Economic activity represents a purposeful activity, i.e. the efforts of people in the process of managing, based on a certain calculation and aimed at satisfying their needs.
The vital activity of a person in the process of managing is manifested, on the one hand, in the waste of energy, resources, etc., and on the other hand, in the corresponding replenishment of life costs, while the economic entity (a person in economic activity) seeks to act rationally, i.e. by comparing costs and benefits (which does not exclude errors in making business decisions).
Distinguishes four stages: the actual production, distribution, exchange and consumption.
Production- this is the process of creating material and spiritual wealth necessary for the existence and development of man.
Distribution- the process of determining the share (quantity, proportion) in which each business entity takes part in the product produced.
Exchange- movement process wealth and services from one subject to another and a form of social connection between producers and consumers, mediating social metabolism.
Consumption- the process of using the results of production to meet certain needs. All these stages are interconnected and interact.
But before characterizing the relationship between these stages of human economic activity, it is important to emphasize that any production is a social and continuous process: constantly repeating, it historically develops - it goes from the simplest forms (preparation of food by a primitive man using primitive means) to modern automated high-performance production. Despite the dissimilarity of these types of production, it is possible to single out common points inherent in production as such.
Economic activity individual person, their groups and society as a whole is carried out under certain conditions, in a certain situation, the economic environment.
The natural environment determines the natural conditions of management. These include climatic and soil conditions, conditions of heredity, population size, quality of food, housing, clothing, etc. It is known that a person carries out his activities in conditions of natural limited resources.
economic system - this is a specially ordered system of relations between the producer and consumer of tangible and intangible goods and services. The most widespread in the world economic literature is the classification of economic systems according to two criteria: according to the form of ownership of the means of production; according to the method of coordinating and managing economic activity.
At the same time, they distinguish:
Command or totalitarian economy. All economic decisions are taken by the state. The economy has a large public sector, state planning.
market economy, or capitalism of free competition, in which there is private ownership of resources, and the market is the regulator of social production and distribution of resources;
mixed an economy in which both the private sector and the public sector play an important role in the economy.
They originated tens of thousands of years ago and over this long period have passed a difficult path of development. If at first a person was engaged only in gathering, hunting and farming to maintain his existence, then today there are dozens of areas and industries in which certain products and materials are produced. And this is not to mention highly specialized types of economic activity, which most consumers are not even aware of. At the same time, traditional forms of economic activities are also preserved, undergoing minor, but still changes. At the same time, the formation and expansion of new areas of production associated with the introduction of innovative technologies does not slow down.
The concept and signs of economic activity
All the benefits that surround modern man, one way or another, were produced as a result of his efforts - mental and physical. The form of their application can just be considered as an economy. In a general sense, this is an activity, as a result of which both material and spiritual benefits appear. Although there are other concepts that strictly separate, for example, science from trade and construction from agriculture. In this case, there is a distinction between industries that do not produce anything material, and enterprises whose work ultimately provides real products. As a rule, the second group includes the main types of economic activity, among which are the agricultural sector, industry, transport infrastructure, etc. The following features are characteristic of such areas:
- As a rule, the work of enterprises is carried out on a professional basis.
- The activity is aimed at manufacturing products and performing work for other entities.
- The result of the activity has a value expression, that is, the market price.
- In the process of operation of enterprises, the interests of the owner as a private person are combined with public and state ones.
Classification in terms of law
In Russian legislation, there is the Economic Code, which provides for the allocation of several areas of such activities. IN general idea it is understood as one of the areas of social production with the task of manufacturing and further selling goods or providing services. From the point of view of law, the following types of human economic activity are distinguished:
- A commercial. In essence - entrepreneurship carried out with the aim of making a profit or achieving other social and economic results.
- Non-commercial activity. In this case, there is no goal of making a profit, but there may be tasks to achieve certain social or economic results.
- Economic support. A special category of activity that can be presented as a tool to support existing enterprises, for example, by improving their technical or material condition.
agricultural holding
An extensive industry and one of the oldest forms of activity, including agriculture, animal husbandry, plant growing, etc. There is also a classification of agricultural types of economic activity on the basis of belonging to climatic zones. Thus, the cold belt is considered less favorable for the cultivation of the soil cover, therefore, in such zones, cattle breeding and, in particular, reindeer husbandry predominate. In contrast, regions with a warm climate are successfully growing cereals, vegetables, cotton and citrus fruits. Basically, this industry is concentrated on the production of food products, however, there are also types of economic activities in the agricultural sector aimed at growing industrial crops. For example, the fruits of dyeing, spinning and bast plants are further used in industry.
Water management
It is also a significant industry, in which there are several areas of activity. First of all, these are areas related to the cultivation of underwater flora and fauna. The final products can be used as food, go to the needs of industry and agriculture. The economic activities of people associated with the ocean and coastal areas deserve special attention. In this part, we can talk about the extraction of biological products, and about energy resources. In the Pacific waters, for example, oil shelves are being developed, as well as deposits hard coal. No less attractive are sea crafts rich in seafood, rock and table salt, bromine and magnesium.
Industry
This sector covers many types of manufacturing, processing and mining activities. Factories, combines, mines and mines provide a significant share of consumer goods with their products. Different market segments provides food, chemical, light and heavy industries. In recent years, the energy industry has been technologically developing, the product of which can be electricity, heat, fuel materials, steam, etc. Stations for generating different types energy. New industries are also emerging, whose enterprises produce innovative products. What types of economic activity can be attributed to this group? First of all, these are narrow areas of the microbiological, medical and construction industries. Companies modern type produce materials and products of higher quality with a fundamentally new combination of operational and consumer properties.
Transport economy
The infrastructure that provides the possibility of movement is no less important for the stable operation of the same agricultural and industrial enterprises. And aggregate Vehicle is also part of National economy. There are three types of economic activity in this area:
- Ground communication. Cars, metro, rail transport.
- Water transport. River and sea vessels.
- Aircraft.
Services as a form of economic activity
The provision of services is also seen as separate category economic activity. The final product, for example, can be treatment, education, sale, communication, etc. That is, the result of the activity does not necessarily become a natural object. In this context, the most common types of economic activities related to trade. catering establishments, food markets, clothing stores are engaged in serving people on the one hand, and on the other hand, they can act as the same consumers of manufacturing companies that produce real products.
Importance of economic activity
Without the development of the above sectors, it would be impossible modern quality human life. The pros are obvious, but there are also cons. They are associated with massive pollution of the biosphere and atmosphere, with soil erosion, depletion of forests, etc. And even specific and remote types of economic activity associated with the ocean cause irreparable harm. This applies not only to spills of oil products and poisonous organic compounds. The same transport water vessels and coastal enterprises dump processing waste, the distribution of which in the aquatic environment leads to the destruction of flora and fauna. As a result, other sectors of the economy also suffer.
Conclusion
Despite the numerous problems that arise as a result of man's intrusion into the natural structure of nature, this process is almost impossible to stop. Accordingly, environmental organizations have to develop and propose new concepts for doing business. Such ideas, in particular, include models of optimized processing enterprises with a full cycle of processing. On the other side, modern views economic activities are increasingly being introduced into production processes biotechnological developments and social principles of management organization. The main idea of the new approaches can be called not the reduction and limitation of capacities with the minimization of conditional harmful emissions, but the economic benefit for the enterprises themselves, which will master such concepts. For example, the idea of energy-saving engineering communications allows increasing the rate of production returns, but without increasing the cost of consumed resources.
Economic activity is a set of various industries that can interact with each other and are aimed at meeting human needs.
How did business start?
Business activity must be continuous. This is one of the basic necessary principles for the maintenance of human life. Agriculture can be considered the very first economic activity, when a person learned to grow plants and domesticate animals. Already in the Stone Age, with the emergence of a division of labor, trade appeared.
Trade is an exchange of commodity-material assets. Initially, it arose as an exchange of surplus products or manufactured products. A person in the process of such a relationship got rid of unnecessary products or things, and in return received the necessary products. Before the advent of money, trade was of a natural nature, but with the advent of money, commodity-money relations also arose. Trade from its very appearance had a huge impact on public life.
Types of economic activity
There are several types of business activities:
Rice. 1. Agricultural activity.
The development of agriculture depends on geographical location a particular country and its climate.
- In agriculture, allocate livestock and crop production . Plant breeding is engaged in selection cultivated plants breeding resistant species. Animal husbandry is engaged in breeding livestock in order to obtain products: meat, milk, eggs, wool. In animal husbandry, there are: poultry farming, cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding. Land in economic activity plays important role. The future harvest depends on the fertility of the soil, therefore, in areas with a harsh climate, agricultural activity is difficult.
- Extractive and manufacturing industry is also one of the types of economic activity. Industry includes fuel, light, food, timber, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as machine building and other industries.
Rice. 2. Timber industry.
- Construction plays an important role in the sphere of financial and economic activity. With the increase in the rate of urban growth and the relocation of people there, high-quality and affordable housing was required. Construction is engaged not only in the construction of new facilities, but also in the reconstruction of old ones.
- Services sector provides a person with tangible and intangible services. The material ones include communications, transport, consumer services, the intangible ones are health care, trade.
Rice. 3. Health care.
- There are also industries such as transport, healthcare, science, education . These industries have a good development outlook. After all, already now in science, health care and education for them further development invest huge amounts.
Average rating: 4.6. Total ratings received: 133.
Economic activity is an activity that is aimed at the production or exchange of goods, tangible and intangible benefits. There are several types of economic activity, each of which originated in different time and had its own way of development.
Agricultural activity
Agriculture is to meet the food needs of the population. Agriculture can be divided into two branches: animal husbandry and crop production. Crop production originated when a person realized that food can not only be obtained by developing more and more new territories, but also to cultivate food crops. Animal husbandry, in turn, appeared at the moment when man began to domesticate wild animals in order to obtain milk, meat and wool.
Rice. 1. Agriculture.
Land is the main means of agricultural production.
Industry
This area of activity includes the mining and manufacturing industries. The formation of industry took place in the era of the primitive communal system. It was inseparable from subsistence farming. Later, industry becomes a completely independent industry, which is developing rapidly, especially during the formation and birth of capitalism. In the industrial sector, one can single out the fuel, light, food, timber industries, as well as ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.
Rice. 2. Mining.
Transport economy
For the stable operation of agricultural and manufacturing enterprises stable operation of transport is necessary.
Transportation can be divided into 3 types:
All natural areas have long been mastered by man. He actively conducts economic activities, thereby changing the characteristics of natural areas. How does human economic activity differ in natural areas?
polar deserts
These are the most unsuitable regions of Russia for the economy. The soil here is represented by permafrost and covered with ice. Therefore, neither animal husbandry nor crop production is possible here. There is only fishing here.
Arctic foxes live in coastal areas, whose fur is highly valued in the world. Arctic foxes are actively hunted, which can lead to the extinction of this species.
Rice. 1. The most unsuitable natural area for farming is the Arctic Desert
Tundra and forest tundra
Natural conditions are not much better than in the polar deserts. Only indigenous people live in the tundra. They are engaged in hunting, fishing, reindeer herding. What changes did the person make here?
The soil of these areas is rich in gas and oil. Therefore, they are actively mined here. This leads to significant environmental pollution.
forest zone
This includes taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests. The climate here is temperate, characterized by cold winters and relatively warm summers. Due to the large number of forests, flora and fauna are widespread here. Favorable conditions allow you to thrive various types human economic activity. Built in these regions a large number of factories and plants. Here they are engaged in animal husbandry, agriculture, fishing, woodworking industry. This is one of the natural areas modified by man to the greatest extent.
Rice. 2. There is active deforestation in the world
Forest-steppes and steppes
These natural and economic zones are characterized by a warm climate and insufficient rainfall. The soil here is the most fertile, and the animal world is very diverse. Agriculture and animal husbandry flourish most of all in these regions. Various varieties of vegetables and fruits, cereals are grown here. Coal is actively mined and iron ore. This leads to a distortion of the relief and the destruction of some species of animals and plants.
TOP 4 articleswho read along with this
Semi-deserts and deserts
It is not the most favorable conditions for human economic activity. The climate is hot and dry. The soil is desert, not fertile. The main type of economic activity in the deserts is animal husbandry. The population here breeds sheep, rams, horses. The need to graze animals leads to the final disappearance of vegetation.
Rice. 3. Livestock in the desert
Subtropics and tropics
This region has been the most affected by human activity. This is due to the fact that it was here that civilizations were born and the use of these areas has been going on for a very long time.
Subtropical and tropical forests are practically cut down, and the territories are occupied by agricultural plantings. Huge areas are occupied by fruit trees.
What have we learned?
Man is engaged in economic activities in almost all natural areas of the world. This leads to their significant modification, which, ultimately, may lead to the extinction of some species of animals and plants.
Topic quiz
Report Evaluation
Average rating: 4.4. Total ratings received: 411.
