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Military Automated System (ASVN)
A system that automates such processes or functions of command and control of troops and (or) weapons (combat means) as: collection, processing, storage and issuance of information necessary to optimize the command and control of troops and weapons. The purpose of ASVN is determined depending on the automated processes and functions of the management body in whose interests this system is created, and its functional purpose, as well as on the nature of the control object. Autonomous use of ASVN can only satisfy the needs of the governing body in whose interests it was created. The integrated creation and use of ASVN, the data of which can and should be used in the interests of the control system, can increase the efficiency of the use of the RF Armed Forces due to timely and reasonable decision-making. These ASVN include: a warning system about missile attack(SPRN); outer space control system (SKKP); a system for detecting, evaluating and predicting the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy; systems used in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), Federal Service security (FSB), the Ministry of Emergency Situations (MES), military-strategic intelligence (AFS), etc.
Depending on the completeness of automated processes and functions performed by ASVN, there are automated systems for receiving and transmitting information (command, signal), automated information systems, information and settlement systems, etc. According to the level occupied by the system in the hierarchical structure of the combat control system, they distinguish: ASVN the highest military-political leadership of the Armed Forces, type of Armed Forces, operational, operational-tactical and tactical command and control levels. According to the functional purpose, ASVN is distinguished: automated combat control systems (troops, combat means); combined combat command and control systems (troops and combat assets); special purpose systems; control systems for the operation of weapons and military equipment (AME); communication management systems; rear, etc. The ASVN structure is a unity of organizational, staffing, functional and technical elements that ensure the effective fulfillment of the tasks set. The organizational and regular elements of the structure are hierarchical management links. Functional elements are represented in the structure by clearly defined rights and responsibilities officials, the type and number of command and control posts, the methods of work of commanders and headquarters for command and control of troops. Various types of technical means of control act as technical elements: equipment for obtaining and collecting information (satellite, radio and radio engineering and other means of intelligence), computer technology, various types of input-output devices, storage, visual display, communication equipment that provides information transmission and others
The Strategic Missile Forces deployed a system of centralized combat command and control of troops and weapons. It includes controls, control posts at various levels, an automated combat control system (ASBU), an automated communications system (ACS) and special systems. The ASBU of the Strategic Missile Forces includes: the main automated combat control system equipped with the "Signal" equipment, a backup automated combat control system equipped with the "Vyuga" equipment and a backup combat control system equipped with the "Perimeter" equipment. In addition, the following military systems are used to control the Strategic Missile Forces purpose: information and settlement system (IRS), consisting of local area networks (LAN) and special systems. The latter include such systems as: a missile attack warning system - "Krokus", a space control system, a system for detecting nuclear explosions, warnings, etc. An important place in the Strategic Missile Forces is occupied by the operation control system of the AT and the automated system for the protection and defense of objects of positional areas connections and parts, etc.
The totality of ASVN of types of the Armed Forces, combat arms, etc. form an integrated ASVN of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. A variant of the structural diagram of the integrated automated system military purpose of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is shown in fig. to Article.
Lit.: A.A. Larin. Theoretical basis management, part 1. - M., 1996; V.D. Uvakin, G.M. Novikov, E.I. Prokopiev and others. Central command post of the Strategic Missile Forces. (Historical essay). - M.: TsIPK, 2003.
MOSCOW STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITYthem. N.E. Bauman
FACULTY OF MILITARY TRAINING
Military Department No. 1 of the Air Force MILITARY TECHNICAL
PREPARATION
THEME #2
Radio engineering troops main source
radar
air
environment
SESSION #1 SYSTEM STRUCTURE
AUTOMATION
PROCESS MANAGEMENT IN
VKO CONNECTION (Air Defense) Educational and educational
lesson objectives:
1. Learn the basic concepts and content
process automated control,
composition and structure of the management system.
2. Learn the basic concepts of military KSA
destination, block diagram of the ACS connection
air defense. TRAINING QUESTIONS
1. Basic concepts about the management process, composition
destination
2. Basic information about the organization of the ACS of the military
destination
3. general characteristics main subsystems and
ACS elements by air defense forces and means
Lesson time - 450 min. 1. Basic concepts about the management process, composition
and the structure of the command and control system of the military
destination
1.1. The content of the management process
Management is purposeful
control bodies to control objects for
achieving certain goals.
The control system is an ordered set
interconnected and interacting elements,
forming a whole in order to achieve in
the process of functioning of a certain
(specified) result.
System element - the simplest part of the system
control that performs a strictly defined
function alone or in combination with
other similar elements. 1. Basic concepts of the management process, composition and
Subsystem - selected according to certain characteristics
(properties, qualities, functions, etc.) part of the system
management that performs one or more
functions inherent in this control system.
Management bodies (command, headquarters, departments,
services and other staff or non-staff bodies) -
designed to perform the functions of
command and control of troops at various levels
management.
The object of management is the governing body of the subordinate
formations. 1.
structure of the military command and control system
Control points - specially equipped and
places equipped with technical means, with
which commanders (commanders) through their headquarters
exercise control over troops in the preparation and
conducting combat operations, when carrying out combat
duty roster.
Distinguish between fixed and mobile
management. KSA KP association of Air Force and Air Defense "Bastion-3" KSA KP connection of the Air Force and Air Defense "Universal-1" KBU 49L6 mobile automated control system for air defense missile systems "Baikal-1" 1. Basic
structure of the military command and control system
Troop control system - a set
functionally and hierarchically related organs
control, control points, communication systems, systems
and means of automation of command and control of troops, as well as
special systems that ensure the collection, processing
and information transfer, decision making, control
execution of assigned tasks. 1.
Basic concepts of the management process, composition and
structure of the military command and control system
Signs of the control system:
organizational
system (the presence of a certain
structures);
the presence in the system of various connections that provide
interaction of subsystems that distinguish: by level,
scope and purpose;
intended purpose of the system (intended for
performing a predetermined set of tasks
information processing and management);
the presence of a management process with the corresponding
information;
the complexity of the system, determined by the number of elements and
connections of subsystems;
the presence of amplifying properties of the system, i.e. achievement
a certain efficiency in terms of the final result;
dynamics of processes occurring in the system. 1.
Basic concepts of the management process, composition and
structure of the military command and control system
Communication system - organizational and technical
unification of forces and means of communication deployed in
in accordance with the tasks being solved by the troops, and
established control system.
Ensures the exchange of information between all
elements of the control system.
The structure of the management system is the order
arrangement of elements (subsystems) relative to
each other, a set of stable relationships between
all elements of the system that provide it
integrity when changing internal and external
factors. 1.
Basic concepts of the management process, composition and
structure of the military command and control system
Management process - continuous, consistent
organizational and technical process with a wide
using various methods and technical
means for developing control actions for
achieve a given goal in accordance with
principles of the management system. 1. Basic
concepts of the management process, composition and
structure of the military command and control system
The essence of management is based on laws
armed struggle and the principles of military art
purposeful activity of governing bodies
collection, processing and analysis of information about
the situation as a whole and the development of managers
impacts for controlled subsystems in order to
achievements maximum efficiency combat
actions of troops under given conditions of the situation, in
in accordance with the combat mission received from
superior commander as a governing body. 1. Basic
concepts of the management process, composition and
structure of the military command and control system
The content of the management process - implementation by the body
control of a certain function in time and
logical sequence.
The control function is a set of interrelated
acts of activity leading to permission
a specific task.
The task of management is final goal management, which
must be achieved at any level of management. 1. Basic
concepts of the management process, composition and
structure of the military command and control system
The control cycle is a period of time during
which the sequential solution is carried out
management tasks until they are fully completed in
the scale of this command and control system.
Information is a set of certain information,
necessary to fulfill the inherent
system of functions in accordance with the purpose and program
this control system. 1. Basic
concepts of the management process, composition and
structure of the military command and control system
Requirements for information
used in control systems:
authenticity;
timeliness and continuity;
necessary accuracy and discreteness, sufficient
to solve problems at a given level of management;
simplicity of the coding system;
a sufficient degree of consolidation of information.
1.2. Purpose, structure and classification
automated control systems
Automated control system (ACS)
designed to improve efficiency and
quality of command and control of troops or combat
funds in order to make full use of their
combat capabilities.
ACS is understood as the totality of personnel and
a set of automation tools that implement
information technology for performing tasks on
information processing and management for the benefit of
effective functioning of managed
objects. 1. Basic concepts of the management process, the composition and structure of the system
military administration
ACS for military purposes are divided into:
ACS B - automated control systems
troops;
ACS BS - automated control systems
combat means;
ACS SN - automated control systems
special purpose.
ACS VPVO - a set of automated systems
control of command posts (CP) and points
management (PU) of units, units, armies, etc.,
united into a single system by communication lines in
in a manner consistent with the principles of governance
troops, the distribution of functions for solving problems
command and control and information distribution
between KP (PU). 1. Basic concepts of the management process, the composition and structure of the system
military administration
The automated command post (AKP) is
the main element of the ACS, which provides
solution of the whole complex of control problems.
AKP is a complex of specially equipped and
engineering-protected structures,
where automated workers are located
places (AWP) of combat crew members, as well as others
automation and communication tools necessary for
control of subordinate troops.
A set of automation tools (KSA) - a set
technical means and software,
necessary to solve information and
calculation tasks in command and control of troops. ACS classification
ACS
By response time to
received information
and time to bring it to
performer (reactivity
systems)
ACS of strictly regulated real-time mode
time (reaction time
units of seconds)
Mobility
stationary
relocated
combined
Hierarchy (by
number of levels
management)
single-level
multilevel
mobile
ACS of non-strictly regulated real mode
time (reaction time
tens of seconds)
automatic
ACS unreal time
(reaction time minutes and
more)
automated
By degree
automation 1. Basic concepts of the management process, the composition and structure of the system
military administration
Throughput - total volume
computational work per unit of time (number of
simultaneously tracked air objects).
There are 3 subsystems in real-time ACS:
Information subsystem - to receive
information about the VO (coordinates, parameters,
VO characteristics);
Control subsystem - to implement the main
appointment of ACS (preparation of proposals for reflection
hitting the opponent and bringing the decision to
subordinates (objects of control));
Subsystem of communication and data transmission - set
all types of communication and data transmission paths, for
bringing all elements of the automated control system into a single system. 1. Basic concepts of the management process, the composition and structure of the system
military administration
Subsystem of communication and data transmission in turn
includes a number of subsystems:
data transmission subsystem;
subsystem of internal operational-command communication;
subsystem of external operational-command communication. 2. Basic information about the organization of automated control systems
military purpose
2.1. General information on the structure of the military automated control system
purpose, characteristics of the elements of the ACS of the military
destination
A typical structural diagram of an automated control system for military purposes
Managed objects for ACS B are
subordinate troops, and for the ACS BS - weapons and
military equipment, mainly military equipment
reconnaissance and destruction (anti-aircraft missile systems
weapons, fighter aircraft weapons systems
and radio engineering troops, means of radio-electronic
wrestling). 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
As part of any ACS, one can distinguish: 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
Personnel
Management methods are techniques and ways of working
management personnel used in its
managerial
serving
activities
for the implementation of functions
management.
staff
staff
A set of automation tools
a set of mutually agreed components and
complexes of software, technical and
information support, developed,
manufactured and supplied as a product
industrial and technical purpose
(the totality of all components of the automated control system, with the exception of
personnel). 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
In the ACS by the forces and means of air defense of the Aerospace Forces of the KSA
created for:
automation of data collection processes about
environment,
processing and displaying this data for the purposes of
issuing recommendations to officials of bodies
management when they develop decisions on
command and control of troops (combat means) and
reporting in accordance with the decisions made
tasks and control actions to controlled
objects. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
There are 3 functional systems in KSA,
which are subsystems of a single automated control system:
command and signal;
command and information;
information and settlement.
Command and signal system (CSS) - a set
automation tools for
delivering commands and signals, as well as to receive
confirmations and reports on their implementation.
The composition of the automation tools of the KSS includes:
means of entering commands and signals,
24/7 communication network and
means of outputting commands and signals to devices
visual display, audible alarm and
to other operating devices. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
Command Information System (CIS) -
designed to collect, organize and
displaying information about the current situation and
bringing tasks to subordinates (performers).
KIS is characterized by:
advanced system of devices for displaying data on
the current situation of the individual and
collective use and
hard time cycle of operation,
due to the need for processing and
displaying real-time situational data
time scale. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
Information and settlement system (IRS) -
a set of automation tools,
intended for the collection, storage, processing and
issuing to display and printing devices
various information for the benefit of
calculations necessary to analyze the situation,
decision making and planning. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
2.2. Principles of construction and operation
ACS
Operational and tactical principles of building automated control systems
1. Compliance with the purpose of creation, combat and technical
the capabilities of the automated control system, the tasks, composition and organizational structure of the commanded troops (forces) and means,
their management system, the level of development of funds
air attack and controlled objects,
methods of preparing and conducting operations (combat
action)
2. Organizational, software and technical and
information unity of the construction of the automated control system and its
subsystems providing control
various types of air defense forces and means, as well as
the possibility of interaction between automated
controls, both vertically and
horizontal 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
3. Balanced development of automated control systems,
corresponding to the development of systems
radar and electronic intelligence,
electronic suppression and fire
destruction of air objects
4. Balanced construction of all components
parts of the ACS of the combat arms (forces) of air defense, as well as systems
automated funds management
Air defense of other types of RF Armed Forces
5. Integrated automation most
fleeting, labor-intensive and fast-acting
management functions at all levels,
compliance with the degree of automation of these
functions of the dynamics of controlled processes, and
also the role and place of these functions in achieving
general and private management goals 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
6. Ensuring survivability, adaptation and
self-organization of automated control systems in accordance with
changes in internal and external factors of its
functioning under various conditions
situation, composition and parameters of the solved
tasks
7. Rational combination of centralized and
decentralized command and control
(forces) and weapons, the ability to move from
centralized control to
decentralized and vice versa without loss
management
8. Ensuring the ability to manage in
hierarchical system through an instance (and in
in some cases and through several instances) 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
9. Control invariance, which consists in
opportunities to provide both
automated, and
non-automated control mode with
transition from one mode to another without loss
management
10. Integrated and harmonized application
main, backup and backup systems
automated control of troops,
forces and means 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
General system principles for building automated control systems
1. The principle of consistency is that when
creation, operation and development of automated control systems should
to establish and maintain such links between
structural elements of the system, which
ensure its integrity and interaction with
other systems
2. The principle of development (openness) is that
based on the prospects for the development of processes and objects
automation, automated control systems should be created taking into account
the possibility of replenishing and updating the functions of the automated control system and
types of its support by finalizing software and
(or) technical means or customization of existing
funds 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
3. The principle of compatibility is that
when creating an automated control system, must be implemented
information interfaces, thanks to
with which she can interact with
other systems in accordance with
established rules
4. The principle of standardization (unification)
lies in the fact that when creating an ACS
should be rationally applied standard,
unified and standardized
elements, design solutions, packages
application programs, complexes, components 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
5. The principle of adaptability is
the need to create an automated control system with
the ability to change its parameters in
depending on internal parameters
functioning and characteristics of the external
environments
6. The principle of efficiency is
achieving a rational balance between
costs for the creation of automated control systems and target
effects, including end results,
resulting from automation 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
Operational-tactical principles
functioning of the automated control system
1. Preservation of the leading role of commanders and staffs
in the process of command and control of troops, the correct
combination creative activity a person with
operation of automation tools
2. Maximum execution automation
technical and settlement information
functions assigned to officials
governing bodies
3. Simplicity and convenience of interaction between operators
with input automation tools,
processing and perception of information 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
4. Ensuring access control to
information, prevention
unauthorized activities and
unauthorized use of funds
automation
5. Organization of operation and maintenance
ACS by a small number of qualified
specialists
6. Implementation of automated exchange
information with superiors, subordinates and
interacting authorities in various
forms (speech, data, video) 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
7. Ensuring the unity of management
different types of air defense forces based on
integrated assessment of air and ground
environment
2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
The ACS VN distinguishes the following types of support:technical;
mathematical;
software;
informational;
organizational;
methodical;
linguistic;
ergonomic;
legal;
metrological.
Design solutions for software, technical and
information support is sold as products in the form
interconnected set of components and complexes,
included in the ACS VN (their parts), with the necessary
documentation. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
Technical support (complexes of technical means) ACS VN -
totality
all
technical
funds,
used
at
functioning of ACS VN.
In the control points (bodies) of the KTS, they provide the solution of the following
major
tasks:
implementation
Total
volume
mathematical
software that provides automatic and automated
solution of functional problems of information management and processing;
exchange of information within the point (body) of control, as well as with
external systems; information display; documentation
information; functional control of KSA equipment; binding
information processing and management processes to a unified system
time accepted in ACS VN; information security,
circulating
V
KSA;
electricity supply
KSA;
security
the life of the governing bodies.
As part of the CTC of points (bodies) of control, the following can be distinguished
main elements: computer complex; KTS Display
information; KTS documentation; KTS simulation and training; KTS
voice communication; KTS data transmission; KTS of the common time system; KTS
control and management of the functioning of the KSA; KTS of provision
information security; KTS of power supply; KTS of provision
vital activity 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
In automated PU (OS), the computer complex decides
the following tasks: performs logical and computational processing
data on the implementation of the main automatic and automated
functional tasks.
The complex of technical means of display is intended for
displaying information in the interests of certain officials
(group of persons) of the governing body in order to ensure the implementation
officials of their functional duties (includes
KTSO for individual and collective use).
The complex of technical means of imitation and training is intended for
education and training of officials of the governing body, as well as for
testing and verifying the correct functioning of the KSA.
The complex of technical means of voice communication is intended for
organization of speech information exchange between officials
persons of the governing body through the channels of radio, internal and external
telephone and loudspeaker communication.
The complex of technical means of data transmission provides reception from
data transmission paths of information, its accumulation in arrays, blocks
or messages and the transfer of this information in digital form to VK;
reception of digital information from VC by arrays, blocks or messages
and issuing this information to the appropriate data paths. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
The complex of technical means of documentation is intended for
automatic
registration
input
And
day off
information,
circulating through the channels of operational-command and telecode communication
(for ACS VN control of forces and means of air defense - this is data on
air situation, combat readiness and combat operations), as well as
summary data presented in a form convenient for subsequent
analysis, analysis and study.
Complex
technical
funds
systems
unified
time
is designed to generate single time signals and output them to
functional elements of ACS VN.
Complex
technical
funds
control
And
management
functioning of the KSA is intended for communication between the operator and
CTS equipment or its individual subsystems. It provides:
control of the operation of all or a given subsystem of the CTS; control
state of the CTS; carrying out adjustment and preventive work.
A set of technical means for ensuring information security
designed to neutralize or at least minimize
potential threats to the security of information circulating in ACS VN
(potential threats to information security are divided into
accidental and deliberate, associated with conscious illegal
human actions). 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
long
usage
automated
points
(bodies)
control from the ACS VN is impossible without special technical
means of ensuring the normal functioning of both the CSA and
government officials.
The complex of technical means of power supply is intended for
providing all consumers of PU (OS) with electricity as in everyday,
and under special operating conditions. During daily activities
PU (OS) are usually provided with electricity from external sources,
owned by the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation. In special conditions during autonomous operation
automated
PU
(OU)
security
functioning
carried out through the use of autonomous power sources
(usually from a diesel generator set).
Complex of technical means of life support
includes heating systems, water and air supply, filter ventilation,
air conditioning, sewerage and drainage, fire alarm and
fire extinguishing, devices for assessing the radiation situation, etc., the task
which consists in ensuring the normal mode of operation of personnel
PU (OS) for the time necessary to implement the goals and objectives of the automated control system
VN. In addition, the life support CTS must provide
notification of the personnel of the PU (OS) in the event of a threat to life and
health of officials of ACS VN. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
Mathematical support of ACS VN
Mathematical support of ACS HV - a set of mathematical
methods, models and algorithms used in ACS HV.
Mathematical methods are different ways
use of the mathematical apparatus of certain mathematical
theories.
Mathematical model is a system of mathematical dependencies and
logical rules, allowing with sufficient completeness and accuracy
reproduce in time the most significant components
simulated objects and processes and calculate based on this
numerical values of the desired indicators.
The calculation problem is a set of mathematical methods, algorithms and
data to perform certain calculations, allowing you to evaluate
the situation that will develop as a result of the proposed actions, or
calculate
options
processing
information
And
management,
achieving the desired result.
An algorithm is a set of precise prescriptions that define a finite
sequence of actions to be performed under varying
source data to obtain the desired result. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
ACS VN software
ACS VN software - a set of programs on media
data and policy documents for debugging,
functioning and checking the operability of the ACS VN.
Software (software) of ACS VN in terms of its functional
intended purpose is divided into general software (GPO),
system-wide special software (OSPO), and
special software (SPO).
General software for ACS HV - part software ACS VN,
which is a collection software tools developed
out of connection with the creation of this ACS VN.
Usually, the HPO ACS VN is a set of programs of general
appointments intended for the organization of the computing process, and
also for organization technological processes development and
software support.
Special and system-wide special software for ACS HV - part
ACS HV software, which is a set of
programs developed during the creation of this ACS VN.
Usually, the SPO of the ACS VN is a set of implemented
functional tasks of the system (for example, the task of processing radar data). 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
Information support of ACS VN
Information support of ACS VN - a set of forms of documents,
classifiers, regulatory framework and implemented solutions in terms of volumes,
placement and forms of existence of information used in ACS VN
during its operation.
Information support determines the location and forms of organization
information used in automated control. By way
data representation IO can be divided into intramachine
(information is presented on data carriers) and off-machine
(information
seems
V
form
aggregates
documents,
intended for direct perception by officials
automated OS (PU) without the use of computer technology).
Off-machine IO includes a classification and coding system,
regulatory and reference documents, operational documents, methodological and
instructional materials. The information is usually displayed in the form
documents, the movement of which in the process of functioning of the ACS VN
implemented in accordance with the organizational structure of the system.
Intramachine IO includes information
forming the basis of the information base of the system.
arrays, 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
2.3. The structure of the automated control system of the air defense forces of the VKS
Under the structure of the ACS of the Air Defense Forces of the Aerospace Forces, one should understand
stable order of internal connections between
individual elements of the system that define it
functional purpose and features
interaction with the external environment.
The structure of the system can be:
centralized
hierarchical,
mixed. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
Executive
elements
IE1
Manager
element
UE
IE2
IEn
External environment
Centralized structure of the automated control system
The centralized structure of the automated control system provides
fast transfer of control actions and
signals feedback between the elements of the system, and
as well as coordinated functioning
executive elements. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
The hierarchical structure of the automated control system provides
several levels of management, with managers
subordinate level elements at the same time
are objects of control for the superior
level.
Executive
elements
relevant
levels
UE0
Managers
elements
relevant
levels
UECm
UEC1
IE1
UE1n
UE11
IEp
External environment
Hierarchical structure of ACS 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
The VCS air defense control system can be represented as
structures from 4 levels of management:
Level 0 - VKS air defense control system;
1st level - control system of air defense formations;
Level 2 - air defense connections control system;
Level 3 - parts management system and
divisions of the air defense forces.
The existing structure of the air defense automated control system of the Aerospace Forces provides for
subordination from the bottom up vertically and mutual
horizontal links at each level:
operational;
operational-tactical;
tactical. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
With the help of KSA of the operational level,
the following operational and strategic tasks:
airspace control;
for the timely bringing of air defense systems to
various degrees of combat readiness;
on notification of a higher command post, command post of other types of aircraft,
bodies civil defense about air
adversary;
on preparation of data for the discovery of intentions
probable adversary;
on setting combat missions for subordinates
connections and organization of interaction with
neighbors. 2. Basic information about the organization of ACS for military purposes
Operational-tactical level of management
represented by air defense corps (divisions),
which are equipped with the corresponding KSA.
ACS K (d) air defense is designed to control combat
actions of parts (connections) of ZRV, IA, RTV, EW,
included in the K(d), and the organization of interaction
with KP interacting K (d), KP and PU air defense land
troops and navy. 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces
and air defense systems
ACS "Pyramid" is designed for automation
the process of managing the combat operations of units
(compounds) that are part of K (d) air defense.
Structural scheme
ACS "Pyramid"
air defense means
3.1. Purpose, composition and a brief description of
elements of the information subsystem
The information subsystem of the ACS "Pyramid" decides
tasks of reliable and complete control of air
space and support of the combat subsystem
management of combat and intelligence information.
Intelligence information is information
issued at the checkpoint of units, air defense formations for
revealing the intention of an air enemy.
Combat information is information of the required
quality, issued at the CP of parts, for the issuance
target designation for anti-aircraft missile divisions, for
aviation guidance control in the air and
electronic suppression. 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
The information subsystem includes:
radar acquisition and processing system
information (SORLI) from ground-based sources,
system for collecting and processing radio engineering
information (SORTI) from terrestrial sources,
air and sea based;
system for collecting and processing information on nuclear,
chemical, bacteriological and meteorological
environment from various sources;
air control and management system
movement. The composition of the information subsystem of the ACS "Pyramid" 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
The basis of the SORLI ground system is the forces and means
RTV, creating a single radar field K (d) air defense.
collection points and
radar image processing
Automated Sources
RI
Center
radar image processing
RIC K (d) air defense 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
The basis of the SORLI air system is aviation
complexes of long-range radar patrol and
guidance A-50 (U) (AK RLDN), providing processing and
issuance of data on 60 VO. 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
Sea-based radar sources are
radar patrol ships (KRLD). 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
Along with receiving radar data from subordinates
sources
KP K (d) air defense
receives information about
air
environment from KP
interacting K(d) air defense, and
also from RIC KP
ground forces.
At the same time, the exchange
data with them
carried out
40 VO.
Principles of Radar Image Processing in the ACS "Pyramid" 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
The basis for building the SORLI K (d) air defense system
the principle of creating zones of far and
near air situation according to data
subordinate departments and
interacting K(d) air defense.
Close air situation zone (up to 1200 km)
formed according to the data of subordinate units,
and far (up to 1600 (3200) km) - according to
interacting sources. 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
The tasks solved in the system are divided into the following:
collection and processing of information from various
sources;
determination of the coordinates of the directors of active
interference (PAP);
protection of radar sources from anti-radar
shells (PRLS);
grouping information;
notification of the superior CP, CP of interacting
K (d) air defense, civil defense bodies;
management of information sources. 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
In order to coordinate the actions of aircraft
devices of various state and
departmental affiliation in the zone
responsibility of K (d) air defense in the ACS "Pyramid" at the command post
rtbr equipped with KSA "Niva", "Foundation-3" and on
RIC KP K (d) air defense, established by the KSA control
use of airspace "Crimea". 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
At the KP rtbr KSA "Crimea" is needed to solve
the following tasks:
determination of belonging to VO - identification of VO
with air traffic control data on aviation flights
applications and assignment of the VO index of ownership
"application aircraft";
clarification of VO affiliation - check
correctness earlier decision O
accessories of the VO and the adoption of a new decision when
there are grounds for that;
mode control - detection of violations
of the established mode of flights of VO, performing
flights on request. 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
At the KP (d) air defense KSA "Crimea" is used for:
resolution of conflict situations;
selective control over the actions of subordinate command posts
rtbr (rtp) for assigning VO indices
accessories. 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
3.2. Purpose, composition and brief
characteristics of subsystem elements
combat control
The combat control subsystem of the ACS K (d) air defense should
provide centralized management
effective fire impact on air
enemy and the suppression of his airborne RES.
The combat control subsystem includes:
ZRV control system;
IA control system;
control system for EW units and subunits;
subordinate management system
forces and means of other branches of the Armed Forces. System
management
management
IA
promptly
parts
ZRV and
subordinates
divisions
forces
electronic warfare
And
means
other types
sun
Composition of the ACS combat control subsystem
"Pyramid" 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
Presence of control systems in the CU subsystem
heterogeneous forces and means requires a solution
tasks of automated planning and
results-based combat coordination
analysis:
information about the air situation,
combat readiness, combat capabilities and combat
the actions of the troops.
All means of destruction (destruction) K (d) air defense
divided into:
long-range means (DD) and
short-range means (BD). 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
To the means of destruction (destruction) long-range
actions (DD) include:
fighter-interceptors and
groups of divisions DD (ZRK DD).
As part of short-range destruction means (DB)
includes anti-aircraft missile battalions(zrdn):
medium range (SD) and
short range (MD). 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
Automated usage planning
means of destruction (destruction) on a scale
K (d) air defense is carried out on a preliminary
stage of solving the task of target allocation.
It consists:
in arranging the lines for the entry into battle of interceptor fighters (IP) and the lines for launching anti-aircraft missiles
missile systems (SAM) DD so that
the target destruction line was in the area of combat
actions of K (d) air defense, as well as
in taking into account security measures and providing temporary
balance. 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
3.3. Purpose and tasks to be solved on
typical KSA KP K (d) air defense
KSA K(d) PVO is designed to automate the process
control with KP K (d) air defense by the actions of subordinates
connections (parts):
anti-aircraft missile troops (ZRV),
fighter aviation (IA),
electronic warfare (EW) and
radio engineering troops (RTV), equipped with
means of automation, when repelling blows
means of air attack (AOS) and in the course of carrying
combat duty. 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
KSA K (d) air defense, being at the same time equipment
automation KP K (d) air defense and RIC, provides
solution of the following tasks:
bringing the troops of the K (d) air defense to combat readiness;
collection, processing and display of information about
air situation from AKP subordinates
radio engineering units and divisions,
interacting K (d) air defense, AK RLDN and VKP;
collection, processing and display of information about combat
readiness, combat operations, results of combat
actions from subordinate connections, parts and
units of IA, ZRV, RTV, EW; 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
CP air traffic alerts
interacting K (d) air defense, KP of other types of aircraft and
KP of civil defense bodies;
distribution of targets between formations, units and
units of IA, ZRV, EW by developing
recommendations for direct assignment to
targets of fire weapons DD, selection of targets for
connections and parts of IA, ZRV, EW, taking into account the state
forces in the directions of enemy strike and possible
concentration of efforts;
management of the process of implementation of the set
tasks for formations, units and divisions of IA, ZRV,
electronic warfare; 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
formation and issuance of information about the air
situation, combat readiness, combat capabilities
and final data on the results of hostilities on
VKP;
airspace control and
flight safety of their aviation;
documentation of all input and output
information with subsequent use of the data
for training combat crews;
carrying out autonomous and integrated
functional control of individual subsystems and
systems as a whole. 3. General characteristics of the main subsystems and elements of ACS by forces and
air defense means
In addition, KSA K (d) air defense provides:
processing, forecasting and displaying data on
nuclear explosions and radiation conditions;
display information about chemical and
meteorological situation;
preparation of reporting documents based on the results
documentation. Assignment for independent
preparation:
Study the material of the lesson and be prepared for
I will answer the following questions:
1. Definition and classification of automated control systems.
2. Structure of control systems, advantages and disadvantages
centralized, hierarchical and mixed structures
control systems.
3. Structural diagram of ACS for military purposes,
characteristics of the elements.
4. Operational-tactical principles of building ACS VN.
5. System-wide principles for constructing ACS HV.
6. Operational and tactical principles of functioning
ACS VN. Study the material of the lesson and be prepared for
I will answer the following questions:
7. Composition and definition of the main types of ACS support
VN.
8. Composition and purpose of the main complexes of technical
ACS VN?
9. Composition and purpose of software for ACS VN.
10. Composition and purpose of the ACS VN software.
11. Composition and purpose of information support of automated control systems
VN.
12. Purpose, composition and brief description of the elements
information subsystem.
13. Purpose, composition and brief description of the elements
combat control subsystems.
14. Purpose and tasks solved on a typical KSA KP K(d)
Historical overview
Over the past 30 years, several automated combat control systems for the Ground Forces (ACCS) have been created in the USSR, the USA and Russia - Manevr, AGCCS, ATCCS, FBCB2, Akatsia-M, ESU TZ and Andromeda-D. They had a different scope of implementation of the functions of command and control, but coincided with each other in the general approach to automation.
ACCS illustration
These systems were created in the image and likeness of the hierarchical organizational and administrative structure of the Ground Forces. From a technical point of view, being software and hardware systems, automated systems multiplied the shortcomings of this structure:
- the vulnerability of the entire system in case of failure of the upper level;
- the absence of horizontal ties between the various branches of the armed forces;
- reduced speed of information passing between units of the same level, forced to communicate with each other through the upper level.
The development of systems was also carried out in a hierarchical sequence - first, the functional composition of the upper level was implemented, then the middle one, and only then the lower one, and the priority of the completeness of the implementation of functions was determined in the same sequence. As a result, ACCS were built on the basis of the same type of centralized architecture:
— top-level automated control center;
— mid-level automated control centers;
- lower-level automated control centers.
From this diagram it can be seen that the fire control systems (FCS) of tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, self-propelled artillery and rocket launchers, air defense / missile defense systems, as well as information and control systems (ICS) of technical reconnaissance equipment.
The development of ACS was carried out with a lag in the development of the basis for command and control - communications. The creation of many multi-level automated control centers resulted in an intensive information exchange between them, which significantly increased the need for bandwidth of communication channels. The situation was aggravated by the mobile nature of the centers of the lower level, requiring a fundamentally new solution in the field of radio communications.
Initially, it was clear that the information exchange will consist not only and not so much of voice communication, but will include the transmission of data, graphics and streaming video. The formats of digital, textual, graphic and video information must be compatible with the on-board control systems of numerous types of weapons and instrumental reconnaissance. At the same time, the method of information exchange in a combat situation must withstand the failure of some of the relay nodes and communication channels. These circumstances imposed stringent requirements for the unification of information exchange rules, which were not fully implemented in any of the ACCS.
This was due to the limitation of goal-setting at the stage of developing concepts, setting goals and prioritizing the creation of systems. Since the automated control centers were to be located at the level of headquarters of military formations, units and divisions, the capabilities of the automated control system were limited to information functions:
- planning of military operations.
Unlike combat information and control systems of air defense / missile defense systems, ships Navy and weapon control systems of combat vehicles in the ACCS there was no function of fire control of subunits, units and formations directly on the battlefield. The implementation of the ACCS functionality within the framework of automated control centers made the system extremely vulnerable if any of them failed. Even without taking into account this risk, the acceleration of the decision-making process at the headquarters level had too little impact on the direct management of combat operations in the form of a decrease in the reaction time to the changing operational-tactical situation of a military unit, unit or subunit.
Choice of ACCS 2.0 target
The purpose of creating an automated system should be to reduce the period of time between the moment the enemy is detected and the moment he is defeated. The interaction of direct participants in hostilities should take place on a two-way basis "forward unit - fire support unit" in real time. The main type of interaction is the transmission of the coordinates and type of the target over the communication channel and the response fire on the target.
ACCS 2.0 is based on a distributed service-oriented architecture without the formation of automated control centers. All combatants are equipped with wearable communicators with built-in transceivers. Communicators contain full-featured software and digital maps of the area. On-board FCS of combat vehicles, aircraft and artillery, missile and anti-aircraft systems (hereinafter referred to as the FCS of combat vehicles) and IMS of reconnaissance equipment, also equipped with transceivers, contain specialized software and digital terrain maps. The hardware and software complexes (HSC) of headquarters are equipped with transceivers and contain specialized software with limited functionality.
Communicators, OMS, IMS and AIC are connected to single network communications as subscriber terminals. Information interaction between them is carried out in the form of tactical data exchange. Full-featured automated control at the company level and below is provided with the help of communicators, at the battalion level and above - with the help of communicators and remote access to the agro-industrial complex according to the "client-server" scheme
The source of tactical data is the communicators of the infantrymen, the IMS of technical reconnaissance equipment and the OMS of combat vehicles. The processing of tactical data is carried out in the following order:
- primary target designation is carried out with the help of infantrymen's communicators and IUS of technical reconnaissance equipment;
- adjustment of the primary target designation (if necessary) is carried out using communicators of the command staff of the squad level and above;
- target distribution is carried out with the help of the SLA of artillery, missile and air defense systems;
- hitting targets is carried out with the help of the FCS of combat vehicles.
Generalization of tactical data is carried out at each command level using communicators (squad-platoon-company), as well as communicators and APC (battalion and above). Generalized tactical data is transmitted to the upper and lower levels of management to provide situational awareness. Combat planning is carried out similarly to the process of summarizing tactical data.
As a result, the structure of ACCS 2.0 takes the form of a Grid-system, in the nodes of which there are communicators, OMS, IMS and HSC, interconnected:
- vertically by the hierarchy of the organizational military structure;
- horizontal exchange of tactical data.
grid system
Setting tasks for ACCS 2.0
Connection
Despite the fact that the military communications system is self-sufficient, the ACCS 2.0 project should be coordinated with the development of its new version, which has a large throughput and high fault tolerance.
At present, the main method of transmitting information in the military sphere is HF and VHF radio communications. The increase in radio capacity is achieved by switching to higher frequencies than those already in use. The decimeter range of radio waves is used for cellular telephone connection. Therefore, ACCS 2.0 will need to use the centimeter range with a frequency of 3 to 30 GHz (microwave communication). Radio waves of this range propagate within the line of sight, but are characterized by strong attenuation when passing through vertical obstacles such as building walls and tree trunks. To bypass them, microwave communication repeaters must be placed in the air on board the UAV. In order to minimize dark areas, the maximum angle of inclination of radiation to the ground surface should not exceed 45 degrees.
The air segment of the microwave communication network is intended for use in the combat zone. For communications services for reconnaissance operations behind enemy lines, it is necessary to use the space segment of microwave communications. It is advisable to exchange information between stationary objects in your rear using a wired communication segment operating in the optical frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The presence of the air segment does not exclude the use of portable ground-based short-range microwave repeaters used in combat operations inside premises with radio-tight ceilings.
Communication scheme
To maintain constant radio contact in the air segment of the microwave communication network, it is required to abandon the existing trunk scheme "one base station - many subscriber transceivers" and switch to the zone scheme "many node stations - many subscriber transceivers". Nodal stations - repeaters should be placed at the topological network vertices with triangular cells (cells). Each node station must provide the following functions:
- channel switching at the request of subscribers;
— retransmission of signals between subscriber transceivers;
— relaying of signals between network zones;
— relaying signals from/to stationary subscriber transceivers serving as gateways for the wired segment of the communication network;
— relaying of signals from/to the space segment of the communication network.
Depending on the UAV class, the height of the nodal stations above the ground will be from 6 to 12 km. At the maximum radiation inclination angle, the communication service radius will be in the same range of values. In order to mutually overlap service areas, the distance between nodal stations should be halved from the maximum. Thus, high fault tolerance of the network is achieved by sevenfold redundancy of node stations. An additional degree of fault tolerance of microwave communications is provided by deploying UAV repeaters only over its territory and covering network nodes with the help of short-range air defense / missile defense systems.
DarkStar - UAV repeater with microwave PAR
Noise immunity is provided by the use of CDMA wideband channel coding technology, which features noise-like signal spectrum, support for dedicated data/voice channels, or multiple channel aggregation for video streaming. The signals reflected from natural obstacles are added to the main signal, which increases the noise immunity of the system. Communication with each subscriber is supported by at least two beams, allowing the subscriber to transfer between different nodes and network zones without losing connection. The use of narrowly focused radiation makes it possible to reduce the radio visibility of transceivers and high precision determine the location of network subscribers.
Technologies, protocols and formats of information transfer
All information in the communication network serving ACCS 2.0 is transmitted in digital form. In order to provide a multi-service mode of operation, it is proposed to use MPLS technology based on the assignment of unified labels to information packets, regardless of the transport protocol that supports the transmission of information of a certain type. Labels address information through the end-to-end channel and allow you to set the priority of transmission depending on the type of information and message address.
The microwave communication network uses the WCDMA channel protocol with code division and spread spectrum of signals, the power of which can be less than the power of the radio background, which, in combination with the wideband nature of the signals, makes it possible to reuse the same frequency band in neighboring areas of the network.
CDMA spectrum
In the wired network segment, it is proposed to use the Ethernet channel protocol with code division of channels, latest version the standard of which ensures the exchange of information in duplex operation without aggregation over one optical fiber at a speed of 25 gigabits per second, with aggregation over four optical fibers at a speed of 100 gigabits per second. In this case, the distance between communication nodes / signal amplifiers can reach 40 km.
As switches in network nodes, it is necessary to use routers that control the composition of the network using the OSPF dynamic routing protocol. The protocol supports automatic reconfiguration of zones, nodes and channels in case of failure of some routers.
At the network level, the IP protocol is used, which provides guaranteed delivery of information messages consisting of individual packets along any of the possible routes passing through network nodes and connecting two or more subscribers. Communication is interrupted only in case of failure of all network nodes.
Transport protocols for the transfer of information of a certain type are standard solutions tested on the Internet:
- TCP data transfer protocol;
— voice transmission protocol VoIP;
- RTP video streaming protocol.
It is proposed to use HTTP with the MIME extension as an application data transfer protocol. Presentation formats include HTML (text), JPEG (photos), MID/MIF (map data), MP3 (audio), and MPEG (video).
Functional composition of ACCS 2.0
ACCS 2.0 should ensure the transition from an information system to a management system that implements the following functions:
- situational awareness of the operational-tactical situation;
- planning of military operations;
- Combat management.
Situational awareness is provided by real-time integration of all available information about the deployment of military personnel and military equipment that are part of their own unit, neighboring units, as well as the enemy forces:
- the location of the military personnel of their own unit, equipped with communicators, combat vehicles equipped with FCS, and technical intelligence equipment, equipped with IMS, is taken by UAV repeaters;
- the location of troops and weapons of neighboring units is transmitted from the upper level of ACCS 2.0;
- the location of enemy firing points and combat vehicles on the battlefield is determined by the infantrymen in the process of target designation using communicators, as well as by the crews of combat vehicles using the FCS;
- the location of the enemy troops and weapons in his rear is recognized by the operators of technical reconnaissance equipment with the help of IUS.
Digital battlefield
Combat planning is carried out according to one of two options:
— operational planning requirements for ammunition, fuel and food according to the actual consumption during the hostilities;
- long-term planning of combat operations with the definition of the deployment line, the offensive zone, the final object, fire support forces, etc.
Operational planning of needs for material and technical supply is carried out with the help of communicators, long-term planning of combat operations - with the help of the agro-industrial complex.
Control of the actions of subunits directly during the battle is carried out in real time by receiving voice and video information, giving voice instructions to subordinate military personnel, as well as using:
- adjustments to the primary target designation of advanced units with a change in the priority of hitting selected targets;
- adjustments to the primary target distribution of fire support units with a change in the type of weapon, type of ammunition, firing sectors, etc.
In addition, the infantryman's communicator software must provide the functions of a wearable weapon control system to minimize the amount of equipment that is part of the equipment of military personnel. The communicator serves as an SLA for assault and sniper rifles, machine guns, rocket and automatic grenade launchers. Pointing the weapon at the target is carried out by combining the line of sight of the sighting devices with the virtual projection of this line, calculated by the processor, taking into account the coordinates, range and speed of the target.
ASUV 2.0 infantry communicator
The infantryman's communicator is designed for individual equipment of privates, sergeants, officers and generals of the Ground Forces. It is made in the form of a pocket device with a sealed case, inside which there is a processor, RAM, read-only memory, a battery, a radio modem, ports for connecting an external antenna and an information display device, an input for a fiber-optic communication line and an electrical connector for recharging the battery. In addition, the communicator contains modules of the global satellite system positioning and autonomous inertial orientation system.
dome antenna
The communicator is equipped with an external antenna in one of two options:
— omnidirectional whip antenna;
- a narrowly directed active phased antenna array (AFAR), which forms a tracking radio beam in the direction of the UAV relay of the air segment of microwave communications or the orbit of the satellite relay of the space segment of microwave communications.
The whip antenna mounts directly into the communicator port connector and is designed for wireless communication inside a shielded room. Together with a whip antenna and a low-power airborne microwave repeater, the communicator ensures the distributed work of unit commanders and headquarters operators located at mobile command posts and on board command vehicles, helicopters and aircraft.
APAA is made in the form of a dome shell formed by a flexible printed circuit board, on the front side of which there are radiating elements, on the reverse side - a shielding metal coating. The dome shell is inserted inside the infantryman's polymer helmet and connected to the communicator using a fiber optic cable connecting the bidirectional optoelectronic converters. AFAR is designed for mobile radio communication with automated control centers, other communicators and the control system of combat vehicles.
HEADLIGHTS on a printed circuit board
The AFAR tracking beam makes it possible to reduce the radiation power of the antenna by an order of magnitude, eliminate the radio visibility of transmitters and provide microwave repeaters with the possibility of spatial selection of radio beams and sources of interference created by the enemy using electronic warfare.
The information display device consists of projection glasses, vibrating speakers/microphones that transmit sound through the bone tissue of the skull, and a fiber optic cable connecting the communicator port to the projection glasses. The port houses bidirectional optoelectronic converters. Projection glasses consist of a frame, protective lenses, prism projectors, external and internal lenses.
Vibrating speakers/microphones contain bi-directional optoacoustic transducers. The image is transmitted in three ranges of the optical spectrum - visible from optoelectronic converters to projectors, near infrared from optoelectronic converters to internal lenses and vice versa, and also in far infrared from external lenses to optoelectronic converters. The sound is transmitted in the form of modulated infrared radiation between optoelectronic and optoacoustic transducers.
Projection glasses
The thermal image of the terrain, received by external lenses and processed by the processor, is converted into a visible one and projected onto the inner surface of the protective lenses of the projection glasses, including with magnification. At the same time, the thermal image is combined with a digital topographic map stored in a read-only memory device for orientation in the area and determining the coordinates of targets. Tactical signs, reticle, virtual buttons, cursor, etc. are projected on the surface of protective lenses. Infrared radiation reflected from the pupils of the eyes serves to position the cursor in the field of view. The communicator is controlled using voice commands and hand gestures.
Combat vehicle crew members are also equipped with communicators that connect to the onboard FCS via an internal wired communication line. Outside the combat vehicle, wireless communication between crew members is provided using domed AFARs built into protective helmets.
Digital map of the area
ACCS 2.0 hardware and software
Information Security
Protection of information in communication channels should be ensured using symmetric encryption and private key technology, which are regularly replaced with new ones using asymmetric encryption and public key technology.
The processors of communicators for infantrymen, control systems for combat vehicles, IMS of technical reconnaissance equipment and agro-industrial complex of headquarters must have unique identification numbers, taken into account in the information encryption algorithms, allowing to block communication in case the equipment falls into the hands of the enemy.
ACCS 2.0 equipment must support the radio monitoring mode of its location (by direction finding of emitted radio signals using UAV repeaters) and the physical condition of military personnel carrying the equipment (by monitoring breathing using vibration microphones). In the event that the equipment falls into the hands of the enemy or the wearer of the equipment loses consciousness, communication is blocked.
Hardware
The ACCS 2.0 hardware should be produced on a domestic element base using certified imported components. To minimize power consumption and heat dissipation, hardware should use multi-core processors and solid-state persistent storage devices.
To protect against the effects of high power electromagnetic pulses, electronic equipment and external sources power supplies are placed in sealed metal cases with conductive cooling. Power cables are shielded with a metal braid. Fuses in the form of avalanche-span diodes are mounted in external electrical connectors. Wired communication lines are made of optical fiber. External recording devices are equipped with bidirectional optoelectronic converters connected to the equipment in the same way as wired communication lines.
The sources of electricity are high-capacity lithium-ion batteries recharged from on-board generators of combat and transport vehicles.
The computing power of the equipment must ensure its multiple redundancy according to the following scheme:
- when the communicator of the top-level unit commander is out of order, its functions are automatically transferred to the communicator of the deputy unit commander (in the case of an infantry unit, to one of the infantrymen);
- when the communicator of the deputy unit commander is out of order, its functions are automatically transferred to the communicator of one of the commanders of the lower level unit;
- when the agro-industrial complex of the headquarters of the upper-level unit is out of order, its functions are automatically transferred to the agro-industrial complex of the headquarters at the reserve command post;
- when the HQ headquarters at the reserve command post fails, its functions are automatically transferred to the HQ of the headquarters of one of the lower-level subdivisions.
Software
ACCS 2.0 software should be developed in accordance with computer and communication technologies, data transfer protocols and information presentation formats that meet international standards.
System software, including the input-output system, operating system, file system and database management system, should consist only of domestic software products in order to exclude unauthorized access to information, interception of control and disable software and weapons.
Application software may contain both domestic and imported components, provided that the latter are supplied with an open source code and a description of the block diagrams of the algorithms used.
Design and commissioning of ACCS 2.0
Creation questions Russian production element base and interstate cooperation in the production of components for ACCS 2.0 are within the competence Military Industrial Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation.
The development of the concept, setting tasks, approval of a unified list of technologies, protocols and data transmission formats, it is advisable to entrust the project team under the leadership of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation.
To coordinate the activities of organizations developing regulations, hardware, algorithms and software for communication and computer systems, as well as to ensure the subsequent functioning of ACCS 2.0 under the command of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, it is necessary to create an operational command similar to the United States Cyber Command.
When putting ACCS 2.0 into service, its functionality should be provided at the C4ISR level (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance). At the same time, the level of automated control in tactical level must comply with Digital Battle Field technology.
/Andrey Vasiliev, especially for the "Army Bulletin"/
"Laboratory 50" for several years has been developing automated systems for military purposes, including integrated ones. During this time, sufficient knowledge and experience in this area have been accumulated. For obvious reasons, it is difficult to publish aspects related to domestic systems. However, foreign technologies and approaches available in the open literature do not impose any restrictions.
With reports affecting domestic specifics, our employees speak at conferences. Often presentations and full texts are available in conference proceedings. We have presented reports at the following:
- ASUVN"13 (Theoretical and applied problems of development and improvement of automated control systems for military purposes);
- ITOPK"14 (Information technologies in the service of the military-industrial complex);
- IBMM"14 (IT business in mechanical engineering, metallurgy, fuel and energy complex and chemistry);
- Agat "15 (State, problems and prospects for the creation of ship information and control systems).
In the area of ICS technology, one of the most advanced branches of the US military is the Navy. This situation is connected with the fulfillment of the assigned tasks in order to support American diplomacy. In addition, the main unit of the fleet (ship) is a complex technical object that combines a set of huge amount technical means, weapons and military equipment, navigation, etc. Depending on the class and purpose, the ship can be the headquarters of the tactical and operational groups and the fleet.
And therefore, the issues of creating integrated automated control systems are of paramount importance here.
Foreign approaches
The technical solutions embedded in foreign military automation systems, and more specifically, in the combat control and automated control systems of surface ships, are based on a single ideology and concepts approved for the entire defense industry.
Today's concepts have been consistently developed over two decades. The starting point is the memorandum of US Secretary of Defense William Perry "Specifications and Standards - new way business", released in 1994. As a result, during the decade, most of the processes and technologies associated with the development of systems and software were revised.
The memorandum prohibits the use of most military standards without special permission. One of the main goals of the Department of Defense initiative was to open up the military systems integration market to use standard "mass" market components.
I must say that the developers of the COTS methodology had enough common sense to accompany their initiative with “sub-legislative” definitions, due to which they included in the concept of COTS products not only what “can be bought, rented or licensed on the mass market”, but also what can be obtained by upgrading COTS products, falling under the above definition.
COTS
The appearance of the “Perry Memorandum” was the result, among other things, of problems with overpriced contracts and the excess of allocated funds for military projects. Important role the intention of the US Department of Defense to implement the doctrine of "electronic" wars plays in the onset of the "COTS era". It is based on (a) increasing the “intelligence” of embedded weapon control systems, (b) uniting as many participants in combat operations as possible by a single information network and achieving success thanks to the possibilities of sharing information, (c) “unmanned” technologies for conducting military operations, including “deep” intelligence and intelligence analysis based on electronic technology(C4ISR applications or Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance). These three "vectors" of the development of military equipment should ensure the delivery of coordinated strikes against a potential enemy, achieving a greater effect with fewer resources and inflicting irreparable losses on him while minimizing his own.
The equipment that embodies the principles of "electronic" warfare is usually based on microcircuits, hardware components, technologies and software of the COTS class (excluding work on special applications for space, radiation-hardened applications and special sensors used only by the military).
This approach has received maximum support in many projects. So, a modern submarine of the Virginia type is equipped with 75-76% of electronic equipment and software used in commercial samples.
System and Software Engineering Standards
In addition to these decisions, a strategy was approved to replace military standards with industrial ones. In 1998, the IEEE 12207 standard was adopted as a software design and development standard, replacing the military standard MIL-STD-498 and the "transitional" J-STD-016-1995. It is important to understand that the IEEE 12207 standard is a completely commercial, “civilian” standard and is being developed by ISO/IEC/IEEE international committees.
Similar to standard 12207, the general industrial system engineering standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 has been adopted as the foundation for military systems.
In Russia, a part of the standard was approved as GOST R ISO/IEC 12-207-99 with an update of GOST R ISO/IEC 12-207-2010.
The GOST R 12 207 standard demonstrates a completely different approach to management in the field of information systems development and a qualitatively different theoretical level than GOST 34. This is manifested primarily in the focus on processes, the modern view of quality management, the project approach to the creation of information systems.
open architecture
The application of commercial practices to the development of military software since the release of the "Perry memorandum" has been consistently covered in a number of documents of the US Department of Defense: "Commercial practices in ordering military software" (1994) ; "Report on open systems ah "(1998); "Report on military software" (2000) .
The reports examine, among other things, the following questions:
- the conditions under which commercial practices can be appropriately used in defense software procurement;
- what management methods the US Department of Defense should use to most effectively and efficiently assign, order, integrate and test, and maintain military software;
- under what conditions the MO should develop new software tools, technologies or libraries;
- what approach should be taken to ensure that such developments take place in the mainstream of a commercial industry.
One of the developed fundamental solutions was the introduction of the concepts of "open system" and "open architecture".
Open Architecture (OA) is a set of technical and organizational best practices, together with an appropriate manufacturing culture, designed to implement a highly effective life cycle strategy: minimizing total cost of ownership and maximizing combat capability. The open architecture uses open standards for key interfaces in the system. Open standards are widely used, published, and maintained by recognized industry standards organizations.
An important goal of open systems is to enable a competent counterparty to supply standards-compliant modules or elements that can be successfully and easily integrated into a working system according to customer requirements. The system owner can take advantage of competitive offers from various vendors seeking to supply modules for the system.
The technical basis of an open architecture is:
- use of open standards;
- modular design;
- ensuring interoperability (ability to interact);
- desire with extensibility;
- reuse exploitation;
- ensuring compatibility in design solutions;
- design with maintainability.
An example of the Navy's successful application of this principle is the Aegis Open Architecture program, which is being implemented as part of an ongoing program to modernize cruisers and destroyers. In 2009, the cruiser Bunker Hill (CG 52) became the first upgraded under this program, including the open architecture Aegis. The plans of this project include the transition to a single core of combat control systems.
In general, we can say that the described decisions of the US Department of Defense made it possible to qualitatively increase the capabilities of intelligent systems for military purposes, which is characterized by an exponential increase in complexity. software systems.
Automation of weapon control tasks
The US Navy has the following main command and control systems:
- Aegis (cruisers, destroyers);
- SSDS (aircraft carriers);
- ACDS (UDC, generally non-Aegis);
- TSCE (destroyers "Zumwalt");
- COMBATSS-21 (LCS).
The automation systems installed on the latest generation ships (LCS, Zumwalt) go far beyond the traditional weapons control systems (for example, Aegis). The TSCE and COMBATSS-21 systems are full-fledged ACS NK, covering all information systems of the ship.
In an effort to bring together the capabilities of various systems of ACS ICS, a development concept was developed around a common ACB core. ACB is a functional and organizational unit designed to be implemented in a specific platform of an integrated combat control system.
An important engine for building various systems is the concept of an open architecture, which allows you to integrate parts of a system from different manufacturers. The ACB development cycle period is four years. All new versions of combat information and control systems are built around a common ACB block.
To understand the appearance of the kernel, you can give examples of items in successive versions of ACB.
- department of software and hardware.
- network computing COTS technology of increased productivity;
- unified computing complex / unified AWP system;
- general target environment;
Items of a specific version of ACB are already implemented in the platform of a specific ISBU. For example, the Aegis ISBU line is created on the basis of a single codebase. This codebase embodies the requirements of ACB 8−12-., thus obtaining specific implementations - Aegis ACB 8−12-., on the basis of which, in turn, lines of software are created that are installed on Various types carriers.
Colonel A. Skantsev
The article deals with issues related to state of the art cases related to the automation of the control system (ACS) of the armed forces, and in particular such aspects as: the main ACS used in the control system of the Armed Forces; documents of the regulatory framework on the automation of the control system of the US Armed Forces; information about the Department of Information Systems (MIS) of the Ministry of Defense (Defense Information Services Agency - DISA).
The relevance of the materials presented in the article is determined by the changes that took place in this area in 2013-2014.
According to the views of the American leadership, since the end of the 20th century, humanity has entered a new "information" stage of its development. Proof of this is mass computerization, the rapid development information technologies(IT), means of communication and telecommunications. These circumstances decisively changed the possibilities of human intellectual activity and necessitated a reassessment and development of the views established in military theory and practice.
ACS is understood as a part of the command and control system of troops (forces), which is an organizational and technical complex in accordance with the types of support, designed to improve the efficiency of command and control by automating basic processes, such as collecting, processing, evaluating and displaying data on the situation, the state of one’s troops and enemy troops; prompt notification of management about possible aggression; information and mathematical support for decision-making; bringing orders (commands, instructions) to the troops (forces); collection of reports on the receipt of orders (commands) and their implementation; registration and transfer of combat and reporting and information documents.
In accordance with the terminology adopted in the US Armed Forces, an automated command and control system is understood as an interconnected set of units connected into a local computer network(LAN) means of information processing, communication and data transmission, which automate the processes of collecting, analyzing and evaluating situational data, supporting decision-making, planning, setting and bringing tasks to troops (forces) in real time, as well as monitoring their implementation.
Structurally, these systems are a set of hardware and software tools connected to a local network (automated workplaces of officials based on personal computers, communication and data transmission equipment, location tools, server and network equipment, sets of general and special software), formations, units and subunits deployed at command posts, military equipment for various purposes, as well as individual military personnel included in the equipment.
Below are the main automated control systems that are used in the command and control system of the armed forces.
1. Global Command and Control System (GCCS). Officially launched on August 30, 1996, GCCS is the US Armed Forces' automated command and control system that links the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JSC), and the US Arms Commanders. Designed to provide operational control of the armed forces in an automated mode, it is a complex of hardware and software tools that use common standards, regulations and procedures in their work. ACS is capable of interacting with numerous applications and interfaces that make up "operational architectures" and provide communication with all geographically distributed components of this system in all warfare environments at the tactical, operational and strategic control levels.
The GCCS supports six command and control processes, operations management; mobilization; deployment of groups; personnel, logistics and technical support; intelligence.
This ACS has eight functional subsystems: threat identification and assessment; assistance in strategic planning; situation development forecast; task execution planning; preparation and communication of executive instructions (implementation of plans); situation monitoring; risk analysis; general geoinformation picture of the situation.
This ACS includes the following structural components:
- the global command and control system (GCCS) of the ground forces (Global Command and Control System -Army) (hereinafter - GCCS-A);
- GSOU of the Air Force (Global Command and Control System-Air Force) (hereinafter - GCCS-AF);
- GSOU naval forces and coast guards (Global Command and Control System - Navy) (hereinafter - GCCS-N);
- GSOU Marine Corps (KMP - Global Command and Control System - Marine Corps).
2. Global Management System logistic support Sun - joint (Global Combat Support System - Joint (GCSS-J); GCSS-J is an automated control system, which includes subsystems that are identical in structure to the departments (departments) of headquarters different levels management: material and technical (supply of material resources); transport; medical; legal (legal); religious; financial; military music; personnel service; ordnance disposal services (hazardous materials).
GCSS-J, commissioned in September 2011, is an automated control system that, on a service-oriented architecture, allows you to solve the problems of logistics of the US Armed Forces. This system for the specified purposes provides information on the definition of: tasks of support; volumes and nomenclature of material resources required to perform tasks at the strategic, operational and tactical levels of management; information necessary for use by command and control, in terms of comprehensive support; situational awareness in planning, execution, monitoring and evaluation logistics operations throughout the entire range of actions of troops (forces) both in peacetime and wartime.
This system allows you to generate reports on the types of collateral in the form of reports based on geoinformation in short time, and also guarantees information support for decision-making on combat support of troops (forces). It consists of automated control systems that automate the activities structural divisions combat support of the US Armed Forces integrated into GCCS (for example, an automated transport coordination system - Transportation Coordinator Automated Movement Server) and others.
3. Multinational Information Sharing (MNIS) system. Commissioned in the first quarter of 2013, this automated control system is designed to organize and exchange information between the GCCS and command and control systems of the armed forces of partner states in order to provide information support for planning and conducting multinational military operations. The MNIS includes: - The Combined Federated Battle Logistics Network (CFBLNet), which is a system of test benches and laboratories for research and testing the compatibility of automated control systems of countries participating in multinational coalitions, NATO members and, if necessary, other states.
The combined regional information exchange system (CENTRIXS) is an information digital environment that is a combination of network applications and services that allow the exchange of information and databases, while ensuring information protection.
CENTRIXS (Centrixs Surge Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Support) round-the-clock support system, as well as software products provided in the development of CENTRIXS.
The Pegasus/Griffin information resource allows the joint use of national and supranational automated control systems for the transfer of classified information over communication channels.
Internet service UISS-APAN, which combines the advantages of unstructured access to information (blogs, forums) and structured collaboration (sharing files, calendars).
4. Joint Planning and Execution Services (JPES). Commissioned in the first quarter of 2013, JPES is designed to provide information support for military operations using IT for automated processing situation data, presentation of information in accordance with the existing system of reporting, planning, execution and control.
It consists of a number of subsystems: reporting, planning, execution, monitoring, as well as tools: editing, quick query, management, permission.
The system is designed to ensure that all participants in the planning and conduct of military operations use the same dictionaries, procedures and databases.
In addition, there is a significant number of automated control systems that automate the activities of headquarters, troops (forces) according to a territorial or functional principle (for example, in a separate operational direction or on logistic support, etc.).
These are such GCCS-compatible ACS as:
- a global command and control system combined with a system of integrated representation of images and intelligence (Global Command and Control System-Joint Integrated Imagery and Intelligence);
- automated system for processing and analyzing intelligence information (All-Source Analysis System);
- a system for the formation of a single picture of the operational situation (Common Operational Picture);
- automated control system for the rear support of the SV (Battle Command Sustainment Support System);
- system of automated coordination of traffic (Transportation Coordinator Automated Movement Server);
- automated control system of the army corps of the ground forces (Army Tactical Command and Control System);
- automated control system link "brigade" and below (Force XXI Battle Command - Brigade and below);
- automated information system of the military police (Military Police Management Information System);
- an integrated information transmission network of the Ministry of Defense (Defense Information Systems Network);
- United data network (Joint Data Network) and others.
These automated control systems characterize the modern image of equipping the US Armed Forces with control automation tools. Strong point of these systems is that on their basis a single information and control environment is created in the armed forces of the country, which allows to carry out:
- collection, storage and analysis of information on the actions of external and internal factors on troops (forces), as well as a forecast of their development;
- collection, storage, analysis and presentation in the necessary forms of information about the state and capabilities of its control system, subordinate and interacting systems;
- preparation of solutions, their formalization, the formation of control actions and bringing them to control objects.
The existing military AS (VN) in the future will be replaced by other, more advanced ones. Among the long-term solutions, the idea of creating a single automated system for the US Armed Forces as a result of the evolutionary development of GCCS is being worked out. At the same time, the possibility of developing a revolutionary automated control system based on a new element base and breakthrough information and telecommunication technologies is not ruled out.
In the process of improving the ACS of the control system of the US Armed Forces, examples of failures were noted. So, in the 2000s, an attempt was made to develop and implement a new ACS NECC (Net Enabled Command Capability) to replace GCCS. However, this area of work to improve the AS VN was found to be inappropriate, and in 2009 they were terminated.
All of the above ACS belong to the family of systems integrated with GCCS. Military command and control bodies, troops (forces) use these systems in a complex (in one joint command - OK - several systems can be used) in accordance with the decision of the OK on the organization of control. The composition and nature of the use of these VN systems are determined by the type of armed forces in which they are used (ground forces, naval or air forces, marines or coast guards). All stages of the life cycle of these automated control systems are regulated by documents of the regulatory framework for the automation of the US Armed Forces control system.
The main documents of the regulatory framework for the automation of the control system of the US Armed Forces. Among such documents on automation of the control system are the following:
- "Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership. Priorities for XXI (st) Century Defense".
- Capstone Concept for Joint Operations: Joint Force 2020.
- "strategic plan development of a special information support agency (Ministry of Defense) for 2014-2019" (Strategic Plan D1SA 2014-2019).
In the development of these documents, manuals, orders, instructions, circulars, etc., clarifying and developing their content, are constantly being developed and published.
These documents reflect the views of the American command on:
- the main functions of the ACS of the US Armed Forces, in particular: command and control of troops (forces), provision of situational data, formation in the future of a single information and reconnaissance space (UIRP);
- prospects for the development of automated control systems;
- the principles of military service by the personnel of the American armed forces, etc.;
- principles of comprehensive support for the US Armed Forces.
One of the directions for the implementation of the provisions of the guidance documents, regarding the EIRP in the US Armed Forces, is the development of automated control systems through the introduction of advanced information and telecommunication technologies. This provides an information advantage when operating in various environments: on land, on and under the sea surface, in the air and space, in cyberspace. Thus, conditions are created for achieving overwhelming superiority and winning victory over the enemy.
So, in the US Armed Forces there is a developed system legal documents on the automation of the control system. As a rule, they disclose the purpose, tasks to be solved, components, work procedure, information security requirements, as well as other important (actual) problems.
As for the US Armed Forces, an organizational structure has been created to solve this problem, the main components of which are:
- Department of Information Systems of the US Department of Defense;
- global command and control system (Global Command and Control System);
- system of multinational information sharing (Multinational information sharing);
- Global Combat Support System - Joint (Global Combat Support System - Joint);
- system of joint planning and execution (Joint Planning and Execution Services);
- GCCS-integrated ACS.
The system organizer of activities for the creation and development of a unified information and control environment of the US Armed Forces, including in terms of the creation and development of automated control systems, is the Department of Information Systems of the US Department of Defense.
The UIS, created on June 25, 1991, is intended for:
- formation of the EIRP in the US Armed Forces;
- achieving and maintaining information superiority by collecting, processing and disseminating a continuous flow of information to interested users;
- Creation of information space infrastructure.
A single information space in the US Armed Forces is understood as comprehensive information (databases, knowledge, etc.), consisting of standardized (classifiers, dictionaries, reference literature, etc.), centralized (orders, instructions, signals, etc.) .) and updated (reports, reports, information, reporting materials etc.) information located in the automated technological infrastructure, which includes: technical (servers, data centers, PCs, etc.) and software (general and special programs, etc.) products.
Currently, the staff of the penitentiary system includes more than 14 thousand people working in 90 countries around the world. The agency's budget in 2014 was over $8 billion.
The UIS has identified the following most promising technologies that need to be developed in order to improve the automated control system:
- high-performance optical network technologies with a speed of 100 Gbit/s and higher;
- fault-tolerant network technologies that can withstand both natural threats environment, and cyber attacks;
- "cloud technologies;
- technologies for mass-parallel processing of large volumes of data;
- management technologies;
- mobile technologies.
To search for and implement new ideas in the field of control automation, the Pentagon continues to actively involve other ministries and departments, representatives of the civil scientific and technical community and commercial structures countries. For this purpose, the UIS maintains Internet resources (for example, Forge.mil) designed to attract commercial basis various stakeholders and structures in the projects of the US Armed Forces using the technical capabilities of the military department. In the future, the department plans to expand the use of Internet resources, including through integration with similar civilian resources (in particular, with GitHub.com).
It follows from this that the SIS is main organization dealing with the automation of the control system of the US Armed Forces.
Thus, the American leadership pays serious attention to the tasks of automating the command and control of the armed forces. Key areas of activity for automation of the control system of the US Armed Forces are regulated in detail by the regulatory framework. These documents reflect the main views of the command on the automation of the control system that existed in the 2000s and in 2013-2014, as well as on the prospect of automating the control system for the period up to 2020.
The main views on the automation of the control system that existed from 2000 to 2013 were formulated in 2000. According to Western experts, this will allow:
- preserve the radio frequency spectrum used by US Armed Forces ACS;
- provide information to relevant officials;
- increase the efficiency and security of wireless communication networks;
- provide ACS services in the fight against terrorism, in combat conditions, as well as in critical environmental conditions;
- Improving the quality of ACS services. The main views on the same processes, formulated in 2014, boil down to the need to:
- formation of information and control environment in the conditions of war and peace;
- providing information to military operations in remote theaters of operations in the Central Asian region ( Special attention at the same time, it refers to the development of the direction of televideo conferences in a protected mode);
- coordination of plans and work with other departments that form the information and control environment in the United States and beyond its borders in the interests of national armed forces;
- Providing information superiority over any adversary in terms of answering questions: what, where and when.
In order to implement these tasks, three directions for the development of automated control systems are presented:
- building an independent infrastructure;
- development of subsystems for management, control and information exchange of automated control systems;
- reliable operation and full-fledged provision of automated control systems.
Eight mechanisms for the implementation of the specified development plan have been developed: acquisition; contracts; mechanical engineering; information and knowledge management; People; planning; resources; radio frequency spectrum.
The main views of the American leadership on the prospect of automation of the control system for the period up to 2020 were formulated in 2014:
- development of the formed information and control environment;
- consolidation of the leading position of the ACS for the control of US nuclear forces in comparison with similar systems of other countries;
- development of the concept of using automated control systems for cyber operations;
- increasing the speed of ACS;
- global defense against destructive elements;
- development of "cloud" technologies in the interests of the US Armed Forces;
- improvement mobile technologies in the interests of the armed forces.
The solution of these tasks is entrusted to DISA, which provides the needs for information on military issues of the president, vice president, secretary of defense, command and control staff, commanders of the US Armed Forces, as well as other users of the ACS of the country's defense.
The US military has a well-structured, widely branched network of automated control systems, including both GCCS and GCCS-compatible automated systems.
However, it is obvious that weak side considered ACS is their diversity, duplication of functions, complexity of use by consumers.
The country's leadership is taking steps to create a single unified automated control system, which will allow achieving information superiority over the enemy in compliance with modern requirements to these systems. As a constant, we can consider the trend of improving the quality of management through the introduction of more advanced technical, software, information, linguistic, organizational and other solutions.
