Government order: management, placement, provision" No. 56
Article Authors:
Antipina Elena Alexandrovna - Head of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the Dual-Use Scientific and Industrial Cluster of the Collegium of the Military Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation, General Director of the Institute of Public-Private Planning.
Zhurenkov Denis Alexandrovich - Head of the Information and Analytical Support Department of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VNII Center (Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia)
Sheloumov Mikhail Alexandrovich - Ph.D. in Law, Head of Methodology of State and Corporate Procurement of Electronic trading floor"GPB"
Current auctions
Name and number
Customer
Acceptance of applications
price, rub.
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DEFENSE-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF RUSSIA IN MODERN ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
Kazakov Pavel Ivanovich
Master's student, Department of Economic Theory, Moscow State University of Communications, Moscow
Zolotareva Vera Petrovna
scientific supervisor, Ph.D. economy Sci., Associate Professor, Department of Economic Theory, Moscow State Transport University
Moscow
The military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the DIC) occupies a special place and plays a significant role in the development of the economy and ensuring the national security of the country, which consists in protecting its independence, state and territorial integrity.
The main task of the functioning of the defense industry is defined as the creation and production of modern competitive weapons, military and special equipment (hereinafter referred to as AME), ensuring the rearmament of the Armed Forces, other troops and formations of Russia and strengthening positions in the global arms market.
Most of the advanced technologies for military and civilian purposes are concentrated in the defense industry, highly qualified personnel of the domestic scientific and industrial sphere are concentrated. The total number of employees employed in defense industry organizations is about 2 million people, including about 1.3 million people directly employed in the defense industries. The share of employees under the age of 35 in 2011 was about 27% of the total number of employees in the defense industry. The average age of defense industry workers was 46 years. The age composition of employees of defense industry enterprises is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Age composition of employees of defense industry enterprises (%)
Defense industry organizations retain a significant scientific and technical reserve, allowing them to make a technological breakthrough in a number of areas (nuclear, laser, aviation, space technology, special materials and alloys, etc.). Critical directions in the development of the technological base of the defense industry not only coincide, but often form the key directions of scientific and technological progress as a whole.
In accordance with the current edition consolidated register organizations of the defense industry, approved by order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated February 05, 2013 No. 137, 1340 organizations are classified as defense industry . The departmental and sectoral structure of the consolidated register of defense industry organizations is shown in Figures 2 and 3.
An important part of the program for the development of defense industry enterprises today is the technical re-equipment of production and the contribution of funds to the development innovative technologies, without which in the near future it will be impossible to produce a new generation of products that are comparable or superior in their tactical and technical characteristics to the products of competing countries in the arms market, which are currently the United States, France, England, Germany and Israel.
Figure 2. Departmental structure of defense industry enterprises (pcs.)
Figure 3. Sectoral structure of defense industry enterprises (%)
The main component of the financial well-being of an enterprise is determined by the funds allocated within the framework of the state defense order (hereinafter referred to as the State Defense Order), the unconditional fulfillment of which is the main task facing the defense industrial enterprises Russian Federation. Currently, about 45% of the volume of industrial products of the defense industry are military products, which are supplied for internal needs to state customers at regulated prices, about 22% are supplied through military-technical cooperation (hereinafter referred to as MTC), about 33% are civilian products in in the interests of such important sectors of the economy as transport, communications and telecommunications, the fuel and energy sector, healthcare, etc.
A large contribution to the formation of the budget of defense organizations is made by the export of engineering products, primarily through the military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign states. Defense complex is one of the largest and most stable sources of foreign exchange financial resources through the export of weapons and military equipment. The main deliveries of defense industry products fall on the countries of Eastern Europe, North Africa and China. India retains the status of one of Russia's key partners in the field of military-technical cooperation. Recent confirmation of this is the signing of military contracts between Russia and India worth almost $3 billion.
In the world arms market, Russia occupies a leading position. In 2012 export Russian weapons amounted to a record 14 billion dollars, and the amount of new contracts for the supply of military equipment to third countries today already exceeds 15 billion dollars.
Many Russian defense enterprises, as part of the conversion of the 90s, reoriented part of their production to the production of peaceful goods daily demand. The profit received from the sale of civilian products, as a rule, is invested in the development of the enterprise, the improvement of the material and technical part, the preparation of production, the modernization of equipment, the purchase of new high-tech equipment, and the financing of the development of new types of civilian products. For example, output and provision of civilian and dual-use services JSC "VPK "NPO Mashinostroeniya" in 2011 amounted to 15.1% of the total volume of production in the Corporation. According to the program of innovative development for the period up to 2015, the volume of output of civilian and dual-use products and services should increase by another 1.5 times.
The level of state support for the defense industry indicates that the portfolio of orders in the development and production of weapons and military equipment will increase. In the coming years, Russian military enterprises will receive up to 3 trillion. rubles for modernization and technical re-equipment. It is this amount that is included in the Federal Target Program for the Development of the Military-Industrial Complex for 2011-2020 (FTP-2020).
The main objective of the program is to ensure the production of high-tech military products, competitive in its combat and performance characteristics. At the same time, in 2011, Russia adopted the State Armaments Program until 2020 (SAP-2020), unprecedented in terms of funding (approximately 20 trillion rubles) and the nature of tasks. The largest in history modern Russia the state program in the field of the defense industry is designed to equip the Russian army modern means conduct of hostilities and, ultimately, bring it to a new look, fully consistent with global trends in the development of means of armed struggle.
Summing up, we can conclude that the situation at the enterprises of the domestic defense industry is gradually improving. The industry has come out of a protracted crisis, new types of weapons are being developed and launched into a series, the export of Russian military equipment is growing. The state fully fulfills its obligations to defense enterprises, the financing of which is carried out in full federal budget funds. As part of the program for the accelerated development of the defense industry, a large-scale reconstruction of fixed assets and modernization of the production and technological base are being carried out.
Growth in the volume of purchases of armaments and military equipment, in accordance with SAP-2020, improvement of the placement of the State Defense Order and pricing for military products, the implementation of the FTP-2020 measures in full, the implementation of innovative development programs for defense industry companies and the product policy for the production of competitive civilian equipment, as well as the implementation of measures on professional training and retention of personnel in the military-industrial complex make it possible to predict sustainable development rates of the defense complex of the Russian Federation in the future.
Bibliography:
1.Annual report OJSC VPK NPO Mashinostroeniya for 2012. -[ Electronic resource]. - Access mode. - URL: http://www.npomash.ru/download/godotchet2012.pdf. (date of access: 25.09.13).
2. Dovguchits S.I. On the development of the situation in the defense industry in 2011, the main activities and tasks for the near future // Collection. Defense complex of the Russian Federation: state and development prospects. pp. 213-224.
3. Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation. - [Electronic resource]. - Access mode. - URL: http://www.minpromtorg.gov.ru/docs/mpt/orders/647. (date of treatment 25.09.13).
The Stockholm Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) published a report on the situation in the production and sale of weapons in the world. Eleven Russian companies were included in the list of 100 leading world arms manufacturers for 2014.
"RTI Systems"
Place in the ranking: 91
Arms sales, 2014: $840 million
JSC "Concern "RTI Systems" is a Russian machine-building company. It carries out scientific, technical and production activities in industries such as radio engineering and rocket technology, integrated communication and security systems, drive technology.
Created in 2000 by the financial corporation "Sistema" on the basis of two leading Russian radio engineering institutes - RTI and NIIDAR - with the aim of "building a business out of the institute." The company's headquarters is located in Moscow.
The enterprises of the concern produce radio engineering products, aerospace and ground control and communication systems, engines, low-voltage equipment, etc.
Among the areas of activity are the creation of information means of rocket and space defense, the organization of the technical operation of warning systems for missile attack, space control, missile defense, mechatronics.
Among the products manufactured by the companies of the concern, unmanned aircrafts: "Kaira", "Avius-1", "Vyakhir", "Forpost", based on the Diamond DA42 aircraft, terahertz radio-photon radars, etc.
"Uralvagonzavod"
Place in the ranking: 61
Arms sales, 2014:$1,450 million
JSC Research and Production Corporation Uralvagonzavod named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky is a Russian corporation engaged in the development and production of military equipment, road-building machines, railway cars. The corporation includes research institutes, design bureaus and manufacturing enterprises.
The parent company is the Uralvagonzavod plant located in Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Region.
Today, one of the largest research and production complexes in Russia includes metallurgical, car assembly, mechanical assembly, mechanical repair, tool and other industries that allow for a closed production cycle.
Four design bureaus, including the head office in the freight car building industry, and two institutes enable the corporation to develop modern technologies, successfully develop and introduce new models of transport and special equipment into mass production.
The general partners of Uralvagonzavod are the largest domestic transportation companies, as well as the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and OJSC Rosobornexport.
JSC Concern Radioelectronic Technologies
Place in the ranking: 45
Arms sales, 2014.: $2,240 million
JSC "Concern Radioelectronic Technologies" (KRET) is part of the State Corporation "Russian Technologies" (Rostec).
Today, KRET unites 97 enterprises engaged in the development and production of radio-electronic products for military and civilian purposes.
The Concern's enterprises are located throughout Russia, from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok, and the total number of their employees is about 50 thousand people.
Currently, KRET produces a wide range of products that can be divided into the following segments: systems and complexes of on-board radio-electronic equipment (avionics); facilities electronic warfare and intelligence (EW); radar stations(radar); systems and means of state identification (GO); measuring equipment for various purposes (IA); connectors, electrical connectors and cable products (SC).
NPO "High Precision Complexes"
Place in the ranking: 39
Arms sales, 2014.: $2,350 million
The holding JSC "NPO "High Precision Complexes" was established in 2009 with the aim of consolidating the scientific and technical potential of a group of specialized enterprises in order to create, on the basis of innovation and technological modernization of the existing production base, advanced weapons, military and special equipment (VVST) in the field of high-precision systems and weapon complexes of the tactical combat zone. It is part of the Rostec State Corporation.
The holding JSC NPO High-Precision Complexes includes 19 enterprises, the number of employees is more than 45 thousand people.
The main field of activity of enterprises is the development, production, modernization, repair and sale of weapons, military and special equipment in several areas:
. operational-tactical missile systems, anti-aircraft missile, including portable, short-range and short-range missile-gun and missile-artillery systems for the Ground Forces, the Air Force and Navy("Iskander-M", "Pantsir S-1", "Igla-S");
. anti-tank missile systems and assault weapons systems ("Kornet", "Chrysanthemum", "Competition", etc.);
. guided artillery weapon systems ("Krasnopol", "Kitolov");
. armament systems for armored vehicles, fighting compartments for lightly armored vehicles ("Berezhok", "Bakhcha", active protection systems "Arena", "Drozd");
. information support equipment and other types of weapons and military equipment.
United Engine Corporation
Place in the ranking: 38
Arms sales, 2014.: $2,600 million
JSC "United Engine Corporation" is an integrated structure that produces engines for military and civil aviation, space programs, gas turbine units of various capacities for the production of electrical and thermal energy, gas compressor and ship gas turbine units.
The United Engine Corporation is a subsidiary of the United Industrial Corporation Oboronprom, which is part of the state corporation Rostec.
JSC "United Engine Corporation" carries out the development, production and after-sales service of a wide range of gas turbine engines.
The activities of the corporation this moment is focused on the following key business areas: military aviation engines, ground-based engines, helicopter engines, civil aviation engines, rocket engines, short-life gas turbine engines, marine gas turbine engines.
JSC "Corporation "Tactical Missiles"
Place in the ranking: 34
Arms sales, 2014: $2,810 million
JSC "Corporation" Tactical missile armament"(KTRV) - Russian company, one of the largest arms manufacturers. The company's headquarters is located in the city of Korolev (Moscow region).
The strategic goal of creating the association was to preserve and develop the scientific and production potential of rocket science, ensure the defense capability of the state, mobilize resources for the creation of highly effective guided missiles and air, land, and sea-based weapon systems, and strengthen Russia's position in the world arms market.
The corporation is a recognized leader in the development and production of high-precision weapons, uniting 32 enterprises of the Russian military-industrial complex.
Priority activities of the Corporation "Tactical Missiles":
- development, production, modernization of hypersonic weapon systems, complexes of strategic and tactical aviation high-precision weapons of the air-to-surface, air-to-air class and unified systems of naval weapons, domestic rocket and space technology and electronic weapons, as well as products created on the basis of dual-use technologies in the fields of aerospace, information technologies and renewable energy;
- repair, maintenance of previously manufactured products;
- ensuring licensed production of military products supplied for export.
United Instrument Corporation
Place in the ranking: 24
Arms sales, 2014: $3,640 million
"United Instrument-Making Corporation" is a Russian state corporation, established in March 2014 as part of the State Corporation "Rostec" as a specialized Management Company, under whose auspices scientific and production structures electronic industry Russia.
Today, the control loop of the defense industry includes more than 60 enterprises and scientific organizations radio electronic industry.
Among the main projects that the defense industry is currently conducting is the creation of 6th generation army communications and modern airborne communications systems for aviation, in particular, for the T50 fighter.
Creation of modern radar systems for reconnaissance and monitoring for various purposes, including radar systems for A-50U and A-100 aircraft.
Development and implementation of new technologies in the production of systems and means of communication, telecommunications equipment, computer technology.
One of the most significant projects of the defense industry is the organization series production high-density electronics of a new generation - compact 3D microsystems.
"Russian Helicopters"
Place in the ranking: 23
Arms sales, 2014.: $3,890 million
JSC "Helicopters of Russia" is a Russian helicopter-building holding uniting all helicopter-building enterprises of the country. JSC "Helicopters of Russia" is a subsidiary of JSC OPK "Oboronprom", which is part of the state corporation "Rostec".
The geography of Russian Helicopters covers the entire country.
The holding includes design bureaus, helicopter plants, enterprises for the production, maintenance and repair of components, aircraft repair plants, as well as service companies providing after-sales support for equipment in Russia and abroad.
The head office of Russian Helicopters is located in Moscow.
The Russian Helicopters holding company was founded in 2007, but the key enterprises have more than 70 years of history.
As of 2014, the enterprises of Russian Helicopters produced 24% of the world fleet of military helicopters, while the holding's products account for 35% of the world fleet of combat and 50% of medium military transport helicopters.
In the world fleet of civil helicopters, the products of the Russian Helicopters holding account for a record 71% among heavy helicopters (with a maximum take-off weight of more than 20 tons) and 69% in the class of medium helicopters (with a take-off weight of 7 to 20 tons).
United Shipbuilding Corporation
Place in the ranking: 15
Arms sales, 2014: $5,980 million
United shipbuilding corporation- this is 80% of all shipbuilding projects in Russia. USC unites the best shipbuilding, ship repair enterprises and design bureaus.
In military shipbuilding - meeting the needs of the Russian Navy, designing and building a fleet of the 21st century. A significant share of USC military products is exported.
In civil shipbuilding - drilling and production platforms, offshore equipment, specialized ice-class vessels for the development of the Arctic, vessels for work on inland waterways.
USC design bureaus have rich experience innovative developments in the field of shipbuilding and the production of marine equipment. Dozens of unique innovative projects that have no analogues in the world, and hundreds of ships already tested in a series of ship projects are at the service of customers.
United Aircraft Corporation
Place in the ranking: 14
Arms sales, 2014: $6,110 million
PJSC United Aircraft Corporation is a Russian public Joint-Stock Company, uniting the largest aircraft manufacturing enterprises in Russia.
To date, UAC includes about 30 enterprises and is one of the largest players in the global aircraft manufacturing market. Companies included in the structure of the Corporation have the rights to such worldwide famous brands like "Su", "MiG", "Il", "Tu", "Yak", "Beriev" as well as new ones - SSJ, MS-21.
The Corporation's priority areas of activity are the development, production, testing and maintenance of operation, warranty and service maintenance of civil and military aviation equipment.
In the field of work of UAC companies - modernization, repair and disposal of aircraft, training and advanced training of flight personnel.
To date, the largest share in the structure of production is occupied by military products, both for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and for foreign customers. At the same time, since 2013, the main share of the supply of military equipment falls on the domestic market.
"Almaz-Antey"
Place in the ranking: 11
Arms sales, 2014: $8,840 million
JSC Concern VKO Almaz-Antey is a Russian concern that unites enterprises that develop and manufacture weapons.
The enterprises assembled in the concern develop, manufacture and modernize anti-aircraft missile and radar equipment and its components (the main area of activity of the concern is air defense).
In addition, the tasks of the concern include the implementation, maintenance of operation, repair and disposal for federal state needs and foreign customers of systems, complexes and means air defense and means of non-strategic missile defense.
