Since the late 70s, the 9K37 Buk anti-aircraft missile system has been in service with the Soviet army, and now the Russian one, being one of the most popular means air defense.

Despite its age, numerous upgrades of this weapon allow it to remain effective and relevant even today.

History of creation

On January 13, 1972, it was decided to replace the obsolete 2K12 Kub air defense system with a new weapon using unified missiles along with maritime system M-22 "Hurricane".

The development started at the Tikhomirov Instrument Engineering Research Institute, the work was headed by A.A. Rastov. Because of the haste, they planned to put the complex into operation in parts. First, the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" self-propelled firing system appeared, using the newly created 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles. She was accepted into service in 1978. The main differences from the predecessor were 10 targeted channels and increased limits on the height and speed of air targets.

• Self-propelled firing system 9А310;
• anti-aircraft missiles 9M38;
• command post 9S470;
• charging installation 9A39.

The created anti-aircraft missile system was tested at the end of 1977, which ended in 1979 with the entry into service.

Peculiarities

The Buk was able to destroy air targets flying at altitudes from 25 to 18,000 meters, located at a distance of 3 to 25 kilometers from the complex with a probability of 0.6.

Each of the parts of the complex was on a standardized tracked platform with high traffic.

"Buk-M1"

Through small gap time, the modernization of the complex began, culminating in the creation of a new Buk-M1 air defense system. It was distinguished by an increased area and probability of destruction, a target recognition function and less vulnerability to anti-radar missiles.

Designed to combat enemy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles and drones. It is used to cover various types of troops or ground objects from massive enemy air raids. Able to work in conditions where the enemy widely uses electronic suppression and in any weather.

Device

A self-propelled firing system is capable of operating alone, while its capabilities are extremely limited. Therefore, it is customary to consider the complex as a whole, in a fully combat-ready state to cover the area from air threats.

The Buk-M1 complex consists of:

• self-propelled firing system 9A310M1;
• charging unit 9A39M1;
• target detection station 9S18;
• command post 9S470M1.

All anti-aircraft missile systems are built on the GM-569 tracked chassis, which was chosen due to such features as good cross-country ability and maneuverability, which allows spending a minimum amount on deployment and bringing the complex into combat condition.

After deployment, the target detection station with high noise immunity of the 9S18 Dome radar begins to continuously scan the airspace in the centimeter range at a distance of up to 120 and a range of up to 20 kilometers.

Also, each of the 9A310 self-propelled firing systems has its own radar station operating in the centimeter range, computing equipment and a communication device, which allows it to independently scan the airspace in search of a target and transmit information to the command post.

The signal about detected targets is sent to the 9C470 command post, which is capable of simultaneously receiving and processing data on 46 targets. Further, he transfers up to 6 tasks to each of the firing installations 9A310.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

Development began in 1973, and in 1976 the missile entered service with the Soviet army as part of the Buk.

This is a solid-propellant single-stage anti-aircraft missile, designed for an operating time of up to 15 seconds. Its dimensions are strictly limited due to the fact that the development was carried out not only for land systems, but also for the M-22 Uragan system for the Navy.

It has a semi-active homing head and carries a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 70 kg. Undermining is carried out by a charge weighing 34 kg at a distance of 16 meters from the target.

Designed to destroy highly maneuverable targets located at a distance of 3500 to 32000 m, an altitude of 25 to 20000 m, capable of withstanding overloads up to 19g.

After launch, the flight course is indicated by radio signals from the firing installation, when approaching the target, the homing head comes into play.

9K317 "Buk-M2"

By the end of the 1980s, a modification appeared using modern 9M317 missiles. The use of this missile was supposed to significantly increase the range and height of the targets hit, it was also planned to use improved equipment on all machines of the complex.

9M317 received smaller wings, the firing range reached 45,000 m at an altitude of 25,000. Its fuse received 2 modes, which made it possible to detonate not only at a distance from the target, but also on contact, making it possible to deal with surface and ground enemies.

The 9A317 self-propelled firing system received new equipment, which made it possible to simultaneously detect 10 targets and attack 4 at once.

The updated command post 9S510 was able to track 60 targets at once and issue 36 target designations simultaneously. At the same time, the time from receiving information to transmitting it to firing installations is no more than 2 seconds.

The 9S18M1-3 detection and target designation station is equipped with a phased antenna array, which allows detecting air targets at a distance of up to 160,000 m. It is resistant to various enemy interference.

Additionally, a station for illumination and guidance of 9S36 missiles was added to the complex. It is a phased array antenna raised by a retractable mast to a height of 22 meters, which improves performance and detects targets at a distance of 120 km. Electronic equipment The 9S36 is capable of tracking 10 targets and issuing commands to fire on 4 of them.

Comprehensive improvements to the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex made it possible to raise the interception distance of aircraft and helicopters to 50,000 m, and the height to 25,000 m.

The range of interception of missiles has increased to 20,000 meters, and the height - up to 16,000. It is also possible to use against ground and surface targets.

The deplorable economy of the country in the early 90s did not allow the new product to be adopted, the army limited itself to the Buk-M1-2 compromise complex.

Only in 2008 did the 9K317 Buk-M2 enter service. Russian army, being modified to fit our times.

SAM "Buk-M1-2 Ural"

As already mentioned, the most modern modification at that time was not adopted, so the army limited itself to a simplified version of the Ural. The development started in 1992 and ended in 1998 with the adoption of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system into service with our army.

The complex includes:

• self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2;
• target detection station 9S18M1;
• command post 9S470;
• charging installation 9A38M1.

To increase stealth and camouflage, as well as increase capabilities, the 9А310М1-2 was equipped with a television optical sight and a laser rangefinder, which made passive target finding possible.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

Export modification "Buk-M2", featuring improved electronic digital equipment. Modern equipment works not only in combat, but also in training mode, which allows for the training of soldiers.

It is possible to use the usual tracked chassis or wheeled MZKT-6922, which allows the customer to choose a more suitable option for themselves.

SAM "Buk-M3"

The development of a new modification of the air defense system became known not so long ago. It is planned to completely replace obsolete electronics with modern digital equipment, replace the rocket with a modern 9M317M, launched from a container and with higher performance.

The exact characteristics are not called today, but approximate ones can be called. On the self-propelled launcher there are 6 containers with ready-to-launch missiles inside.

Estimated range of hitting targets up to 75,000 m, the probability is at the level of 0.96.

Combat use

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system is in service with 9 countries, including Russia.

With the exception of the first Chechen war, where the complexes were used by the Russian army, other episodes can hardly be called successful for Russia. During the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, the plane of the air defense commander of Abkhazia was mistakenly destroyed.

In South Ossetia Russian Air Force lost 4 aircraft due to Buk-M1 fire, in addition, in 2014, a Boeing 777 was destroyed over Ukraine, and some sources link this event to the use of the Buk.

Cooperation of enterprises headed by "NIIP named after V.V.Tikhonravov" in 1994-1997. work was carried out to create a modernized Buk-M1-2 complex on the basis of the 9K37 Buk air defense system. At the same time, the complex turned into a universal fire weapon.

Due to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other means of the complex, for the first time, the possibility of hitting tactical ballistic missiles of the "Lance" type, aircraft missiles at ranges up to 20 km, elements of high-precision weapons, surface ships at ranges up to 25 km and ground targets (aircraft at airfields, launchers installations, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. The effectiveness of destroying aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles has been increased. The boundaries of the affected areas have been increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in height.

The uniqueness of the Buk complex and all its modifications lies in the fact that with a significant size of the affected area in terms of range, height and parameters, a combat mission can be performed by the autonomous use of only one ground fire weapon - a self-propelled firing system. This quality makes it possible to ensure the surprise of shelling air targets from ambush, autonomous operational change of combat position, which significantly increases the survivability of the installation.

Currently, the developers are proposing a new version of the family, designated "Buk-M2".

Compound

The Buk-M1-2 complex differs from its predecessor the Buk-M1 air defense system primarily in the use of the new 9M317 missile (see photo). In addition to the use of an improved missile, it is planned to introduce a new tool into the complex - a radar for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the antenna placed in a working position at a height of up to 22 m using a telescopic device (see photo).

With the introduction of radar for target illumination and guidance, the combat capabilities of the complex for hitting low-flying targets, in particular, modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The composition of the complex:

• command post 9S470M1-2 (see photo , , , , )
• six self-propelled firing systems 9А310М1-2 (see photo)
• three launchers 9A39M1 (see photo)
• target detection station 9S18M1 (see photo)
• car Maintenance(MTO) 9V881M1-2 with trailer ZIP 9T456
• maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1
• repair and maintenance vehicles (MRTO):
  • MRTO-1 9V883M1
  • MRTO-2 9V884M1
  • MRTO-3 9V894M1
• transport vehicle 9T243 with a set technological equipment(CTO) 9T3184
• automated control and test mobile station (AKIPS) 9V95M1
• missile repair machine (workshop) 9T458
• unified compressor station UKS-400V
• mobile power plant PES-100-T / 400-AKR1 (see photo).

The complex is offered in two versions - mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM-569 family of the type used in previous modifications of the Buk complex, as well as transported on road trains with semi-trailers and KrAZ vehicles. In the latter option, with some cost reduction, the cross-country performance deteriorates and the deployment time of the air defense system from the march increases from 5 to 10-15 minutes.

The self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2 includes:

• radar station (RLS)
• launcher (PU) with four missiles
• digital Computing System,
• television optical sight,
• laser rangefinder,
• navigation and communication equipment,
• radio interrogator "friend or foe",
• built-in trainer
• documentation equipment.

The location of the radar and launcher with missiles on one rigid platform allows using an electro-hydraulic drive to carry out their simultaneous rotation in azimuth with the rise and fall of the artillery unit. In the process of combat work, the SOU carries out detection, identification, auto-tracking and recognition of the type of target, development of a flight task, solution of a launch task, missile launch, target illumination and transmission of radio correction commands to the missile, evaluation of firing results. The JMA can fire at targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile system when targeting from a command post, and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility. The shelling of targets can be carried out both from the SDA itself, and from the launcher-loader attached to it.

The 9A310M1-2 SOU can be equipped with both the standard 9M38M1 missile and the newly developed 9M317 missile.

The 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missile was developed as a single air defense missile for the ground forces and air defense of the Navy ships (SAM "Ezh"). It strikes tactical ballistic missiles, strategic and tactical aviation aircraft, including those maneuvering with an overload of up to 12 units, cruise missiles, fire support helicopters (including those hovering at low altitudes), remotely piloted aircrafts, anti-ship missiles in conditions of intense radio countermeasures, as well as radio-contrast surface and ground targets.

The 9M317 missile, compared to the 9M38M1, has an expanded kill zone of up to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in height and parameters, as well as a large range of targets to be hit.

Outwardly, it differs from the 9M38M1 by a significantly shorter wing chord length, it provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar seeker 9B-1103M guided by the proportional navigation method.

The technical solutions incorporated in it made it possible, based on the results of recognition, to adapt the control system and combat equipment of the missile to the type of target (ballistic target, aerodynamic target, helicopter, small target, surface (ground) target) and increase the probability of destruction. Due to the technical solutions implemented in the on-board equipment of the rocket and the means of the complex, firing at radio-contrast surface and ground targets and their defeat due to a direct hit are provided. The missile can hit targets flying at ultra-low altitudes. Target acquisition range with EPR = 5 m² - 40 km.

A fully assembled and armed rocket is explosion-proof and does not require checks and adjustments during the entire period of operation. The rocket has high level reliability. Its service life is 10 years and can be extended after special works.

The high efficiency, versatility and possibility of using the 9M317 SAM was confirmed during military exercises and firing.

The secrecy of the JMA operation has been improved due to the introduction of a laser rangefinder, which, together with a television-optical sight, provides passive direction finding of ground (NZTs) and surface (NVTs) targets. Modified software digital computing system provides optimal angles of flight of the missile to the target, at which the influence of the underlying surface on the homing head of the missile is minimized. To increase the effectiveness of the missile warhead when working on surface (ground) targets, the radio fuse is turned off and the contact fuse is connected. To improve the noise immunity of the complex, a new mode has been introduced - "coordinate support". In this mode, for firing at the active jammer, the range coordinate from other means of the complex is used. Thus, in comparison with the previously used "Triangulation" mode, in which two SDAs were involved, the number of firing channels for the active jammer is doubled.

SOU 9A310M1-2 can be interfaced with the means of the "Cube" complex. At the same time, the Kub complex can simultaneously fire at two targets instead of one. One target channel is SOU 9A310M1-2 with an attached self-propelled launcher (SPU) 2P25, the second is a regular one, that is, a reconnaissance and guidance control station (SURN) 1S91 with SPU 2P25.

In recent years, the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering and related organizations have successfully completed a number of development work on the further modernization of the anti-aircraft missile system as a whole and its individual elements.

The main directions of modernization:

• increase in the number of simultaneously fired targets through the use of a phased antenna array (PAR);
• Improving noise immunity by adapting the phased array beam to tactical and jamming conditions.
• increasing the efficiency of the radar by increasing the transmitter power and the sensitivity of the microwave receiver (new electronic devices);
• the use of high-speed computers and modern digital signal processing.

The modernized SDA with PAR can be interfaced with the means of the BUK-M1-2 complex, as a result of which the number of targets simultaneously fired by it can be increased from 6 to 10 - 12.

Since the end of the seventies, one of the main means of military air defense has been anti-aircraft missile systems of the Buk family. To date, several modifications of such equipment have been created and put into service, which are still in use and will retain their place in the troops in the near future.

SAM 9K37 "Buk"

The development of new anti-aircraft systems of the Buk family began in accordance with the decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 13, 1972. The resolution determined the organizations involved in the project and the main requirements for it. According to the first terms of reference, the advanced air defense system was supposed to replace the existing 2K12 Kub complex in the troops. In addition, it was required to create a missile suitable for use both as part of the Buk complex and in the M-22 Uragan naval anti-aircraft system.

The promising anti-aircraft complex was intended to equip military air defense, which affected the requirements for it. The developers were required to mount all the units of the complex on a self-propelled chassis and provide the ability to work in the same battle formations with tanks and other armored vehicles. The complex was supposed to deal with aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 800 m / s at low and medium altitudes at ranges up to 30 km. It was also required to ensure the possibility of hitting a target maneuvering with an overload of up to 10-12 units and using electronic countermeasure systems. In the future, it was planned to "teach" the complex to deal with operational-tactical ballistic missiles.

Self-propelled firing system of the complex "Buk-M1"

The Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (NIIP) was chosen as the lead developer of the 9K37 Buk air defense system. In addition, a number of other organizations were involved in the project, including NPO Fazotron of the Ministry of Radio Industry and the Machine-Building Design Bureau Start. Chief designer of everything anti-aircraft complex was appointed by A.A. Rastov. The creation of the command post of the complex was led by G.N. Valaev, who was later replaced by V.I. Sokiran. The self-propelled firing system was developed under the guidance of V.V. Matyasheva, and the head of work on the semi-active homing head was I.G. Hakobyan. Employees of the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments headed by A.P. were involved in the creation of a detection and target designation station. Vetoshko (later this work was supervised by Yu.P. Shchekotov).

It was planned to complete all work on the creation of the 9K37 complex by mid-1975. However, in the spring of 1974, it was decided to divide the work on the project into two independent areas. In accordance with the decision of the Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974, it was necessary to continue the creation of a new air defense system in two stages. First, it was necessary to bring the new 3M38 missile and self-propelled firing system (SOU) to mass production. At the same time, the latter should have been able to use the existing 9M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex, as well as be built using the components of the existing system.

It was assumed that already in the fall of 1974, the 9K37-1 Buk-1 complex would be tested, and the development of a “full-fledged” 9K37 air defense system based on new components would continue according to the previously established schedule. A similar approach to the creation of new anti-aircraft systems was supposed to ensure the earliest possible start of production and deliveries new technology, capable of significantly increasing the combat potential of ground forces units.

The 9K37 complex included several main components. To monitor the air situation, it was proposed to use the detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome", to launch missiles it was necessary to use a self-propelled firing system (SOU) 9A310 and a launcher-charging installation (ROM) 9A39. The coordination of the actions of the complex was to be carried out by the command post 9С470. The means of defeating targets was an anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM) 9M38.

Launcher-loader 9A39 of the Buk complex

SOC 9S18 "Kupol" was a self-propelled vehicle on a tracked chassis, equipped with a three-coordinate coherent-pulse radar designed to monitor the situation and issue data on targets to the command post. An electrically driven rotary antenna was installed on the roof of the base chassis. The maximum target detection range reached 115-120 km. In the case of low-flying targets, this parameter was seriously reduced. Thus, an aircraft flying at an altitude of 30 m could only be detected from a distance of 45 km. The SOC equipment had the ability to automatically tune the operating frequency to maintain performance when the enemy used active interference.

The main task of the Kupol station was to search for targets and transmit data to the command post. With a review period of 4.5 s, 75 marks were transmitted. The 9S470 command post was made on the basis of a self-propelled chassis and equipped with all the necessary equipment for processing information and issuing target designation to launchers. The calculation of the command post consisted of six people. For this, the 9С470 machine was equipped with communication and data processing equipment. The equipment of the command post made it possible to process reports of 46 targets at ranges up to 100 km and altitudes up to 20 km in one SOC survey period. Provided issuance of firing installations of information about six targets.

The main means of attacking enemy aircraft was to be the 9A310 self-propelled gun mount. This machine was a further development of the 9A38 SOU of the Buk-1 complex. A rotary launcher with four guides for missiles and a set of special electronic equipment was installed on a self-propelled tracked chassis. In front of the launcher there was a target tracking radar, also used to guide missiles.

To transport additional ammunition and charge the SOU, the Buk air defense system included the 9A39 launcher-loader. This tracked vehicle is designed to carry eight missiles and reload the SOU 9A310 launcher. The missiles were transported on four fixed cradles and a special launcher. Depending on the situation, the calculation of the machine could reload missiles from the launcher to the SDA or launch independently. At the same time, however, due to the lack of its own tracking radar, external target designation was required. A special crane was provided for reloading missiles.

The 9M38 rocket was made according to a single-stage scheme. She had a cylindrical body of high elongation with an ogive head fairing. In the middle part of the hull, X-shaped wings of small elongation were provided, in the tail - rudders of a similar design. The rocket with a launch weight of 690 kg and a length of 5.5 m was equipped with a semi-active radar homing head, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a dual-mode solid-propellant engine. In order to avoid a change in alignment as the charge burns out, the engine was placed in the central part of the body and equipped with a long gas duct nozzle.

Scheme ZUR 9M38

The new anti-aircraft missile system 9K37 "Buk" made it possible to attack targets at ranges up to 30 km and altitudes up to 20 km. The reaction time was 22 s. It took about 5 minutes to get ready. A missile accelerating in flight to 850 m/s could hit a fighter-type target with a probability of up to 0.9. The defeat of a helicopter with one missile was provided with a probability of up to 0.6. The probability of destroying the cruise missile of the first missile did not exceed 0.5.

Joint tests of the new air defense system started in November 1977 and continued until the spring of 1979. The Emba test site became the test site. During the tests, the combat work of the complex was practiced in various conditions and for various conditional targets. In particular, regular means (SOTS 9S18) or other similar stations were used to monitor the air situation. During test launches, training targets were attacked using a warhead radio fuse. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched.

During the tests, it was found that the new 9K37 air defense system has a number of important advantages over existing equipment. The composition of the SOC and SDA electronic equipment ensured greater reliability of target detection due to simultaneous monitoring of the air situation. A complex with six 9A310 machines could simultaneously attack up to six targets. At the same time, the possibility of simultaneously performing several combat missions at the expense of their own equipment of self-propelled firing systems was not ruled out. The updated composition of the equipment of various elements of the complex, including missiles, provided greater noise immunity. Finally, the missile carried a warhead of greater weight, which made it possible to increase the probability of hitting the target.

According to the results of tests and improvements, the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service in 1990. As part of the air defense of the ground forces, the new systems were used as part of anti-aircraft missile brigades. Each such formation included one brigade command post from the Polyana-D4 ACS, as well as four divisions. The division had its own command post 9S470, a detection and target designation station 9S18 and three batteries with two SOU 9A310 and one ROM 9A39 in each. In addition, the brigades had communications units, technical support and service.

SAM 9K37-1 "Buk-1" / "Kub-M4"

In connection with the need to start re-equipping the air defense units of the ground forces in 1974, it was decided to develop a simplified version of the 9K37 complex, built using existing components and assemblies. It was assumed that the new air defense systems, called 9K37-1 Buk-1, would be able to supplement the existing Kub-M3 systems in the troops. So, each of the five batteries of the regiment was supposed to have a new self-propelled firing system 9A38 of the Buk-1 complex.

Launcher-charging installations

Calculations showed that the cost of one 9A38 vehicle would be about a third of the cost of all other battery assets, but in this case it would be possible to ensure a noticeable increase in combat capabilities. The number of target channels of the regiment could be increased from 5 to 10, and the number of missiles ready for use grew from 60 to 75. Thus, the modernization of air defense units with the help of new combat vehicles fully paid off.

In terms of its architecture, the 9A38 SOU differed little from the 9A310 machine. A turntable with a launcher and a 9C35 detection, tracking and illumination radar station was mounted on a tracked chassis. The SAU 9A38 launcher had interchangeable guides for using two types of missiles. Depending on the situation, combat mission and available resources, the complex could use new 9M38 missiles or 9M9M3 available to the troops.

State tests of the 9K37-1 air defense system started in August 1975 and were carried out at the Emba training ground. The tests used the new SOU 9A38 and existing machines of other types. Targets were detected using the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit of the Kub-M3 complex, and the missiles were launched from the 9A38 and 2P25M3 SOU. Rockets of all available types were used.

During the tests, it was found that the 9S35 radar of the 9A38 self-propelled firing system is capable of independently detecting air targets at distances up to 65-70 km (at altitudes of at least 3 km). When flying a target at an altitude of no more than 100 m, the maximum detection range was reduced to 35-40 km. At the same time, the real parameters of target detection depended on the limited capabilities of the equipment from the Kub-M3 composition. Combat characteristics, such as the range or height of the target, depended on the type of missile used.

SOU complex "Buk-M1"

The new 9K37-1 air defense system as part of the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile was put into service in 1978. As part of the adoption, the Buk-1 complex received a new designation. Since the SOU and the rocket were actually only an addition to the existing means of the Kub-M3 complex, the complex using the 9A38 machine received the designation 2K12M4 Kub-M4. Thus, the 9K37-1 air defense system, being a simplified version of the Buk complex, was formally assigned to the previous Cube family, which at that time was the basis of the air defense systems of the ground forces.

SAM "Buk-M1"

On November 30, 1979, a new resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued, which required the development of a new version of the Buk air defense system. This time it was necessary to increase the combat characteristics of the complex, as well as to increase the level of protection against interference and anti-radar missiles. By the beginning of 1982, the organizations involved in the development of the project had completed the creation of updated elements of the complex, due to which it was planned to increase the main parameters of the system.

In the Buk-M1 project, it was proposed to upgrade the on-board equipment of several vehicles, which made it possible to improve their performance. At the same time, the modernized complex did not have significant differences from the existing one. Thanks to this, various machines from the Buk and Buk-M1 air defense systems were interchangeable and could work as part of one unit.

In the new project, all the main elements of the complex were finalized. The Buk-M1 air defense system was supposed to use the upgraded SOC 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 to detect targets. On a tracked chassis, it was now proposed to mount a new radar station with a phased antenna array. In order to increase the degree of unification of air defense systems, it was decided to build the Kupol-M1 station based on the GM-567M chassis, similar to that used in other elements of the complex.

9S18M1 detection and target designation station of the Buk-M1 complex

To process information received from the SOC, it was now proposed to use the updated 9S470M1 command post with a new set of equipment. The modernized command post ensured the simultaneous reception of data from the SOC of the complex and from the air defense command post of the division. In addition, a training mode was provided, which made it possible to train the calculations of all the means of the complex.

The self-propelled firing system 9A310M1 of the Buk-M1 air defense system received an updated tracking and illumination radar. Due to the new equipment, it was possible to increase the target capture range by 25-30%. The probability of recognizing aerodynamic and ballistic targets has been increased to 0.6. To increase the noise immunity, the SDA had 72 lettered backlight frequencies, i.e. twice as much as the base 9A310.

The introduced innovations affected the combat effectiveness of the complex. While maintaining the general parameters of the range and height of hitting targets, as well as without using a new missile, the probability of hitting an enemy fighter with one missile increased to 0.95. The probability of hitting a helicopter remained at the same level, and a similar parameter for ballistic missiles increased to 0.6.

From February to December 1982, the upgraded 9K37 Buk-M1 air defense system was tested at the Emba training ground. The checks showed a noticeable increase in the main characteristics in comparison with existing complexes, which made it possible to accept new system into armament. The official adoption of the complex by the air defense forces of the ground forces took place in 1983. Serial production of modernized equipment was carried out at enterprises that had previously participated in the construction of the Buk complexes of the first two models.

Command post 9S470 of the Buk-M1-2 complex

Serial equipment of a new type was operated in anti-aircraft brigades of the ground forces. The elements of the Buk-M1 complex were distributed over several batteries. Despite the modernization individual funds complex, the regular organization of anti-aircraft units did not change. In addition, if necessary, the simultaneous use of machines of the Buk and Buk-M1 complexes in the same units was allowed.

The Buk-M1 air defense system was the first system of its family to be offered to foreign customers. The complex was supplied to foreign armies under the name "Ganges". For example, in 1997, several complexes were transferred to Finland as part of the repayment of public debt.

SAM 9K317 "Buk-M2"

Back in the late eighties, the development of an updated air defense system of the Buk family with a new 9M317 missile, which received the designation 9K317 Buk-M2, was completed. Due to the new guided munition, it was planned to significantly increase the range and height of target destruction. In addition, the use of a number of new equipment installed on different machines of the complex should have affected the characteristics of the system.

Unfortunately, the economic situation in the country did not allow the adoption of a new complex in the late eighties or early nineties. The issue of updating the equipment of air defense units was eventually resolved at the expense of the "transitional" complex "Buk-M1-2". At the same time, the development of the 9K317 system continued. Work on the updated project "Buk-M2" and its export version "Buk-M2E" continued until the middle of the 2000s.

SOU complex "Buk-M2"

The main innovation of the Buk-M2 project was the new 9M317 guided missile. The new SAM differed from the 9M38 in wings of shorter length, a modified hull design and a starting weight of about 720 kg. By changing the design and using a new engine, it was possible to increase the maximum firing range to 45 km. The maximum flight altitude of the attacked target has increased to 25 km. To expand the combat capabilities of the hull, the rocket received the ability to turn off the remote fuse with the detonation of the warhead at the command of the contact. A similar mode of operation is proposed for the use of missiles against ground or surface targets.

The 9K317 complex received an updated type 9A317 self-propelled gun based on the GM-569 tracked chassis. The general architecture of the firing plant has remained the same, but the new machine is being built on the basis of a modern element base and new equipment. As before, the JMA is capable of independently finding and tracking the target, launching the 9M317 missile and tracking its trajectory, making adjustments if necessary using the radio command system.

SOU 9A317 is equipped with a tracking and illumination radar station with a phased antenna array. The station is capable of tracking targets in a sector 90° wide in azimuth and from 0° to 70° in elevation. Provides target detection at ranges up to 20 km. In tracking mode, the target can be within a sector 130° wide in azimuth and from -5° to +85° in elevation. The station simultaneously detects up to 10 targets and can provide a simultaneous attack of four.

To improve the characteristics of the complex and ensure operation in difficult conditions, the self-propelled firing system has an optoelectronic system with day and night channels.

Launcher-loader of the complex "Buk-M2"

The Buk-M2 complex can be equipped with two types of launcher-loader. A self-propelled vehicle based on the GM-577 chassis and towed with an automobile tractor has been developed. The overall architecture remains the same: four missiles are located on the launcher and can be launched or reloaded on the SDA. Four more are transported on transport cradles.

The modernized complex included a new command post 9С510 based on the GM-579 chassis or on a towed semi-trailer. Command post automation can receive information from surveillance equipment and track up to 60 routes simultaneously. It is possible to issue target designation for 16-36 targets. The reaction time does not exceed 2 s.

The main means of target detection as part of the Buk-M2 air defense system is the SOC 9S18M1-3, which is a further development of the family systems. The new radar is equipped with a phased array antenna with electronic scanning and is capable of detecting air targets at ranges up to 160 km. Modes of operation are provided that ensure the detection of targets when the enemy uses active and passive interference.

In the composition of the self-propelled / towed vehicles of the Buk-M2 complex, it was proposed to introduce the so-called. target illumination and missile guidance station. The new 9С36 vehicle is a tracked chassis or a towed semi-trailer with an antenna post on a retractable mast. Such equipment allows you to raise the phased array antenna to a height of up to 22 m and thereby improve the performance of the radar. Due to the relatively high altitude, targets are detected at ranges up to 120 km. According to the characteristics of tracking and guidance, the 9S36 station corresponds to the radar of self-propelled firing vehicles. It provides tracking of 10 targets and simultaneous firing of 4.

All innovations and changes in the composition of the complex have significantly improved its characteristics. The maximum target interception range is declared at the level of 50 km, the maximum height is 25 km. The greatest range is achieved when attacking non-maneuvering aircraft. The interception of operational-tactical ballistic missiles can be carried out at ranges up to 20 km and altitudes up to 16 km. There is also the possibility of destroying helicopters, cruise and anti-radar missiles. If necessary, the calculation of the air defense system can attack surface or radio-contrast ground targets.

Radar for target illumination and guidance of 9S36 missiles of the Buk-M2 complex. Antenna raised to working position

The first version of the 9K317 project was developed back in the late eighties, but the difficult economic situation did not allow the new air defense system to be put into service. The operation of this complex in the troops began only in 2008. By this time, the air defense system had undergone some improvements, which made it possible to further improve its characteristics.

SAM "Buk-M1-2"

Numerous economic and political problems prevented the adoption and production of the new 9K317 air defense system. For this reason, in 1992, it was decided to develop a simplified "transitional" version of the complex, which would use some elements of the Buk-2, but would be simpler and cheaper. A similar version of the air defense system received the designations "Buk-M1-2" and "Ural".

The modernized Ural air defense system includes several updated vehicles, which are a further development of older types of equipment. To launch missiles and illuminate the target, the 9A310M1-2 SOU was proposed, working in conjunction with the 9A38M1 launcher-loader. SOC remained the same - the Buk-M1-2 complex was supposed to use the 9S18M1 station. Auxiliary facilities of the complex have not undergone major changes.

In order to increase the secrecy of work and, as a result, survivability, as well as to expand the range of tasks to be solved, the self-propelled firing system received the ability to passively find the target. For this, it was proposed to use a television-optical sight and a laser rangefinder. Such equipment should have been used when attacking ground or surface targets.

The modernization of various elements of the complex and the creation of a new missile made it possible to significantly increase the size of the target firing zone. In addition, the probability of hitting an aerodynamic or ballistic target with a single missile has increased. There was a full-fledged opportunity to use the 9A310M1-2 SOU as an independent air defense system capable of finding and destroying air targets without outside help.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system was adopted by the Russian army in 1998. Subsequently, several contracts were signed for the supply of such equipment to domestic and foreign customers.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

In the second half of the 2000s, an export version of the Buk-M2 complex was presented under the designation 9K317E Buk-M2E. It is a modified version of the basic system, which has some differences in the composition of electronic and computing equipment. Due to some improvements, it was possible to improve some indicators of the system, primarily related to its operation.

SOU "Buk-M2E" on a wheeled chassis

The main differences between the export version of the complex and the base one are the modernization of electronic equipment, carried out with the widespread use of modern digital computers. Due to the high performance, such equipment allows not only to perform combat missions, but also to work in a training mode for the preparation of calculations. Information about the operation of systems and the air situation is now displayed on liquid crystal monitors.

Instead of the original teleoptical viewfinder, a tele-thermal imaging system was introduced into the surveillance equipment. It allows you to find and take on automatic tracking of a target at any time of the day and in any weather conditions. Communication facilities, equipment for documenting the operation of the complex and a number of other systems were also updated.

The self-propelled firing machine of the 9K317E complex can be built on a tracked or wheeled chassis. A few years ago, a variant of such a combat vehicle based on the MZKT-6922 wheeled chassis was presented. Thanks to this, a potential customer can choose a chassis that fully meets his requirements for the mobility of air defense systems.

SAM "Buk-M3"

A few years ago, the creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk family was announced. SAM 9K37M3 "Buk-M3" should become further development families with enhanced performance and combat capabilities. According to some reports, it was proposed to fulfill the requirements by replacing the equipment of the Buk-M2 complex with new modern digital equipment.

Estimated appearance of the Buk-M3 missile launcher

According to reports, the means of the Buk-M3 complex will receive a set of new equipment with improved performance. Combat qualities are planned to be improved through the use of a new missile in combination with a modified self-propelled firing system. Instead of an open launcher, the new SOU should receive lifting mechanisms with mounts for transport and launch containers. The new 9M317M missile will be delivered in containers and launched from them. Among other things, such changes in the complex will increase the ready-to-use ammunition load.

The available photo of the Buk-M3 missile defense system shows a vehicle based on a tracked chassis with a turntable, on which two swinging packages with six missile containers are fixed on each. Thus, without a radical reworking of the design of the SOU, it was possible to double the ammunition load ready for firing.

Detailed characteristics of the Buk-M3 air defense system are still unknown. Domestic media, citing unnamed sources, reported that new rocket 9M317M will allow you to attack targets at ranges up to 75 km and hit them with one missile with a probability of at least 0.95-0.97. It was also reported that by the end of this year, the Buk-M3 experimental complex must pass the entire set of tests, after which it will be put into service. Serial production and delivery of new equipment to the troops, thus, can begin in 2016.

According to rumors, domestic defense industry intends to continue the development of anti-aircraft missile systems "Buk". The next air defense system of the family, according to some sources, may receive the designation "Buk-M4". It is too early to talk about the characteristics of this system. To date, apparently, even the general requirements for it have not been determined.

According to the websites:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/
http://pvo.guns.ru/
http://nevskii-bastion.ru/
http://vz.ru/
http://lenta.ru/

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"Buk" (according to the GRAU index - 9K37, according to the codification of the NATO and US Defense Ministry - SA-11 Gadfly (translated by Gadfly) and its modifications) is a self-propelled air defense system designed to combat maneuvering aerodynamic targets at medium and low altitudes (from 30 meters 14-18 kilometers) in conditions of intense radio countermeasures.

Technical characteristics of the air defense system "Buk-M1":

Since the late 1970s, anti-aircraft missile systems of the Buk series have become one of the main means of military air defense. To date, several modifications of this equipment have been developed and adopted by the Russian Federation. They have been successfully used to date and occupy a worthy place in the armament of Russia.

3RK9K37 Buk

The creation of new anti-aircraft systems "Buk" began after the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 1972. The resolution defined the companies involved in the project, as well as the main requirements for it. In the first terms of reference, it was said that the new air defense system was supposed to replace the existing 2K12 Kub complex in service. In addition, it is necessary to create a missile that could be used both in the Buk kit and in the M-22 Uragan naval anti-aircraft system.

The new, more advanced anti-aircraft complex was intended to improve the equipment of military air defense, which could not but affect the requirements for its development. The specialists were required to mount all the components of the complex on a self-propelled chassis, as well as provide the ability to work together with tanks and other armored vehicles in the same battle formations. The complex should hit aerodynamic air targets moving at speeds up to 800 meters per second at medium and low altitudes at ranges up to 30 km. In addition, it was necessary to ensure the possibility of hitting a target using electronic countermeasures and maneuvering with an overload of up to 12 units. In the future, the developers planned to "teach" the complex to resist operational-tactical ballistic missiles.

The main developer of the 3RK9K37 Buk air defense system is the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering. In addition, many other companies were involved in the project, including the Machine-Building Design Bureau Start and NPO Fazotron of the Ministry of Radio Industry.

• The chief designer of the anti-aircraft complex is A.A. Rastov.
• G.N. Valaev is the head of the development of the command post of the complex. Later, his position was taken by V.I. Sokiran.
• V.V. Matyashev was responsible for the development of a self-propelled firing system.
• I.G. Hakobyan - led the process of creating a semi-active homing head.
• Employees of the Research Institute of Measuring Devices headed by A.P. were involved in the development of the detection and target designation station. Petoshko (after a while he was replaced by Yu.P. Shchetkov).

Work on the development of the 9K37 complex was going to be completed by the middle of 1975. But in the spring of 1974, the developers decided to divide all types of work into 2 separate areas. The development was to take place in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to bring the 3M38 rocket to mass production, as well as the self-propelled firing system. Moreover, the latter was supposed to use the Kub-M3 system 9M9M3 missiles in service and is being built using components of the existing system.

According to forecasts, in the fall of 1974 the complex will be tested, and the creation of a full-fledged 3RK 9K37 on new components will continue according to a pre-planned schedule. Such an approach to the development of new anti-aircraft systems should ensure the early start of the supply and production of new equipment that would significantly increase the combat potential of the ground forces.

The composition of 3RK 9K37 included several main elements. To monitor the air situation, it was planned to use the 9S18 Kupol detection and target designation station, and to launch missiles it was supposed to use the 9A39 launcher and 9A310 self-propelled firing system. Coordination of actions should be carried out using the command post 9S470. Means of destruction of targets - anti-aircraft guided missile 9M38.

SOTs 9S18 "Kupol" is a self-propelled vehicle on a caterpillar chassis, equipped with a three-coordinate coherent-pulse radar station, which is designed to monitor the situation in the air and transmit information about targets to the command post. On the surface of the base chassis there was a rotary antenna with an electric drive. The indicator of the maximum target detection range is 115-120 km. In a situation with low-flying targets, this indicator was significantly reduced. For example, a flying plane at a height of 30 meters was detected by the complex only from 45 kilometers away. The SOC equipment allowed automatic tuning of the operating frequency in order to maintain operability when active interference was used by the enemy.

The main task of the Kupil station is to search for targets and transmit information to the command post. With a review period of 4.5 seconds, 75 marks were transmitted. On the basis of the self-propelled chassis, the 9S470 command post was made, which is equipped with all the necessary equipment for processing data and issuing targets to launchers. The calculation of the command post - 6 people. For this, the command post was equipped with communication and data processing equipment. The equipment of the command post made it possible to process messages about 46 targets for 1 SOC review period. In this case, targets could be located at altitudes up to 20 km and ranges up to 100 km. The issuance of firing installations of data on 6 targets was carried out.

The main means of attacking enemy aircraft was to be the 9A310 self-propelled fire mount. It was a subsequent development of the SOU 9A38 of the Buk-1 complex. On a caterpillar self-propelled chassis there was a rotary launcher with 4 guides for missiles, as well as a set of all necessary electronic equipment. In front of the launcher, an accompanying target radar was installed, which was also used to guide missiles.

To transport the charge of the SOU and additional ammunition, the Buk air defense system included the 9A39 launcher-loader. Such a machine on a tracked chassis was used to transport 8 missiles, as well as reload the SOU 9A310 launcher. The missiles were transported on 4 fixed cradles and a special type of launcher. Depending on the situation, the calculation of the machine could launch independently or reload missiles from the launcher to the SOU. But due to the lack of its own tracking radar, it was impossible to do without external target designation. A special crane was responsible for reloading the missiles.

The 9M38 rocket was made according to a single-stage scheme. It was distinguished by a cylindrical body of high elongation and had a lively head fairing. In the middle part of the hull there were X-shaped wings of small elongation, and the rudders of exactly the same design were provided in the tail. The missile with a length of 5.5 meters and a launch weight of 690 kg was equipped with a dual-mode solid-propellant engine, a semi-active radar homing head and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. To exclude changes in alignment as the charge burns out, the engine was specially placed in the central part of the body and additionally equipped with a long nozzle-gas duct.

The new 9K37 Buk air defense system made it possible to hit targets at altitudes up to 20 km and ranges up to 30 km. The reaction time is 22 seconds. It took about 5 minutes to get ready. The probability of hitting a target with a missile that accelerated in flight to 850 meters per second is up to 0.9. The probability of hitting a helicopter with one missile is up to 0.6. The probability of hitting a cruise missile of the first missile is up to 0.5.

Modern tests of this air defense system began at the Emba test site in the fall of 1977 and continued until the spring of 1979. During the tests, it was possible to check the combat operation of the complex in different conditions and for different conditional targets. For example, standard equipment and other similar stations were used to monitor the air situation. During test launches, training targets were attacked using a warhead radio fuse. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched.

During the tests, it was found that the new 3RK 9K37 has many important advantages compared to the equipment that was already in service. The composition of the electronic equipment of the SOU and SOC ensured high reliability in the detection of air targets due to the presence of their own equipment for self-propelled combat installations. The updated composition of the equipment of various components of the complex, including the rocket, contributed to greater noise immunity. In addition, the missile carried a heavy warhead, which made it possible to increase the accuracy of hitting the target.

According to the results of improvements and tests, the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service in 1990. New complexes began to be used as part of missile brigades. Each formation included 1 brigade command post from the Polyana-D4 ACS and 4 divisions. The division included its own command post 9S470, three batteries with 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39 each, a detection and target designation station 9S18. In addition, the brigades had a communications, maintenance and support unit.

SAM 9K37-1 "Buk-1" / "Kub-M4"

In 1974, due to the urgent need to re-equip the air defense units of the ground forces, it was decided to create a simplified modification of the 9K37 complex, developed using existing units and assemblies. It was assumed that such air defense systems, which received the designation 9K37-1 "Buk-1", would complement the existing Kub-M3 systems in the troops. Thus, each of the 5 batteries of the regiment included a new SOU 9A38, which is part of the Buk-1 complex.

According to estimates, the cost of one 9A38 SOU will be about 1/3 of the cost of all other battery assets, but in this case it will be possible to provide a significant increase in combat capabilities. Thus, the number of target channels of the regiment would have doubled from 5 to 10, and the number of missiles ready for use would also have increased from 60 to 75. Thus, the modernization of air defense units through new combat vehicles absolutely paid off.

SOU 9A38 in its architecture was not much different from the machine 9A310. On a tracked chassis, they made a turntable with a 9S35 radar detection, tracking and illumination station and a launcher. The SAU 9A38 launcher had interchangeable guides designed to use 2 types of missiles. Depending on the situation, available resources and combat mission, the complex could use new 9M38 or 9M9M3 missiles already in service.

State tests of the air defense system began in August 1975 and took place at the Emba training ground. The new SOU 9A38 and existing machines of other types took part in the tests. The target was detected with the help of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit, which was at the Kub-M3 complex, and the missiles were launched from the 2P25M3 and 9438 self-propelled guns. Missiles of various types (of all available) were used.

During the test, it turned out that the 9S35 SOU 9A38 radar can itself detect targets at distances up to 65-75 kilometers (at altitudes of 3 kilometers). If the target height was no more than 100 meters, then the maximum detection range was up to 35-45 kilometers. And real indicators target detection directly depended on the limited capabilities of the equipment from the Kub-M3. Combat characteristics such as target height or range depended on the type of missile used.

In 1978, the new 9K371 air defense system entered service as part of the 9M38 missile and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system. As a result, the Buk-1 complex received a different designation. Since the rocket and the SOU were only an addition to the already existing means of the Kub-M3 complex, the air defense system using the 9A38 machine began to be designated 2K12M4 Kub-M4. So, the 9K37-1 air defense system, which is a simplified version of the Buk, was formally assigned to the previous Cube family, although at that time it was main system Air defense of the ground forces.

SAM "Buk-M1"

In the fall of 1979, another decree of the Council of Ministers was issued, according to which it was necessary to develop a new modification of the Buk air defense system. This time, the task was to increase the combat characteristics of the air defense system, to increase the level of protection against anti-radar missiles and interference. Organizations participating in the project, by the beginning of 1982, completed the development of new, more advanced elements of the complex, thereby increasing the main indicators of the system.

The experts proposed to modify the on-board equipment of the machines in order to improve their performance. At the same time, the complex did not have significant differences from its predecessor. Due to this, different vehicles from the Buk and Buk-M1 anti-aircraft missile systems were interchangeable and were part of the same unit.

In the new project, all the main elements of the complex were finalized. The Buk-M1 air defense system was supposed to use the upgraded SOC 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 to detect the target. Now, on a tracked chassis, it was proposed to install a new radar station with a special phased antenna array. In order to increase the degree of unification of the machines of the complex, it was decided to create the Kupol-M1 station based on the GM-567M, similar to that used as part of the other components of the complex.

To process the data received from the SOC, it was proposed to use an updated command post, namely 9S470M1 with a new set of equipment. An improved command post could provide simultaneous reception of data from the air defense command post of the division and from the SOC of the complex. In addition, it was planned to introduce a training mode, which made it possible to train the calculations of all existing facilities of the complex.

SOU 9A310M1 SAM "Buk-M1" has now received an updated radar tracking and illumination. Thanks to the new equipment, it was possible to increase the range of capturing an air target by 25-30%. The probability of recognizing ballistic and aerodynamic targets has been increased to 0.6. To improve noise immunity, the self-propelled gun mount had 72 lettered backlight frequencies, which is 2 times more than that of the base 9A310.

The introduced innovations were reflected in the combat effectiveness of the air defense system. While maintaining the general indicators of the height and range of hitting a target and without using a new missile, the probability of hitting a fighter with one missile was increased to 0.95. The probability of hitting a helicopter remained at the same level, while the same indicator for ballistic missiles increased to 0.6.

From February to December 1982, a new upgrade of the 9K37 Buk-M1 air defense system was tested at the Emba training ground. Testing showed a significant increase in the main indicators compared to existing complexes, due to which the system was put into service. The official adoption of the air defense system into service took place in 1983. Mass mass production advanced technology was held at enterprises that had previously participated in the creation of the Buk complexes of the first 2 models.

A new type of serial equipment was used in anti-aircraft brigades of the ground forces. The components of the Buk-M1 air defense system were distributed over several batteries. Despite the modernization of individual air defense systems, the regular organization of anti-aircraft units remained unchanged. In addition, if necessary, it was allowed to use two Buk and Buk-M1 complexes in one unit.

The Buk-M1 air defense system is the first system of its series, which was offered to foreign customers. The air defense system was supplied to foreign armies and was called "Ganges". For example, in 1997, several complexes were transferred to Finland as part of the repayment of a debt from Russia.

SAM 9K317 "Buk-M2"

At the end of the 80s, the creation of an updated anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk family with a more advanced 9M317 missile was completed. Then he received the designation ZRK 9K317 "Buk-M". Thanks to the new guided munition, it was supposed to significantly increase the height and range of the target. In addition, the performance of the system should be positively affected by the use of new equipment that was installed on various machines of the complex.

But the difficult economic situation that was at that time in the country did not allow the new complex to be put into service. This did not happen either in the late eighties or early nineties. As a result, the issue of updating the equipment of air defense units was resolved at the expense of the "transitional" air defense system "Buk-M1-2". At the same time, the improvement of the 9K317 system continued. Moreover, work on the updated Buk-M2 project, as well as its export modification Buk-M2E, did not stop until the middle of the 2000s.

The most important innovation of the Buk-M project is the new 9M317 guided missile. The main differences between the new SAM and the 9M38 are shorter wings, a starting weight of about 720 kg, and a modified hull design. By changing the design and using a new engine, it was possible to increase the firing range, its maximum indicator is up to 45 kilometers. At the same time, the maximum altitude of the target flight increased to 25 kilometers. To expand the combat capabilities of the hull, another innovation was introduced - now the rocket has the ability to turn off the remote fuse with the detonation of the warhead at the command of the contact. This mode of operation is suitable for using the missile against surface and ground targets.

The air defense system received a modified type 9A317 self-propelled gun based on the GM-569 tracked chassis. Despite the fact that the general architecture of the firing system has not changed, the new machine is being built on the basis of new equipment and a modern element base. As before, the JMA can itself find and track an air target, launch a missile and track its trajectory, and, if necessary, make adjustments using a radio command system.

SOU 9A317 has a radar tracking station and illumination with a special phased antenna array. The station can track targets in the sector in elevation up to 70° and a width of 90°. The target is detected at ranges up to 20 kilometers. The target, being in tracking mode, can be within a sector with a width of -5 ° to + 85 ° in elevation and 130 ° in azimuth. The station is capable of detecting up to ten targets simultaneously and provides a simultaneous attack of four of them.

To increase the characteristics of the complex and ensure normal operation in difficult conditions, the self-propelled firing unit is equipped with an optoelectronic system with night and day valves.

The Buk-M2 air defense system is equipped with 2 types of launcher-loader. The self-propelled vehicle was developed on the basis of the GM-577 chassis and is towed with an automobile tractor. At the same time, the general architecture is the same: 4 missiles are on the launcher and can be reloaded on the SDA or launched. 4 more are transported on special transport cradles.

The new modification includes a new command post 9S510 on a towed semi-trailer or based on the GM-579 chassis. KP automation can receive data from surveillance equipment and accompany up to sixty routes simultaneously. It is possible to issue target designation for 16-36 targets. As for the reaction time, it does not exceed 2 seconds.

The main target detection tool in the Buk-M2 complex is the SOC 9S18M1-3, which is a subsequent development of the family systems. The new radar is equipped with an electronically scanned phased array antenna and can detect targets at ranges up to 160 kilometers. There are modes of operation that provide target detection when the enemy uses passive and active interference.

It is proposed to introduce a missile guidance station and target illumination into the towed / self-propelled means of the Buk-M2 complex. The new 9S36 vehicle is a towed semi-trailer or tracked chassis with an antenna post on a retractable mast. Thanks to such equipment, it is possible to raise the antenna to a height of up to 22 meters and thereby increase the characteristics of the RSL. Such a high altitude allows you to detect air targets at ranges up to 120 kilometers. According to the characteristics of tracking and guidance, the station does not differ from the radar of self-propelled fire engines. It provides tracking of ten targets and allows simultaneous firing of four of them.

All changes and innovations in the composition of the complex made it possible to significantly improve its characteristics. The maximum altitude for intercepting an air target is 25 km, and the maximum range is at the level of 50 km. When attacking non-maneuvering aircraft, the greatest range is achieved. The interception of operational-tactical ballistic missiles is carried out at altitudes up to 16 km and ranges up to 20 km. There is also the possibility of destroying helicopters, anti-radar and cruise missiles. If necessary, the calculation of the air defense system can attack radio-contrast or surface ground targets.

The first version of the project 9K317 appeared in the late 80s, then due to the heavy economic situation states, it was not accepted into service. The use of this complex in military operations began only in 2008. By that time, the air defense system had undergone many improvements that made it possible to improve its characteristics.

SAM "Buk-M1-2"

Numerous political and economic problems they were not allowed to adopt and put into mass production the new 9K317 air defense system. Therefore, in 1992, they decided to create a simplified, so-called "transitional" version of the complex, which would not only use some of the Buk-2 components, but would also be cheaper and simpler. And the solution was found - "Buk-M1-2" and "Ural".

The modernized anti-aircraft missile system "Ural" combined several improved machines that were represented by the further development of old-style technology. To launch missiles, as well as to illuminate the target, it was implied to use the 9A310M1-2 SDA, which works together with the 9A38M1 launcher-loader. As for the SOC, it has not changed - the Buk-M1-2 was supposed to use the 9S18M1 model station. Have not received significant changes and auxiliary means of the complex.

In order to increase the secrecy of work and survivability, as well as to expand the range of tasks, the self-propelled firing system received the possibility of passive target finding. For this, the use of a laser rangefinder and a television-optical sight was implied. Such equipment should have been used when attacking surface or ground targets.

The modernization of various elements of the complex and the development of a new missile made it possible to significantly increase the size of the target firing zone. In addition, the probability of hitting a ballistic or aerodynamic target with a single missile has increased. It became possible to fully operate the 9A310M1-2 SOU as an independent air defense system, which could detect and destroy air targets without outside help.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system entered service with the Russian army in 1998. In the future, several contracts were signed for the supply of this equipment to foreign and domestic customers.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

The export version of the Buk-M2E air defense system was introduced in the second half of the 2000s. It received the designation 9K317E "Buk-M2E" and was an improved version of the basic system, which had some differences in the composition of computing and electronic equipment. Thanks to the improvements made, it was possible to improve some of the characteristics of the system, primarily related to its operation.

The main differences between the export version of the complex and the base one are the modernization of electronic equipment, made using modern digital computers. Due to its high performance, such equipment allows not only to perform combat missions, but also to work in training mode to prepare crews. Data on the air situation and the operation of steel systems is displayed on liquid crystal monitors.

Instead of the teleoptical viewfinder, which was previously, a tele-thermal imaging system was introduced into the surveillance equipment. It allows you to find and automatically track targets in all weather conditions and at any time of the day. The equipment for documenting the operation of the complex, communication facilities and many other systems were also updated.

Self-propelled firing vehicle RZK 9K317E can be built on a wheeled or tracked chassis. A few years ago, a variant of such a machine based on the wheeled chassis of the M3KT-6922 model was presented. Thus, a potential customer will be able to choose the chassis option that would suit him completely.

SAM "Buk-M3"

The creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk series was announced several years ago. SAM 9K37M3 "Buk-M3" should be the impetus for the subsequent development of this family with increased combat capabilities and characteristics. It was proposed to fulfill the requirements for the system by replacing the equipment of the Buk-M2 air defense system with new digital equipment.

The funds of the complex will receive a set of new equipment with better characteristics. Combat qualities are going to be increased through the use of a new missile along with a modified SOU. Instead of the open launcher, which was previously, the new self-propelled firing system should receive special lifting mechanisms with mounts designed for transport and launch containers. The new 9M317M model missile will be delivered in containers and launched from them. Such changes in the air defense system will increase the ready-to-use ammunition load.

If you look at the photo of the Buk-M3 launch system, you will see a machine based on a tracked chassis with a turntable, where 2 swinging packages with 6 missile containers are fixed on each of them. So, without a radical reworking of the design of the SOU, it was possible to double the ammunition load ready for firing.

Unfortunately, the detailed characteristics of the Buk-M3 complex have not yet been disclosed. Domestic media, citing their sources, reported that the new 9M317M missile would be able to attack targets at ranges up to 75 km and destroy them with one missile with a probability of at least 0.95-0.97. In addition, it was reported that soon the experienced Buk-M3 air defense system would undergo a whole range of tests, after which it would be put into service.

There are rumors that the domestic defense industry plans to continue the development of the Buk air defense system. The next air defense system of the family, according to unofficial data, may receive the designation "Buk-M4". But it is too early to talk about the characteristics of this system. IN currently, even the general requirements for it are unknown.