Harmful factors for the watchman. Medical examination by profession and harmful production factors

please clarify the following point: in the state there is employees - engineers building control. But for this position, we did not carry out certification of the workplace, therefore, the list of factors production environment and the labor process is absent. As a rule, the points of order 302n (Appendix 1) are indicated in the workplace attestation card, on the basis of which the composition of the commission of prof. honey. inspection. How should I be in this case, how to determine the list harmful factors and correlate this with the points of the order. Thank you in advance for your answer.

Answer

Answer to the question:

Harmful factors for a medical examination by profession determine the need and frequency of examination of employees.

Currently, the procedure for passing medical examinations is determined in the Order of the Ministry of Health and social development RF dated April 12, 2011 N 302n as amended on July 23, 2013. It approved:

a list of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors, in the presence of which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations are carried out;
a list of works, during the performance of which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) of employees are carried out;
the procedure for conducting mandatory preliminary (when applying for a job) and periodic medical examinations (examinations) of employees engaged in hard work and work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions.

Mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations must be carried out by employees who are exposed to harmful production factors and perform certain types work. The list of harmful and dangerous factors for medical examinations is given in the annexes to the Order of the Ministry of Health No. 302n. An employee should be sent for a medical examination if his work is associated with the following risk factors:

Chemical: chemicals that have pronounced features of the effect on the body; substances and compounds united by a chemical structure; complex chemical mixtures, compositions, chemicals for a specific purpose.
Biological: allergens for diagnosis and treatment, components and blood products, biological toxins, and so on.
Physical: ultraviolet radiation, industrial vibration, industrial noise, low air temperature, and so on.
Factors of the labor process: physical overload, including visually intense work, overstrain of the vocal apparatus associated with professional activities, and more.

In addition, according to the Decree of the Chief State Doctor of the Russian Federation, employees who spend more than 50% of their working time at a computer are subject to periodic examinations. long time spent in front of the monitor, radiation, eye strain - all these are harmful factors of production for medical examination. This was confirmed in the letter of the Ministry of Labor dated March 21, 2014 No. 15-2 / OOG-242.

Preliminary and periodic examinations are carried out by medical organizations of any form of ownership that have the right to conduct preliminary and periodic examinations, as well as to examine professional suitability in accordance with applicable regulatory legal acts.

To conduct medical examinations, the medical institution forms a medical commission, which includes an occupational pathologist, as well as specialist doctors who have undergone advanced training or have a certificate in the specialty "occupational pathology".

Which specialist should additionally examine the workers depends on the harmful production factor or type of work. Harmful factors for medical examination by profession may vary depending on official duties employee. For example, if an employee is exposed to thermal radiation, then a dermatovenerologist, neurologist and ophthalmologist should be included in the medical board; if the employee performs work under water, then he must undergo an examination by a neurologist, otorhinolaryngologist, ophthalmologist, surgeon and dentist . In all cases, the medical commission is headed by an occupational pathologist.

The composition of the medical commission is approved by order (instruction) of the head of the medical organization.

Production factors can be recognized as harmful according to the results of attestation of workplaces. The results can be used as a source of information about the presence of harmful factors. laboratory research obtained in the framework of control and supervision activities, industrial laboratory control. It is possible to identify “harmfulness” on the basis of operational, technological and other documentation for machines, equipment and raw materials that the employer uses in his activities.

If the organization has not carried out certification of workplaces, but employees perform certain types of work, or there are harmful factors for medical examinations specified in the annexes to Order of the Ministry of Health N 302n, then all employees should be sent for examinations.

In this situation, construction production can be indicated in the direction, as well as

it can be physical overload - 4.1

3.5 - production noise

2.7 - dust of various origins

Details in the materials of the System Personnel:

1. Answer: When is it necessary to conduct a mandatory medical examination of an employee

N.Z. Kovyazin

Employees subject to mandatory medical examination

Which employees must pass mandatory medical examinations

Employees performing certain types of work undergo mandatory medical examinations at the expense of the organization. This category of personnel includes, in particular:

employees employed in work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, including underground work (Art. , Labor Code of the Russian Federation);
employees engaged in work related to traffic (Article and Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Law of December 10, 1995 No. 196-FZ);

enterprise employees Food Industry, public catering and trade, water supply facilities, medical and preventive and children's institutions ();
departmental security officers ().

In addition, there are a number of industry documents, each of which regulates the procedure for conducting medical examinations in a particular type of activity. They should be guided by organizations that fall under the scope of these documents. This order is confirmed Labor Code RF, and the Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ. For example, mandatory medical examinations are provided for employees employed:

in public utility organizations providing hairdressing and beauty services (SanPiN 2.1.2.2631-10, approved);
V construction industry(SanPiN 2.2.3.1384-03, approved);
in organizations Catering(SanPin 2.3.6.1079-01, approved);
at work related to the maintenance of electric power facilities (, approved);
on public railway transport ( approved ).

Also, mandatory medical examinations are carried out by employees under the age of 18, and professional athletes (art., Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

The procedure for conducting mandatory medical examinations of employees employed in work with harmful (dangerous) production factors is given in to. The rules for the medical examination of drivers are established in. For all other categories of employees for whom there are no special rules for medical examination, these documents can also be applied.

A medical examination associated with work in hazardous (harmful) working conditions should be distinguished from a preventive examination conducted for the purpose of timely detection of pathological conditions and diseases in medical institutions where citizens receive primary health care. Carrying out a preventive examination of the adult population is not associated with the conduct and does not replace it. Moreover, employees who are required to undergo mandatory examinations in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation are not subject to preventive examinations. Such rules are established by the Procedure approved.

Organization of a medical examination

How to organize a mandatory medical examination of employees

The employer is obliged to organize medical examinations of employees by concluding an appropriate agreement with a medical institution (Approved Procedure). In addition, the medical institution must be licensed to medical activity().

Also, the employer has the right to introduce positions medical workers and create subdivisions (doctor's office, health center, medical office, medical unit and other units) that provide medical care to employees of the organization, and can conduct medical examinations (for example, pre-trip) in their own first-aid post, provided that the first-aid post has a license for medical activities and the right to conduct preliminary and periodic medical examinations (, Procedure, approved).

Types of medical examinations

What types of mandatory medical examinations exist

Mandatory medical examinations are divided into three types:

Such a classification is provided for by the provisions of Article 213 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and paragraphs of the Procedure approved.

In addition, for certain categories employees may be provided with mandatory medical examinations (examinations) at the beginning of the working day (shift), as well as during and (or) at the end of the working day (shift). The time for passing such medical examinations (examinations) is included in work time. This procedure is provided for in Article 213 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. In particular, such medical examinations are required to pass:

employees engaged in underground work ();
(Art. , Law of December 10, 1995 No. 196-FZ).

Preliminary medical examination

How is the preliminary mandatory medical examination of employees carried out

Preliminary examinations upon employment are carried out at the expense of the employer (). Their goal is to determine, before concluding an employment contract, whether a candidate can apply for a particular position for health reasons.

If the preliminary medical examination is carried out in a medical institution, the candidate must be given a referral. In the direction given to the applicant for a position in hazardous (dangerous) work, indicate the harmful (dangerous) production factors that the employee will encounter after employment at vacant position. In addition, in the direction indicate:

the name of the employer;
form of ownership and type economic activity organizations according to OKVED;
the name of the medical organization, the actual address of its location and the OGRN code;
type of medical examination (preliminary);
surname, name, patronymic, date of birth of the applicant;
Name structural unit organization (if any) in which the candidate will be employed;
the name of the position (profession) of the applicant or the types of work that he will perform.

The direction is issued to the person under the signature. The employer must organize the accounting of issued referrals.

Such requirements are contained in paragraphs of the Procedure approved. Due to the current lack of a unified referral form, the organization has the right to develop it.

A question from practice: is it necessary to conduct a mandatory medical examination if an employee is accepted for short term for temporary replacement of an absent employee (for the period of illness, vacation, etc.). According to the position for which the employee is hired, a medical examination is provided

Yes need.

The need for a medical examination is caused by the presence of dangerous and (or) harmful factors and work in the labor process (Appendices No., k). Since such factors objectively exist for a temporarily occupied position, a temporary employee is subject to all medical examinations provided for by law in general order(). The term of the contract with the conscript does not matter.

Periodic medical examination

How is the periodic mandatory medical examination of employees carried out?

Periodic mandatory medical examinations are carried out during the entire period of work of an employee in an organization at the expense of the employer (). Their goal is to monitor the health status of employees and timely detection of occupational diseases.

To conduct periodic medical examinations, the organization forms a list of employees who:

are exposed to harmful production factors specified in the approved Procedure, approved.
Submit the approved list to territorial authority Rospotrebnadzor within 10 days (Procedure, approved).

Based on this list, make up the employees who need to pass periodic inspection. If a medical examination is carried out in relation to employees engaged in hazardous (hazardous) work, it must indicate the harmful (dangerous) production factors that affect employees.

The name list of employees is sent to medical organization not later than two months before the start date agreed with this organization periodic medical examination(Order approved).

Having received a list of names, the medical institution makes calendar plan conducting medical examinations and coordinates it with the organization. The employer must familiarize employees with this plan no later than 10 days before the start of the medical examination.

Material from the Frames System
Ready-made solutions for the personnel service at vip.1kadry.ru
Copy date: 01/12/2016

With respect and wishes for comfortable work, Tatyana Kozlova,

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Unfortunately, harmful production factors everywhere and everywhere pursue every person. Factories and factories, this is the first problem of polluted ecology. Owners large companies least of all they try to fix something and reduce pollution environment. People and animals are most affected, as the radius of such exhaust waste is often striking in its magnitude.

Harmful industrial factor- a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to his illness.

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Classification of harmful production factors by profession

Harmful factors can be:

Biological
Physical
Chemical
Psychophysiological

Most people work in factories, factories, construction sites. Each profession is dangerous for humanity in its own way:

The biological ones are: viruses pathogens infectious diseases, microorganisms.
The physical ones are: insufficient or poor lighting, vibrations production processes, strong noise that affects the hearing aid, infra and ultrasound, electromagnetic radiation, gas and dust in industrial premises, high humidity and vice versa, too low or high temperature in the room, aerosols, chemicals, electric and magnetic fields.
Chemicals include: chemical substances, carcinogens, all kinds of antibiotics obtained by chemical synthesis.
Psychophysiological include: nervous atmosphere at work, tension in relationships, heaviness professional activity, the load of psychological cardiovascular activity, mental and physical overload.

There is no such activity where there are no risk factors for human health. Danger is always and everywhere. In the pursuit of big money, people try to ignore the risk, which in the end can kill. To survive, a person will do anything.

Occupations and risk to the health of the worker

Electricians, engineers, pipelayers. The danger lies in asbestos, which in turn can cause cancer.
Waste recycling worker. The profession is considered one of the most dangerous in the world. We have to deal with waste, which, in turn, evaporate toxic substances into the air.
Specialists in the production of marble coatings and cement. Most often this is a closed room. People breathe silica dust.
Pathologist, funeral home worker. The constant interaction of the lungs with formalin causes a brain tumor.
Welder. Such a specialty is no less dangerous. You have to breathe dust, expose your eyes to light radiation, ultraviolet radiation and high temperature.
Nuclear power plant workers. The radiation radius is quite huge, so it is difficult for the worker not to get into it.
IN bus driver. This is where the psychophysiological factor comes into play. Increased excitability, nervousness, due to a sedentary lifestyle, constant back pain. Susceptible to cardiovascular disease.
Scientific workers. They develop innovations in medicine. Therefore, there is direct contact with chemicals.
Miners. Poor lighting affecting the organ of vision. Noisy working tools that affect the organ of hearing. Enclosed space can lead to psychological disorders. The lungs constantly breathe dust, which is very dangerous. People in this profession die most often.
Forest feller. The work is not easy. Constant risk to human health and life. The chainsaw affects the hearing aid. You need to be extremely careful so that the falling tree does not hit a person. Otherwise, there may be deadly consequences.
Oil well driller. We have to work with materials with high flammability.
Builder at construction sites. High risk of life threatening. The likelihood of physical injury up to and including death is high.
Climber. The work is at a height with a huge risk factor for life. If the climber falls, then in such cases there will only be a fatal outcome.

The impact of harmful production factors on the human body

Harmful production factors have always had a negative impact on human health:

Noise. As you know, everything industrial premises are a closed object. Therefore, workers, being in a confined space, cannot but hear extraneous noise. This affects primarily the hearing aid. There are constant headaches. The pace of work can be significantly reduced. There is a delayed response.
Contaminated air. Dust. Consuming, such air in the future begins to cause allergies.
chemical air. Most often these are factories for the production of chemicals. Constantly inhaling air can cause poisoning of the body. Toxic substances can enter not only through the lungs, but also through the human skin.

Risk factors for health are unfortunately irreversible. Constant exposure to harmful substances further begins to accumulate toxins in the human body. Gradually, benign, malignant tumors, cancer and lung cancer, severe allergies up to death, heart problems and much more can form.

Working conditions with harmful production factors

Conditions labor activity divided into 4 types:

Optimal. Minimal or no harmful factors on the human body.
Permissible. The minimum factor, for example, the minimum risk to the health of workers.
Harmful. This factor is average. Therefore, it is quite dangerous for health.
Dangerous. critical level. The risk of falling ill with industrial harmful pollution is maximum.

Hazardous production factors can be:

Physical threat to health.
Psychological threat.
Radiation.
Chemical threat.

Protection from harmful factors

Large enterprises care about the health of their employees. Therefore, each employee is provided with special protective equipment.

It could be:

Gloves. Protecting the hand area.
Special glasses.
Overalls. Full body outfit.
Mask for the face. Respiratory protection.

This protection will certainly help protect the health of the production worker. Also, the passage of a medical commission every 6 months will help to identify health problems at an early stage in time. If the disease is detected in time, the chances of recovery increase.

Unfortunately, not every enterprise can see industrial protection on an employee. Most firms try to save money, which ends up hurting defenseless people. In cases of illness of an employee at work, you can be left without compensation and without work.

When choosing where and what kind of production to go to work, you should pay attention first of all to the protection of the employee. If a person does not take care of himself. He can be left without health and without work, and, accordingly, without material means of subsistence.

Workers in a number of professions are exposed to fairly high risks in the course of performing their jobs. job duties. This is due to the presence of harmful production factors, depending on the specifics and direction of production. In accordance with legal documents, increased physical and psychophysiological loads in comparison with other types of activity are considered harmful production factors.

There are harmful and dangerous production factors.

Depending on the intensity of exposure, harmful factors can become dangerous.

Harmful factors include exceeding the MPC, which, with a single exposure, does not carry an increased risk for humans, but in the case of prolonged exposure, leads to poor health and various diseases. Hazardous production factors include factors that, even with a single impact on a person, lead to a deterioration in health or even death.

The list of harmful and dangerous production factors is quite extensive. In various professions, production factors differ both qualitatively and quantitatively. According to the type of impact on workers, production factors are conditionally divided into four groups: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological. Let's take a closer look at each of these groups.

Harmful physical factors

This group includes:

negative microclimatic conditions, temperature fluctuations, high humidity (depending on the category of work in the premises, a certain temperature must be observed, the time of work at temperatures above 26 degrees C and below 20 degrees C for employees should be limited);
electromagnetic radiation: ultraviolet, infrared, laser and others (exposure to electromagnetic fields can cause disorders in the nervous and cardiovascular systems ah so used production equipment should have the maximum degree of protection against direct human exposure);
industrial noise, vibration (exposure to noise can cause mental and physiological disorders, therefore, workers in areas with high noise levels should be provided with personal protective equipment, and employees exposed to vibration should limit the duration of work);
illumination and some other factors (insufficient and too high illumination lead to visual impairment and physical fatigue).

Harmful chemical factors

Chemical hazards are associated with work with (or potential contact with) hazardous substances that can pose a threat to humans through inhalation, ingestion or skin contact.

Such substances can be:

refined products;
dyes;
various synthetic fluids;
fertilizers;
combustion products;
radioactive substances.

Hazardous chemicals can cause a variety of diseases - from mild irritation of the organs of vision, respiratory tract, skin to chronic and acute poisoning, changes in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. When working with such substances, labor safety must be ensured through the use of protective equipment and systems of special preventive measures.

Harmful biological factors

Biological factors include:

increased contact with dangerous microorganisms(fungi, bacteria, viruses), including work with preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms;
work with plants or animals, which in certain cases may pose a threat to human health or act as carriers of various diseases.

These factors are not common and are present in individual, specific activities.

At the same time, labor safety should be ensured by limiting possible contacts with harmful biological factors as much as possible, as well as by using preventive and protective agents.

Harmful psychophysical factors

This group includes a huge list of factors associated with physical and emotional overload.

Among them:

increased load on the senses (hearing, vision, etc.);
work related to the movement of goods;
excessive intellectual loads;
excessive emotional stress;
high intensity or monotony of work.

Work associated with these factors can lead to serious diseases of the musculoskeletal system and diseases of the nervous system.

Harmful factors by profession

Based on the above factors, harmful effects workers most vulnerable certain professions.

These are such specialties as:

miners, mountain foremen (noise, dustiness, increased physical activity);
workers in the engineering industry (dust, high temperatures, increased physical activity);
firefighters, rescuers (high levels of stress, contact with harmful substances, high temperatures);
drivers (noise, vibration, dustiness, gas contamination);
welders (noise, increased illumination, aerosols, dust);
employees of medical laboratories, pathologists (contact with chemicals);
hairdressers (contact with harmful chemicals).

This list is not exhaustive and includes many more professions, we have given only the main ones.

Profession medical examination

In order to ensure the safety of health, workers in hazardous professions must undergo mandatory medical examinations. This is stated in the 213th article of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and in a number of other regulatory documents.

Medical examinations can be of several types:

preliminary (carried out before the conclusion employment contracts, for workers in hazardous professions are mandatory);
periodic (carried out regularly at a fixed time);
extraordinary (carried out in accordance with medical recommendations).

Employees who have not passed mandatory medical examinations are not allowed to work in hazardous industries or are removed from their duties.

The main legislative act of our state established the guaranteed right to work in safe conditions. There are certain areas of activity in which such conditions cannot be achieved.

This factor is due to the fact that there are a certain number of jobs in the country, within which the performance of labor activity is harmful to human health.

It is necessary to more thoroughly consider the factors of harm in the context of certain professions, to determine the level of their negative impact on a person.

Legal rationale

The composition of legal acts regulating the branches of labor associated with the presence of harmful factors of production, as well as those on the basis of which employees can receive appropriate compensation, includes:

Labor Code. Basic rules governing this question are reflected in Art. Art. 69, 212, 266, 388. The document determines the obligatory medical examination for those employees who intend or already carry out work that is characterized by harmful conditions;
Documents of industry significance, which are developed and approved in order to resolve significant issues that arise in various fields labor;
Order of the Ministry of Health, registered under No. 302n dated April 12, 2011, on the basis of which a list of harmful factors and hazardous work was approved that can be performed by employees if they have a preliminary and periodic medical examination.

The last document provided a list of works that can be performed by employees only with a medical examination. The same act also reflects the procedure for obtaining a medical permit document.

Specific factors are also described here, depending on their main types.

What is to be understood by this?

As harmful production factors (HPF), it is necessary to understand the content of the conditions and elements of the implementation of labor, which are associated with increased risk, high physical or psychological stress on the employee's health indicators. The increase in the allowable level is determined in each specific case. Information characterizing other types of activity is taken as a basis.

Exceeding the established standards of HMF, fixed at the enterprise, indicates the presence harmful conditions that are present during the implementation of the work load. A significant excess of such indicators gives grounds to speak about the presence of dangerous conditions.

The list of HMF presented at the legislative level is quite extensive. It can have significant differences on a professional basis. HMF can be classified conditionally into 4 large groups:

physical, i.e. those that are characterized by factors of noise, vibration, radiation, low light levels, high humidity, exposure to low or high temperature conditions;
chemical, i.e. those that are present during work or in potential contact with substances of increased danger and carry significant indicators of a threat to a person (life and health) in the process: inhalation, contact with the skin. As an example, consider the work in the oil refining sector associated with caustic substances, fertilizers, dyes, combustion products, etc.;
biological, i.e. those that are characterized by contact with the world of animals or plants recognized as carriers of diseases, as well as those microorganisms that are dangerous. As an example of microorganisms, it is necessary to understand a virus, a bacterium, etc. Such factors are characteristic only for specific activities;
psychophysical, including a number of factors that can affect physical characteristics employee, as well as his psycho-emotional state. As an example, we can consider those types of work that entail an increased load on the organs of vision and hearing, high mental stress, stress and emotional overload, high labor intensity, excessive physical stress. Most of these factors are inherent in almost every area of work.

In the production direction, as a rule, there are precisely those activities that are associated with high level physical loads. For industry, chemical factors are most characteristic. Those employees who are busy communicating with people are subject to psychophysiological stress.

VPF depending on the profession

It is necessary to pay attention to the presence of HMF in certain professions, which are typical for a large number industries.

Accounting

The work of an accountant is closely related to computer technology. This factor indicates that the harm inherent in this profession is common to those who occupy positions that require spending a lot of time at the PC. The main HMFs include: the presence of an elevated surface temperature; high standards of brightness and contrast; tension of the visual organs; lack of the required level of natural light; increased monotony; tension of the neuro-emotional system; high level of static electricity.

These factors are the main cause of high overwork and the development of occupational diseases.

Firefighters

The profession is expressed by high risk. In the course of performing work, an employee may be affected by: stress and high emotional overstrain; heat; harmful substances required by contact, as well as carbon monoxide, harmful chemical compounds; heat radiation.

Protection against VFP is achieved through the use of gas masks classified as personal protective equipment.

Industrial alpinism

The danger of the profession lies in the exercise labor functions at high altitudes, which is a deviation from the norm. The employee is affected by factors such as: high physical activity; emotional overstrain; atmospheric phenomena; special technical means used in the course of labor.

Separately, it is necessary to note the danger, the carriers of which are structures with a low level of reliability. They are the reason for the high risk of a worker falling, as well as falling various objects on him, including those with unacceptable weight.

Roofers

The profession is widely used in the field of construction and installation. Characteristic are: high temperatures, the use of substances having a chemical origin, industrial noise, vibration, physical overload.

These jobs must be constantly certified. Only certification guarantees the establishment of the VPF.

mountain masters

Employees are engaged in the activities of the mining and ore industrial direction, for which it is typical; high noise and physical load, dustiness, low temperatures.

Driver, busy with work on electric trains

The activity is associated with vibration, noise phenomena, low visibility, increased or decreased humidity, electromagnetic radiation, indicators of gas contamination of air masses.

Welders

Subject to: ingress of welding aerosols into the respiratory system; high noise, brightness, temperature loads, work in conditions of excess dust and gas contamination.

Drivers

The profession has long been considered dangerous and harmful, especially when the driver carries out transportation over long distances. Among the impacts: noise and vibration fluctuations; low natural light; excessive dust and gas contamination; exposure to chemical elements (gasoline), risk of burns and fires.

Persons who are engaged in this profession on a permanent basis are subject to occupational diseases.

Waiters

This type of activity seems to be safe, however, it also has VFP, among which are: high noise and physical activity, low light levels, constant emotional stress.

The emotional stress of such employees is due to regular contact with visitors (human factor)

Veterinary service

Specialists veterinarians are directly related to biological risk factors. This is a high concentration of harmful microorganisms and a connection with pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, these specialists are exposed to substances of chemical origin.

In a number of established cases, such workers are required to undergo medical examinations. Their dates are set on an individual basis.

Existing types of medical examination

All existing medical examinations can be classified into 2 types. This classification depends on the presence of VFP in the work function performed by the employee.

The first type are those that allow you to determine the suitability of a person to perform certain functions. In the process of such an event, actions are taken to prevent occupational diseases;

The second type is aimed at preserving the health of the person and public safety.

preliminary, carried out before the start of work, examination by physicians;
periodic, carried out within the statutory deadlines;
extraordinary, performed on the basis of the employee's request or on medical advice.

The obligation to finance examinations rests with employers, who must take care of the health indicators of workers.

We can say that such care is an expression of additional compensatory measures, especially for those employed, whose work is carried out under conditions of increased harmfulness and the presence of unfavorable factors.

Medical professionals are required to detect and treat diseases that occur on professional basis and employers - to improve the conditions for the implementation of labor functions.