If you decide to create your own business, then first, familiarize yourself with all the factors that can somehow influence entrepreneurial activity.
This applies to how good points, and some problems that may have a negative impact on the development of entrepreneurship.
What is manufacturing business
It is known that the concept of production means the release of finished products. It is worth considering the moment that the product can be different, from a tangible product to the provision of services. The product itself takes on two forms.
The first is finished products, which can perform more than one role. For example, milk can be sold both in finished form and to some factory, where it will serve as a raw material for the manufacture of the product.
But you cannot sell window frames to an ordinary buyer, as you can do with milk. They can be purchased by a company or organization for the manufacture of window structures.
Causes of production interference
Those who are engaged in business know that the most difficult stage in such a business is the starting one. It is on it that a person encounters minor or major difficulties.
If you are planning to open a company or a plant for the manufacture of products or materials, then you will surely encounter the problem of expensive equipment. If we talk about such a factor as legislative bodies and the base, then a lot of questions arise here. You will not be able to manufacture and release a product that is not certified.
In this case, you are faced with a lot of factors that will delay the paperwork and business. Unfortunately, there are no organs that would perform such procedures in a couple of days.
What are the difficulties that may arise during the manufacturing business.
Here are some of them:
Problems with subordinates;
competition;
easing attention from the buyer.
These are the top three reasons why your business can fail or run into trouble.
If we talk about the conflict with subordinates, then the production business requires a large staff of workers. Here you need a strong hand of a manager who knows the right approach to a person and can correctly distribute responsibilities. Competition arises in any case, especially if you decide to manufacture or distribute a product that is the most relevant and in high demand.
It is worth noting the last point - the weakening of attention. Anyone who has been in business for quite a long period of time begins to understand that since the goods are sold, and there is a client, everything is fine. But do not forget that some other company or enterprise may appear that will offer the same product or service, but at a much reduced price and with favorable conditions.
Naturally, in this case, the client will not think, but will choose a more suitable and optimal option. This is called competition. Therefore, it is worth considering all the subtleties and factors before starting your own business or business.
Round table: “State and small business. What hinders development?
Have you decided to open your own production? Great idea! But in order to have a chance of success, it is important to consider global problems. And here we decided to tell you about what hinders the development of industrial entrepreneurship.
Production is the release of a finished product. Moreover, the manufactured product can take two forms: a tangible product and a service. In addition, both types may already be finished products, serve as a raw material or perform a dual role. For example, milk can be sold to a retail customer or to factories where it will be made into a dairy product. But window frames cannot be sold to an ordinary person, they are purchased only by window manufacturers.
What hinders the development of industrial entrepreneurship at the stage of inception?
Production is always difficult from the very starting point. First, it is expensive equipment. The average bill of production machines is more than 3 million rubles. Secondly, the limiting factor in the manufacturing sector is the legislative framework. After all, almost any product or service must be certified. And you and I know perfectly well what difficulties it is: running around, queues, paperwork and expenses at our own expense.
It is worth noting that more than a third of world business is production. After all, here is the release food products, household, all services except banking and insurance. It turns out that a million people have already managed to overcome these difficulties and establish their own manufacturing business. Why shouldn't it work for you?!
Difficulties of production during the development stage
The stage of development, or growth, is the period when you have already managed to overcome the difficulties of the birth stage, and your company begins to gain momentum. Here you will have to face other barriers.
First, it is difficulties with subordinates. The manufacturing industry often requires hiring a large staff. And here you need the head of a good manager. According to statistics, most of the candidates for workplace extremely incompetent. After all, good and experienced workers have long been "taken apart" by larger firms. You got either budding young professionals, or already hopeless. Whom to choose is probably already obvious.
Secondly, competition. Any of the spheres producing goods or services has long been occupied. And wherever you turn, everywhere you have to fight for a place in the sun. Learn this art and fight for your market segment like it's the last time.
Difficulties at maturity
The stage of maturity is the period when your company has already taken its place under the sun and its profit no longer makes jerks upwards, but flows progressively and evenly. It's kind of the calm before the storm. It is during maturity that many firms make the same mistake.
Loss of attention - this is what hinders the development of industrial entrepreneurship at this stage. Many people think: “I have already taken my place, customers come and come back again – what is there to worry about?”. And with this they sign a bankruptcy verdict. At a time when your competitors delight the consumer with new, more favorable conditions, adapt to changes external environment and offer more and more "cookies", your customers start to leave you for them. And the next season is coming...
And the stage of aging, or wilting
This period will come and at your firm. Necessarily. It always comes, but not everyone manages to survive it. At this point, profits begin to fall, and the need to fight for your segment becomes relevant again.
Here the problem is more of a psychological nature. Firstly, relaxed businessmen at the last stage of the calm do not have time to notice the decline immediately and start the situation. This means that careful monitoring of internal affairs, competition and feedback- opinions of your consumers.
Secondly, many fold their hands and run from difficulties. But after all, any company - and a small shop with pies, and an automobile concern - goes through this stage. Your task is to find ways to competently get out of this stage.
Finally…
And we left the main problem for later, because it requires special attention. The owner hinders the development of the company most of all. Yes Yes! You yourself are the biggest obstacle to your success. Your fears, laziness, self-doubt and the desire to throw responsibility for your failures on others hold back your full potential.
External difficulties have always been, are and will be. Don't wait tomorrow or hopelessly sigh with the words "but before ...". There are always thousands of ways to make your dream come true right now. All you need to do is just do it.
Veronica Bode: Today we will be discussing a study by the Public Opinion Foundation on entrepreneurship in Russia. Director of FOM-Terry projects, Doctor of Sociology Larisa Pautova recently visited Tomsk and Rostov, where she studied the situation using various methods: both mass surveys and interviews with businessmen. Larisa is among the guests of our studio today. Also participating in the program: Ilya Khandrikov, Chairman of the All-Russian Movement "For a Fair Market", and by phone - Alexey Kolobrodov, Chief Editor Saratov magazine "Public Opinion". This edition dealt in detail, in particular, with the history of local business.
I, as always, conducted my short survey before the program, asked our listeners on the Internet forum: “What hinders the development of entrepreneurship in Russia?”
Here is what Igor writes from St. Petersburg: “ No law, no market.”
Vasily from Tula: "Defencelessness and requisitions".
Marusha from Kostroma: "Official lawlessness."
“Doctor local” the listener signed: “What kind of entrepreneurship ?! You look at what the authorities are concerned about - the Sochi Olympics, the World Cup, Formula 1 races, that is, everything that is nice to the "national leader". Entrepreneurship develops where the state is interested in it. And if the rent of a stall with an area of 5 square meters goes off scale for 20 thousand rubles a month, what kind of entrepreneurship can there be? Or customs fees in the cost of the goods themselves, or bribes to inspectors.
“Farmazonov from behind the scenes” writes: “The rooted Soviet worldview interferes, the important derivatives of which are: hatred, envy, greed and stupidity. A self-reproducing unfree “society”, favorable to the “vertical” of power, trampling on its own rights.
Nikolai Kuznetsov from Moscow: “Who can interfere with the people of a sovereign country, except for himself? Nobody".
And the Skeptic answers him: “Who can interfere? Elementary - power.
Nikolai Kuznetsov from Moscow: “Our Russian government did not come from Mars and was not delivered to us from the USA, it is one of the respected parts of our great and wise people.”
“Province,” the listener signed: “The ruling bourgeois party EdRo, led by its leader, interferes. Big capital in their hands, crushing and crushing small business. They have all the rights, so they are "right".
Koka from Moscow “Entrepreneurship, and everything in general, is hindered by the lack of a law enforcement system and an independent judiciary.”
I will ask participants to comment on these views. Larisa, the picture that you got in your research how does it match this?
Larisa Pautova: Matches absolutely. Every time I am convinced that the wisdom of folk experts coincides with the data of sociology. I can say that both Russians in general and residents of regions that interest me more in Lately(we talked about Tomsk and Rostov), we asked: “What, in your opinion, hinders business development?”. The answers can be divided into two parts, and similar answers have now been given. First, the government is to blame. Corruption comes first, high taxes come second, and high rents come third. The second group of reasons is related to the fact that the people themselves cannot be engaged in entrepreneurship, and then our Russians say that there is not enough knowledge, not enough entrepreneurial spirit, the mentality has failed, and so on. And in this connection, the Russians are sure that the main opponent of the development of business from below is the government, which is corrupt, not interested in the development of small and medium-sized private entrepreneurship, which in words really supports it. There are a huge number of programs in the regions and federal programs to support the development of entrepreneurship. But when it comes down to it, then, apparently, two systems come into opposition: bureaucratic and entrepreneurial worldview. I think this is a war of two worlds, and it will only get worse.
Veronica Bode: Ilya, in your opinion, what hinders the development of business in Russia most of all?
Ilya Khandrikov: When my fellow entrepreneurs from the Society of Merchants and Industrialists were doing research (and they are preparing a lot of almanacs on the history of entrepreneurship), they noticed that the relationship between power and entrepreneurship is at the level XIX century, that is, before the reform of 1861. Three points are characteristic. The most powerful dependence of the business environment on the will of a government official. Indeed, until the 61st year, merchants and industrialists were 100% dependent on them. This is the relationship between entrepreneurship and society: entrepreneurs do not give a damn about society, and the greater the dependence on the government, the more entrepreneurs do not care about society. And tax policy, and this is either forward or backward. Unfortunately, we are moving backwards. Kudrin's last statement that there will be growth, and he is planning growth. We know studies a couple of years ago" PricewaterhouseCoopers ”, the World Bank that we have a tax burden of 51.4%. The same studies of entrepreneurs from the Society of Merchants showed at one time, quite a long time ago, that 27%, if higher, then entrepreneurs go into the shadows. Kudrin declares: we have 35. And who to believe - the World Bank, “ PricewaterhouseCoopers or...
Now for support. Latest data from Rosfinnadzor on the use of support funds. We know that colossal violations, a billion worth of money went somewhere, for a whole block of violations. IN Ivanovo region 97.5% dissolved, were misused, Krasnoyarsk Territory - 75.5. year 2009. I cannot find the closed report of the Prosecutor General on the inspection of the regulatory bodies of entrepreneurship. There is a terrible picture, I think, just genocide. And therefore no one can find this report. Plus, the business support infrastructure and all support structures do not work for the good, because the conditions are not created, so they are engaged in their own business. And you can add to this the actions of the security forces and officials, who, in fact, cover the entire business. Only few independent businesses remain. We have a tragedy in our country. And personally, I, who started with the first cooperatives, just don't want to do business, I think it's dangerous.
Veronica Bode: Alexey, what hinders the development of business, from your point of view?
Alexey Kolobrodov: The fact is that both Larisa and Ilya have covered the problem quite wonderfully. Once again, I was convinced that the picture in Russia is approximately the same, with the exception of some microscopic nuances. But I would like to add my own touches on the war between government and business. I think that this is a war that somehow turns into some kind of alliance, maybe a marriage on a sadomasochistic, perverted basis, because in the provinces only business makes sense, which, one way or another, is tied to power or the budget , which also means "on power", or on federal programs that are funded from federal budget. Or it is a business built on relationships with the security forces. And everything else can not be called a business. This is some kind of minor league, children's sport, amateur. I want to prove something to someone in my restaurant, warehouse, shop, I want to somehow earn a living - please, no questions. But you will never be allowed into the big leagues if you don't have the the right connections, if you do not work with officials, with security forces, with budgetary flows. This is no longer called a business, but this is already some form of self-expression, perhaps self-realization, a form of earnings that is not very rich. And business is everything that, one way or another, is tied to power.
Veronica Bode: Larisa, tell us, please, now specifically about your research. You have visited two regions - Tomsk and Rostov regions. If you compare them, what is the difference, where better conditions for business?
Larisa Pautova: First I would like to answer about whether it is war or not war, whether this is a sadomasochistic marriage. I would use the concept of "war of mentalities", that is, a war at the level of thinking, desires, attitudes of mutual power and business. And the fact that it turns into a sadomasochistic marriage, and entrepreneurs suffer from this, does not negate the fact that there is still some kind of ideological war.
Regarding the two regions. The Tomsk region has long intrigued me, and I looked at the data very carefully. In the end, it turned out that we had a study there. It seems to me that this good case, where there is not so much a war, but now some kind of targeted peaceful policy is going on. Very interesting project administration of the Tomsk region and Rosmolodezh, that is, a federal and regional project to involve young people in business. There are quite sensible officials and organizers, and they are trying to create more or less good conditions for young people. We conducted a survey, and I was shocked by the fact that in this region there is a high concentration of those who want to do business, despite the fact that the authorities are criticized according to all the criteria that I mentioned. People want to do business, because, apparently, there is some completely different environment there - the Siberian climate, universities, the authorities are trying to support and position themselves quite well. And apparently there will be good example when the interaction between the authorities, youth and business will be more or less peaceful.
And in the Rostov region I was attracted, rather, by southern enterprise, and this interesting topic. There are also quite a few people who would like to engage in entrepreneurship, but this is a small business, which very often does not even reach the level of close interaction with the authorities. I liked the Rostov people who can make two out of a penny. I came to Rostov, made a presentation, and Rostov bloggers and entrepreneurs spoke very well about it. An interesting desire to escape from a difficult situation (and the region is not very rich) and do own business. Merchant, a little peasant entrepreneurial spirit helps people somehow turn around, despite the fact that sometimes there are not enough infrastructure conditions, and they are trying to make a breakthrough. Tomsk, in my opinion, is ahead, because the infrastructure there is better, but Rostovites are not inferior. A very interesting example.
Veronica Bode: Ilya, what is the situation in Moscow, according to your observations? You communicate a lot with businessmen. Do people want to do business?
Ilya Khandrikov: It is very good that we have a Saratov representative in touch. The fact is that everything that they had in the spring - real pogroms in tents, for some reason came to us in the fall under the leadership of the mayor of the city. This is what is happening today with tents, in my opinion, throws entrepreneurship back many years. If the government thinks that it is possible to do it not according to the law, regardless of whether the governor does it or only instructs, and then they smash the middle link, as we know, the rather corrupt middle link of bureaucracy, these are very bad things.
Veronica Bode: And how do people react? Did it somehow affect the desire to do or not to do business?
Ilya Khandrikov: In general, an entrepreneur is a creature in himself. And the less he does business, the more closed he is. And only many years of work in business allow you to start comparing something, go beyond your shell and become a somewhat social being. But after all, the task of the authorities is precisely to suppress this opportunity to open up. We are constantly burdened with taxes, inspections, legislation is changing, especially in the field of accounting. Right now, tax accounting is scary. People are screaming, because some kind of load is added all the time, constant checks and so on. The fact that since the beginning of the year social taxes have been increased to 34%, and they are already talking about the fact that from the new year electricity will be in free flight, then we are being forced to re-register, formalize, re-register something. And the entrepreneur can't raise his head. Plus, the insane tax burden is pressing, forcing us to look for ways out. And there is no way out. Moreover, we brilliantly talk about how entrepreneurs are helped in Russia. I have already spoken about the examples of Rosfinnadzor. Data has been published that Obama secured $30 billion for small business in America. We seem to have 18 billion rubles. But I am sure that in America this money will reach entrepreneurs and will be implemented, while in our country it will go only to infrastructure.
Veronica Bode: Alexey, if we talk about the Saratov region, what are the features of the development and existence of business, is there any specificity region?
Alexey Kolobrodov: First of all, according to the situation with tents, with stalls. Everything is ambiguous here. The population just supports these actions of the authorities, because no one sees this as a special encroachment on business, but they see it as a measure for improvement, to streamline trade. The city was just in a terrible state with these street tents. Plus, of course, the intolerant idea that almost all street trade was carried out by people from the Caucasus, so the population here was more likely on the side of the authorities. And more literate, serious experts also did not see a blow to entrepreneurship here, because, as a rule, this is without taxation, without permits, all these are “black” cash desks. It is clear that bribes were paid, some officials and security officials lived on this. But it's hard to call it a war on business.
And as for the Saratov specifics. Veronica introduced me as the editor of the publication, which at one time dealt with the history of regional business quite a lot, we practically researched it and wrote it in 10 years. And here is an important consideration. In the late 90s - early 2000s, an ordinary entrepreneur could quite easily reach some heights. (As a rule, we are talking about a sphere, rather than production, we are talking mainly about the sphere of trade and services.) Nevertheless, he had prospects and he could reach serious heights. But not now. And there is a minor league - a business for oneself, a business for the family. A circle of entrepreneurs has already formed who work either with the authorities or with the security forces. And there is some competition among them. Some new security chief arrives in the region, and they begin to find out among themselves which of them has access to it.
Veronica Bode: The first part of our broadcast ends with the heading "System of concepts", in which sociologists explain the essence of some special terms and phenomena related to sociology. We often talk about, for example, that bureaucracy hinders business development in Russia. About what "bureaucracy" is from the point of view of a sociologist, says Alexei Levinson, head of the sociocultural research department of the Levada Center.
Alexey Levinson: Bureaucracy as a sociological term does not have the bright coloring that this word has in our everyday language. Bureaucracy in our everyday terms is bad. "The bureaucracy has been bred" - this means that they are not doing the right thing. Bureaucracy, as it was interpreted, say, by Max Weber, is bureaucracy, that social group that organizes various processes in the state, and this is her profession. According to Max Weber, a bureaucracy that performs its duties well creates a state that is strong and rewards its citizens. various services, protection and benefits that would be unattainable without bureaucracy. In our conditions of the countries of “catching up modernization”, the bureaucracy is a class that enjoys special privileges due to the fact that they have taken control positions in the state. From our bureaucracy to bureaucracy in the Weberian sense, there is a long road that we still have to go through.
Veronica Bode: And now we are waiting for the heading "New Research", in which we introduce the listeners to the most interesting surveys conducted by various sociological centers.
Speaker: Does Russia need political opposition now? - such a question was asked to the citizens of the country by the Analytical Center of Yuri Levada. The majority, 55% of respondents believe that it is necessary, 16% deny its necessity. Among those who answered positively to this question, 53% of Russians are sure that the main purpose of the opposition is to modern Russia- keep power under the control of society. Other arguments are the possibility of alternatives for society when choosing programs, assistance in the dialogue between the authorities and society. And what do those who deny the need for opposition think? Here the main argument is that “we need to unite and not scatter our forces on strife” (31% of respondents). 27% believe that "Russia's current problems can only be solved with one firm hand." And another 18% answered that "Putin's policy expresses the interests of the widest sections of the population." Characteristically, the last two clues were most popular among the so-called "Putin's generation": that is, among young people aged 18-24.
Veronica Bode: Larisa, and your Public Opinion Foundation investigated this problem: is opposition needed, what is the attitude towards it, why is it needed?
Larisa Pautova: In the form that the Levada Center asked, we did not ask. But I think that if we formulated the question in the same way, we would, of course, get the same data. It seems to me that if you ask people “do you think opposition is needed?”, most say “yes, it is needed”. In much the same way, we can ask: “Do I need to translate my grandmother across the road?”. Or: "Is it necessary to help the poor and the needy?". And who admits en masse that he is against democracy, against freedom, against liberal values?
Veronica Bode: But he himself is unlikely to translate his grandmother across the road ...
Larisa Pautova: However, I think that indirect evidence that Russians are not interested in political opposition and, by and large, do not think about it at all, is the data of the Public Opinion Foundation when we asked: “Do you know about the March dissenting?" Only 30% of Russians know about it. It seems to me that this is a very important indicator that speaks not just about some declarative things - whether democracy or opposition is needed or not, but simply about the real presence of people in this field.
Veronica Bode: Ilya, what do you think, do we need opposition in Russia?
Ilya Khandrikov: The biggest problem in Russia today, and everyone admits it, is corruption. And in order to defeat corruption, four active things are needed - these are political competition, independent media, an independent court and public control. So, just the opposition is one of the most important elements of political competition. A few years ago, within the framework of the All-Russian Civil Congress (and I was the coordinator for entrepreneurship), an idea arose to create a political platform around the Civil Congress. And on this political platform, everyone agreed: both the communists and representatives of various other forces. Moreover, they agreed, most importantly, on the observance of the Constitution. This is already the basis for the movement and protection of interests.
Veronica Bode: Alexei, in your opinion, why is opposition needed in Russia?
Alexey Kolobrodov: Certainly she is needed. And, probably, solely in order to curb the authorities in some way, in any case, to force the authorities to be transparent, accountable to the population and break the strange and rather ugly configuration of “power and business”, in which new forces, new ideas, fresh thoughts in business environment does not arrive.
Veronica Bode: And we return to the main topic of our program - we are talking about the topic "Development of entrepreneurship in Russia, the attitude of the country's citizens towards this."
Vladimir Sergeevich from Vladimir, hello.
Listener: Veronika, one of the participants spoke about the desire of the provincial authorities of some Siberian region to attract young people to entrepreneurship. What region is this, please?
Veronica Bode: Tomsk.
Listener: It is common knowledge for people studying our history that in times Stolypin's reforms the authorities made attempts to resettle a significant part of Russian society in Siberia. And, despite the fact that the Siberian population, like the rest of the population of the Soviet Union, was subjected to severe repression during the period of collectivization, nevertheless, I think that the current descendants of those Stolypin migrants have retained the spirit of freedom, entrepreneurship, and socio-economic activity. .
Larisa Pautova: Thank you very much for your comment. Moreover, I myself am a Siberian, but not from Tomsk, but from Omsk. I agree that there, in Siberia, there is a spirit of free thinking and a desire for freedom. There is a special situation in Tomsk, and if we compare Omsk and Tomsk, then there are different data. In Tomsk, apparently, there is still a special atmosphere because it is the north of Siberia, plus there are a lot of universities, every fifth is a student. And a sensible government that understands that there are good conditions, and why not now organize the process so that those who would like to take a risk and start own business, they would really get such conditions. Maybe they do it because it is a special zone, a special example of business development in Russia, or maybe they do it for some other reason. But the main thing is that they are trying, and apparently, some results will be in the near future.
Veronica Bode: And now I bring to your attention the heading "Poll of Radio Liberty". “Would you risk opening your own business in Russia?” Our correspondent Igor Telin asked the residents of Saransk this question.
There were such thoughts. If any worthy idea appears, then, most likely, I will take a chance and try to implement it personally.
No, it seems to me that it is very tedious - without rest, without days off, always in suspense. Here my son is engaged, I even feel sorry for him. Well, life is like that, apparently, it makes him. And I wouldn't.
I have been dreaming of starting my own business for a long time. This year I plan to build my own pond, and there will be a mini-production for carp breeding.
Today - no, but in the future: I do not know yet. Now I'm doing social activities and that satisfies me. And about entrepreneurship, I this moment just didn't think about it.
Yes, I would venture to open my own business, but, unfortunately, there are no definite developments now.
I would not want to, because, as they show on television, and I heard from other people, there are endless outrages. I personally wouldn't want to.
I think not. I have no commercial vein, to put it bluntly. More skill is needed.
No, now opening your own business, first of all, is not possible in terms of finances - you need to take loans, pay them off. And secondly, I know that everyone is on bribes, you have to pay everyone to stay afloat. So for now, I don't want to.
I would not take a risk, but I would open, if I had money, my own travel agency.
I'm trying to get busy. But I believe my personal safety is not guaranteed.
Veronica Bode: Elena from Moscow, hello.
Listener: Hello. I categorically disagree with your guest Ilya and agree with your guest Alexei regarding tents. Now in Moscow there is a paradoxical situation when in large supermarkets you can buy food much cheaper than in tents. I'll give an example. In the spring, Bill announced the Israeli radish campaign. I bought it, I really liked it. And I went the next day - but she was not there. I walk a few meters - the tent is standing, and this Israeli radish costs 2 times more, but it is exactly the same. And the locals have such an opinion that all these tenters buy goods in supermarkets, and then sell us the same products, but more expensive.
Veronica Bode: Ilya, why do we need tents?
Ilya Khandrikov: I live in the center, not far from my house - a supermarket, now it is closed for repairs. And before that, I could not buy bread there, because I had to stand in line. And I love fresh bread. And in those tents that are next to the supermarket, someone bakes Uzbek bread, there are also tents that sell bread - I have a choice. And no one will convince me that I have to go to the supermarket and for some reason buy radishes there. Although I really liked the radish you are talking about. But if the services offered today are in demand, that's great. However, this ultimately affects prices. Therefore, I believe that if there is an excess of them in the center, near the metro, which we have been talking about for three years within the framework of business support structures, the Public expert council at the city hall: it is necessary to make transparent deployments, it is necessary to find out from the population in the "sleeping" areas where these tents and pavilions should be placed. They must meet the needs of the population. Of course, they should not be in such a large volume. What happened in Saratov is specific feature. Indeed, we need to put things in order and we need a lot of non-stationary objects transfer to stationary areas, and this is fundamentally important.
Any mayor wants to make both entrepreneurship and public services comfortable and a beautiful city. Let's work on it. In Moscow, no one worked on this, because the Department of Construction, the Department of Small Business and the Department of the Consumer Market had no interests. They could not agree and did not want to, but the mayor did not need it. If it is important for the current mayor that entrepreneurship be... Now you come to St. Petersburg - there are a lot of shops. But how did they do it? In 2004-2005, they broke on the knee. And if we do not break on the knee, but build normal programs, we will live in a beautiful city, and there will be no remnants and distortions.
Veronica Bode: Valentin from Ryazan, hello.
Listener: Hello. I think that we need democracy exactly for the same reason why we need power. As for the tents, I really liked the speech of the woman who said that supermarkets are cheaper. The conclusion is this: you need to close all the tents. I am 100% sure that if we close all the stalls, in supermarkets, radishes will cost not 2, but 3 times more.
Alexey Kolobrodov: I think they devote too much time to tents. And "pogrom" is a bit of a misnomer. And I don’t know what the tents have to do with entrepreneurship. With us, they had more to do with crime, with the lack of amenities. And it is important to report that we provided them (and here I agree with the authorities) with stationary trading premises. Naturally, questions of rent and so on arose. Someone did not want to pay, someone wanted to. But, in any case, the authorities went to the dialogue.
Veronica Bode: Larisa, are there many people in Russia who would like to do business? How many do and how much would you like?
Larisa Pautova: Our data is a little out of step with the statistics. When we ask “what do you do?”, 3-4% of Russians report that they are engaged in business, self-employment, entrepreneurship, and so on. That is, not everyone reports. And this percentage is very different in different regions. To the question “would you like, dream of opening your own business?” on average, 20% (among young people more - up to 40 can reach) would like to create their own business. To the question “do you plan to open your own business in the near future?” - this figure drops to 10%. But in reality, I think, 1-2% will open. And a very important point: men want to take risks more often, women do not want to take risks, they are afraid, and this is a separate issue - women's business. And a very important point. And as a sociologist, I would like to give a picture: apparently, entrepreneurs, enterprising people are a special caste, a special group of people. And they say that the entrepreneurial gene exists, the Americans are trying to trace it, that, indeed, entrepreneurialism is transmitted from parents to children, it just doesn’t arise in a person. And according to our data, somewhere around 20% of people are capable of doing business, that is, they are enterprising, apparently, by upbringing, by nature, maybe by genetics. And there are people who will never, under any circumstances, get involved in this, they are state employees or officials in spirit, or they are blue-collar workers. That is, this is a special group that needs to be protected, nurtured, nurtured, and, of course, controlled, I think.
Veronica Bode: Yakov from Moscow, hello.
Listener: Hello. I will answer your question - no way and no business! Among my acquaintances, no one wants, except for the closest relative. I don't think the market can be fair because it's based on capitalism. And capitalism cannot be honest in its essence. And let your guests read the Channel 5 forum and see the public sentiments that are very fond of not only Svoboda, but also Ekho Moskvy. That forum shows what people think. And most people are for socialism. I am categorically against business. Individual labor activity- please - a personal photographer, a personal hairdresser, but without hiring. This is not a business.
Veronica Bode: Ilya, tell me your thoughts about whether the market can be fair.
Ilya Khandrikov: I would like to clarify first. Larisa said that 20% have the opportunity to be entrepreneurs, according to their research. I know that a lot of research has been done. To date, there is data on how many are able to be entrepreneurs - this is 5-7% of the population. This is global research. And this is very little. And individual - a photographer and so on - maybe 20. Therefore, when we say "go into entrepreneurship", nothing will come of it.
As for Moscow. And I think that not only Moscow. Because the All-Russian Movement "For a Fair Market" is a movement that unites and accumulates energy from different regions. We work very closely with St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tula and other cities. And I can say that for 34 years, from the school bench, I was engaged in entrepreneurship, and the first 12 years, before the creation of the first professional clothing cooperative, it was easier to do than the last 12 years. And Alexei from Saratov said that over 10 years of research, at first there was movement forward, and then ... Yes, we know. And there was a project when Vladimir Putin came, then they were very closely engaged in research in the regions and changing the situation with administrative barriers. Alexander Alexandrovich Auzan worked very hard on this, I also did it. And I can say that by 2003 we managed to overcome administrative barriers by 30%. The autumn of 2003 became a key year when Mikhail Khodorkovsky was arrested. That's when the authorities said: "Wet!". And they began to “wet” very tightly, smash, cover and so on entrepreneurship. What we have today is a terrible picture.
Veronica Bode: Our listener believes that the market cannot be fair by definition. Your opinion.
Ilya Khandrikov: I am an idealist. If today we see colossal examples of market dishonesty, then why not try to show an alternative, not show positive examples. But on our site "vdcr.ru" we give a lot of negative examples. Because the government, destroying business, at the same time declares that everything is positive. Pay attention, we just announced the Public Court project on our website. And today, about 85% of entrepreneurs are either ready to take part in the trial of the authorities that are doing this to us today, or they simply support this idea. And only 3% do not support.
Veronica Bode: Listeners answer the question: "What hinders the development of business?".
Egor from Russia: "The system interferes."
A “half free” listener signed: “A not free person cannot lead quality business».
Unsigned message: “Hinder: expensive credit, inexperience of beginners, fear of risk, inertia of the majority, low effective demand, lack of state support in the form of benefits and preferences, unfair competition, lack of traditions, instability of moral and ethical principles.
Alexey, in your region, in Saratov, how many people want to do business, according to your observations?
Alexey Kolobrodov: I listened with great interest to the figures that Larisa presented to us, because I do not have such data for Saratov. But I have some experience of communicating with entrepreneurs and a sense of self. I think 5-7 is absolutely real numbers. And, of course, the downward trend is very serious. I communicate with students quite a lot, with young people. There are sociological myths that 30 years ago everyone wanted to be astronauts, 10 years ago - bankers or racketeers. So, I think that if a normal, impartial, serious all-Russian survey is now conducted, then among young people, probably, the desire to become an entrepreneur, the desire to go into business will be measured, if not by negative values, then within the limits of statistical error. In my opinion, it is. The number 5-7 will still seem very serious to us.
Larisa Pautova: As for Saratov, I would like to add that, according to our data, there are a lot of people in Saratov who are ready to engage in entrepreneurship. That is, Saratov is a favorable zone for the development of entrepreneurship. And about the youth - I absolutely agree. And the data of the Public Opinion Foundation show that now, rather, the orientation is towards a bureaucratic career, rather than an entrepreneurial one. And I keep talking about the fact that young people are leaving the field of business, because they dream of a state career, and if they don’t good examples for young people - bright, talented, successful, not quite a bastard entrepreneur, good man then young people will go into business. In the meantime, business is losing the fight, young people are still trying to go to government, to law enforcement agencies, rather than engage in entrepreneurship. We can lose this generation for business.
Veronica Bode: Ilya, why do you think such conditions are created in Russia that are unfavorable for business? Who benefits from the business and why?
Ilya Khandrikov: This is a huge research topic. Amazing thing. When I talked many years ago with Alexander Panikin, and today, talking with successful entrepreneurs, yes, there is a risk, an estimate, but there is also a traditional habit: as the authorities treat me, so I must do with it, it robs me, and I have to rob her too. This is a slave psychology: steal from the master, the master will steal from his master, and so on. This is probably genetic, because we are all serfs to a greater or lesser extent, and the serf psychology sits in us. And Russia, unfortunately, unlike Europe, entered this period very late. Fortunately, I am not a serf.
One of the most common activities is manufacturing business. It is here that certain values are created, various services are provided, works, goods and almost all products are produced.
Functions
Naturally, the main defining function that a production enterprise possesses is considered to be production. All the rest only accompany it and have the meaning of additions - transportation, storage, and the like. Industrial entrepreneurship includes scientific and technical and innovative activity, as well as direct reproduction of services and goods that will be used in further production.
The entrepreneur approaches the main function of production gradually. First, you need to solve a lot of questions that specify this production enterprise: what exactly will be produced, what steps need to be taken in order to get everything that is necessary for this activity. Therefore, a novice entrepreneur must research the market, conduct marketing research, study the demand.
Stages
The next step is to rent or purchase factors of production. The stages of industrial entrepreneurship involve the gradual organization work force, production assets, information factors. Production assets are of several types. The main ones are buildings, equipment, power machines, transmission devices, various structures, and the like. negotiable production assets consist of basic and auxiliary materials, raw materials, fuel and energy resources, containers and so on.
The labor force is organized through advertisements or labor exchanges, employment agencies, as well as with the help of acquaintances and friends. Industrial entrepreneurship includes the mandatory sale of produced goods, services or material assets. Therefore, further the most important factor is information, with the help of which it will be clear how to attract labor, financial and material resources, the situation in the markets for the products or services that are planned to be produced will become clearer.
Factors
The development of industrial entrepreneurship is influenced by a variety of factors that can be conditionally divided into technological, economic, political and legal, sociocultural, institutional, natural and demographic. Each of these types of factors can be subdivided into many areas. For example, economic ones include the level of development of markets and their scale, the size of effective demand and incomes of the population, competition in all industries, national currency rates, and the like.
Each of these factors has a huge impact on the entrepreneurial initiative and the business itself. Technological factors determine the state of the material and technical base and the level scientific and technological progress, legal and political - relations between the state and society, as well as processes that allow making important decisions, the level of development of legal awareness and the legal framework in the country. All this and much more must be taken into account by the entrepreneur if he builds a production business. The stages and types of factors affecting the development of the business must be included in the plans accordingly and in a timely manner when they are adjusted.
Marketing
In order to identify the need for a manufactured product, service or material values, in order to determine the demand for them, it is necessary to enter into contacts with potential buyers, consumers, with wholesale and retail or wholesale trade organizations. All types of entrepreneurship - industrial, commercial, financial - cannot do without marketing. Numerous negotiations are held, the culmination of which is a contract concluded by future buyers and an entrepreneur. If the contract is concluded entrepreneurial risk is reduced to a minimum, but if only a verbal agreement is in place, production activities may not succeed at the implementation stage.
Production business includes the production of goods, the provision of certain services, the performance of work, Information Support, creation of spiritual and material values. Commercial entrepreneurship differs from industrial one in that this activity concerns trade-purchasing, trade and trade-intermediary operations. Financial is the sphere of insurance, audit and financial markets. How the service develops and strengthens the consulting business, that is management consulting. And none of the activities - industrial, commercial, financial entrepreneurship - does not bypass marketing issues.
Scheme
Entrepreneurship is one of the most difficult types of business. Industrial entrepreneurship concerns the creation of goods, values, useful products needed by people, everything that can be sold and exchanged. The scheme is usually the sequence described above: rent or purchase of fixed assets - equipment and premises for it, purchase working capital- materials and components, attracting labor, obtaining the necessary information, after which production begins directly.
This is truly the leading type of entrepreneurship, however, it is also in transition to market economy period has undergone many negative changes. For the most part, economic ties fell apart, the provision of the material and technical side was disrupted and stopped, sales of products fell sharply, at literally all enterprises financial position worsened, sometimes to negative values. Entrepreneurship manufacturing enterprise collapsed, plants and factories were massively closed, life itself stopped.
Commercial and financial entrepreneurship
And here commercial enterprise during the years of perestroika, it developed steadily and rapidly: the purchase and sale of goods and services were characterized by huge amount operations and transactions. This is because this type of business could bring immediate returns. Previously, this area was quite severely limited, because its development turned out to be so rapid, merging mainly private and individual entrepreneurship. All enterprising and energetic people directed their efforts here, especially since there were many opportunities to "fish in troubled waters", that is, the economy in the country for the most part became a shadow one.
Industrial entrepreneurship usually gives no more than twelve percent profitability, and commercial - much more than thirty. Financial and credit activity - the circulation or exchange of values, however, penetrates into any business - both commercial and industrial, and can also be independent - these are insurance companies, banks, and the like. The profitability of this type of activity is not so high, up to ten percent, but its new form - consulting - is very promising in this respect.
Subsidies
To start a production activity, an entrepreneur must get start-up capital required for this purpose. Not everyone has own funds, so novice businessmen turn to the owner Money- a commercial bank, for example. Or all the factors of production - premises, equipment, raw materials, materials, information and the rest - they will take on credit. In any case, this amount of money is subject to mandatory return with interest for the use of the loan.
Also, cash grants for preferential terms start-up entrepreneurs are provided with state structures. So, since 1995, small business has been legally supported, where businessmen receive many credit and tax benefits. Indirectly involved in the formation of industrial entrepreneurship are municipal and federal bodies, the tax police and the inspectorate.
Profitability
Production activities must be productive, that is, products or works or services must be sold, and with a certain amount, where the difference between costs and revenues gives the company a profit. It is necessary to distinguish between balance sheet (gross) and net (residual) profit. The first consists of the amount of money remaining in the hands of the entrepreneur, when he has already paid the costs not only for production, but also for sales. But he hasn't paid taxes yet. The residual, net profit is calculated by subtracting from the first profit not only taxes, but also other deductions and payments, duties and fines, and the like. That is, this is the end result of the activity of the production worker.
For a general assessment financial activities there is an indicator of profitability, which is determined by the ratio net profit to all production costs. If the total costs amounted to, for example, forty million, and the residual profit was six million rubles, then the last figure must be divided by the first, then the resulting number should be multiplied by one hundred. Profitability in this example equals fifteen percent. Of course scale matters here. production activities to assess whether such a profitability is acceptable.
Innovation
Innovative entrepreneurship has been widely developed in our country in recent years. Here, first of all, it is necessary to mention the venture capital business, which currently makes up a large share of manufacturing entrepreneurship. This type of activity is treated as risky, since it is one of the forms of purely technological innovations. With its help, the results of scientific research are commercialized in high technologies and science-intensive areas. No one can guarantee the effect, and therefore the share of risk is significant. The income of this enterprise also cannot be predetermined. Hence, the investment of capital is risky.
Nevertheless, such a plan of innovative entrepreneurial activity is developing very rapidly. Its advantages are that it has many forms of organization, is very flexible and dynamic. Risks are usually shared and shared, allowing idea creators to implement them. The main thing is that the market valuable papers was developed well enough for foreign investors to invest in enterprises, supporting our intellectual property.
The role of the state
The state should increase its influence in stimulating and regulating industrial entrepreneurship. This is determined by both geography and social specifics - vast territories, multinational composition, diversified economy.
Socio-economic conditions should improve with the establishment of controllability of all vital processes, which is a necessity in the conditions of instability of the modern Russian market. This greatly hinders entrepreneurship, and it will not be able to cope with the deepest crisis in all spheres of the economy on its own and without the help of the state.
Tasks of the state
The successful functioning of industrial entrepreneurship will be after solving the following tasks: financial support from the state, adequate tax regulation, providing entrepreneurship with legal and information products.
And this applies not only to small businesses, but also to medium and large ones. The limited budget funds or their lack hinders the development of business. At least indirect support is needed. It exists today, but it is applied weakly and, it must be admitted, it is corrupt to the limit.
