The main types of simple industries. Types and types of production

Depending on the complexity of manufactured products and their quantity, there are three types of production: mass, serial and single. Each type of production is characterized by its own characteristics.

Mass production involves the manufacture of products, parts or blanks in mass quantities according to unchanging drawings for a long period of time. Mass production is characterized by the arrangement of equipment in the sequence of operations. The use of high-performance equipment (special and modular machines), special devices and tools, transport devices, for the transfer of blanks and parts along the production line, automation and mechanization of technical control.

Mass production determined by the periodic production of batches of products, parts or blanks for certain time with immutable drawings. It is characterized by the use of high-performance equipment, machine tools with numerical program management. Serial production can be large-scale, serial and small-scale.

Single production involves the manufacture of products, parts or blanks in units or small batches, the re-production of which, as a rule, is not provided. As a rule, a single production of aircraft equipment installations is carried out by experimental design bureaus (OKB), which are characterized by the use of universal equipment, CNC machines, etc.

Depending on the type of production, technological processes are developed according to the principle of differentiation or concentration of operations.

concentration called the process of combining operations at one workplace. This applies especially to assembly processes.

When differentiating each operation is assigned to one workplace.

The concentration is used, as a rule, in single and small-scale production. In large-scale plants, concentration is carried out when using equipment with a large number of tools.

A wide range and small batches of manufactured products do not allow uniform loading of existing equipment. To do this, at pilot enterprises and single-unit productions, they tend to unite machine tools into groups according to their types. Sections of turning, milling, grinding machines are being created, which allow to slightly increase their load factor.

A slightly more advanced system is closed production areas, which are used in pilot plants for the manufacture of aircraft installations. Such sections are organized taking into account the manufacture of certain groups of parts and assemblies and are equipped with the appropriate types of lathes and milling machines, and sometimes with other equipment.

The most perfect form of organization is in-line production with its varieties. Distinctive feature this production is the constancy of the movement of the product and their output with a constant tact. The equipment on the site is arranged according to the technological basis. With such an organization of production, there are even greater opportunities to reduce transitions, automate the main and auxiliary processes, make better use of production space, and load equipment. When developing a technological process for in-line production, operations are differentiated (or concentrated) so that they are equal to or a multiple of the cycle of production. Technological processes developed for various kinds production facilities are always designed in such a way that, using the modern technological processes existing at a given plant, to ensure high quality products at the lowest cost for their manufacture.

In pilot plants and in single production, in a number of cases, typification of technological processes is carried out in order to bring unit and small-scale production closer to serial production and to obtain the production and economic benefits arising from this. A typical technological process is developed for a group of parts similar in design and production technology. Parts are classified according to their design and technological features to identify certain groups of parts (classes of bushings, pins, sockets, levers, etc.). For these groups of parts, they develop a single technological process, design, manufacture tooling and tools, and make complex machine settings.

11.1. Types of production and their technical and economic characteristics

The type of production is determined by a complex characteristic of the technical, organizational and economic features of production, due to the breadth of the range, regularity, stability and volume of output. The main indicator characterizing the type of production is the coefficient of consolidation of operations Kz. The coefficient of consolidation of operations for a group of jobs is defined as the ratio of the number of all different technological operations performed or to be performed during the month to the number of jobs:

where K opi is the number of operations performed on i-th worker place;
K r.m - the number of jobs on the site or in the shop.

There are three types of production: single, serial, mass.

Single production characterized by a small volume of production of identical products, re-manufacturing and repair of which, as a rule, is not provided. The pinning ratio for a single production is usually higher than 40.

Serial production is characterized by the manufacture or repair of products in periodically repeating batches. Depending on the number of products in a batch or series and the value of the coefficient of consolidation of operations, small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale production is distinguished.

For small-scale production the coefficient of fixing operations from 21 to 40 (inclusive), for medium-scale production - from 11 to 20 (inclusive), for large-scale production - from 1 to 10 (inclusive).

Mass production It is characterized by a large volume of output of products that are continuously manufactured or repaired for a long time, during which one work operation is performed at most workplaces. The coefficient of fixing operations for mass production is assumed to be 1.

Consider the technical and economic characteristics of each type of production.

Single and close to it small-scale production are characterized by the manufacture of parts of a large range at workplaces that do not have a specific specialization. This production must be sufficiently flexible and adapted to the execution of various production orders.

Technological processes in the conditions of unit production are developed on an enlarged basis in the form of route maps for the processing of parts for each order; sections are equipped with universal equipment and tooling, which ensures the manufacture of a wide range of parts. The wide variety of jobs that many workers have to perform requires them to have different professional skills, so highly skilled general workers are used in operations. In many areas, especially in pilot production, a combination of professions is practiced.

The organization of production in the conditions of unit production has its own characteristics. Due to the variety of parts, the order and methods of their processing, production sites are built according to the technological principle with the arrangement of equipment into homogeneous groups. With this organization of production, the parts in the manufacturing process pass through various sections. Therefore, when transferring them to each subsequent operation (section), it is necessary to carefully consider the issues of quality control of processing, transportation, and determining jobs for the next operation. Peculiarities operational planning and management consist in timely picking and fulfillment of orders, monitoring the progress of each detail in operations, ensuring the systematic loading of sites and jobs. Great difficulties arise in the organization of material and technical supply. A wide range of manufactured products, the use of enlarged consumption rates of materials create difficulties in uninterrupted supply, which is why enterprises accumulate large stocks of materials, and this, in turn, leads to the deadening of working capital.

Features of the organization of unit production affect economic indicators. For enterprises with a predominance of a single type of production, relatively high labor intensity of products and a large volume of work in progress due to the long periods of storage of parts between operations are typical. The cost structure of products is characterized by a high share of wage costs. This share is usually 20-25%.

The main possibilities for improving the technical and economic indicators of a single production are associated with its approximation in terms of technical and organizational level to the serial one. The use of serial production methods is possible with a narrowing of the range of manufactured parts for general machine-building applications, unification of parts and assemblies, which makes it possible to proceed to the organization of subject areas; expansion of constructive continuity to increase the batches of launch parts; grouping parts that are similar in design and manufacturing order to reduce the time for preparation of production and improve the use of equipment.

Serial production is characterized by the production of a limited range of parts in batches, repeated at regular intervals. This allows you to use along with the universal special equipment. When designing technological processes, they provide for the order of execution and equipment for each operation.

The following features are typical for the organization of serial production. Shops, as a rule, have in their composition subject-closed areas, equipment on which is placed in the course of a typical technological process. As a result, relatively simple connections between workplaces arise and prerequisites are created for organizing the direct-flow movement of parts in the process of their manufacture.

The subject specialization of the sections makes it expedient to process a batch of parts in parallel on several machines that perform successive operations. As soon as the previous operation finishes processing the first few parts, they are transferred to the next operation before the end of the processing of the entire batch. Thus, in the conditions of mass production, it becomes possible to organize the production process in parallel-sequential organization. This is his distinguishing feature.

The use of one or another form of organization in the conditions of mass production depends on the labor intensity and volume of output of the products assigned to the site. So, large, labor-intensive parts, manufactured in large quantities and having a similar technological process, are assigned to one site with the organization of variable-flow production on it. Parts of medium size, multi-operational and less labor-intensive are combined in batches. If their launch into production is regularly repeated, batch processing areas are organized. Small, low-labor parts, such as normalized studs, bolts, are fixed to one specialized section. In this case, the organization of direct-flow production is possible.

Serial production enterprises are characterized by significantly lower labor intensity and cost of manufacturing products than in a single one. In serial production, compared to single-piece production, products are processed with fewer interruptions, which reduces the volume of work in progress.

From the point of view of the organization, the main reserve for increasing labor productivity in mass production is the introduction of mass production methods.

Mass production is the most specialized and is characterized by the production of a limited range of parts in large quantities. Mass production workshops are equipped with the most advanced equipment, which allows almost complete automation of the manufacture of parts. Automatic production lines are widely used here.

Technological processes of machining are developed more carefully, by transitions. Each machine is assigned a relatively small number of operations, which ensures the most complete loading of jobs. The equipment is located in a chain along the technological process of individual parts. Workers specialize in performing one or two operations. Details are transferred from operation to operation piece by piece. In the conditions of mass production, the importance of organizing interoperational transportation and maintenance of workplaces is increasing. Constant monitoring of the state of the cutting tool, fixtures, equipment is one of the conditions for ensuring the continuity of the production process, without which the rhythm of work on sites and in workshops is inevitably disturbed. The need to maintain a given rhythm in all stages of production is becoming distinctive feature organization of processes in mass production.

Mass production ensures the most complete use of equipment, high general level labor productivity, the lowest production cost. In table. 11.1 presents data on a comparative characteristic various types production.

Table 11.1
Comparative characteristics of various types of production

11.2. Forms of organization of production

The form of organization of production is a certain combination in time and space of the elements of the production process with an appropriate level of its integration, expressed by a system of stable relationships.

Various temporal and spatial structural constructions form a set of basic forms of organization of production. The temporal structure of the organization of production is determined by the composition of the elements of the production process and the order of their interaction in time. According to the type of temporary structure, forms of organization are distinguished with sequential, parallel and parallel-sequential transfer of objects of labor in production.

The form of organization of production with the sequential transfer of objects of labor is such a combination of elements of the production process, which ensures the movement of processed products in all production areas in batches of arbitrary size. The objects of labor for each subsequent operation are transferred only after the completion of the processing of the entire batch at the previous operation. This form is the most flexible in relation to changes that occur in the production program, allows you to fully use the equipment, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of its purchase. The disadvantage of this form of organization of production lies in the relatively long duration of the production cycle, since each part, before performing the next operation, lies in anticipation of processing the entire batch.

The form of organization of production with the parallel transfer of objects of labor is based on such a combination of elements of the production process that allows you to start, process and transfer objects of labor from operation to operation piece by piece and without waiting. This organization of the production process leads to a reduction in the number of parts being processed, a reduction in the need for space required for warehousing and aisles. Its disadvantage is the possible downtime of equipment (jobs) due to differences in the duration of operations.

The form of organization of production with parallel-sequential transfer of objects of labor is intermediate between serial and parallel forms and partially eliminates their inherent shortcomings. Products from operation to operation are transferred by transport parties. This ensures the continuity of use of equipment and work force, partially parallel passage of a batch of parts through the operations of the technological process is possible.

The spatial structure of the organization of production is determined by the number technological equipment, concentrated on the work site (the number of jobs), and its location relative to the direction of movement of objects of labor in the surrounding space. Depending on the number of technological equipment (jobs), a single-link production system and the corresponding structure of a separate workplace and a multi-link system with a workshop, linear or cellular structure are distinguished. Possible options the spatial structure of the organization of production are presented in fig. 11.1. The workshop structure is characterized by the creation of sites where equipment (jobs) are located parallel to the flow of workpieces, which implies their specialization on the basis of technological homogeneity. In this case, a batch of parts arriving at the site is sent to one of the free workplaces, where the necessary processing cycle goes through, after which it is transferred to another site (to the workshop).

On the site with linear spatial structure equipment (jobs) is located along the technological process and a batch of parts processed at the site is transferred from one job to another sequentially.

Cell structure organization of production combines the features of linear and shop. The combination of spatial and temporal structures of the production process at a certain level of integration of partial processes determines various forms of organization of production: technological, subject, direct-flow, point, integrated (Fig. 11.2). Consider the characteristic features of each of them.

The technological form of the organization of the production process is characterized by a shop structure with a consistent transfer of objects of labor. This form of organization is widespread in machine-building plants, since it ensures maximum equipment utilization in small-scale production and is adapted to frequent changes in the technological process. At the same time, the use of a technological form of organization of the production process has a number of negative consequences. A large number of parts and their repeated movement during processing lead to an increase in the volume of work in progress and an increase in the number of intermediate storage points. A significant part of the production cycle is the loss of time due to complex inter-sectional communication.

Rice. 11.1. Variants of the spatial structure of the production process

The subject form of the organization of production has a cellular structure with a parallel-sequential (sequential) transfer of objects of labor in production. On the subject area, as a rule, all the equipment necessary for processing a group of parts from the beginning to the end of the technological process is installed. If the technological processing cycle is closed within the area, it is called subject-closed.

The subject construction of sections ensures straightness and reduces the duration of the production cycle for the manufacture of parts. In comparison with the technological form, the subject one allows to reduce the total cost of transporting parts, the need for production space per unit of output. However, given form organization of production also has disadvantages. The main one is that when determining the composition of the equipment installed on the site, the need for certain types processing parts, which does not always provide a full load of equipment.

In addition, the expansion of the range of manufactured products, its renewal require periodic redevelopment of production sites, changes in the structure of the equipment fleet. Direct-flow form of organization of production is characterized by linear structure with piece-by-piece transfer of objects of labor. This form ensures the implementation of a number of organization principles: specialization, direct flow, continuity, parallelism. Its application leads to a reduction in the duration of the production cycle, more efficient use of labor due to greater specialization of labor, and a decrease in the volume of work in progress.

Rice. 11.2. Forms of organization of production

With a point form of organization of production, work is completely performed at one workplace. The product is manufactured where its main part is located. An example is the assembly of a product with the worker moving around it. The organization of point production has a number of advantages: it provides the possibility of frequent changes in the design of products and the sequence of processing, the manufacture of products of various nomenclature in the quantity determined by the needs of production; costs associated with changing the location of equipment are reduced, production flexibility is increased.

An integrated form of production organization involves the combination of main and auxiliary operations into a single integrated manufacturing process with a cellular or linear structure with serial, parallel or parallel-sequential transfer of objects of labor in production. In contrast to the existing practice of separate design of the processes of warehousing, transportation, management, processing in areas with an integrated form of organization, it is required to link these partial processes into a single production process. This is achieved by combining all jobs with the help of an automatic transport and storage complex, which is a set of interconnected, automatic and storage devices, means computer science designed to organize the storage and movement of objects of labor between individual workplaces.

The management of the production process here is carried out using a computer, which ensures the functioning of all elements of the production process at the site according to the following scheme: search for the necessary workpiece in the warehouse - transportation of the workpiece to the machine - processing - return of the part to the warehouse. To compensate for deviations in time during transportation and processing of parts, buffer warehouses of inter-operational and insurance reserves are created at individual workplaces. The creation of integrated production sites is associated with relatively high one-time costs caused by the integration and automation of the production process.

The economic effect in the transition to an integrated form of production organization is achieved by reducing the duration of the production cycle for manufacturing parts, increasing the loading time of machine tools, and improving the regulation and control of production processes. On fig. 11.3 shows the layout of equipment in areas with various forms of production organization.

Rice. 11.3. Layouts of equipment (workplaces) at sites with various forms of production organization: a) technological; b) subject; c) straight-through: d) point (for the case of assembly); e) integrated

Depending on the ability to change over to the production of new products, the above forms of organization of production can be conditionally divided into flexible (changeable) and rigid (non-changeable). Rigid forms of production organization involve the processing of parts of the same name.

Change in the range of manufactured products and the transition to the production of constructive new series products require redevelopment of the site, replacement of equipment and tooling. The in-line form of organization of the production process is among the rigid ones.

Flexible forms make it possible to ensure the transition to the production of new products without changing the composition of the components of the production process with little time and labor.

The most widespread at the machine-building enterprises at present are such forms of organization of production as flexible spot production, flexible object and in-line forms.

Flexible point production involves the spatial structure of a separate workplace without further transfer of objects of labor in the production process. The part is completely machined in one position. Adaptability to the release of new products is carried out by changing the operating state of the system. A flexible subject form of production organization is characterized by the possibility of automatic processing of parts within a certain range without interruption for readjustment. The transition to the production of new products is carried out by readjusting technical means, reprogramming the control system. A flexible subject form covers the area of ​​sequential and parallel-sequential transfer of objects of labor in combination with a combined spatial structure.

The flexible rectilinear form of production organization is characterized by a quick changeover to the processing of new parts within the specified range by replacing tooling and fixtures, reprogramming the control system. It is based on an in-line arrangement of equipment, strictly corresponding to technological process with piece-by-piece transfer of objects of labor.

The development of forms of organization of production in modern conditions scientific and technological progress in the engineering and technology of mechanical engineering occur significant changes due to mechanization and automation of production processes. This creates objective prerequisites for the development of new forms of organization of production. One of these forms, which has been used in the implementation of flexible automation tools in the production process, is a block-modular form.

The creation of production with a block-modular form of production organization is carried out by concentrating on the site the entire complex of technological equipment necessary for the continuous production of a limited range of products, and uniting a group of workers in the production of final products with the transfer of part of the functions of planning and managing production on the site. economic basis creation of such industries are collective forms of labor organization. Work in this case is based on the principles of self-government and collective responsibility for the results of work. The main requirements for the organization of the production and labor process in this case are: the creation of an autonomous system of technical and instrumental maintenance of production; achieving continuity of the production process based on the calculation of the rational need for resources, indicating intervals and delivery times; ensuring conjugation in terms of power of machining and assembly departments; taking into account the established norms of manageability when determining the number of employees; selection of a group of workers, taking into account full interchangeability. Implementation specified requirements is possible only with a comprehensive solution of issues of labor organization, production and management. The transition to a block-modular form of production organization is carried out in several stages. At the stage of pre-project survey, a decision is made on the advisability of creating such units in given production conditions. An analysis of the structural and technological homogeneity of products is carried out and an assessment is made of the possibility of completing "families" of parts for processing within the framework of production cell. Then the possibility of concentrating the entire complex of technological operations for the production of a group of parts in one area is determined; the number of workplaces adapted for the introduction of group processing of parts is established; the composition and content of the basic requirements for the organization of the production and labor process are determined based on the planned level of automation.

At the stage of structural design, the composition and relationships of the main components of the production process are determined.

At the stage of organizational and economic design, technical and organizational solutions are combined, ways are outlined for implementing the principles of collective contracting and self-government in autonomous brigades. The second direction in the development of forms of organization of production is the transition to the assembly of complex units by the bench method, the rejection of conveyor assembly due to the organization of a mini-flow. For the first time, the mini-flow was introduced by the Swedish automobile company Volvo.

Production here is organized as follows. The entire assembly process is divided into several large steps. At each stage there are working groups of 15-25 assemblers. The brigade is located along the outer walls of a quadrilateral or pentagon, inside which there are cash desks with the necessary this stage assembly parts. Machines are assembled on self-propelled platforms, moving through enlarged operations within a given stage. Each worker completes his operation completely. The flow principle with such an assembly system is completely preserved, since the total number of identical stands operating in parallel is such that the average specified flow cycle is maintained. The movement of platforms with assembled machines from one stage of assembly to another is monitored by the dispatch service with the help of four computers.

Another solution for in-line production is to keep conveyor system including preparatory operations. In this case, the assemblers, at their own discretion, work either on the main or on the preparatory operations. These approaches to the development of the in-line form of organization of production not only ensure the growth of labor productivity and improve quality, but also give the assemblers a sense of job satisfaction and eliminate the monotony of labor.

11.3. Methods of organizing production

Methods of organizing production are a set of methods, techniques and rules for the rational combination of the main elements of the production process in space and time at the stages of functioning, design and improvement of the organization of production.

Method of organizing individual production used in conditions of a single production or its production in small batches and implies: lack of specialization in the workplace; the use of universal equipment, its location in groups according to its functional purpose; sequential movement of parts from operation to operation in batches. The conditions for servicing workplaces differ in that workers almost constantly use one set of tools and a small number of universal devices; only periodic replacement of blunt or worn tools is required. In contrast, the delivery of parts to the workplace and the mandrel of parts during the issuance of new and acceptance of finished work occur several times during the shift. Therefore, there is a need for a flexible organization of transport services for workplaces.

Consider the main stages of the organization of individual production.

Determination of the types and number of machines required to carry out a given production program. When organizing individual production, it is difficult to accurately establish the range of products produced, therefore, approximate calculations of the required number of machines are acceptable. The calculation is based on the following indicators: product removal from a piece of equipment q; the number of machine hours required to process a set of parts for one product h. The accuracy of the aggregated calculations depends on how correctly the values ​​of the indicated indicators are determined. The estimated number of machines Sp is determined by the formula

(11.2) where S p j is the estimated number of machines according to j-th group equipment;
Q - annual volume of output, pieces; K cm j is the coefficient of shift work for the j-th group of equipment; F e j - effective fund of working time of one j-th machine groups.

where t p is the standard time spent on the repair of this equipment,% of the nominal fund; t p - the standard time spent on adjustment, readjustment, relocation of this equipment,% of the nominal fund.

The nominal fund of the machine operating time depends on the number of calendar days D k and non-working days in the year D n, the accepted mode of shift work per day and is determined by the formula

(11.4)

where T hs - the average number of hours of operation of the machine per day according to the adopted shift mode.

The accepted number of machines for each group of equipment is set by rounding the resulting value to the nearest integer so that the total number of machines does not go beyond the accepted number.

The equipment load factor is determined by the ratio of the estimated number of machines to the accepted one.

Coordination of the throughput capacity of individual sections in terms of power. The production capacity of a site equipped with the same type of equipment is determined as follows:

where S CR - accepted amount of equipment; K n.cm - normative coefficient of shift of equipment operation; K - the coefficient of compliance with the standards achieved in the base year for the site (workshop); С tr - planned task to reduce labor intensity, standard hours.

The normative coefficient of shift operation of the equipment is determined based on the load of the installed equipment, as a rule, in a two-shift mode of operation, taking into account the normative coefficient that takes into account the time spent by machines in repair.

The conjugation of individual sections in terms of power is determined by the formula

(11.6)

where K m is the coefficient of contingency of sections in terms of power; M y1 , M y2 are the capacities of the compared sections (production of the 1st section is used to manufacture a unit of production of the 2nd section); Y 1 - specific consumption of products of the 1st division.

Workplace organization. Features of the organization and maintenance of workplaces are as follows: setting up the machine before starting work, as well as installing tools at workplaces, is carried out by the workers themselves, while workplaces must be equipped with everything necessary to ensure continuous operation; transport of parts should be carried out without delay, there should not be an excessive stock of blanks at the workplace.

Development of site planning. For individual production, the planning of sites by type of work is typical. In this case, sections of homogeneous machines are created: turning, milling, etc. The sequence of sections on the workshop area is determined by the processing route for most types of parts. The layout should ensure the movement of parts over short distances and only in the direction that leads to the completion of the manufacture of the product.

The method of organizing in-line production is used in the manufacture of products of the same name or design range and involves a combination of the following special methods of organizational construction of the production process: the location of jobs along the technological process; specialization of each workplace in the performance of one of the operations; transfer of objects of labor from operation to operation by the piece or in small batches immediately after the end of processing; release rhythm, synchronism of operations; detailed study of the organization Maintenance work places.

The flow method of organization can be used under the following conditions:

• the volume of output is large enough and does not change over a long period of time;
• the design of the product is manufacturable, individual components and parts are transportable, products can be divided into structural and assembly units, which is especially important for organizing the flow at the assembly;
• the time spent on operations can be set with sufficient accuracy, synchronized and reduced to a single value; continuous supply of materials, parts, assemblies to the workplaces is ensured; full loading of the equipment is possible.

The organization of in-line production is associated with a number of calculations and preparatory work. The starting point in the design of in-line production is the determination of the volume of output and the cycle of the flow. Tact is the time interval between the launch (or release) of two adjacent products on the line. It is determined by the formula

where F d - the actual fund of the line operation time for a certain period (month, day, shift), taking into account losses for equipment repair and regulated breaks, min; N 3 - launch program for the same period of time, pcs.

The reciprocal of the tact is called the pace of the line. When organizing in-line production, it is necessary to ensure such a pace in order to fulfill the production plan.

The next step in the organization of mass production is to determine the need for equipment. The calculation of the amount of equipment is carried out based on the number of jobs for the process operations:

where C pi is the estimated number of jobs per process operation; t i - the rate of time for the operation, taking into account the installation, transportation and removal of parts, min.

The accepted number of jobs C at i is determined by rounding the estimated number to the nearest whole number. At the same time, it is taken into account that at the design stage overload is allowed in the range of 10-12% for each workplace.

The load factor of jobs Kz is determined by the formula

(11.9)

To ensure the full load of the equipment and the continuity of the production process, in-line production, synchronization (alignment) of operations in time is carried out.

Ways to synchronize operations on metal cutting machines

Ways to synchronize assembly operations

• Differentiation of operations. If the operating time norm is larger and not a multiple of a cycle and the assembly process is easily differentiated, it is possible to equalize the time spent on each operation by breaking it into smaller parts (transitions).
• Operations concentration. If an operation is less than a measure in duration, minor operations or transitions configured in other operations are grouped into one.
• Combination of operations. If the execution time of two adjacent operations is less than the cycle of the assembly line, you can organize the movement of the worker along with the product he is assembling, instructing him to perform several operations. After the synchronization of operations on the production line is achieved, a schedule of its work is drawn up, facilitating control over the use of equipment and workers. The rules for constructing a line schedule are set out in 12.6.
• One of the main conditions for the continuous and rhythmic work of production lines is the organization of interoperational transport.

In flow production, vehicles are not only used to move products, but also serve to regulate the cycle of work and distribute objects of labor between parallel workplaces on the line.

Vehicles used in in-line production can be divided into driven and non-driven continuous and intermittent.

Most often, a variety of driven conveyor vehicles are used in flow conditions.

The speed of the conveyor belt during continuous movement is calculated in accordance with the cycle of the production line:

In the case of intermittent movement, the speed of the conveyor is determined by the formula

where l o is the distance between the centers of two adjacent jobs (conveyor pitch), m; t tr - the time of transportation of the product from one operation to another, min.

Choice Vehicle depends on the overall dimensions, the weight of the workpieces, the type and number of equipment, the magnitude of the cycle and the degree of synchronization of operations.

The design of the flow is completed by the development of a rational layout of the line. When planning, it is necessary to comply with the following requirements: provide convenient approaches to workplaces for repair and maintenance of the line; ensure continuous transportation of parts to various workplaces on the line; allocate sites for the accumulation of groundwork and approaches to them; to provide workplaces on the line for performing control operations.

The method of group organization of production is used in the case of a limited range of structurally and technologically homogeneous products manufactured in repeated batches. The essence of the method is to concentrate on the site various types of technological equipment for processing a group of parts according to a unified technological process.

The characteristic features of such an organization of production are: detailed specialization of production units; launching parts into production in batches according to specially developed schedules; parallel-sequential passage of batches of parts for operations; execution on sites (in workshops) of a technologically completed set of works.

Consider the main stages of organizing group production.

The development of machine-building production, especially manifested in recent years, both in the creation of new essentially new technical means and in the emergence of new strategies for constructing production systems, has led to the fact that many of the fundamental principles and concepts used in its description cease to fully correspond to reality. This phenomenon is inherent in any real systems in which significant changes occur, and each time leads to complex process rethinking until recently seemed eternal theoretical foundations And practical advice.

Thus, the problem of developing new time standards is generally recognized as relevant today, both for the performance of technological operations and for the stages of pre-production. There is nothing heretical or disrespectful in relation to the classics who participated in the creation of the norms: they are outdated, because they could not become outdated. However, the problem is deeper, since the progress of engineering production has significantly gone beyond the limits within which one could limit oneself to only a huge, but mostly mechanical work on the development of new standards. The new state of machine-building production requires a revision of the basics of its description, and then - the development of new practical recommendations that correspond to the new fundamentals. Of course, the revision does not mean a complete rejection of existing concepts and principles; as in any developing science, new definitions and new theories should include the previous ones as special cases, or expand them in accordance with the expansion and complication of the subject area. One of the fundamental concepts used in the design of production and technological processes and systems is the concept of "production type". Since ancient times, the division of production into mass, single and serial, which later received an internal division, has been known. This classification fully corresponded to the time of its creation and does not correspond at all to the present time, which is practically universally recognized. IN contemporary writings dedicated to design and reconstruction industrial enterprises, a reservation is often made that “types of production are traditionally distinguished”. At the same time, a new classification is being sought.

One of the common opinions is that all production is now mass-produced. Another point of view proposes to divide production systems into two types: flexible and inflexible. There are also other proposals for the introduction of new classification features, including such as the scale of production and its planning. The common thing in all these (and other) hypotheses is that the type of production is still proposed to be identified by any one feature and called by one word. main reason To that - traditional character and "familiarity" of the similar approach. Meanwhile, modern engineering and industrial production in general, much more diverse than it was at the time when it was created until now existing classification. And loyalty to traditions can no longer be a decisive argument in favor of maintaining such one-criteria.

Even in the name of a cutter, there may be more than five signs, but production is an object much more complex than a cutter. It can be recognized that modern production systems cannot be unambiguously classified by one parameter.

Having recognized the possibility of a multi-parameter classification of types of production, it is necessary to single out the main and additional classification features. Strictly speaking, to divide the classification features into basic and additional ones, since they are known and are constantly used in the scientific and technical literature. To select the main classification features, the following criteria can be formulated:

• - There should not be too many main features, so as not to create confusion, ambiguity and internal inconsistency in the classification.
• - The main features should not be in an explicit functional or close correlation relationship.
• - The main features should be reliably determined in the early stages of the design of production systems.
• - The main signs should give as much as possible full view about the goals of the designed production, and not be characteristics of the equipment or organizational forms used.
• - The main features should be applicable to any of the existing or planned production systems, in contrast to the additional features that determine the specific requirements imposed in special cases.

In general, it seems reasonable to use as criteria the target properties of production systems, which cannot be very numerous.

It is proposed to single out four main classification features of production systems:

• 1. The scale of production
• 2. Nomenclature of production
• 3. Changeability of production
• 4. Predictability of production.

The first two signs are obvious: of course, enterprises producing a thousand or a million units of the same product per year will differ significantly from each other, both in terms of the equipment used and in the organization of production. As well as different enterprises will be arranged, producing any one product and many products. At the same time, multi-nomenclature in itself does not at all mean small-scale, and single-nomenclature does not mean large-scale. Largest number enterprises that exist today in industrialized countries are small businesses, specializing in the production and supply of a limited range of products or components, both directly to the market and for large companies, which are increasingly striving to leave only the functions of market operation, design and general assembly to their own divisions. Both of these varieties of production systems fit very poorly into the traditional classification of types of production.

The third classification feature of the production system may be its readjustability. Indeed, an enterprise can produce a large range of products on a large scale, but at the same time, the same operation will be performed at each workplace during the year (it is for this feature that the “classic” criterion is best suited - the coefficient of consolidation of operations, while while the tables that replace it, depending on the type of production on the number of manufactured products, speak of the scale of production, and not of its readjustability). Production can be multi-product and little readjusted, as well as low-product and often readjusted. This significantly affects the size of the enterprise, the number of employees, the types and quantity of equipment, organizational forms and structural and layout solutions.

Fourth major hallmark production - its predictability. There are companies that production programs are known for several years in advance, and launching a new product takes months or even years. The other extreme is enterprises working on external, poorly predictable orders. Such industries have been developed not so long ago, which was facilitated by advances in the automation of technical preparation for production and the emergence of equipment that combines wide technological capabilities with high productivity. Here is an example of setting tasks for the production of spare parts for a certain area of ​​mechanical engineering (taken from a real conversation with company managers): “we know about two thousand possible parts, each customer can bring a completely unknown drawing, their needs are determined by equipment breakdowns, and therefore are completely unpredictable, in the morning we don't know exactly what we have to do in the evening; At the same time, we must fulfill any order within three days, otherwise customers will go to competitors. The presence of competition and a significant increase in the range of manufactured products significantly reduce the "average" level of predictability modern production. This feature is very important, since the ratio of time spent on the actual production and on its preparation largely depends on it. In general, in view of the undoubted increase in the range of manufactured products and the related lack of opportunities in most branches of engineering to support non-adjustable production, Special attention At the present time, attention should be paid to the problems of reducing preproduction time and changeover time.

The proposed classification includes the previous one as special cases. Yes, classic mass production Henry Ford's era can be defined as large-scale, multi-product, rarely reconfigured, and highly predictable. Production is single - as small-scale, medium-sized, often readjusted and poorly predictable. Of course, within the same enterprise there may be divisions with different types of production.

In addition to the main classification features, additional ones related to more particular examples of production systems can be proposed. Unlike the main features, additional features can be omitted in cases where they are not essential. So, one of the additional classification features can be the complexity of manufactured products. This property, usually well known at the design stage, significantly affects both the equipment used and the organization of the production process, but is not essential for all possible productions. The same applies (for example) to the danger of production and its secrecy.

Additional features may include the restructuring of production - the ability of the production system to switch to the production of a significantly different range of products. In cases where such a transition is not carried out according to the “completely demolish and rebuild” scheme, rebuildability must be taken into account even when designing the previous production, which affects design decisions and entails additional costs. A special case of restructuring is dual-use enterprises, for which this feature is one of the main ones.

Among the most important additional features is the modifiability of production, that is, the ability of the production system to produce various modifications of products within the range. Undoubtedly, modern market industrial production requires manufacturers to produce an increasing number of product modifications. However, the question of the required level of modifiability of production systems does not have such an unambiguous answer as it is sometimes believed. The reason for this is well known: modifiability is a very costly feature.

A special conversation is about flexibility. Like any term used for promotional purposes, the concept of flexibility requires a careful approach. Flexibility can be defined as the ability of a technological or production system to adapt to changing tasks that do not go beyond some predetermined limits. This property, given by nature to man, is very difficult to achieve in automatic and automated systems.

A person standing at the assembly line, without significant readjustment, is able to wrap a rusty screw in one car, and a chrome-plated screw in another. But flexibility, even here, does not mean permissiveness: it requires the interchangeability of screws and the presence of instructions for a person.

A modern CNC automatic lathe is capable of processing different parts within one bar, if the tool setting allows it to do this and the program forces it to do so.

In general, the flexibility of a technological or production system is not its target property, flexibility is one of the ways to achieve the goal, which is especially useful in those working conditions, which are characteristic of the present time - multi- nomenclature and poor predictability.

The need to revise the classification of types of production does not belong to the realm of speculative reasoning.

The existing principles are embedded in the standards used in the design and reconstruction of industries, as well as in the worldview of many people.

Of course, the current state of machine-building production differs significantly from the one in the era of which the existing classification was formulated and the existing standards were drawn up, and therefore this problem is very relevant.

Definition of production

Definition 1

Production is the creation of a good by a person in the process of converting natural resources into the goods or services he needs.

Production has been a part of human life since ancient times. It should be noted that in economics and other sciences, production is considered, first of all, from the point of view of the collective application of labor. individual labor in this case is considered meaningless. For a long time, production was manual, or associated with the maintenance Agriculture. People cultivated the land, but the desire for comfort required the transformation of the available means of labor, which ultimately resulted in the specialization of labor. A great leap in the manufacturing sector occurred during the industrial revolution, which swept all countries of the world and lasted more than one hundred and fifty years. Industrial Revolution introduced the following changes in human production activity:

1. Transition from manual labor to machine.
2. Automation of production processes.
3. The transition from the agrarian type of management to the industrial one.
4. A sharp jump in the growth of productive forces.
5. The establishment of capitalism as the dominant ideology.
6. Widespread urbanization and associated population migration.
7. Economic growth (increase in macroeconomic indicators)
8. Raising the standard of living of society.

The Industrial Revolution not only optimized production, making it mass-produced, while reducing the cost of labor items. It had an impact on the socio-economic processes in society. Creation of large manufacturing enterprises requires labor different levels skills and training that becomes attractive to people, leads to mass migration to the city. Automation of labor, the use of mechanisms, technologies and machines made it possible to reduce labor costs, to establish not only mass, but also technically complex production. The increase in production volumes affected the general economic condition of society. People began to consume more, as the market for goods and services offered is constantly expanding. Labor in production contributes to an increase in the standard of living, the availability of many material and wealth that were previously inaccessible to a wide range of people. In addition, growth production capacity contributed to the establishment of the capitalist system as the main one, and the market model of relations as the most optimal.

Thus, production is a creative labor activity human aimed at transforming the resources of nature in order to create the benefits that he needs.

Remark 1

IN modern world, which is on the way to the formation of a post-industrial society, many production processes are automated. The person in it is given creative role creator of scientific progress.

Production and its types

Production types are a set of characteristics that describe organizational, technical and economic features production activities business entity, depending on its nomenclature, specialization and volumes of the proposed output.

Depending on the volume of output as a classification parameter, production is divided into the following types:

1. Project-type production, which is most often used in construction. It involves the concentration of resources and equipment in one place - where the project will be implemented.
2. Creation of goods on order, which is carried out when the needs of one client are fulfilled, that is, the manufacturer adapts to the requirements of the buyer. For example, this type of production is typical for heavy industry - the production of turbines or engines for machines with complex technical parameters.
3. Batch release is appropriate for the production of products with repetitive requests and large order volumes. The production process is divided into separate operations, each of which allows you to create objects that are used in the following stages.
4. Flow production is used when the volume of a good increases from one production stage to another. In this case, all parts of the object go through each stage of production sequentially.
5. Continuous production, which is a characteristic feature of large companies in the extractive industry. For example, when extracting oil and gas. It is rarely used for the needs of small and medium businesses.

Any economic system is based on social reproduction. Its subject is an enterprise whose purpose of existence is to maximize profits, reduce operating costs. Enterprises within market economy can independently determine what products and for whom to produce. In addition, the owners of enterprises can independently determine its size, technical and technological processes, find and establish long-term relationships with counterparties.

For a long time, production was only material. Now it is intangible, and includes social services such as health care, culture, art, education, the provision of consumer services, and so on. However, not material production is directly related to the efficiency and success of the material, its security and technical equipment.

Production can also be classified according to the serial production. Here, single-piece production is singled out, as a rule, requiring highly qualified universal specialists capable of fulfilling specific orders. Such production is expensive and often unique. Batch production is a type of batch production. With it, a small amount of products is released at a certain time. Serial production is divided into small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale production. A feature of this type of production can be called the unification of most of the processes of creating wealth. In a single production, it is almost impossible to unify production processes, since the tasks performed are different character. There is also mass production, characteristic of the mass market. It can be used in the creation of goods, the amount of consumption of which is constantly growing.

Types of production

Structure organization production factors depending on needs and technological features production forms the types of production.

All types of production are divided into simple and complex. Among simple species allocate:

• Linear. This is a kind of production process in which all the stages of creating a good are lined up in one line in the order necessary to create a good.
• Divergent. The production stages are arranged according to the principle of a tree.
• convergent. It is the opposite according to the principle of divergent organization.
• Mixed. It is a mixture of elements of all the above types of production.

Depending on the type of production chosen, the layout of the premises for the placement of its nodes is carried out. The layout, ventilation, working lighting, placement of security systems and more are being thought out. It also takes into account the parameters of the microclimate, the system production control, which allow you to track the operation of mechanisms, machines and other equipment.

Complex types of production include mixed, consisting of elements of simple types of production, as well as cyclical. The real sector of the economy, as a rule, is based on a mixed type of production. In order to plan and effective management activities economic entities it is necessary to know about those types of production that underlie the economic activity of enterprises.

The most perfect form of production is in-line. It implies the presence of a constant movement of the product, its release with a certain frequency. The placement of equipment occurs according to the technological process. This type of organization of production allows you to automate many nodes, as well as unify the parameters of products. In turn, it becomes possible to use the available areas, capacities and resources in the most rational way. Hotel stages of production are adjusted to the cycle of passing one of them.

Remark 2

Thus, in-line production helps to optimize the cost of resources and time to create products, as well as to influence the quantity and quality of the produced good.

Most of the complex manufacturing processes inherent in small-scale or one-off production are also trying to lead to mass production. If not the entire production process, then at least its components. Thus, it becomes possible to minimize labor costs, to form nodes that will automate a number of production stages.

Production

Production:

Modern social production includes not only material production, but also the intangible sphere - the production of intangible goods and services (new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, public education, culture, art, healthcare, consumer services, management, financing and lending, sports, etc.). The development of non-material production and the service sector depends to a decisive extent on the production of material goods - its technical equipment and output.

• agricultural production(and its branches - forestry, cattle breeding, fish farming, etc.) - animal breeding and herbal products with the help of the natural forces of nature;
• industrial production(mining and manufacturing industry) - processing of raw materials into a form suitable for human consumption;

Some economists refer to production as the creation of only material goods, others are also creation and intangible good. Then the production can be attributed to:

• Transfer of the produced product from producers to consumers: logistics and trade;
• Production of services (service sector);
• Financial services: banking and insurance activities
• Spiritual production: new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, culture, art, etc.

Production in the Marxist-Leninist paradigm

The doctrine of production in Marxist economic theory is divided into the following parts:

• the doctrine of the factors of production - nature, labor and capital
• the doctrine of the organization of production.

Production is the process of creating material goods and services necessary for the existence and development of society. Goods created in the process of production complete their movement in the process of consumption. Consumption is the goal of production only in non-market economic systems. In a market economy, the immediate goal of production is to make a profit. The constantly repeating production process is called social reproduction. Society cannot stop consuming, nor can it stop producing; consequently, society cannot exist without constantly reproducing all the elements of production.

Production cycle

The production cycle is the period of stay of objects of labor (raw materials and materials) in the production process from the beginning of manufacturing to the release of the finished product.

• Continuous production cycle available in some industries (metallurgical, chemical) where the production process cannot be interrupted for economic or safety reasons. The workers who serve it are called non-stop production workers.

see also

• Types of stocks in production

Links

• Yuri Semyonov"Production and Society"
• Yuri Semyonov"Primary and Non-Primary Methods of Production"
• Industrial zones (which countries and in what volume produce industrial goods)

Notes

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Antonyms:

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Brick according to the Ilyich system. Razg. Iron. Obsolete Brick from blown up churches. Sindalovsky, 2002, 150 ... Big dictionary of Russian sayings