Slide 10

In the active zone of a nuclear reactor, a controlled nuclear reaction takes place with the release of a large amount of energy.

The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 in the USA under the leadership of E. Fermi. In our country, the first reactor was built in 1946 under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov

slide 11

Homework

§66. Fission of uranium nuclei. §67. Chain reaction. §68. Nuclear reactor. Answer the questions. Draw a diagram of the reactor. What substances and how are used in a nuclear reactor? (in writing)

slide 12

thermonuclear reactions.

Fusion reactions of light nuclei are called thermonuclear reactions, since they can only take place at very high temperatures.

slide 13

The second way to release nuclear energy is associated with fusion reactions. During the fusion of light nuclei and the formation of a new nucleus, a large amount of energy should be released. especially large practical value has the fact that during a thermonuclear reaction, much more energy than during a nuclear reaction, for example, during the fusion of a helium nucleus from hydrogen nuclei, an energy equal to 6 MeV is released, and when a uranium nucleus is fissured, one nucleon accounts for »0.9 MeV.

Slide 14

Conditions for a thermonuclear reaction

In order for two nuclei to enter into a fusion reaction, they must approach at a distance of action of nuclear forces of the order of 2 10–15 m, overcoming the electrical repulsion of their positive charges. For this, the average kinetic energy of the thermal motion of molecules must exceed the potential energy of the Coulomb interaction. The calculation of the required temperature T for this leads to a value of the order of 108–109 K. This is an extremely high temperature. At this temperature, the substance is in a fully ionized state, which is called plasma.

slide 15

Controlled thermonuclear reaction

energetically favorable reaction. However, it can only occur at very high temperatures (on the order of several hundred million degrees). At a high density of matter, such a temperature can be achieved by creating powerful electron discharges in the plasma. In this case, a problem arises - it is difficult to keep the plasma. Self-sustaining thermonuclear reactions occur in stars

slide 16

energy crisis

became a real threat to humanity. In this regard, scientists have proposed extracting an isotope of heavy hydrogen - deuterium - from sea water and subjecting it to nuclear melt reactions at temperatures of about 100 million degrees Celsius. With a nuclear meltdown, deuterium obtained from one kilogram of sea water will be able to produce as much energy as is released by burning 300 liters of gasoline ___ TOKAMAK (toroidal magnetic chamber with current)

Slide 17

The most powerful modern TOKAMAK, serving only for research purposes, is located in the city of Abingdon near Oxford. 10 meters high, it generates plasma and keeps it alive for only about 1 second for now.

Slide 18

TOKAMAK (TOROIDAL CAMERA WITH MAGNETIC COILS)

this is an electrophysical device, the main purpose of which is the formation of plasma. The plasma is held not by the walls of the chamber, which are not able to withstand its temperature, but by a specially created magnetic field, which is possible at temperatures of about 100 million degrees, and its preservation for a sufficiently long time in a given volume. The possibility of obtaining plasma at ultrahigh temperatures makes it possible to carry out a thermonuclear fusion reaction of helium nuclei from the feedstock, hydrogen isotopes (ytritium deuterium

Lesson in grade 9 Physics teacher "MKOU Muzhichanskaya secondary school"
Volosentsev Nikolay Vasilievich

Repetition of knowledge about the energy contained in the nuclei of atoms; Repetition of knowledge about the energy contained in the nuclei of atoms;
The most important problem of energy;
Stages of domestic nuclear project;
Key questions for sustainability in the future;
Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plants;
Nuclear Security Summit.

What two types of forces act in the nucleus of an atom? - What two types of forces act in the nucleus of an atom?
What happens to a uranium nucleus that has absorbed an extra electron?
-How does the ambient temperature change during division a large number uranium nuclei?
- Describe the mechanism of a chain reaction.
What is the critical mass of uranium?
- What factors determine the possibility of a chain reaction?
-What is a nuclear reactor?
-What is in the reactor core?
What are control rods for? How are they used?
- What is the second function (besides slowing down neutrons) does water perform in the primary circuit of the reactor?
What processes take place in the second circuit?
What kind of energy transformations occur when electric current is received at nuclear power plants?

Since ancient times, wood, peat, charcoal, water, wind. Since ancient times, fuels such as coal, oil, and shale have been known. Almost all of the fuel produced is burned. A lot of fuel is consumed at thermal power plants, in various heat engines, for technological needs (for example, in metal smelting, for heating blanks in forges and rolling shops) and for heating residential premises and industrial enterprises. When fuel is burned, combustion products are formed, which are usually emitted into the atmosphere through chimneys. Every year, hundreds of millions of tons of various harmful substances enter the air. Nature conservation has become one of the critical tasks humanity. Natural fuel is extremely slowly replenished. Existing reserves were formed tens and hundreds of millions of years ago. At the same time, fuel production is continuously increasing. That is why the most important problem of energy is the problem of finding new reserves of energy resources, in particular nuclear energy. Since ancient times, firewood, peat, charcoal, water, and wind have been used as the main sources of energy. Since ancient times, fuels such as coal, oil, and shale have been known. Almost all of the fuel produced is burned. A lot of fuel is consumed at thermal power plants, in various heat engines, for technological needs (for example, in metal smelting, for heating blanks in forges and rolling shops) and for heating residential premises and industrial enterprises. When fuel is burned, combustion products are formed, which are usually emitted into the atmosphere through chimneys. Every year, hundreds of millions of tons of various harmful substances enter the air. The protection of nature has become one of the most important tasks of mankind. Natural fuel is extremely slowly replenished. Existing reserves were formed tens and hundreds of millions of years ago. At the same time, fuel production is continuously increasing. That is why the most important problem of energy is the problem of finding new reserves of energy resources, in particular nuclear energy.

August 20, 1945 is considered the date of the large-scale start of the USSR atomic project. August 20, 1945 is considered the date of the large-scale start of the USSR atomic project.
However, work on the development of atomic energy in the USSR began much earlier. In the 1920s and 1930s, scientific centers, schools: Institute of Physics and Technology in Leningrad under the leadership of Ioffe, Kharkov Physicotechnical Institute, where Leipunsky works, Radium Institute headed by Khlopin, Physical Institute. P.N. Lebedev, Institute of Chemical Physics and others. At the same time, the emphasis in the development of science is on fundamental research.
In 1938, the Commission on the Atomic Nucleus was formed at the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1940, the Commission on Uranium Problems.
I WOULD. Zeldovich and Yu.B. Khariton in 1939-40 carried out a series of fundamental calculations on the branched chain reaction of uranium fission in a reactor as a controlled controlled system.
But the war interrupted these works. Thousands of scientists were drafted into the army, many famous scientists who had reservations went to the front as volunteers. Institutes and scientific centers were closed, evacuated, their work was interrupted and virtually paralyzed.

On September 28, 1942, Stalin approved GKO order No. 2352ss "On the organization of work on uranium." A significant role was played by intelligence activities, which allowed our scientists to keep abreast of scientific and technical achievements in the development of nuclear weapons almost from the first day. However, those developments that formed the basis of our atomic weapons were subsequently completely and completely created by our scientists. Based on the order of the GKO dated February 11, 1943, the leadership of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to establish in Moscow a special laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences to carry out work on uranium. Kurchatov became the head of all work on the atomic topic, who gathered his St. Petersburg physicists for work: Zeldovich, Khariton, Kikoin and Flerov. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, a secret Laboratory No. 2 (the future Kurchatov Institute) was organized in Moscow. On September 28, 1942, Stalin approved GKO order No. 2352ss "On the organization of work on uranium." A significant role was played by intelligence activities, which allowed our scientists to keep abreast of scientific and technical achievements in the development of nuclear weapons almost from the first day. However, those developments that formed the basis of our atomic weapons were subsequently completely and completely created by our scientists. Based on the order of the GKO dated February 11, 1943, the leadership of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to establish in Moscow a special laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences to carry out work on uranium. Kurchatov became the head of all work on the atomic topic, who gathered his St. Petersburg physicists for work: Zeldovich, Khariton, Kikoin and Flerov. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, a secret Laboratory No. 2 (the future Kurchatov Institute) was organized in Moscow.

Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov

In 1946, the first uranium-graphite nuclear reactor F-1 was built in Laboratory No. 2, the physical start-up of which took place at 18:00 on December 25, 1946. At that time, a controlled nuclear reaction was carried out with a mass of uranium 45 tons, graphite - 400 t and the presence in the reactor core of one cadmium rod inserted at 2.6 m. In 1946, the first uranium-graphite nuclear reactor F-1 was built in the Laboratory No. At this time, a controlled nuclear reaction was carried out with a mass of 45 tons of uranium, 400 tons of graphite and the presence in the reactor core of one cadmium rod inserted 2.6 m.
In June 1948, the first industrial nuclear reactor was launched, and on June 19, a long period of preparing the reactor for operation at its design capacity, which was equal to 100 MW, ended. This date is associated with the beginning production activities Plant No. 817 in Chelyabinsk-40 (now Ozersk, Chelyabinsk Region).
Work on the creation of the atomic bomb lasted for 2 years 8 months. On August 11, 1949, a control assembly of a nuclear charge from plutonium was carried out in KB-11. The charge was named RDS-1. A successful test of the RDS-1 charge took place at 7 am on August 29, 1949 at the Semipalatinsk test site

The intensification of work on the military and peaceful use of nuclear energy occurred in the period 1950-1964. The work of this stage is connected with the improvement of nuclear and the development of thermonuclear weapons, equipping the armed forces with these types of weapons, the formation and development of nuclear power industry and the beginning of research in the field of peaceful use of the energies of fusion reactions of light elements. Received in the period 1949 - 1951. the scientific backlog served as the basis for the further improvement of nuclear weapons intended for tactical aviation and the first domestic ballistic missiles. During this period, work on the creation of the first hydrogen (thermonuclear bomb) intensified. One of the variants of the RDS-6 thermonuclear bomb was developed by A.D. Sakharov (1921-1989) and successfully tested on August 12, 1953. The work of this stage is connected with the improvement of nuclear and the development of thermonuclear weapons, equipping the armed forces with these types of weapons, the formation and development of nuclear power industry and the beginning of research in the field of peaceful use of the energies of fusion reactions of light elements. Received in the period 1949 - 1951. the scientific backlog served as the basis for the further improvement of nuclear weapons intended for tactical aviation and the first domestic ballistic missiles. During this period, work on the creation of the first hydrogen (thermonuclear bomb) intensified. One of the variants of the RDS-6 thermonuclear bomb was developed by A.D. Sakharov (1921-1989) and successfully tested on August 12, 1953

In 1956 a charge for an artillery shell was tested. In 1956 a charge for an artillery shell was tested.
In 1957, the first nuclear submarine and the first nuclear icebreaker were launched.
In 1960, the first intercontinental ballistic missile was put into service.
In 1961, the world's most powerful aerial bomb with a TNT equivalent of 50 Mt was tested.

Slide #10

On May 16, 1949, a government decree determined the start of work on the creation of the first nuclear power plant. Academic Supervisor I.V. Kurchatov was appointed to work on the creation of the first nuclear power plant, and N.A. Dollezhal was appointed chief designer of the reactor. On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in Obninsk, Russia. In 1955, a new, more powerful industrial reactor I-1 was launched at the Siberian Chemical Plant with an initial capacity of 300 MW, which was increased by 5 times over time. On May 16, 1949, a government decree determined the start of work on the creation of the first nuclear power plant. I.V. Kurchatov was appointed the scientific director of the work on the creation of the first nuclear power plant, and N.A. Dollezhal was appointed the chief designer of the reactor. On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in Obninsk, Russia. In 1955, a new, more powerful industrial reactor I-1 was put into operation at the Siberian Chemical Plant, with an initial capacity of 300 MW, which was increased by 5 times over time.
In 1958, the double-circuit uranium-graphite reactor with a closed cooling cycle EI-2 was launched, which was developed at the Research and Design Institute of Power Engineering. N.A. Dollezhal (NIKIET).

The world's first nuclear power plant

Slide #11

In 1964, Beloyarsk and Novovoronezh nuclear power plants gave industrial current. The industrial development of water-graphite reactors in the electric power industry followed the design line of RBMK - high-power channel reactors. The RBMK-1000 nuclear power reactor is a heterogeneous thermal neutron channel reactor, in which uranium dioxide slightly enriched in U-235 (2%) is used as a fuel, graphite is used as a moderator, and boiling light water is used as a coolant. The development of the RBMK-1000 was headed by N.A. Dollezhal. These reactors were one of the foundations of nuclear power. The second version of the reactors was the VVER pressurized water reactor, the design of which dates back to 1954. The idea for the scheme of this reactor was proposed at the RRC "Kurchatov Institute". VVER is a thermal neutron power reactor. The first power unit with a VVER-210 reactor was put into operation at the end of 1964 at the Novovronezh NPP. The industrial development of water-graphite reactors in the electric power industry followed the design line of RBMK - high-power channel reactors. The RBMK-1000 nuclear power reactor is a heterogeneous thermal neutron channel reactor, in which uranium dioxide slightly enriched in U-235 (2%) is used as a fuel, graphite is used as a moderator, and boiling light water is used as a coolant. The development of the RBMK-1000 was headed by N.A. Dollezhal. These reactors were one of the foundations of nuclear power. The second version of the reactors was the VVER pressurized water reactor, the design of which dates back to 1954. The idea for the scheme of this reactor was proposed at the RRC "Kurchatov Institute". VVER is a thermal neutron power reactor. The first power unit with a VVER-210 reactor was put into operation at the end of 1964 at the Novovronezh NPP.

Beloyarsk NPP

Slide #12

Novovoronezh nuclear power plant - the first nuclear power plant in Russia with VVER reactors - is located in Voronezh region 40 km south
Voronezh, on the shore
the river Don.
From 1964 to 1980, five power units with VVER reactors were built at the station, each of which was the lead, i.e. prototype of serial power reactors.

Slide #13

The station was built in four stages: the first stage - power unit No. 1 (VVER-210 - in 1964), the second stage - power unit No. 2 (VVER-365 - in 1969), the third stage - power units No. 3 and 4 (VVER- 440, in 1971 and 1972), the fourth stage - power unit No. 5 (VVER-1000, 1980).
In 1984, after 20 years of operation, power unit No. 1 was decommissioned, and in 1990, power unit No. 2. Three power units remain in operation - with a total electrical capacity of 1834 MW. VVER-1000

Slide #14

Novovoronezh NPP fully meets the needs of the Voronezh Region in electrical energy, up to 90% - the needs of Novovoronezh in heat.
For the first time in Europe, power units Nos. 3 and 4 underwent a unique set of works to extend their service life by 15 years and received the appropriate licenses from Rostekhnadzor. Work was carried out to modernize and extend the service life of power unit No. 5.
Since the commissioning of the first power unit (September 1964), the Novovoronezh NPP has generated more than 439 billion kWh of electricity.

Slide #15

As of 1985, there were 15 nuclear power plants in the USSR: Beloyarskaya, Novovoronezhskaya, Kola, Bilibinskaya, Leningradskaya, Kurskaya, Smolenskaya, Kalininskaya, Balakovskaya (RSFSR), Armenian, Chernobyl, Rovno, South Ukrainian, Zaporozhye, Ignalina (other republics THE USSR). There were 40 power units of the RBMK, VVER, EGP types and one power unit with a BN-600 fast neutron reactor with a total capacity of approximately 27 million kW in operation. In 1985, the country's nuclear power plants produced more than 170 billion kWh, which accounted for 11% of all electricity generation. As of 1985, 15 nuclear power plants operated in the USSR: Beloyarskaya, Novovoronezhskaya, Kola, Bilibinskaya, Leningradskaya, Kurskaya, Smolensk, Kalinin, Balakovo (RSFSR), Armenian, Chernobyl, Rivne, South Ukrainian, Zaporozhye, Ignalina (other republics of the USSR). There were 40 power units of the RBMK, VVER, EGP types and one power unit with a BN-600 fast neutron reactor with a total capacity of approximately 27 million kW in operation. In 1985, the country's nuclear power plants produced more than 170 billion kWh, which accounted for 11% of all electricity generation.

Slide #16

This accident radically changed the course of development of nuclear energy and led to a decrease in the rate of commissioning of new capacities in most developed countries, including Russia. This accident radically changed the course of development of nuclear energy and led to a decrease in the rate of commissioning of new capacities in most developed countries , including in Russia.
On April 25, at 01:23:49, two powerful explosions occurred with the complete destruction of the reactor plant. accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant became the largest technical nuclear accident in history.
More than 200,000 sq. km, about 70% - on the territory of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, the rest on the territory of the Baltic states, Poland and the Scandinavian countries. As a result of the accident, about 5 million hectares of land were withdrawn from agricultural circulation, a 30-kilometer exclusion zone was created around the nuclear power plant, hundreds of small settlements were destroyed and buried (buried with heavy equipment).

Slide #17

By 1998, the situation in the industry as a whole, as well as in its energy and nuclear weapons parts, began to stabilize. The population's confidence in nuclear energy began to be restored. Already in 1999, nuclear power plants in Russia generated the same number of kilowatt-hours of electricity that were generated in 1990 by nuclear power plants located on the territory of the former RSFSR. By 1998, the situation in the industry as a whole, as well as in its energy and nuclear -weapon parts, began to stabilize. The population's confidence in nuclear energy began to be restored. Already in 1999, nuclear power plants in Russia generated the same number of kilowatt-hours of electricity that were generated in 1990 by nuclear power plants located on the territory of the former RSFSR.
In the nuclear weapons complex, starting from 1998, the Federal target program“Development of the nuclear weapons complex for the period of 2003”, and since 2006 the second target program “Development of the nuclear weapons complex for the period of 2006-2009 and for the future of 2010-2015” has been operating.

Slide #18

With regard to the peaceful use of atomic energy, in February 2010, the federal target program "Nuclear energy technologies of a new generation for the period 2010-2015" was adopted. and for the future until 2020.” The main goal of the program is to develop new generation nuclear energy technologies for nuclear power plants that meet the country's energy needs and improve the efficiency of using natural uranium and spent nuclear fuel, as well as researching new ways to use nuclear energy. With regard to the peaceful use of nuclear energy in February 2010. The federal target program "Nuclear energy technologies of a new generation for the period 2010-2015" was adopted. and for the future until 2020.” The main goal of the program is to develop new generation nuclear energy technologies for nuclear power plants that meet the country's needs for energy resources and increase the efficiency of using natural uranium and spent nuclear fuel, as well as research new ways to use the energy of the atomic nucleus.

Slide #19

Floating NPPs are an important direction in the development of small-scale nuclear power engineering. The project of a low-capacity nuclear thermal power plant (ATES) based on a floating power unit (FPU) with two KLT-40S reactors began to be developed in 1994. A floating ATES has a number of advantages: the ability to operate in permafrost conditions in the territory beyond the Arctic Circle. FPU is designed for any accident, project floating nuclear power plant fits all modern requirements security, and also completely solves the problem of nuclear safety for seismically active areas. In June 2010, the world's first floating power unit "Akademik Lomonosov" was launched, which, after additional tests, was sent to its base in Kamchatka. Floating nuclear power plants are an important direction in the development of small-scale nuclear energy. The project of a low-capacity nuclear thermal power plant (ATES) based on a floating power unit (FPU) with two KLT-40S reactors began to be developed in 1994. A floating ATES has a number of advantages: the ability to operate in permafrost conditions in the territory beyond the Arctic Circle. The FPU is designed for any accident, the design of the floating nuclear power plant meets all modern safety requirements, and also completely solves the problem of nuclear safety for seismically active areas. In June 2010, the world's first floating power unit "Akademik Lomonosov" was launched, which, after additional tests, was sent to its base in Kamchatka.

Slide #20

ensuring strategic nuclear parity, fulfillment of state defense order, preservation and development of the nuclear weapons complex;
conducting scientific research in the field nuclear physics, nuclear and thermonuclear energy, special materials science and advanced technologies;
development of nuclear energy, including provision of a raw material base, fuel cycle, nuclear engineering and instrumentation, construction of domestic and foreign nuclear power plants.