The very concept of communication has several definitions, which is associated with different views of scientists and specialists on this problem. Each of the experts in this field offers their own vision and interpretation. We're just trying to bring everything down to a common denominator.
According to a brief psychological dictionary, the concept of communication is a complex multifaceted process aimed at establishing and developing contacts and connections, including the exchange of information, interaction, perception and understanding of the interlocutor.
The meaning of the word "communication" can change. As mentioned above, this is due to different points of view, characteristic of different scientists and different times. However, in general, the essence of communication remains unchanged - it is the exchange of information using various means of communication.
Characteristic properties and features of communication
concept interpersonal communication has three characteristics - content, functions and means. The content includes the transfer of information, understanding and perception, the interaction of interlocutors, the influence on each other, mutual evaluation and mutual management of activities. The main functions of communication follow from the content, which are divided into communicative, informational, cognitive, emotive, contative and creative. In the absence or violation of at least one function of communication, it suffers.
The nature of the emergence of communication and the need for it
A sociable person boldly steps towards the new - new knowledge, new information, new people. Open and inquisitive individuals, without noticing it, provide themselves with a lot of interesting meetings, events, acquaintances, new goals, but the essence of communication, like communication itself, is not only this. For each person, the opportunity to communicate with their own kind is the key to constant replenishment of life baggage, intellectual and psychological development. This is also the main purpose of communication. A feature bestowed by nature helped man survive and establish himself among other, stronger species.
Do you think you would discover in yourself a craving for the exact sciences or music if you did not go to school and did not attend these subjects, no matter how boring they may seem to you at first? No, because communication plays extremely important role, and the teacher, teaching us a subject in school years, talking with us, students, not only reveals certain abilities, but also helps to develop them, in parallel instilling the basic rules of communication.
The formation of personality
At the stage of formation of a person as a person, that is, since school years, communication with parents plays a particularly important role. Ideally, you should try to talk with them as much and as often as possible, share news and events. It is extremely important in conversations with parents not to deceive them, to be frank, sincere and honest. These are the goals of communication and their basic rules on this stage.
What seems incomprehensible to schoolchildren, for example, a parental ban, in most cases turns out to be the right decision. Just imagine if in our youth we were allowed absolutely everything. Probably, troubles would follow us at every step, and we, being children, would have no idea how to get out of them.
The period of adolescence is especially important in the development of a person and his communication skills, in parallel with which the psyche develops. A person learns the essence of communication while he grows up, studies at school, university. During this time, life baggage is replenished not only with scientific knowledge, but also with ordinary life skills, experience, both someone else's and one's own. At this stage, for the most part, you have to contact with peers, but this helps inexpressibly. True, if only at the same time to adhere to the basic rules of human communication.
How did everything start?
Have you ever thought about why a person needs communication? Try to imagine that in the course of evolution the speech apparatus would not have begun to develop, and people themselves would not have shown any desire to somehow contact each other. What do you think, if a person had no desire for communication and obtaining new information, which means that all the functions of communication would be absent, there would be evolution in the form in which we see it now and have seen it since humanity became interested in development all living things? Would we have even the slightest idea of what evolution is? The answer is unequivocal - none of this would have happened. Communication has played its role, in fact, it is the basis for the survival of all complex species, which is developed in many living organisms. And even if they do not present it in the form to which we are accustomed, nevertheless ...
Communication is the key to the development of civilization, the indestructible foundation of society. However, it should be understood that this does not mean only the sounds that we are able to reproduce with our speech apparatus. Deaf-mute people, after all, also “talk” to each other, however, they use not words, but gestures for this.
Communication in any form is the exchange of information, the only possible variant transferring new knowledge, skills, experience to other people, because this is the only way to help each other, help the human species survive and develop further, but this is not the only function of communication.
What role does communication play in human life?
The question of why a person needs communication is answered by the history of primitive society. Human speech is the “first child” of communication, which among primitive people took place through gestures. It was then that the first rules of communication were formed, the general concepts, the designation of objects, and then writing was already formed. This is how society and society as a whole were born, the rules of interpersonal communication were established, which are still in force today.
Normal, full-fledged formation of the psyche, as well as its further development, it is impossible to imagine without communication. Therefore, the role of communication in human life is extremely high. This is the only way exchange of information, perception and understanding of the surrounding world. Communication is what distinguishes the human species from other biological species living on Earth.
It is impossible to underestimate the role of communication in professional activity person. This is a specific type of interpersonal interaction, since professional activity has its own rules of communication, limited by generally accepted rules of behavior and interpersonal relations within the same organization (company). This is also called corporate ethics.
Why does a person need communication?
It is not so important whether you are a sociable person or closed in yourself, accustomed to loneliness, communication is necessary for everyone. The social need to talk with one's own kind is a natural need, and without its satisfaction it is impossible to feel complete.
Communication plays a vital role in human life. The difference can only be in its quantity and frequency. So, it will be enough for someone to go somewhere with friends once or twice a week and talk with them to cheer up and improve their well-being, and for the rest of the days such a person may well be alone. And for some, communication plays a more important role - such a person cannot spend even 20 minutes alone with himself, begins to suffer from boredom and experience an irresistible desire to contact someone. By the way, such a desire is more focused on the process itself, and not on its final result.
What generates the desire to communicate?
People crave to communicate, you can call it a banal desire, but a more correct term is a need.
So, with a high probability we can say that in children communication is a non-innate need. It is formed under the influence of the activity that adults present nearby show, and occurs, often, by about two months.
But teenagers are convinced that they have an irresistible desire to communicate. They are also convinced that they can do this as much as they see fit. That is why most teenagers protest against attempts by adults to control their need to spend time with friends, and therefore in friendly conversations. At this stage, do not forget about the basic functions of communication, which play a role in the formulation of communication skills.
In adults, the need for communication is also quite strong. Many men and women, having contact with someone less than they themselves want it, begin to plunge into negativity.
Lack of interpersonal contacts and its consequences
The degree of a person's need to contact and interact with his own kind determines his life in general and his place (place) in society. It can be a family, a work team, friends, a school, a group at a university. A person deprived of the opportunity to talk and contact with other people, and therefore unable to perform all the functions of communication, can never become a social person, join society and develop culturally. He will resemble a person only outwardly.
“Mowgli children”, deprived of the opportunity to contact and interact with representatives of their own species immediately after birth or in early childhood, prove this fact, and therefore how important the role of communication is in human life. Being isolated from human speech, they, naturally, do not even know what it is like to talk with someone. The organism of such individuals develops naturally, but the development of the psyche is delayed, or even does not occur at all. The main reason for this lies in the lack of communicative experience with other people, and therefore in the absence of all the functions of communication. Actually, such cases, like nothing else, prove how important it is for a person to contact and talk with other people.
The versatility of communication for purposes
That for the sake of which and why a person, like any other living being, shows such activity as communication and the need for it - these are the main goals of communication. So, animals communicate to encourage their own kind to certain actions or to warn about refraining from any action. This process is subject exclusively to animal instincts, which, in fact, are guided by representatives of the fauna.
But the goals of human communication are much greater - in addition to satisfying the natural, characteristic of animals, the satisfaction of cultural, social, creative, cognitive, aesthetic, intellectual, moral and other needs is also added to human interaction. Why does a person need communication? To satisfy all these needs.
Speech interaction between people can be safely called multi-purpose, and the goals to which it is directed give more than an extensive answer to the question, why does a person need communication and what is it?
Styles and classification
Based on some features, communication in human life can be divided into direct (immediate) and indirect (mediated). In the first case, the interlocutors communicate directly, they communicate with each other using appropriate facial expressions, gestures, intonation and tone.
In the second case, information between the interlocutors is not transmitted directly, but indirectly (letters, documentation, media, etc.). It is worth noting that direct communication has a better performance and impact on the interlocutor than indirect. However, the first type can be more subject to emotions, since such communication in the life of every person takes place in real time, and the second - to common sense, since there is time to comprehend the situation, analyze it.
There are also formal and informal types of communication, from which it follows that relations between people are business and personal. Consequently, the communication rules for each of the two types will be different. In the first case, sympathy or antipathy towards each other, respect or lack thereof, or distrust are expressed. But - these are the relationships that develop between people who are in one or another social groups, organizations. It is based on the rights and obligations that operate in a particular group (organization). Consequently, the role of communication in the professional activity of a person and the role of such in everyday, everyday life is significantly different. If in the first case a person is limited by certain limits and rules dictated by the organization (company), then in the second he is limited only by his own opinion, desires and character traits. Only the role of education can be common here, but not the role of communication as a whole.
The Art of Interpersonal Communication
Communication is a natural process. Under ideal circumstances, all people should be able to communicate freely with each other. But in fact, in real life, some individuals experience a fear of communication, which is called social phobia. The need for contact with other people in this case is almost or completely absent. Often, such fear occurs even in adolescence, which is the most difficult stage in the life of any person.
In the case when the first experience of conscious entry into society, the first communication with someone is negative, then in the future such a person will experience problems with interpersonal relationships. This minimizes the need for conversations and conversations with their own kind, often leads to isolation or gives rise to a desire to avoid such "irritants", that is, society as a whole.
The importance of communication in human life cannot be overestimated. It is an art and a skill that is acquired over the years. It is quite natural that a person's communication skills depend not only on his personal characteristics, but also on the environment in which he was (is) at different stages of his life.
However, following the rules of interpersonal communication, you can avoid many troubles:
- talk to another person in the way you yourself consider the best and only true;
- show respect for who you are talking to;
- express trust and understanding with whom you are speaking.
Following simple rules
As a rule, conversations with relatives, relatives and friends do not cause us any difficulties. We feel the strongest craving for conversations with such people, especially since we are well aware of their reaction to certain statements, remarks, and news. With strangers, the desire to communicate is not so high, but often it is forced, necessary. You need to speak with strangers only in a positive way, showing only being friendly. It is better to do this with a smile on your face, observing the existing rules of communication. It is even more important that the phrases you say are in place.
Finally, we bring to your attention a few effective recommendations for the competent construction of interpersonal relationships and interaction with others:
- be sensual and attentive to the inner world of the interlocutor;
- remember, everyone deserves respect;
- show interest in the interlocutor, find positive qualities in him;
- do not pay attention to minor flaws, they are in everyone; ideal people do not exist;
- develop your own sense of humor and self-irony.
Communication is a communicative-informational interaction of people. Interpersonal communication is associated with direct contacts of people in groups or pairs. Communication is a complex and multifaceted process. We rarely think about what communication is, what, what factors make it more effective, what helps and what prevents us from reaching an agreement with another person. It is a systematic understanding of the essence of communication, its versatility that will help make it more productive.
In Russian psychology, the very concept of "communication" covers a wide range of phenomena, which includes the processes of interaction, mutual influence, mutual understanding, empathy. Communication is multifaceted in its content and forms of manifestation. There are various psychological communication concepts. Communication is considered:
- - as a means of information transfer;
- - activity (B. G. Ananiev, A. N. Leontiev);
- - a specific form of interaction (B. F. Lomov);
- - a way of knowing another person (A. A. Bodalev, V. N. Myasishchev and others);
- - a condition of vital activity (A. A. Bodalev);
- - a way of transferring cultural and social experience (A. A. Leontiev and others);
- - method of influence (V. M. Bekhterev, E. L. Dotsenko, A. Yu. Panasyuk, etc.);
- - a means of revealing the subjective world of the individual (G. M. Andreeva and others).
In general, interpersonal communication can be carried out with a primary reliance on two paradigms psychological influences: "subject-object", i.e. unequal, and, consequently, manipulative, and "subject-subjective" - equal, developing.
There are various classification types of communication. A. Yu. Panasyuk gives the following classification of types of communication:
- - subordinate, service-comradely, trust;
- - in the form of a monologue, dialogue and polylogue;
- - in the form of meetings, negotiations, speeches, listening, discussions;
- - direct and indirect, etc.
proposes to distinguish:
- - "mask contact";
- - primitive communication;
- - formal role-playing;
- - business;
- - manipulative;
- - secular communication.
Structural components of communication (according to A. N. Leon-
The subject of communication communication partner.
- The need for communication is the desire of the subject to the knowledge and evaluation of other people and through them - to self-knowledge and self-esteem.
- Communicative motives of communication - an act of communicative activity addressed to another person. Here we can distinguish two basic categories of communication actions - initiative and response.
- Communication tasks- the goal to achieve which in a given communicative situation the various actions performed in the process of communication are directed.
- Means of communication- Operations by means of which actions of communication are carried out.
- Communication product - formations of the material and spiritual plane, created as a result of communication.
Communication as an activity is a system of elementary acts. Each act is defined by:
- - subject - the initiator of communication;
- - subject to whom the initiative is addressed;
- - norms on which communication is organized;
- - goals who pursue the participants of communication;
- - situation where the interaction takes place.
Domestic researchers identify several major communication functions:
- - communicative associated with the actual transmission of information;
- - affective, manifested in the transfer of emotional attitudes;
- - regulatory that encourages change in behavior and attitudes;
- - perceptual associated with the knowledge of man by man.
Goals of communication reflect the needs joint activities of people. Communication involves some result - a change in the behavior or activities of other people. Thus, interpersonal interaction is "a sequence of reactions of people deployed in time to each other's actions." Speaking about the goals of communication and summarizing the data of psychological research, it is necessary to note such goals as:
- - contact,
- - information,
- - incentives,
- - coordination,
- - amotive,
- - installation,
- - developing,
- - related to the achievement of understanding and mutual understanding,
- - influencing
- - knowledge of the other and self-knowledge.
Often in the process of communication there is a combination of several goals.
- - interpersonal
- - business,
- - specially professional
- - scientific,
- - socio-political,
- - information and communication, etc. .
In communication, one distinguishes instrumental orientation(for the fulfillment of a socially significant task, for a deed, for a result) and personal orientation(to meet personal needs).
Business communication is a subject-targeted activity and is aimed at organizing and optimizing one or another type of subject activity: production, scientific, pedagogical, etc. According to Yu. M. Zhukov, in business communication the subject of communication and the attitude of participants to it (their subject positions ) are the main determinants of the communication process. The ability to understand the subject positions of partners, including one's own, is necessary condition communication success. The main task of business communication can be called productive cooperation, the desire for convergence of goals, the establishment and improvement of partnerships.
Business communication, according to A.P. Panfilova, involves the implementation of the following conditions.
- 1. Mandatory contacts of all participants in communication, regardless of likes and dislikes.
- 2. Subject-target content of communication.
- 3. Compliance with the formal-role principles of interaction, taking into account official roles, rights and functional duties.
- 4. The interdependence of all participants in business communication in achieving the final result and in the implementation of personal intentions.
- 5. Communicative control of the participants in the interaction.
- 6. Formal restrictions:
- A) conventional restrictions, i.e. observance of legal, social norms, adherence to regulation (compliance with the rules internal regulations, instructions, etc.);
- b) situational, i.e. given the situation business communication(meeting, presentation, negotiations, etc.). Interaction is purposeful, in a certain regulation, using adequate communication tools and achieving the expected result;
- V) emotional, i.e. manifestation of stress resistance, the ability to manage one's feelings and emotions in a tense business situation;
- G) violent, i.e. it is permissible to interrupt the contact of any of the parties in those situations when the content of the information ceases to be of a substantive nature, when the reactions of the communication partner are inadequate to the expectations and established norms of behavior.
Ways of interaction depend on the goals of communication, the characteristics of its organization, the emotional mood of the interlocutors, the level of their culture. It should also be noted that as a dialectical process, communication is a unity of two opposite tendencies: towards cooperation, towards integration, on the one hand, and towards struggle, differentiation, on the other. The most noticeable is the dualism of communication in such a variety as business communication.
Scholars identify the following communication characteristics:
- - functions,
- - content,
- - sides,
- - manner,
- - style 117, p. 21 25|.
Communication can be different. content, which is expressed as follows:
- - transfer of information from person to person;
- - perception of each other;
- - mutual evaluation;
- - mutual influence of communication partners on each other;
- - interaction of partners;
- - group or mass activities and etc.
Since business communication is a subject-targeted activity, the content of each communication form (negotiations, discussion, report, etc.), as well as each speech construction (conclusion, opinion, remark, criticism) depends on the communicative intention and the expected result. Each specific goal in business communication requires the content of communication that allows it to be implemented and achieved. required results. The success of business communication, according to Yu. M. Zhukov, depends on the adequacy of attitudes, understanding one’s subject and interpersonal position, knowledge of the patterns of various forms of communication and rules of behavior in various situations, the ability to form tactical plan and implement it based on existing social skills. This provision is especially important in situations where there is an assumption of possible insincerity. business partner. As norms, society develops a certain system of patterns of behavior, the violation of which includes mechanisms social control, which, in turn, provides correction of deviant behavior.
Studies of domestic scientists (G. M. Andreeva, B. F. Lomov, A. V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky and others) indicate that any communication contains three interrelated aspects (Fig. 1.1):
- communicative - it is the transfer and exchange of information;
- interactive those. interaction;
- perceptual- mutual perception, mutual evaluation in communication.
Rice. 1.1.
Let's dwell on them in more detail.
The communicative side of communication is characterized by:
- - the ability to establish psychological contact;
- - taking into account the peculiarities of communicative influence;
- - argumentation, logic and adequacy of the situation of communication;
- - the effectiveness of the use of verbal (words) and non-verbal means communication.
In the communicative process, they usually distinguish between verbal (speech is used as a sign system) and non-verbal (non-speech sign systems) communication.
Non-verbal communication structurally represented by the following systems:
- visual - these are gestures, facial expressions, postures, skin reactions (redness, blanching, sweating), spatio-temporal organization of communication, as well as aids communication - emphasizing or hiding body features (signs of gender, age, race). The nature of the movements reflects the emotional reactions of a person;
- acoustic - these are speech features such as tempo, laughter, crying, coughing, pauses;
- tactile is touching, shaking hands, hugging, kissing.
Interactive side (interaction). Communication as interaction characterizes direct organization joint activities. The goals of communication reflect the needs of joint activities of people. The motives for which people interact can be different. We list the types of motives for which a person interacts with other people:
The motive of maximizing the total gain (the motive of cooperation);
— the motive of maximizing one's own gain (individualism);
- - the motive of maximizing the relative gain (competition);
- - the motive of maximizing the gain of another (altruism);
- - the motive of minimizing the gain of another (aggression).
The nature of the social motivation of the participants in the interaction determines the means of communication, and the result of the interaction, and the relationship between communication partners. Accordingly, there are various tactics of behavior in interaction.
The perceptual side (perception, cognition and mutual understanding) includes:
- - self-knowledge in the process of communication;
- - knowledge and understanding of the interlocutor;
- - predicting the behavior of a communication partner.
To communicate effectively, it is essential to understand
another person and be able to predict his behavior. That is why it is important to know the existing patterns that form the "pattern" of communication.
{{ Zhukov Yu. M. The effectiveness of business communication. M.: Knowledge, 1988. S. 52.Essence of communication is most fully expressed in the fact that it is The most important side human activity, which consists in the subject-subject relationship - the relationship of one person to another based on the mutual recognition of "self" and intrinsic value.
The main features and properties of communication:
It appears as Activity, which emphasizes its active procedural nature;
It is established that this activity consists in relation one person to another;
It is noted that these relationships should be worn Subject-subject character, in other words, they include Equal Subjects, "I" and "You" are here Target for each other and never - a means (at least, it should be);
communication establishes not only information, but also Personal-existential, subjective connection Between people while maintaining the individuality of the communicating parties: each recognizes for the other his uniqueness and uniqueness, his right to be himself and expects the same from him;
expected manifestation Creative improvisational nature of communication, revealing the deep qualities of the subject - his free activity, the ability to generate new meanings, to overcome stereotypes of behavior.
· communication symmetrical, for it presupposes the functional equality of the persons participating in it as subjects of a single joint activity;
The most important distinguishing feature of communication is its Dialogical.
Thus, communication- This Interactivity based on Needs man in man. This is not only (and not so much) luxury (A. de Saint-Exupery), but Necessity, the primary condition for the existence of a person as a person and his inclusion in society and culture. Communication is done through Dialogue, whose purpose is to establish Understanding Between people.
The value of interpersonal communication determined by his polyfunctionality And global significance in human life and society. Can be distinguished A number of "role" functions of communication.
1. Communication is a condition for the formation and existence of man. The phylogenesis of mankind and the ontogenesis of each person individually confirm that the formation of a person is impossible without communication, acting " unique condition human existence” (K. Jaspers).
2. Communication is a way of self-expression Human "I": human essence is manifested only in communication, which enables a person to reveal all the facets of his personality, make them meaningful to others, and assert himself in his own value. "Deficiency" of communication gives rise to various complexes, doubts, makes life inferior.
3. Communication is the main means of communication what appears in informative the nature of communication, thanks to which the accumulated knowledge is transferred in the process of communication and thereby social inheritance. At the same time, the communicative nature of communication is also manifested in the generation of new ideas, which reveals its Creative character, and the exchange of ideas, which causes Praxeological the value of communication.
4. Communication is the main means of managing people. Currently, this function is used purposefully - as a means of manipulation Consciousness and actions of people, both in a negative and positive way, which is clearly seen both in public spheres - in economics and politics, and in the sphere of personal relationships.
5. Communication is a vital need and a condition for human happiness. This function is most significant for the individual's sense of self, because it reveals Intimate nature Communication, acting as an internal, often unconscious need of each person, a hidden motive for his actions and deeds. At the same time, such features of communication as Selectivity And Orientation to a specific object Availability Feedback, reciprocity of choice, and Understanding. This need is most fully realized in such higher forms of human communication as Friendship And Love.
The revealed role functions of communication allow us to consider it Value in at least two aspects.
At the beginning of the third millennium, it can already be argued that communication as a value and the first vital necessity is in the center of attention of philosophy, ethics, psychology,
dagogy, culturologists who are trying to determine the essence of this phenomenon from different points of view.
So, psychologists define communication as informational and subject interaction in the process of which interpersonal relationships are realized and formed (Ya.L. Kolominsky). And this definition is correct, because it, in particular, reflects the activity nature of communication as a form of human relationships. Just as fair will be judgments about communication as a special kind of art that requires talent; as a science that has its own laws; as a set of technologies and rules of behavior, etc. In other words, one should not expect an unambiguous definition of communication: the same polyvariance is possible here, as in the forms of manifestation of communication itself.
The essence of communication is most fully expressed in the fact that it is - the most important aspect of human activity, which consists in the subject-subject relation of one person to another on the basis of mutual recognition of "self" and self-worth. Such an understanding of communication from the standpoint of humanistic ethics requires the teacher to pay attention to the following main features and properties:
Communication appears as activity, which implies its active procedural nature; the content of this activity is establishing a relationship one person to another;
Interpersonal relationships- regardless of the position of the people entering them - must wear subject-subject character, in other words, it is assumed that they enter equal subjects;"I" and "You" are here target for each other and never a means (at least, it should be);
Indispensable a condition for productive communication the recognition for the other (and the teacher for the student) of his uniqueness and originality, his right to be himself and the expectation of the same from him;
When communicating, it should be manifested creative and improvisational character, contributing to the identification of the deep qualities of the subject - his free activity, the ability to generate new meanings, to overcome stereotypes of behavior.
Thus, communication - This interaction, based on needs a person in a person, therefore it is not only (and not so much) a luxury, as A. de Saint-Exupery said, but necessity, the primary condition for the existence of a person as a person and his inclusion in society and culture. Communication is the activity of establishing communications , communication between people, involving two-way information exchange. However, communication is different from simple information interaction. The main parameters of this difference are as follows:
Communication involves not only information, but also, personal-existential, subjective connection between people while maintaining the individuality of the communicating parties;
· communication is symmetrical for it presupposes the functional equality of the persons participating in it as subjects of a single joint activity; the information process is asymmetric, because the roles of the sender of a message and its recipient are different, therefore the first is designated as a subject, and the second as an object;
The structure of the informational message, as a rule, is monologue, and communication is dialogic.
Thus, dialogue - the most important distinguishing feature communication. At the same time, under dialogue understood as informative and personal-subjective interaction between the communicating parties, the purpose of which is to establish understanding between them. The teacher should keep in mind that for a qualified dialogue, authority or superiority in official position is not enough. Broad erudition, evidence-based reasoning skills, the ability to listen and be heard, knowledge of the traditions of world and domestic culture are needed. Productive dialogue involves the following conditions:
Fundamental equality, autonomy, independence of partners;
Recognition by partners of the uniqueness, "otherness" of each other;
difference and originality of points of view, readiness to hear something from a partner that does not introduce into our ideas or plans;
The focus of each on the understanding and interpretation of his point of view by a partner;
Expectation of an answer and its anticipation in one's own statement, complementarity of the participants' positions;
The ability to perceive another as a person of the same level as myself.
It is obvious that all of the above parameters in the communication between the teacher and students are the most vulnerable places, as they sometimes make the dialogue between them simply impossible. Professional ethics implies a serious work of the teacher on himself in this direction, since it is on the knowledge, understanding and acceptance of these conditions by him that depends dialogical communication between him and students, and ultimately between generations.
moral sense communication process is primarily related to its value orientations morally significant
factors that determine its main content characteristics. In pedagogical ethics, communication is inseparable from such moral values, How freedom, justice, equality, love. At the same time, equality in communication is, first of all, equality of human dignity subjects of communication, focus on maintaining honor And dignity of any person, including a child. Communication focused on these values can be called humanistic. The humanistic ethics of communication is also different trust; kindness and respect, and not only to another subject, but also to everything connected with him (his friends, interests, even his clothes and things).
Confession human values are inseparable from specific assessments people entering into communication. The teacher should remember that many of the difficulties that arise in the process of communicating with students are generated inconsistency in their self-esteem And evaluations by others(as a rule, self-esteem is always higher than that of others, although sometimes it is underestimated). The art of communication The point of the teacher is to put a person above his individual shortcomings and imperfections, to see and evaluate in him individual, unique personality traits, to understand that the value of a child’s personality should not depend on his individual unpleasant properties.
Formation in youth culture of interpersonal communication is inextricably linked with the awareness communication values, which, in turn, is determined by polyfunctionality And global significance in human life and society. It is advisable to highlight and reveal to students the main role-playing functions of communication:
1 .Communication is a condition for the formation of human existence. The phylogenesis of mankind and the ontogenesis of each person confirm that the formation of a person is impossible without communication, which is a “unique condition for human existence” (K. Jaspers). In other words, a human being, deprived for some reason of the possibility of communication, does not become a person or ceases to be one, and the teacher can invite students to confirm this with scientific facts and artistic examples.
2. Communication is a way of human self-expression<<Я». For the first time, this phenomenon was substantiated by L. Feuerbach, who showed that the human essence is manifested only in communication, which enables a person to reveal all facets of his personality, make them significant for others, and assert himself in his own value. "Deficiency" of communication gives rise to various complexes, doubts, makes life inferior.
3.Communication is the main means of communication. This manifests itself in informative the nature of communication, thanks to which, in the process of communication, firstly, the accumulated knowledge is transferred and, thereby, the social inheritance. Secondly, the communicative nature of communication is manifested in the generation of new ideas, which reveals its creative character, and, thirdly, in the exchange of ideas, which causes praxeological(practical) value of communication.
4. Communication is the main means of managing people. Currently, this function is used purposefully - as a means manipulation consciousness and actions of people, both in negative and positive terms, which is clearly seen in the spheres of economics, politics, as well as in interpersonal communication. Indeed, it is through communication that we achieve the desired result from another - by persuading, persuading or forcing him to submit to our interests.
5. Communication is a vital need and a condition for human happiness. This function is most significant for the self-awareness of the individual, because it reveals intimate nature communication speaker internal, often unconscious need of each person, the hidden motive of his actions and deeds. At the same time, such features of communication as selectivity And orientation to a specific object availability of feedback, reciprocity of choice, mutual understanding. This need is most fully realized in such higher forms of human communication as friendship And Love, representing a special value for a young person (later we will dwell on them separately).
Thus, the identified role-playing functions of communication allow us to consider it value in at least two aspects:
How utilitarian-pragmatic, focused on achieving socially significant objective results; :<
How self-worth - communication for the sake of communication, the meaning of which is self-expression and spiritual conjugation of people who join the partner's spiritual values and thereby multiply their own.
This gives reason to highlight and show students significance levels communication:
For myself - I am the significance
for another - You are the significance
For a group or society as a whole - We are significance.
“Every person has three characters: the one that is attributed to him, the one that he attributes to himself, and finally the one that is in reality!” ©Victor Hugo
The behavior of a person in the process of communication is influenced by his character.
Translated from ancient Greek, the word "character" means "chasing", "seal". In fact, on the one hand, life mints, molds the character of a person, and on the other hand, character leaves a seal on all actions, thoughts and feelings of a person.
What is a character? Conditions for the formation of character
Character is a set of stable individual characteristics of a person, which develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, causing typical behaviors for an individual.
Character is determined and formed throughout a person's life.
Character is formed on the basis of the natural, biological properties of a person and as a result of the influence of the environment. Therefore, a large role in the formation of character is played by social conditions and specific life circumstances in which a person's life path passes.
The nature of a person determines his significant actions, and not random reactions to certain stimuli or circumstances. Therefore, not all features of a person can be considered characteristic, but only essential and stable ones. If a person, for example, is not polite enough in a stressful situation, then this does not mean that rudeness and incontinence are the main properties of his character.
In the article, we will first of all consider the question of the meaning and influence of a person's character on his communication. Let's even be bolder and put the question like this: "What character traits make communication special?"
Features of character in communication. Traits and properties of character
Character traits are features that are distinguished in human behavior, called character traits. Any character trait is a certain stable stereotype of behavior - a stable form of behavior in connection with specific, typical situations for this behavior.
The character of a person has both general and particular features and properties. Global properties of character have an effect on a wide range of behavioral manifestations and human activities.
General traits of a person's character:
1) self-confidence - uncertainty;
2) consent, friendliness - hostility;
3) consciousness - impulsiveness;
4) emotional stability - anxiety;
5) intellectual flexibility - rigidity.
Private traits and character traits:
sociability - isolation, leadership traits, and vice versa, subordination, as well as optimism - pessimism, conscientiousness - lack of conscience, courage - caution, impressionability - "thick-skinned", gullibility - suspicion, daydreaming - practicality, vulnerability - serenity, delicacy - rudeness, self-control - impulsiveness, peacefulness - aggressiveness, active activity - passivity, demonstrativeness - modesty, ambition - unpretentiousness, originality - stereotyping
.
In addition, in the character of a person there are:
- intellectual(smartness, observation, etc.)
- emotional character traits that manifest themselves in a person’s attitude to the world (excitability, rationality, etc.)
- strong-willed character traits that determine the ability and willingness of a person to consciously regulate their activities associated with overcoming difficulties (decisiveness, purposefulness).
Character traits in communication: the meaning of temperament
In communicating with people, the character of a person is manifested in the manner of behavior, in the ways of responding to the actions and deeds of people. The manner of communication can be tactful or unceremonious, polite or rude.
And do not forget about the significance of the properties of temperament on the features of communication of a particular person. The properties of a person's temperament are extraversion and introversion, or in ordinary words, sociability and isolation.
Extraversion and introversion as character traits are manifested in communication and express the openness or isolation of a person in relation to the world, to other people. An extrovert is a sociable person who shows a special interest in what is happening around.
Faced with the choice of going to a party with friends or sitting at home watching TV, an extrovert is more likely to choose the former, unlike an introvert.
An introvert directs all attention to himself. He is the center of his own interests, puts himself and the individual inner world above what is happening around.
Psychologists argue that the nature of communication is significantly influenced by a person’s temperament and its properties more than character traits, because, unlike temperament, a person’s character is determined not so much by the properties of the nervous system as by a person’s culture and upbringing.
Character traits in communication: What can you learn about a person by the manner of his communication?
In any communication, you can identify character traits that indicate a person’s attitude towards:
1) to other people (sociability, isolation, indifference, sensitivity, etc.)
2) own business (industriousness, laziness, responsibility, initiative, negligence, etc.)
3) to oneself (modesty, vanity, self-criticism)
4) things (accuracy, frugality).
And also in communication you can get acquainted with the interests and beliefs of a person, which makes up the structure of his character.
Conviction provides a long-term direction of human behavior, striving to achieve goals, confidence in the importance of one's business.
The interests of a person can also be indicative of understanding character. The superficiality and instability of interests are often associated with great imitation, with a lack of independence and integrity of a person's personality. And, conversely, the depth and content of interests testify to the purposefulness and perseverance of the individual.
The character of a person is manifested through the way a person acts. People can go to achieve the same goals in completely different ways, use their own special techniques and methods. This dissimilarity determines the specific character of the individual.
Do not be afraid to study people around, communicate and learn the character of a person, because through communication with other people we get to know ourselves!
