Mira is an international industrial sector that provides for the exploration of oil and gas and oil fields, oil production, pipeline transport for the fossil. Production, in turn, includes the development of deposits and other works.
It should be said that the oil industry in Russia is a highly developed industry. This is due to the geographical features of the country. Until 1992, in terms of explored reserves, Russia was in second position in the world after Saudi Arabia. Russia's reserves today amount to about 20.2 billion tons. In 1991, they amounted to about 23.5 billion tons.
However, it develops Lately not as fast as in previous years. According to experts, there are reserves in the country with a too low degree of confirmation of predicted reserves. They significantly reduce the overall provision of Russia with natural reserves. In addition, there is a large proportion of deposits with high development and development costs. Of all the reserves that the Russian oil industry has, about 55% are highly productive.
Special attention specialists are given to reserves, presumably located in the territory of Western Siberia. It is due to them that the main increase in the country's reserves by forty percent is predicted. However, even in this case, the oil industry will acquire mainly low-productivity fields. The amount that was supposed to be produced in the region is the limit of profitability for it.
It must be noted that economic crisis affected not only the fuel and energy industries of individual countries, but also, as a result, oil in general.
It should be said that in Russia the decline began to be observed as early as 1989. Oil production has dropped significantly. The volume of oil produced even in the richest region - the Tyumen region - has decreased from 394 million tons to 307 million. The oil industry in the country today is characterized by a noticeable decrease in the growth of highly productive reserves, deterioration in the quality of raw materials and a slowdown in exploration work at the fields. At the same time, experts note both a decrease in production drilling and an increase in the number of idle wells, a widespread transition to mechanized methods of field development against the backdrop of a sharp decrease in the number of flowing wells. Equally important are the absence to any extent of a significant reserve of large deposits, and the need to involve in the exploitation of reserves that are located in hard-to-reach and undeveloped areas.
The first wells in Russia were drilled in 1864 in the Kuban. At the same time, one of the wells gave a fountain of more than one hundred and ninety tons of flow rate per day. At that time, oil production was carried out to a greater extent by monopolies that depended on foreign capital. By the twentieth century, Russia began to take a leading position in the oil industry of the world. At the beginning of the century, oil production already accounted for about eleven million tons. During civil war there has been a significant decline. Later, by the thirties, oil production increased again to 11.6 million tons.
In the first years of the formation of Soviet power, the main deposits were located in the regions of the North Caucasus (Maikop, Grozny). However, it should be said that the war caused significant damage to these territories, which, in turn, significantly reduced the volume of production. In the postwar period, in parallel with the restoration of the North Caucasian deposits, large basins of the Volga-Ural region were put into development. By 1960, the percentage of production in these territories increased to seventy-one.
Fuel resources provide energy not only for the entire industry of any country in the world, but also for almost all spheres of human life. The most important part of Russia is the oil and gas sector.
The oil and gas industry is the generalized name of the complex industrial enterprises for the extraction, transportation, processing and distribution of end products of oil and gas processing. It is one of the most powerful industries Russian Federation, which largely forms the country's budget and balance of payments, provides foreign exchange earnings and maintains the national currency rate.
History of development
The beginning of the formation of the oil field in the industrial sector is considered to be 1859, when mechanical drilling of wells was first used in the United States. Now almost all oil is produced through wells with only a difference in the efficiency of production. In Russia, the extraction of oil from drilled wells began in 1864 in the Kuban. The production debit at that time was 190 tons per day. In order to increase profits great attention was given to the mechanization of extraction, and already at the beginning of the 20th century, Russia took a leading position in oil production.
The first major regions for the extraction of oil in Soviet Russia were the North Caucasus (Maikop, Grozny) and Baku (Azerbaijan). These dwindling older deposits did not meet the needs of the developing industry, and significant efforts were made to discover new deposits. As a result, several fields were put into operation in Central Asia, Bashkiria, Perm and Kuibyshev regions, the so-called Volga-Ural base was created.
The volume of oil produced reached 31 million tons. In the 1960s, the amount of black gold mined increased to 148 million tons, of which 71% came from the Volga-Ural region. In the 1970s, deposits in the West Siberian basin were discovered and put into operation. With oil exploration it was discovered a large number of gas deposits.
Importance of the oil and gas industry for the Russian economy
The oil and gas industry has a significant impact on the Russian economy. Currently, it is the basis for budgeting and ensuring the functioning of many other sectors of the economy. The value of the national currency largely depends on world oil prices. The carbon energy resources produced in the Russian Federation make it possible to fully satisfy domestic demand for fuel, ensure the energy security of the country, and also make a significant contribution to the global energy and raw materials economy.
The Russian Federation has a huge hydrocarbon potential. The Russian oil and gas industry is one of the world's leading ones, fully meeting domestic current and future needs for oil and refined products. A significant amount of hydrocarbon resources and their products is exported, providing replenishment of the foreign exchange reserves. Russia ranks second in the world in terms of liquid hydrocarbon reserves with a share of about 10%. Oil reserves have been explored and developed in the bowels of 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Oil and gas industry: structure
There are several structural basic processes that make up the oil and gas industry: the oil and gas production, transportation and processing industries.
- Production of hydrocarbons - difficult process, which includes exploration of deposits, drilling of wells, direct production and primary purification from water, sulfur and other impurities. Enterprises or structural units, the infrastructure of which includes booster and cluster pumping stations, water discharge installations and oil pipelines.
- Transportation of oil and gas from production sites to metering stations, to processing enterprises and to the final consumer is carried out using pipeline, water, road and rail transport. and trunk) are the most economical way to transport hydrocarbons, despite the very expensive facilities and maintenance. Oil and gas are transported by pipelines over long distances, including across different continents. Transportation by waterways using tankers and barges with a displacement of up to 320 thousand tons is carried out in intercity and international communications. Rail and trucks can also be used to transport crude oil over long distances, but are most cost effective on relatively short routes.
- The processing of raw hydrocarbon energy carriers is carried out in order to obtain various types oil products. First of all, this different types fuels and raw materials for subsequent chemical processing. The process is carried out at oil refineries refineries. The final products of processing, depending on the chemical composition, are divided into different grades. The final stage of production is the mixing of the various obtained components in order to obtain the required composition corresponding to a specific
Fields of the Russian Federation
The Russian oil and gas industry includes 2,352 oil fields under development. The largest oil and gas region in Russia is Western Siberia, it accounts for 60% of all extracted black gold. A significant part of oil and gas is produced in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The volume of production of the product in other regions of the Russian Federation:
- Volga-Ural base - 22%.
- Eastern Siberia - 12%.
- Northern deposits - 5%.
- Caucasus - 1%.
The share of Western Siberia in natural gas production reaches almost 90%. The largest deposits (about 10 trillion cubic meters) are in the Urengoy field in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The volume of gas production in other regions of the Russian Federation:
- Far East - 4.3%.
- Volga-Ural deposits - 3.5%.
- Yakutia and Eastern Siberia - 2.8%.
- Caucasus - 2.1%.
and gas
The task of processing is to turn crude oil and gas into marketable products. Refined products include heating oil, gasoline for Vehicle, fuel for jet engines, diesel fuel. The refinery process includes distillation, vacuum distillation, catalytic reforming, cracking, alkylation, isomerization and hydrotreating.
Natural gas processing includes compression, amine cleaning, glycol drying. The fractionation process involves the separation of the liquefied natural gas stream into its constituent parts: ethane, propane, butane, isobutane and natural gasoline.
The largest companies in Russia
Initially, all major oil and gas fields were developed exclusively by the state. Today, these objects are available for use by private companies. In total, the oil and gas industry of Russia has more than 15 large producing enterprises, among which are the well-known Gazprom, Rosneft, Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz.
The oil and gas industry in the world allows solving important economic, political and social tasks. Given the favorable situation on the world energy markets, many oil and gas suppliers are making significant investments in the national economy through export proceeds and are demonstrating exceptional growth dynamics. The most illustrative examples are the countries of Southwest Asia, as well as Norway, which, with low industrial development, thanks to hydrocarbon reserves, has become one of the most prosperous countries in Europe.
Development prospects
The oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation is largely dependent on the behavior of the main competitors in the market for production: Saudi Arabia and the United States. By itself, the total amount of hydrocarbons produced does not determine world prices. The dominant indicator is the percentage of production in a single oil power. The cost of production in different leading countries in terms of production varies significantly: the lowest in the Middle East, the highest in the United States. When the volume of oil production is unbalanced, prices can change both in one direction and in the other.
The oil industry of the world is one of the most important components of the world economy and has a significant impact on the development of other industries. Russia occupies one of the leading positions in the oil industry, as it has a sixth of the world's oil reserves.
Characteristics of the state economy
The most promising areas for oil production in the Russian Federation are the European North and the Far East. Oil in these areas is produced by pumping and flowing methods.
On this moment the importance of the oil industry in the fuel and energy complex is dominant. There are several main oil regions of the country.
West Siberian region. It produces more than sixty percent of all oil in the country. These fields are distinguished by the fact that the oil is shallow, the concentration of reserves is quite high, the conditions for drilling are optimal, in addition, the resulting oil is of high quality.
Ural region. Large reserves and concentrations of production are located in Bashkortostan.
North Caucasus. The main deposits are Grozny and Dagestan, in addition, there are located in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories.
Northern region. Up to a hundred oil fields have been discovered here, where it is shallow and there are conditions for drilling. The largest deposit is considered to be Timan-Pechora.
Far East region. The most promising is Sakhalin and the seas surrounding it.
An important element of the characteristics of the state's oil industry is its. The main enterprises are located in the Central, Povolozhsky, Ural, East Siberian, Far East and West Siberian energy regions.
16 cities of Russia are mainly involved in production and oil, including:
- Moscow;
- Yaroslavl;
- Permian;
- Komsomolsk-on-Amur;
- Khabarovsk;
- Volgograd;
- Saratov;
- Nizhny Novgorod.
world industry
The oil industry of the world is the leading branch of the world economy and the fuel and energy industry, in particular, which influences the trends of this economy and even political relations countries.
The oil and gas industry is characterized by large capital investments, the number of oil wells in the world that are currently being exploited to extract the resource reaches a million.
Industrial mining began in the nineteenth century in the United States, Russia and Romania. One hundred years later, refineries were operating in twenty countries, and another forty years later, in forty countries. The leading roles in mining in the twentieth century remained with Iran, the United States, the Soviet Union and Venezuela.
Oil industry
World oil production
With the growth of production and as they developed, the volume of the world market also gradually increased. Half a century ago, oil was relatively inexpensive, but after the onset of the energy crisis, the cost of oil went up sharply.
This fact also affected the resource extraction areas, since mining in hard-to-reach deposits under extreme conditions became unprofitable.
Only by the 1990s did the oil industry enter a phase of stable development. OPEC, an international government organization formed by oil-producing countries to control the oil production quota, remained the main regulator of the cost of oil produced.
Economic aspect
In 1998, the price of oil dropped to $80 a ton, which is catastrophically cheap. This fall in value has led to a significant decline in the income of countries exporting oil.
In order to return these revenues to their previous levels, the countries that are members of OPEC began to gradually reduce the volume of oil production. The result was a gradual increase in the price of oil, up to three hundred dollars per ton.
Such a jump hit the economic condition of the main countries importing oil, including Britain, the USA, and Germany. This so-called artificial crisis of oil consumption led to the fact that these countries were forced to use part of their inviolable resources.
Distribution of world production
The most important characteristic of the global oil industry is the geography of resource extraction within certain regions. At the end of the twentieth century, they talked about two groups of oil-producing countries - socialist and capitalist, since the regulation of production and its sale was carried out almost entirely by the formed OPEC.
Now OPEC controls more than forty percent of world oil production, the share of world oil production in developing countries reaches 66%, in Western countries - 19%.
The main oil-producing countries of the world in the current decade remain:
- Saudi Arabia;
- Russia;
- China;
- Iran;
- Mexico;
- Canada;
- Venezuela;
- Norway;
- Kuwait;
- Libya;
- Nigeria.
Placement factors
Location factors of the oil industry is such a set of conditions that provides the most rational and expedient choice of the location of an industrial and economic facility or their groups.
A large number of factors that the oil and gas industry is subject to in locating its facilities are classified by their origin.
natural factors. These include a comprehensive economic assessment natural conditions- geological, seismic - and the volume of resources for the further development of the industry and the area in which the deposit is supposed.
Economic forces. An economic factor is considered to be a factor that takes into account the remoteness and expediency of transporting extracted resources for their processing, as well as rational use natural resources and environmental protection.
demographic factors. These are systems for the resettlement of workers, ensuring adequate working conditions infrastructure, the provision of the region with a sufficient amount of labor resources.
This also includes the state of infrastructure, economic and economic-geographical factors. The oil industry gravitates towards sources of raw materials that are not always located close to developed infrastructure.
Resource conditions
When placing the capacities of the oil refining and fuel industries, the economic state of the resources is also taken into account. It means:
- mining and geological conditions of extraction;
- reservoir thickness and density;
- its depth, volume of reserves, quality.
To assess the quality, an analysis of the composition of gas or oil is carried out, and the energy value is estimated.
Fuel and energy complexes have a great area-forming potential and create conditions for the creation of fuel-intensive industries. The environmental strategy in such complexes should be aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment.
Industry composition
The industry composition is a classification system in which the class of communication between production facilities within one industry, there can be more than 10 connections, especially if we are talking about the intersectoral complex.
Communication within the industry composition can be:
- Horizontal - if the industries between which the relationship is calculated are in the same category.
- Vertical - if there is a hierarchy of industries in ascending order.
In the case of the oil industry, the sectoral composition plan consists of horizontal links:
- Resource extraction;
- Resource transportation;
- Primary processing;
- Recycling.
An example of a vertical industry composition is the petrochemical industry and the oil industry as its component.
Significance in the world economy
Oil and gas production is an industry that requires large investments, but, on the other hand, significantly replenishes the budget of a country that supplies oil to less industrialized regions. Fluctuations in the cost of oil significantly affect the ratio of the values of currencies and shares of industrial giants.
The economic and political picture of the world, spheres of influence in the sectors of the world economy depend on it. Such industries as transport, petrochemical, organic, pharmaceutical, trade are subject to it, since the development of these industries is impossible without fuel and products for fine organic synthesis.
Video: Oil 2017
Let's give a brief historical background on the development of this industry.
Oil production on an industrial scale did not begin until 1857 in Romania and two years later in the United States, after the chemist Silliman reported that "illuminating oil" could be obtained relatively easily from it.
In Russia (in the region of Baku), extraction by scooping up oil that came to the surface and distillation of the land impregnated with it in the early 1860s. led to the bankruptcy of a number of industrialists. And only mining with the help of boreholes used by the Nobel brothers brought economically acceptable results. By 1900, Russia was producing far more oil than all the countries of the world put together. Until the very end of the 19th century. oil was mined mainly to obtain kerosene from it, which was widely used for lighting purposes.
Before the collapse of the USSR, Russia remained the largest oil producer in the world - about 600 million tons per year. The sharp drop in its production in the process of market transformations is due to long-term factors and, above all, a decrease in investment with a noticeable increase in production costs. As a result, exploration work has been reduced several times (Russia has the largest undiscovered oil reserves, the volume of which exceeds the explored), production drilling etc.
Since 2000, oil production in the Russian Federation has been increasing. In 2008, it amounted to 488 million tons, which is 89 million tons more than in 1992. In 2011, oil production, including gas condensate, amounted to 512 million tons, in 2012 - 517 million tons.
The Russian oil industry includes oil producing enterprises, oil refineries and enterprises for the transportation and marketing of oil and oil products. The industry has 28 large oil refineries (capacity from 1 million tons/year), mini-refineries and oil production plants. The length of main oil pipelines is about 50 thousand km and oil product pipelines - 19.3 thousand km.
The structure of the oil industry is made up of 10 large vertically integrated oil companies. The most powerful of them are oil companies Rosneft, Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz, TNK-BP and Gazprom Neft. Transportation of oil and oil products is carried out by enterprises joint-stock companies"Transneft" and "Transnefteprodukt".
The world's largest oil transportation company, Transneft, is a state-owned holding uniting over 20 subsidiaries engaged in oil pumping, diagnostics, construction, repair and restoration, research, design and other works.
Oil and gas fields are located mainly in the following oil and gas provinces:
- Volga-Ural;
- West Siberian;
- Timan-Pechora and Barents-Pechora;
- North Caucasian (North Caucasian-Mangyshlak);
- Leno-Tungusskaya (western part of Yakutia, northern and central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, western and northern parts of the Irkutsk region. Deposits: Srednebotuobinskoye, Verkhnevilyuchanskoye, Danilovskoye, Verkhnechonskoye, Markovskoye, Yaraktinskoye, Sobinskoye).
There are the followingoil and gas provinces:
- Yenisei-Anabar (the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the western part of Yakutia). It includes the Yenisei-Khatanga gas-bearing and Lena-Anabar oil and gas regions. Deposits: Severo-Soleninskoye, Pelyatkinskoye and Deryabinskoye;
- Leno-Vilyuiskaya (western part of Yakutia). Deposits: Srednevilyuiskoye, Ust-Vilyuiskoye, Sobolokhskoye, Srednetyungskoye, Mastakhskoye.
Particularly promising are the continental shelves in the European North and the Far East. Deposits have been explored in the Caspian lowland, on about. Sakhalin.
The resources of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province are the most studied and developed.
Volga-Ural The oil and gas province occupies a very vast territory. Its western border conditionally runs along the meridian of the city of Nizhny Novgorod, and the eastern border adjoins the Ural Mountains. Here are the following large deposits: Novoelkhovskoye, Romashkinskoye and Almetyevskoye in Tataria; Arlanskoye, Kumertauskoye, Shkanovskoye and Tuymazinskoye in Bashkiria; Mukhanovskoe and Dmitrievskoe in Samara region; Yarinskoye in the Perm region. Oil and gas deposits have also been explored in the Saratov, Volgograd and Orenburg regions. Oil occurs at a depth of 2.5–2 km, contains a large amount of paraffin, resins, and low sulfur content.
The largest oil resources are identified within West Siberian plains. Within the West Siberian Lowland, more than 300 oil and gas fields. The most significant of them are Ust-Balykskoye, Megionskoye, Lokosovskoye, Arctic, Bovanenkovskoye, East Surgutskoye, Vyngapurovskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Krasnoleninskoye, Lyantorskoye, Mamontovskoye, Povoiortovskoye, Pravdinskoye, Priobskoye, Prirazlomnoye, Russian, Salymskoye, Sutorminskoye, Talinskoye, Tevlinsko-Russkinskoye, Urengoyskoye in Tyumen region; Medvedevskoye, Sosninsko-Sovietskoye in the Tomsk region. Siberian fields are distinguished by high quality oil. The main deposits are located in the middle reaches of the Ob. Shaimsky, Surgutsky, Nizhnevartovsky oil-bearing regions stand out, in which such world-famous fields as Samotlorskoye (Tyumen region), Ust-Balykskos, Fedorovskoye, Aleksandrovskoye, Nizhnevartovskoye, Varyoganskoye, Luginetskoye and others are located. Low-sulfur oil occurs at a depth of 3000 m, drilling conditions are difficult, a large amount of associated gases. The resources of Western Siberia have been involved in development since 1960.
Located in the Northern Economic Region Timiano-Pechora oil and gas province (Usinskoye, Vozeyskoye, Layavozhskoye, Yaregskoye, Zapadno-Tebukskoye, Kharyaginskoye deposits). The largest U-list field produces heavy oil (mining) - the most valuable raw material for the production low temperature oils necessary for the operation of mechanisms in harsh climatic conditions.
Important oil regions include the territory adjacent to the Caspian Sea (Grozny, Kuban-Azov, Mangyshlak, Dagestan, Nizhnevolzhskoye fields).
On the territory of Western Siberia, based on the use of fuel and energy resources in the Soviet period, it was planned to form the West Siberian TPK; in the European North - Timan-Pechora TPK (it should be noted that the technological chains of the created complexes are preserved during the period of market relations, however, in a different system economic relations and forms of ownership).
Pipelines are the most efficient means of transporting oil (excluding maritime transportation by tankers). The Druzhba oil pipeline from Almetievsk through Samara and Bryansk to Mozyr (Belarus) and further to Poland, Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia is of international importance.
The formation of the country's main oil base in Western Siberia changed the orientation of the main oil flows. Further development network of main oil pipelines is connected with Western Siberia. Main pipelines:
- 1) western direction: Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Almetyevsk; Nizhnevartovsk - Samara; Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchug - Kherson - Odessa; Surgut - Novopolotsk (Belarus);
- 2) southern direction: Shaim - Tyumen; Ust-Balyk - Omsk; Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent (Kazakhstan);
- 3) eastern direction: Aleksandrovskoye - Anzhero-Sudzhensk.
Diversification of directions for oil supplies, creation of highly efficient export routes to ensure the predicted growth in oil production in promising Russian regions, eliminating the dependence of Russian oil exports on transit through the territory of neighboring states, increasing the role of Russia in ensuring international energy security has led to the development and implementation of projects for the development of a system of main oil transport. In the future, it is necessary to create a unified oil pipeline system that allows for the rapid redistribution of oil flows both in the western and eastern directions, depending on market conditions.
Oil pipeline system Eastern Siberia – Pacific Ocean(ESPO) is being built to transport oil to the Russian Far East and to the markets of the Asia-Pacific region. The system will be technologically connected to the existing trunk pipelines of Transneft and will allow creating single network, which ensures the operational distribution of oil flows across the territory of Russia in the western and eastern directions.
First of all Baltic Pipeline System (BPS) put into operation in December 2001. This made it possible to create a new independent Russian export direction for the transportation of oil through a specialized sea port Primorsk.
As part of project BTS-2 the construction of a main pipeline through the territory of the Bryansk, Smolensk, Tver, Novgorod, Leningrad regions is envisaged.
Implementation oil pipeline project "Burgas - Alexandroupolis"will create a new route that will allow transporting Russian and Caspian oil from the Black Sea ports to the port of Burgas (Bulgaria) by tankers, and then via an oil pipeline to the port of Alexandroupolis (Greece) with further transshipment into tankers and transportation to world markets. The proposed scheme serves to strengthen the energy security of Europe, and will also reduce the volume of oil delivery by tankers through the overloaded Bosporus and Dardanelles straits.
Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) connects the fields of Western Kazakhstan (Tengiz, Karachaganak) with the Russian coast of the Black Sea (terminal Yuzhnaya Ozereevka near Novorossiysk).
Construction project oil pipeline "Purpe - Samotlor"" is designed to create a bridge between the western and eastern components of the Russian pipeline system. The route will pass through the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs.
Oil is an important feedstock for chemistry and petrochemistry. It is processed at refineries (refineries) and petrochemical plants (PCC), where a large number of various kinds oil products in the form of light motor fuel - gasoline and kerosene, and hydrocarbon raw materials for the industry of organic synthesis and polymer chemistry. Many refineries are located in areas of consumption, on oil pipeline routes and in major cities on river routes carrying oil. Major oil refining centers: Moscow, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Kirishi, Saratov, Syzran, Samara, Volgograd, Ufa, Perm, Orsk, Omsk, Angarsk, Achinsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk.
Refineries make up the refining segments of oil companies.
The structure of the Rosneft company includes seven large oil refineries: Tuapse on the Black Sea coast, Komsomolsky in the Far East, Achinsk and Angarsk in Eastern Siberia, as well as the Samara group of refineries (Novokuibyshevsky, Kuibyshevsky and Syzransky) in the Volga region. The Samara and East Siberian refineries were acquired by Rosneft in May 2007, which allowed it to significantly increase its level of vertical integration. The total capacity of Rosneft refineries for primary processing is 53.9 million tons (394 million barrels) of oil per year, which corresponds to 51% of production volumes in 2008. Rosneft ranks first in Russia in terms of refining capacity.
The TNK-BP oil company owns the Krasnoleninsky Oil Refinery and OOO Nizhnevartovsk Oil Refining Association (NNPO) in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the Ryazan Oil Refining Company (RNPC) and the Saratov Oil Refinery.
OAO TANECO (formerly CJSC Nizhnekamsk Oil Refinery) is a complex of oil refineries and petrochemical plants that is being formed at Tatneft, designed to annually process 7 million tons of high-sulfur oil into a wide range of petrochemical products and is the most important component of the strategy for the development of the entire oil and gas chemical complex of the Republic of Tatarstan.
OAO Volgograd Oil Refinery is part of OOO Lukoil-Volganefteprodukt. The main oil refining asset of OJSC Gazpromneft is the Omsk Oil Refinery and LLC Gazpromneft - lubricants". "Production Association"Kirishinefteorgsintez" in Leningrad region is processing plant Surgutneftegaz company.
The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex.
The current level of civilization and technology would be unthinkable without the cheap and plentiful energy that oil. Oil is also a raw material for petrochemical industry, which produces plastics, synthetic fibers and many other organic compounds.
The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including the exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, oil production and associated gas, pipeline transportation of oil.(1)
Oil production
The purpose of oil exploration is the identification, geological and economic assessment and preparation for the work of industrial deposits. Oil exploration is carried out with the help of geological, geophysical, geochemical and drilling operations. The process of geological exploration is divided into two stages: prospecting and exploration. The first includes three stages: regional geological and geophysical work, preparation of areas for deep exploratory drilling and search for deposits. The second one ends with the preparation of the deposit for development.
According to the degree of exploration, the deposits are divided into four groups:
- A) Detailed explored deposits.
- C) previously explored deposits.
C1) Poorly explored deposits.
C2) The boundaries of the deposits are not defined.
To date, the main problem of prospectors is insufficient funding, so now the exploration of new deposits has been partially suspended. Potentially, according to experts, exploration can give the Russian Federation an increase in reserves from 700 million to 1 billion tons per year, which covers their consumption due to production (in 1993, 342 million tons were produced).
However, in reality the situation is different. We have already extracted more than 45 percent of what is contained in the developed deposits. Moreover, oil is extracted from the best deposits that require minimal production costs. The average production rate of wells is continuously decreasing. The rate of development of oil reserves in Russia is 3-5 times higher than the corresponding figure for Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Kuwait. Such rates of production led to a sharp reduction in proven reserves. And the problem here is not so much in the slow exploration of new deposits, but in the irrational exploitation of existing ones. Large losses during production and transportation, aging technologies have caused a whole range of problems in the oil industry. (1)
