A wide range of work at height involves the use of special machinery or equipment - cranes, aerial platforms and scaffolding. But if work is carried out on multi-storey buildings or hard-to-reach objects, industrial mountaineering is most often used. This technology of working at height is based on the use of climbing equipment and safety equipment. Wherein workplace achieved by ascending or descending through a system of fixed ropes.
The services of high-altitude specialists are resorted to construction companies, industrial enterprises, as well as institutions of the housing and communal complex. In some cases, a promalp is also necessary for private individuals. One of the most popular types of high-altitude work is the insulation and repair of facades, but other services of high-altitude workers are also in sufficient demand, sometimes depending on the time of year. For example, snow removal from the roof is one of the winter tasks for "urban climbers". In the same time, summer period always distinguished by a large number of orders for high-altitude workers.
Organizations providing services industrial mountaineering must have a license to perform construction and installation works. For high-altitude specialists, it is mandatory to have a certificate of completion of industrial mountaineering courses, as well as regular retraining.
Equipment for industrial mountaineering
A high-altitude specialist must have a full set of equipment and tools necessary to perform work at height, whether it is washing the windows of a multi-storey building or removing tree branches. An obligatory element of equipment is an individual safety system (ISS), which includes a gazebo and a safety harness. Also, the climber's equipment includes ropes, clamps and carabiners.
A key characteristic of a climbing rope is the number of standard pulls it holds before it breaks. This indicator depends on the material of manufacture, the number of fibers and the condition of the product (presence / absence of damage). The generally accepted classification distinguishes between static and dynamic types of rope. The former are able to stretch under load and dampen the jerk in the event of a worker's breakdown. The latter do not possess such a property, but are distinguished by high strength and reliability.
A clamp is a holding device that automatically locks onto a rope when loaded. According to the design features, there are clamps of bending, cam, jamming and wire varieties.
Carabiners, in turn, serve to connect the loops of the rope and secure it. They are made of durable metal - steel, titanium or duralumin. Carabiners for industrial mountaineering are equipped with a quick-opening latch and can be used to solve various problems - fastening a rope to a harness, hanging a working tool or auxiliary equipment.
The list of items of equipment also includes triggers of several varieties: “eight” (classic and horned), “lattice” and “washer”.
Types of work at height
The wide possibilities of industrial mountaineering allow you to perform high-altitude work on objects of any complexity. The mobility of this technology gives it a noticeable superiority over traditional methods - the use of aerial platforms, electric cradles and scaffolding. In addition, the promalp is characterized minimal cost time to prepare for the performance of work that can be carried out in cramped spaces and hard-to-reach objects.
The list of services for industrial climbers includes:
- Repair of facades and roofs of buildings of any number of storeys, as well as their cleaning and painting;
- Repair of balconies and loggias in residential buildings;
- Construction and installation works;
- Insulation and waterproofing of walls and roofs;
- Installation and repair of drainage systems;
- Chroning and removal of trees recognized as emergency.
Also, industrial mountaineering is in high demand when insulating concrete houses using the Warm Seam technology. High-altitude specialists carry out high-quality sealing of interpanel seams without the involvement of special equipment.
Climbing is an extreme sport, which consists in climbing mountain peaks and climbing ridges of varying difficulty. The term "alpinism" itself comes from the name of the Alps - a famous mountain system. It was there that the summit was conquered for the first time in the world: in 1786, J. Balma and M. Pacard, representatives of Switzerland, climbed its highest point - Mont Blanc (4,810 m).
Types of mountaineering
Mountaineering includes several types, depending on the type of mountain range, the duration of the ascent, the features of the landscape zone, the structure of the mountains and their height - rocky, ice, snowy, high-altitude, gentle, etc. Based on this, there are several types of mountaineering:
- hiking (short, fast and easy ascents to low altitude);
- trekking (long mountain hike or crossing with a well-thought-out route that does not involve climbing to the top);
- ski mountaineering (mountain climbing using alpine skis);
- bouldering (rock climbing - the conquest of separately located rock blocks and rocky massifs);
- ice climbing (climbing uphill on ice blocks and rocks);
- Big Wall (climbing large vertical walls that are over one kilometer long).
There is another type that is not directly related to sports, but is classified as mountaineering. This is industrial mountaineering, which involves the performance of high-altitude work by specially trained personnel at various facilities, including urban ones.
Mountaineering routes
Depending on the characteristics of the mountains (relief, rockfalls, length and number of difficult sections, retreat path, steepness, risk to life) there are several gradations of mountaineering routes, which are assigned by a person who has studied a particular route in practice. The final number of difficulty is approved centrally, after a detailed study of the route. In the post-Soviet space, the previously used classification has been adopted, which is slightly different from the global one.
According to this gradation, mountaineering routes are divided into VI categories, in order of increasing difficulty:
- increased complexity - VI (the most problematic, traumatic and difficult routes that require the highest skill and serious training from the climber);
- very difficult to overcome - V (in addition to self-confidence, they also require outstanding technical skills from athletes, they allow the use of ladders);
- difficult - IV (involving free sports overcoming of steep rocks, they use insurance with the help of hooks and other auxiliary means);
- medium difficulty- III (represent the limit for all those who practice mountaineering from time to time, allow the use of various safety devices);
- easily overcome - II (suitable for climbing in a bunch, including a short one, movement without the help of hands is impossible in them);
- very light - I (involving the periodic use of hands to move along the route, they are distinguished by the presence of large hooks).
In addition, routes from groups 2 to 6 inclusive are subdivided into 2 more subcategories, which are assigned the designation "A" and "B". Each category also forms 2 steps: upper (+) and lower (-).
mountaineering insurance
Insurance in mountaineering is a series of measures aimed at protecting against injury during ascent or descent. It is an indispensable necessity that will save you from the negative consequences of falling off a cliff. The function of insurance lies precisely in delaying a climber who has broken loose. There are several types of insurance:
- self-insurance;
- alternating;
- simultaneous.
According to the variety of holding the falling person, it can also be dynamic and static. The first is used to reduce the force of the jerk to all sections of the safety chain, including the rope (the weakest link in it is the top safety point). The second is divided into hard and soft.
Climbing equipment
Along with insurance funds, equipment is essential for mountaineering. Equipment for mountaineering differs depending on the category of the route to be overcome, the complexity of weather and climatic conditions, the season, the duration of the ascent. The main principle of the selection of equipment for mountaineering is safety, reliability, durability and minimum weight, so as not to overburden the athlete.
Going to the mountains, you must have with you:
warm clothes;
backpack;
sleeping bag;
rug;
hard hat
sunglasses;
tent;
anchor hooks;
carbines;
climbing cats;
Iceball or ice ax;
compass;
special shoes;
dishes and so on.
It is necessary to carefully monitor that the backpack provides an even distribution of the load on the back / spine. Also, it should be as comfortable as possible, light and at the same time durable. Urban and trekking backpacks (up to 35 and up to 60 liters) are not suitable for long-distance ascents, but assault and expeditionary backpacks (up to 65 and from 65 liters and above) are just right.
The choice of shoes also needs to be given serious importance. The most comfortable is trekking (except low), which is a cross between soft boots and heavy sneakers. It protects the foot well from dirt, dust, bumps, stones and accidental twisting. Fits perfectly, tightly wrapping around the ankle, and guarantees walking comfort.
The choice of a sleeping bag directly depends on the conditions in which the ascent will take place, and on the height of the ascent. It must be lightweight and protect from the cold. Now they are made of fabric with wind and moisture resistant impregnation, which breathes freely. At the same time, it is very durable. A synthetic winterizer or natural fluff is used as a filler, which warms only until there is no serious dampness, so a synthetic sealant is preferable.
Mountaineering rules
Mountaineering rules are divided into two large groups that affect aspects:
- holding competitions,
- making ascents.
The first are valid only for the period of the competition and may have a number of features, based on the conditions of the area, the duration, the requirements of the judging staff. Typically, this occurs in ice climbing, rock climbing (bouldering), climbing artificial obstacles (indoors/under open sky) and natural rocks. They take into account the age of participants (boys/adults), gender (women/men), sports category of participants (amateurs/pros). The rules of mountaineering for climbing are more foresight and rigidity, as they do not involve outside control and can last for a very long period. They are typical for everyone and relate to individual safety when climbing, protection from unforeseen situations and safety nets.
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This manual has been developed specifically for safe work in the production of steeplejack works using industrial mountaineering methods.
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LABOR PROTECTION
1.1. To perform climbing work using the methods of industrial mountaineering, men over 18 years of age are allowed, who do not have contraindications for health reasons, who have been trained in safe methods and techniques for performing work, introductory and primary briefings on labor protection at the workplace and testing knowledge of labor protection requirements.
1.2. Workers embarking on steeplejack work must have the following permits with them:
- certificate of an industrial climber;
- Personal book of an industrial climber;
– certificate of a technology specialist (painter, glass wiper, slinger, etc.);
- work permit.
1.3. Workers admitted to climbing for the first time must work for one year under the direct supervision of experienced climbers.
1.4. “At-altitude work” means work that poses a threat of falling from a height (or to a depth) of more than 1.3 meters, by “climbing work” - from a height of more than 5 meters.
1.5. Industrial mountaineering is a type of work at height and is a dangerous activity in which the worker is exposed to harmful and dangerous production factors.
1.6. Harmful production factors are production factors, the impact of which on an employee can lead to his illness. Hazardous production factors are production factors, the impact of which on an employee can lead to his injury.
1.7. In the process of climbing works using the methods of industrial mountaineering, the following dangerous and harmful production factors affect the personnel:
- danger of falling from a height;
- danger of falling objects from above;
- unstable and unreliable structures;
- the impact of psychological stress factors;
- great physical activity;
— impact of atmospheric phenomena;
- the impact of others production factors, which are associated with the specifics of the work performed (availability of specialized equipment).
2. REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT
2.1. Employees must be provided with personal protective equipment (PPE): helmets, overalls and footwear, gloves, insurance equipment (fall protection), protective equipment appropriate for the task being performed (shields to protect the eyes, etc.).
2.2. Fall protection equipment includes: individual safety systems (ISS), ropes, cords, cables, safety loops and slings, carabiners, clamps, descenders, climbers and safety devices, blocks.
2.3. Fall protection equipment must have documents confirming it. strength properties and conditions of use (quality certificates, technical data sheets, compliance with GOST, EN, ISO standards, test reports, etc.).
2.4. PPE may be provided by the business or owned by the worker. In the latter case, fall protection equipment and documents confirming their strength properties and conditions of use must be presented to the person responsible for compliance with safety requirements appointed by order of the enterprise, and can be used with the written permission of the latter.
2.5. Fall protection means belonging to the performers on the basis of personal property rights must fully comply with the requirements of this instruction.
2.6. The equipment used in the performance of production tasks is divided into:
- personal equipment that is used and customized by each performer individually or is included in an individual set of necessary equipment,
- group equipment used impersonally by a link, brigade.
2.7. Personal equipment for work at height includes an individual safety system (ISS), consisting of a safety belt with shoulder straps (chest harness) and a lower harness with leg straps, or having a combined design, as well as self-insurance, jerk shock absorbers, carabiners, catchers, helmet , PPE.
2.8. When performing work that excludes a strong jerk during a breakdown, it is allowed to use ISS, consisting of one arbor.
2.9. The harnesses and personal harnesses used must meet the requirements of the relevant standards.
2.10. When working at height with lower insurance or in conditions where there is a risk of a breakdown of the worker and the occurrence of dynamic loads during a jerk, the ISS must be connected to the safety chain through a shock-absorbing device with a response threshold of not more than 0.6 kN.
2.11. The ISS must have devices for adjusting the parameters in accordance with the anthropometric data of the worker (height, fullness).
2.12. All elements of ISS (made of natural and artificial fibers, leather, metal) must retain their protective and operational properties with humidity drops up to 100%.
2.13. Metal parts of the ISS and other means of protection against falls from a height must have an anti-corrosion coating or be made of metals (alloys) that are not subject to corrosion.
2.14. During the operation of ASCs, their metal parts should not be located in the armpits, between the legs, in the areas of the liver and kidneys of the worker.
2.15. Before being put into service and every 6 months during operation, the safety belt must be subjected to a static load test. The shock-absorbing device shall be tested at the same time. The test procedure is carried out in accordance with regulatory requirements.
2.16. ISS that have a factory certificate and a period of guaranteed trouble-free operation are not subject to testing.
2.17. Checking the operational suitability of the ISS should be carried out by visual inspection before the start of each work shift.
2.18. ISS are not allowed to operate if one of the following defects is found on the chest harness, arbor or shock-absorbing device:
- leather and fabric elements and elements of leather substitutes have tears, cuts, burns, wrinkled, stretched, tattered areas;
- metal parts are deformed, have cracks, dents, burrs, visually detectable risks, thinning and corroded areas;
- belts, ribbons, straps in the place of stitching have frayed and torn threads, parted seams;
- rope elements have loose, untwisted or torn ends, strands, areas with a thinned or thickened diameter, traces of mechanical impact on the sheath, traces of impact high temperature or chemicals.
2.19. Ropes:
- climbing, safety, rescue static ropes with a diameter of 10-13 mm, made of synthetic materials and made in the form of a braided core, should be used as the main carrier safety ropes;
- for insurance in the presence of a risk of a jerk, dynamic climbing ropes with a diameter of 10-13 mm, made of synthetic materials and made in the form of a braided core, should be used;
- for insurance using self-insurance loops, it is allowed to use ropes with a diameter of 8 mm or more, made of synthetic materials and made in the form of a core in a braid, as well as from aramid (Kevlar) fibers;
- for auxiliary purposes, it is allowed to use a cord with a diameter of 6-8 mm;
- to ensure self-insurance, as well as for use as braces and extensions of carrying and safety ropes, it is allowed to use nylon tape with a breaking force of at least 22 kN;
- all ropes, cords and ribbons must have appropriate quality certificates;
- loops for self-insurance using grasping knots on a vertical railing rope are allowed to be made from a soft rope with a diameter of at least 8 mm, having a breaking force of at least 0.7 kN in the working position;
- lanyards for belaying with a carabiner are made of a main rope with a diameter of at least 9 mm with a breaking force of at least 22 kN;
- maximum length of the self-insurance loop - 2 m;
- when making loops for self-insurance using grasping knots, the ends of the cord must be connected with oncoming knots (oncoming, oncoming eight, grapevine). In some cases, the interlacing of the ends of the loop is allowed (for loops made of aramid fibers);
- ropes and cords natural fibers, can only be used for auxiliary operations: as braces when moving loads, supplying tools, etc. provided that their static strength is twice the weight of the load being lifted;
- the maximum service life or storage of the main ropes should not exceed 3 years. Cords must be in operation for no more than 6 months;
- when cutting the working ends from the bay, it is necessary to cull the ropes, removing sections that have a thickening or thinning of the diameter, broken or uneven lay, kinks, kinks, breaks or non-standard coloring of the strands;
- store ropes that are not cut into working ends and are in use, should be rolled into coils, in a ventilated dry room at a temperature of -10 ° C to + 30 ° C, away from heating devices, avoiding direct sunlight;
- to protect the ropes on sharp edges and bends, protectors and protective devices should be used, made in the form of fabric covers or metal or wooden structures. The design of the protectors or guards must ensure that the rope cannot be damaged or that the rope jumps off the guard during work.
2.20. Carabiners and connecting links:
- the connecting elements used must withstand an ultimate load of at least 20 kN. For work at height it is allowed to use carabiners with a latch and a safety clutch or connecting links with a clutch that have the brand of the manufacturer and quality certificates. The coupling can be of automatic design (for carabiners) or screw-on (for carabiners and connecting links). Carabiners without clutches can only be used for auxiliary operations. Application and verification technical condition carabiners must be carried out in accordance with the technical passport or operating instructions of the manufacturer for each type of carabiner;
- carabiners or connecting links in which couplings, springs are damaged or deformed, there are increased gaps (backlashes) between parts or their functions are impaired, as well as having visually detectable frictional wear, cracks and chips, it is prohibited to use;
- the design of braking devices, clamps, blocks used in high-altitude work should exclude the possibility of damage (deformation) and spontaneous loss of the ropes tucked into them;
- braking devices must provide the possibility of reliable blocking of the skipped rope to stop it;
- the dimensions of the working seat must be at least 600 by 200 mm, the thickness of the board is at least 20 mm (or when made from plywood - 12 mm). In the design of the working seat, it is possible to use metal plates. The working seat must be tied with a rope with a diameter of at least 9 mm, with the obligatory coverage of the seat from below. The rope is passed through holes in the board corresponding to the diameter of the rope and located no closer than 40 mm from the edge of the board. For tying, the use of tapes or metal cables is allowed. All board edges must be rounded.
2.21. Clamps during operation should not allow loaded and free ropes to slip through them.
2.22. The blocks must rotate freely on the axes without distortions and jamming and have a design that prevents the axes from falling out.
2.23. Items of equipment unsuitable for use (ropes, carabiners, clamps, blocks) must not be stored at the workplace.
2.24. On the ISS and both ends of the ropes there must be permanent markings containing a number (according to the form) or a code (according to the book of registration of tangible property).
2.25. For unmistakable identification and timely rejection of all work equipment, forms must be entered to record hours worked and operating conditions. For each rope or device, the form must indicate:
- the number of the factory certificate;
- assigned number;
- manufacturer;
- Date of issue;
- type, for rope - length and color;
- Date of purchase;
- a calendar table with a monthly record of the number of hours worked with a column for special operating conditions;
— date of the last check;
- the signature of the verifier.
2.26. For equipment that is not subject to accounting (for example, auxiliary carbines, cords, etc.), forms are not started. For such equipment, culling and destruction are ensured when worn, at the end of the service life and after excessive loads. The control of culling is carried out by persons appointed by the order for the enterprise.
2.27. Before being accepted into the warehouse, each of the items of equipment, equipment and devices placed there must undergo visual and functional control carried out by a designated person, about which an appropriate entry in the log must be made.
2.28. Equipment and devices that are not in use should be subject to regular inspection by a competent person, and an appropriate record should be made of this.
2.29. Gear and equipment rejected for use in work at height, but suitable for another use, should be stored separately, after removing permanent markings from it.
2.30. The manufacturer's instructions regarding the period of use or storage of equipment and equipment must be observed. In their absence, the following criteria should be followed:
- all elements of the belay system should be discarded after a fall with a jerk factor greater than 1 (jerk factor = fall height / length of the issued rope);
- ropes and tapes should be discarded no later than the expiration of 3 years (including storage) or 400 working hours.
2.31. All metal parts of equipment and belay systems should be discarded if:
— they have been overloaded when dropped or subjected to impact;
- visual changes are detected (rust, cracks, depressions, including due to abrasion, notches, etc.);
— do not function flawlessly and easily.
2.32. Helmets should be discarded after 5 years of use or if damaged.
2.33. The team should be able to quickly apply additional equipment (for example, a set of reserve equipment) to assist, if necessary. emergency assistance to release the victim from hovering or transportation to the place of medical care and / or further evacuation.
2.34. Composition of the group emergency equipment kit:
- an additional rope (or the possibility of immediate use of those already involved) of a length that allows rescue operations to be carried out to ground level;
- 5 carbines (or the possibility of immediate use of those already involved);
- knife;
- 2 blocks;
- cord (not less than 3 × 5 m).
2.35. The team must have a group first aid kit to provide first aid in case of injury to an employee.
2.36. Workers must follow the rules of personal hygiene: wear clothing that covers the elbows and knees, long hair should be covered so that they do not get into moving parts of the equipment (descenders, clamps), dress in accordance with weather conditions. If necessary, apply creams and lubricants to protect the skin, wear goggles, shields, etc.
2.37. The brigade, in the absence of reliable voice communication between the upper, lower and working areas, must have means of communication (telephones, a set of VHF radios).
2.38. Necessary tools and materials weighing up to 10 kg should be carried in special bags or protected from falling from a height. To do this, they can be attached directly to the ISS or to the working seat using cords with a diameter of 6-8 mm.
2.39. For tools, fixtures, fixtures and equipment weighing more than 10 kg, if necessary, the possibility of independent suspension and insurance to the elements of the work object should be provided.
2.40. Small fitting and assembly and construction tools should be placed in a special bag attached to the belt, on the work seat or worn over the performer's shoulder.
2.41. In the process of use, a small instrument must be insured against falling (attached to the overalls or ISS of the performer) with a braid or linen elastic. Similar insurance should be provided when working from hinged and suspended platforms with a slatted floor.
3. HEALTH REQUIREMENTS BEFORE STARTING WORK
3.1. High-altitude work at each individual facility should be carried out with the availability of a work production plan (PPR) or a technological map (notes, diagrams). PPR, flow sheet, note or diagram (hereinafter referred to as "technical documentation") must contain:
- measures to ensure safety when working at height;
- the procedure for supplying materials, fixtures, equipment and tools to workplaces, carrying ropes (ropes), hinged and suspended platforms;
- layouts of temporary engineering communications of electrical wires, cables, various sleeves, hoses, etc.);
- a list of used equipment with an indication of the owner.
3.2. PPR and other technical documentation, labor protection instructions must be agreed with the labor protection service of the enterprise on whose territory the work is to be carried out.
3.3. Before admission to the work site, all employees must be familiarized with the technical documentation against signature.
3.4. In urgent cases, for example, in the event of a threat to the safety of personnel, deviations from technical documentation without making written changes under the personal responsibility of the work manager.
3.5. In order to perform work at height on the territory (in the premises) of an operating enterprise, an act of admission must be issued that defines measures to ensure labor safety, taking into account production activities of this enterprise. Registration of the act of admission is the responsibility of the head of work.
3.6. Specific activities for safe execution high-altitude work should be determined by the work permit.
3.7. The initial admission of work performers to the facility is allowed after checking the completeness of the implementation of labor safety measures provided for by the technical documentation and the work permit, and when working on the territory (in the premises) of the operating enterprise, also by the admission certificate.
3.8. The mechanisms, tools, fixtures, equipment and climbing equipment used in the conduct of work at height must comply with the safety requirements for this type of mechanisms, tools, fixtures, equipment and climbing equipment and the type of work performed with their help.
3.9. Anchoring points are suitable for use if their load-bearing capacity per person (together with necessary equipment and equipment) with a fourfold margin of safety:
- according to the technical documentation with a static separate load - not less than 7.5 kN;
- or as a result of a double test - a load in the working direction with a force of 7.5 kN for 5 minutes;
- according to at least 3 experts, which may be persons with at least 2 years of experience in industrial mountaineering methods.
3.10. To increase the reliability of the fixing points, it is allowed to block them - to combine them by connecting, tying with local or self-adjusting loops.
3.11. Fixing points suitable for securing safety and cargo ropes and how to use them are noted in the technical documentation (for example, in the PPR).
3.12. Personnel performing work at height must know the location of the first aid kit and be able to use emergency signaling, communication and fire extinguishing equipment, know the ways and means of urgent evacuation from the danger zone in the event of emergencies or fires, be able to provide first aid injured in accidents.
3.13. Personnel working at height must know the specifics and features of high-altitude work, be able to use climbing equipment, know how to belay, self-insurance and provide assistance in emergency and emergency situations.
3.14. An employee performing work at height on the territory (in the premises) of an operating enterprise is obliged to comply with labor protection requirements and special safety rules in force at this enterprise.
3.15. Conducting a safety briefing at the workplace is recorded in the work permit by the signature of the person who conducted the briefing.
3.16. Before starting work at height using industrial mountaineering, employees must:
- inspect safety equipment and PPE for compliance with safety requirements;
- receive a task from the manager and, against signature in the work permit and / or the corresponding journal, undergo instruction at the workplace, taking into account the specifics of the work performed;
- wear overalls, shoes with non-slip soles, helmet.
3.17. After receiving the assignment, employees are required to:
– put on an individual safety system and place safety equipment;
- check the workplace and approaches to it for compliance with safety requirements;
- check the presence of protective fences and warning signs in the work area or ensure their installation;
- get technological equipment, tools necessary to perform the work, and check them for compliance with safety requirements.
3.18. It is forbidden to start work in the following cases:
- detection of defects in safety equipment: ropes, individual safety systems (ISS), descenders or PPE, as well as in the presence of other violations of safety requirements, in which the operation of the equipment is prohibited;
— the impossibility of organizing case points for securing safety equipment (rope or cable railings, etc.);
- detection of cracks, chips, potholes and other similar defects in the steps of stairs, ladders or bridges, which can lead to their breakage during the transition along them or during the performance of work;
- insufficient illumination of workplaces and approaches to them;
- damage to the integrity or the possibility of loss of stability of building structures at the workplace;
- finding the workplace or approaches to it within the danger zone (in the zone of the cargo moved by the crane, in the zone of moving machines and mechanisms, in the zone of work of other steeplejacks or personnel);
- zones with harmful conditions environment(electromagnetic field, chemicals, etc.);
- finding strangers in the lower zone.
3.19. Every day, before starting work, the responsible contractor must:
- check the completeness and serviceability of the personal equipment of each employee and withdraw from use equipment that does not meet safety requirements (admission to work at height by industrial mountaineering methods with faulty or untested or dismantled personal equipment is prohibited);
- inspect the attachment points of all safety and carrier ropes;
- organize the protection of all safety and carrier ropes from chafing and / or pinching;
- check the availability, composition and serviceability of the emergency equipment kit;
- check the serviceability and strength of fixing mechanisms, blocks, hoses, wires and cables used at height;
- check that all employees have personal protective equipment, their serviceability and compliance with the type of work to be done, or production processes;
- check and, if absent, install a fence of the danger zone and the presence of warning posters;
- determine, based on specific conditions, the number and safe location of observers and place them in their places (in the absence of a fence around the working area);
— interview all employees about their well-being and conduct current briefings with them on the safe performance of specific production operations and interaction at height. If any of the performers of the work complained of being unwell, it is prohibited to allow him to work at height.
3.20. Before climbing to a height, all performers of work, including managers, must:
- check the serviceability and ease of use of personal equipment;
- check the availability, completeness and serviceability of personal protective equipment;
- protect the carrying ropes from pinching and chafing.
3.21. Employees are obliged to clarify with the manager the questions that arose when familiarizing themselves with the technical documentation and during the briefing on labor safety.
3.22. If violations of safety requirements are found, employees are obliged to report them to the manager. The manager takes measures to eliminate them on his own, and if it is impossible to do this, he stops work until they are eliminated.
4. HEALTH REQUIREMENTS DURING WORK
4.1. When at a height, an industrial climber must:
- perform only those technological operations that are provided for by the task;
- observe the rules of insurance and movement using a rope;
- immediately notify the manager about all emergency situations and act according to his instructions;
- do not use methods of work that are not permitted and not provided for by technology;
- do not work under loose structures;
- do not perform work under another employee located at a higher elevation, except in special cases with the permission of the head;
- do not approach live wires and live parts of the equipment at a dangerous distance, defined in the technical documentation in accordance (PPR).
4.2. When working at height, the following methods of insurance for workers are used:
- top loaded insurance (attachment of the worker to the descender or lifting device, put on the carrying rope in the working position);
- upper rigidly fixed unloaded insurance (attachment of the worker to the safety rope with the help of a catcher);
- upper unloaded belay (provided by the main rope going from above and held by another worker);
- lower dynamic belay, (provided by the main rope going from below and held by another worker);
- lower insurance with a shock-absorbing device on the ISS; self-insurance to the elements of the object on which the work is carried out;
- self-insurance to a horizontally stretched and fixed steel cable with a diameter of at least 8 mm or a rope with a diameter of at least 11 mm (railing).
4.3. The top belay should only be used in combination with an unloaded top belay (i.e. a second belay is required in the descent or ascent position).
4.4. When finding and moving a worker at a height, there should not be a moment when he would be left without insurance (the principle of continuity of insurance).
4.5. The static ropes used must have a breaking strength of at least 12 kN for vertical and at least 20 kN for horizontal railings.
4.6. When entering a zone of increased danger of falling (2 meters from the edge of the drop in height of 1.3 m or more), you should immediately join the insurance system. In this case, sagging of the safety rope should be excluded by shortening it with a knot or a catching device moving together with the performer.
4.7. After securing the end of each rope at the anchor point, its other end is lowered down to the ground or intermediate platform. This end of the rope must be protected from falling material from above, and at the intermediate landing it must be secured so as to provide enough slack in the rope to perform abseiling.
4.8. If rope work lasts more than 30 minutes, a work seat must be used.
4.9. In cases where the method of belaying or the attachment of the belay rope is in doubt, double belaying and/or blocking of anchorage points should be applied.
4.10. If, when descending the rope, there is a possibility of the rope being near sharp edges (cornices, storm drains, elements of metal and building structures) with the threat of damage to the rope, the performer must have a bend protection with him, which should be hung on the rope, being directly next to the dangerous place.
4.11. Work at height from suspended and hinged platforms and cradles should be carried out using the top unloaded insurance. When using catchers (including grasping knots), the safety loop is attached with a connecting element (carabiner with a clutch) to the performer's ISS, the length of the loop must be such that, in case of possible hanging, the performer can reach the catcher (grasping knot) with his hand.
4.12. It is allowed to perform any work at height, using only clamps for climbing a rope, without using a safety loop with a grasping knot on a safety rope, only when using clamps that have an indication in the certificate that they can be used for insurance and when obligatory condition placement of such a clamp so as to exclude the free fall phase of the performer and the jerk. The safety rope at the same time has an upper fastening and should not have slack above the performer.
4.13. When descending ropes, it is prohibited to use braking devices without additional use of a safety loop with a catcher (grasping knot, blackknot knot) on a safety rope or without insurance provided by another performer.
4.14. In places where there is a danger of damage or chafing of the rope in bends, appropriate rope protection (protector) should be used.
4.15. All ropes must have a safety knot at the lower ends that prevents the rope from slipping out of the descender and/or grappling knot when the performer is above the lower zone.
4.16. Knots must be properly tied and secured. Each node must be used in accordance with its intended use.
4.17. Devices and equipment used on carrying systems must be self-locking, i.e., if the performer does not hold them, they must automatically stop or brake the descent along the rope to a safe speed. (A safe rappelling speed is 1.5 m/s or less, which corresponds to a landing speed of 5.4 km/h).
4.18. In the production at the height of welding work, the halyard of the ISS safety belt must be metal (steel cable or chain), in an insulating cover.
4.19. If it is necessary to carry out work at height with a large deviation of the carrying and safety ropes from the vertical position or if the position of the performer is unstable, additional braces should be used for positioning.
4.20. It is forbidden to work at height at night or when insufficient lighting workplace, as well as during thunderstorms, rain, snowfall, wind speeds of more than 15 m / s and outdoor air temperatures of less than -20 ° C.
4.21. In special cases (emergency situation), it is possible to carry out such work in compliance with additional ways security.
4.22. When at a height on the ropes, it is FORBIDDEN:
- work with an incomplete set of personal safety equipment or personal protective equipment;
- to carry out the movement of goods in the absence of "top-bottom" communication;
- work in the area of action of hoisting and construction machines and mechanisms, be under the transported load or under the workplace of another contractor (with the exception of specially specified cases of special performance technologies);
- use tools and equipment that are not insured against falling;
- to carry out work using open fire, mechanical and electrical cutting tool without additional self-insurance with a steel cable or chain;
– perform gas and electric welding, petrol cutting and work using hot bituminous mastics without additional insurance with a steel cable or chain;
- use faulty and untested means of protection against falling from a height;
- use safety equipment not according to it intended purpose;
- leave uncleaned safety equipment, tools, equipment at the workplace after the end of the shift.
4.23. For access to workplaces, as well as the transition in the process of work from one workplace to another, equipped access systems (stairs, ladders, bridges) must be used.
4.24. Walking on building structures or ladders, ladders, bridges located on them, as well as employees staying on them, is allowed provided that the structure is fixed in accordance with the project for the production of works.
4.25. The presence of workers on the elements of building structures held by a crane, as well as on unstable structures or scaffolding means, is not allowed.
4.26. If it is necessary to cross trusses, a beam, a crossbar and other similar building structures located at a height of more than 2 m, it is imperative to use individual safety systems attached to the structure in one of the following ways:
- self-insurance in the girth of the structure with a carabiner fastened to the self-insurance;
- self-insurance girth of the structure with fastening of the carabiner for the side ring on an individual safety system;
- a carabiner for a mounting loop or a safety rope (cable, rope);
- grasping knot or safety device (clips, etc.) to the safety rope (rope railing);
- a carabiner to the catching device.
4.27. The places and method of securing the safety ropes must be determined by the project for the production of work.
4.28. When working on ropes, two ropes should be used: one - working - for hanging the descender and the worker, the other - safety - for organizing insurance, an individual safety system should be attached to the safety rope in one of the following ways:
- grasping knot and self-insurance loop;
- a black note knot attached to the ISS;
- safety device. At the same time, the employee must ensure that the specified knots or clamp are not lower than the level of the head in order to exclude the occurrence of a shock load (jerk) in the event of a breakdown.
4.29. When securing to a rope with belay devices, read and understand the enclosed instructions for use. Only devices certified for this use (eg ASAP) may be used.
4.30. On the descent, the worker is suspended on a working rope using a descender attached either to a special ISS or to a working seat.
4.31. It is allowed to pass both ropes into the descender.
4.32. On the ascent, the worker is suspended on a working rope with the help of grasping knots or clamps (or devices that replace them) attached to the ASC.
4.33. Setting up the system when organizing work with the use of a counterweight is carried out as follows:
- at the upper point of attachment, the main block is suspended, through which the main rope (cable) is passed with a length equal to the height of the object;
- to the lower end of the main rope, the assistant, located below, ties a weight-counterweight, the mass of which corresponds to the mass of the performer working on this system. To fine-tune the mass of the load, the performer, being at the top and not unfastening from the lanyard, sits in the working seat and loads it with his own weight, giving the command to the assistant to add or reduce the load on the counterweight. The load at the end of the rope must be tied with reliable knots or fastened with carabiners;
- after adjusting the mass, the counterweight is suspended on an inclined road by means of a roller.
4.34. When working with the use of a counterweight, the insurance is carried out by attaching the counterweight to the working end of the cable and to the elements of building structures or to a specially hung safety rope.
4.35. In all cases, the attachment of the individual fall arrest system to the points of insurance should be carried out in such a way that the height of a possible fall is minimal.
4.36. Before starting work, it is necessary to make sure that there are no people below, in the zone of possible falling objects.
4.37. In the process of work, structural elements or materials should be lifted up with a rope or a crane. Workers located below, when lifting loads up, are obliged to prevent them from swinging and catching on obstacles encountered on the way with the help of braces. It is not allowed to perform steeplejack work in areas where the cargo is moved by a crane during its movement.
4.38. To lift loads, it is allowed to establish temporary chain hoists of various schemes, consisting of elements of climbing equipment. Blocks and other power elements of such chain hoists must have a 5-fold margin of safety (at least) in relation to the applied load.
4.39. When organizing chain hoists, make sure that the blocks are not skewed in relation to the rope, avoid lateral support of the block holder on structural elements.
4.40. Personal protective equipment should be used in strict accordance with the instructions for use.
4.41. The materials and tools required to complete the assignment must be used in accordance with the relevant rules and regulations.
4.42. Workers who use special tools (power tools, compressors, etc.) in their work, as well as perform slinging work, must additionally have an appropriate permit to work with such a tool or for such work.
4.43. During breaks, tools and materials should be put away in designated places.
4.44. When working at height on ropes, it is prohibited:
- work with an incomplete set of individual equipment and PPE corresponding to the types and conditions of work;
- arbitrarily untie and tie or load the ropes;
- to be during the production of work on each other;
- make sudden movements and jerks that create an excessive load on the systems and fixing points;
- use objects of labor and tools that are not insured against falling;
- descend without additional insurance on a separate rope or self-insurance for the structure of the object.
4.45. It is allowed to work from ladders that meet standards, up to 5m high.
4.46. In this case, the employee must be no higher than 1 m from the top edge of the stairs, carrying out insurance for structures, the weight of the tool used should not exceed 5 kg.
5. REQUIREMENTS FOR LABOR PROTECTION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
5.1. Emergencies when performing work at height using industrial mountaineering can be caused by the following reasons, as a rule, psychological factors (underestimation of the situation and individual capabilities, lack of concentration, psychological and physical unpreparedness for activities in an emergency situation, etc.):
- improper use of equipment and equipment;
- changing weather conditions;
— unforeseen technogenic factors (fire, destruction of structures, etc.).
5.2. If weather conditions change (thunderstorm, snowfall, fog or rain) that impair visibility within the work front, as well as wind speeds up to 15 m/s or more, you must stop work and move to a safe place.
5.3. In the event of malfunctions of stairs, platforms, bridges, power tools, as well as damage to the integrity or loss of stability of structures, employees are obliged to suspend work and inform the manager about this, who takes measures to ensure safety, up to the termination of work.
5.4. In case of injury or other violations of the health of an employee (poisoning, electric shock, etc.), one should:
- ensure, if necessary, the release of the victim from the state of freezing (having previously performed actions to de-energize, etc.);
- provide first aid (resuscitation measures, stop bleeding, placement of the victim, intramuscular anti-shock injections - if appropriate training is available);
- organize the delivery of the victim to medical institution or call an ambulance by calling 103;
- take urgent measures to prevent the development of an emergency or other emergency and the impact of traumatic factors on other persons;
- to preserve, until the beginning of the investigation of the accident, the situation as it was at the time of the incident, if this does not threaten the life and health of other persons and does not lead to a catastrophe, accident or other emergency circumstances, and if it is impossible to maintain it, it is necessary to record the current situation (draw up schemes, conduct other activities).
5.5. Accidents in industrial mountaineering are subject to investigation, accounting and analysis in order to comprehensively study the circumstances and causes that caused them, and develop measures for their further prevention, in accordance with the Regulations on the investigation and registration of industrial accidents.
5.6. Accidents that did not entail accidents are subject to investigation by a commission created by the administration of the enterprise.
5.7. Responsibility for the correct investigation and accounting of accidents and accidents, the execution of relevant acts, the implementation of the measures specified in the acts, in accordance with applicable law, lies with the administration of the enterprise.
5.8. If the lower ends of the ropes are pinched or tangled and it is impossible for the performer to move freely along these ropes, urgent troubleshooting should be organized: unravel the ropes or use the ropes from the emergency kit.
5.9. If damage to the main rope under the performer is detected, it is necessary to exclude the damaged section from under the influence of the load using the “butterfly” knot, and then, alternately transferring the load to the clamp (clamps), pass this section alternately through the braking device and continue work. At the end of the descent, this rope should be discarded.
5.10. If damage to the main rope above the performer is detected, it is necessary to immediately provide additional insurance for the performer, and release the defective rope from the load and remove it from the workplace and from the object, followed by complete culling.
5.11. In the event that the lower ends of the main ropes are caught by an unauthorized vehicle or any other moving mechanism, the ropes must be immediately cut below the braking device or secured to structures so that a break occurs below the performer.
5.12. In the event of a fire or gas contamination at the facility, work must be immediately stopped and measures taken for urgent evacuation from a height of all performers; in case of emergencies and the need for an emergency descent, deviations from the requirements of this methodology are allowed, in particular, regarding the mandatory use of two ropes during work. It is necessary to notify the management and call the fire brigade by calling 101.
5.13. If the performer is injured and unable to leave the workplace on his own, he should be provided with the necessary first aid by arranging his transportation to the ground using emergency or standard equipment, and call an ambulance by phone 103.
5.14. The performers are obliged to notify the responsible work executor and the responsible work manager about all accidents, accidents and emergency situations.
5.15. Equipment for rescue work and evacuation of the victim is provided by sets of individual equipment for workers, as well as reserve equipment.
6. REQUIREMENTS FOR LABOR SAFETY AFTER THE END OF WORK
6.1. After completing work at height using industrial mountaineering, employees are required to:
- clean up the workplace from waste building materials and debris generated during the performance of work;
- collect hand tools, fixtures and unused materials used in the process of work, and place them in the place provided for storage;
- mark the ropes in the coils, carry out a visual control of the equipment, place them in the place provided for storage; during a long break, carry out actions for the conservation of equipment;
– inspect, clean from dirt and building materials personal protective equipment and safety equipment, as well as overalls, shoes and make their rejection;
- to remove the rejected personal protective equipment and safety equipment from operation;
- inform the responsible manufacturer about all the problems that occurred during operation.
6.2. The responsible manufacturer controls the implementation of all final work, as well as activities determined by the work permit upon completion of work.
6.3. Remove debris, waste materials and tools from the wall, scaffolding and scaffolding.
6.4. Clean, wash, check the serviceability of the used hand tools, fixtures and inventory and put them in the place intended for their storage.
6.5. Put in order and put away in the places intended for this place overalls, special footwear and personal protective equipment.
6.6. Notify the work manager of any problems that occur during work.
6.7. Block the lifts and entrances to the scaffolding and scaffolding with special fences with prohibitory signs and inscriptions for unauthorized persons.
6.8. Take a warm shower or wash your face and hands with warm water and soap.
In the above, as well as multi-racing and a number of other extreme tourism disciplines, as well as industrial mountaineering, such an item of equipment as a carbine is constantly used (not to be confused with firearms). In this article, I will analyze in detail the types of carbines, latches, forms, tell you what they are made of and what really works, and what is just a marketing ploy. This article will help, first of all, those who are just studying the market of tourist equipment and do not want to get lost in the variety of offers.
It's worth noting that each brand that produces iron for tourism has its own lines of rifles and unique designs, but patents are not a problem for less advanced or friendly manufacturers.
Brands and certification of rifles
To begin with, rifles are completely different, but if you value your life, then be sure to buy only those rifles that have two EN and UIAA certifications.
“European EN standard is a standard adopted by CEN , CENELEC or ETSI with the right to be used as an identical national standard with the abolition of conflicting national standards.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN) The European Committee for Standardization was founded in 1961 by the national standardization bodies of the European Economic Community and the countries of the European Free Trade Association.”
International Union of Mountaineering Associations (fr. Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme, abbr. UIAA) is an organization that is an association of 88 national mountaineering associations and organizations (federations, associations, clubs) from 76 countries of the world, which represents millions of climbers around the world.
There are a number of brands that do not have one or both of the certifications. For example, the Soviet titanium carbines "Irbis". But if in the case of carbines produced during the Soviet era, subject to GOSTs, everything is clear, then modern carbines should NEVER be bought without certification if you want to live.
Among the brands that have earned my trust are the following: Camp, Petzl, Vento, Kong, Black Diamond, DMM, Climbling Technology, Mammut, Singing Rock, Simond, Raumer, Ring. There is also famous brands, whose products I did not have the pleasure of exploiting: Grivel, Rock Exotica. Of course, these are not all options, but for Russia the choice is actually not so big. Only 5 brands are freely available, and the rest are already rare, if not completely unique. It does not save the situation and the fact that imported products sometimes cost just space money.
I will not disassemble carbines by brand, as this is a matter of religion. We have a person in the club who believes that apart from the Kong brand, everything else is not even worth considering. Of course, I won't convince him. I will disassemble the carbines by physical parameters.
What are carbines made of?
For the production of carbines, by and large, only four materials are used:
Steel. The cheapest and heavy material. In addition to weight, rust can be attributed to the disadvantages. Yes, the material is susceptible to corrosion, so it will become unusable over time (the service life depends directly on the operating conditions and care of the product). But with proper care, it will serve you for decades. The advantages, in addition to cost, include a weak dependence on the accumulation of metal fatigue. It is perfectly acceptable to continue using a steel carabiner after falls, bumps and other shock loads. And the vast majority of five-ton carbines are steel, other materials are too expensive.
stainless steel. This is essentially the same steel, with all the ensuing pluses and minuses, with only one additive - they do not rust. I have not seen such carbines from anyone except Raumer.
Aluminum. The most common material. Lightweight, strong (with the correct geometry), durable, fairly cheap (if you do not take exotic shapes or super-light products), corrosion resistant. The only drawback of all this is that the material easily “accumulates fatigue”. That is, if you once drop a carbine from a height of more than fifteen meters onto a hard surface, then microcracks may form in it (which cannot be recognized or identified in any way) and the product may collapse at any moment. Fallen carbines are supposed to be discarded. I have not seen information on the expiration date of aluminum carabiners, but given the experience in the velosphere, I set the bar for myself at twenty years, after which I will not use aluminum carabiners.
Titanium. There is a dual attitude towards this material. Someone praises him, someone considers him dangerous. I don't take either side as I've seen broken titanium carabiners (but also aluminum carabiners from very popular brands like Kong and Petzl). At the same time, they are still used in our club, and I also weigh them without any prejudice. So I will take a neutral position and just list the pros and cons. The disadvantages include rarity, now, as far as I know, no one produces them anymore, and the ability to “accumulate fatigue”, like aluminum ones. Everything else is pluses - resistance to corrosion, low weight, small diameter of the rod (still in the caves you can find bolts designed for titanium Irbis, where no other carbine simply fits).
Plastic. Various auxiliary carbines are produced from it, which are not designed for loads over five kilograms. So they are included in this list a little indirectly.
What to choose? If you are just starting out in caving or rock climbing, take a look at steel carabiners. If every gram counts for you (mountaineering, mountaineering, multi-racing, rock climbing), then you should use aluminum carabiners.
Types of latches
Threaded. This type of latch is commonly used on rapid and delta type connecting links. The most striking examples are Camp D Quick Link or Petzl GO.
It has no special advantages, except that when opening the latch inside the carabiner, no space is lost, which is especially important for the “delta”. But there are more cons. For example, it is necessary to tighten the thread, otherwise the link may unbend and then you will have to have a key to open or close. By the way, if the thread is dirty or rusty, then it will not work to open or close the link without a key.
Hook. This used to be a very common type of latch lock, but is now only used in cheap carabiners. From the point of view of the reliability of fixation, there are no special complaints about this type of fixation, there are complaints about ease of use. The hook likes to cling to the rope and get stuck, which makes regular work with such a latch not very convenient. An example of such a latch can be found, for example, in the Krok brand.
Key-lock. This is now the most common type of latch retention among modern carabiners. secure fixation, simple design and ease of use. No cons have been found with this system.
Wire. This type of latch is used to lighten the weight of the carabiner, an example of Camp PHOTON WIRE. Naturally, a wire latch is used only on aluminum products. Most latch carabiners come with a hook, but there are "unique" designs that integrate a wire latch with a key-lock like Camp DYON, or in-house designs like Petzl Angel or Black Diamond's LiveWire. The disadvantage of such latches, oddly enough, is a latch. That is, with a jerky load on the wire, the latch can bend, which can lead to trouble. Handling such carbines requires care and careful handling. They are used mainly in rock climbing, by experienced athletes, for whom every gram counts. It is not recommended for beginners to buy carabiners with such latches.
The type of latch should be chosen based on their individual preferences and the thickness of the wallet. I mainly use key-lock carabiners, as for me this is the most convenient option, but some comrades prefer hooks or threads.
Loose and closing latches
Free latches include the so-called rock latches, which do not have fixation and can spontaneously release under certain “wrong” loads.
Closing latches come in two large subtypes: mechanical clutch and automatic. Closable latches come with both keylocks and hooks.
Mechanical clutches are clutches that open and close mechanically. Most often this is a conventional threaded system.
Automatic clutches are systems that open mechanically, but snap and lock automatically. There are three large subclasses: rotary, such as the Camp Atlas 2Lock, sliding on the latch, such as the Camp Nomad, spring-loaded adjustable, such as the Black Diamond Magnetron RockLock. Please note that automatic clutches do not work well with mud, so they are not used in speleology, unlike promalp.
So which carbine to buy: clutched or not? It all depends on the goals. If you hang and perform some actions (crossing the river, belay climbing), then it is better to have a carabiner with a clutch. If you are climbing, not staying at one point for a long time, and saving time and effort is important to you (for example, climbing when climbing with a lower belay or using carabiners on your mustache in speleology), then, of course, it will be more convenient for you with a regular climbing rock with a direct latch .
Latches Geometry
In addition to the wire latch already described above, which goes separately in any classification, but is included in several classifications at once. So. There are three types of geometry: straight, straight with an oblique opening, and curved.
The curved one is used in climbing, because due to its geometry it has two advantages - a wider opening and ease of fastening the rope. Curved latches are used in rock climbing by experienced athletes, and are not recommended for purchase at the initial stage.
An oblique opening is a rarer type of carabiners, used in cases where you need to place a lot of things on one carabiner.
A straight latch is a straight latch. The most common type of geometry. Simple, clear and predictable.
Geometry and purpose of carbines
Oval. This carabiner serves several purposes at once: it moves the knot away from the wall (important in speleology), evenly loads the cheeks of the trigger or pulley. The downside of the geometry is the uniform load on both the latch and the back wall, which makes the carabiner less durable.
Trapeze. The most common and diverse form of execution of carbines. There are a great many of them, here is an example of a classic trapezoid
and here is a trapezoid from Petzl, appearance changed a lot, but the essence remained the same
The advantage of the trapezoid is increased strength, a number of brands even have aluminum four-ton trucks in this form. Strength is achieved due to the fact that when loaded, most of the load falls on the back wall, and not on the latch, which is structurally still less strong than a solid piece of aluminum. The classic trapezoid does not move the knot away from the wall (important in speleology) and is not desirable for use with blocks with wide cheeks, but if you take the example from Petzl, which I gave above, then there are no problems with the positioning of the knots. For most manufacturers, the main part of the carbines is made using this particular geometric shape.
Triangle. This is not the most common geometry on the market. The only purpose that I could single out was the power loads along the axis. In other words, with the help of such a carabiner it will be convenient, for example, to pull out a car, or to lift a load (when using it in the form of a hook).
Pear. It turns out if you cross a triangle and an oval. This design is convenient for hanging several elements at one point, for example, 2-3 blocks with a variable load, which will always allow them to be positioned correctly and prevent destructive loads. This geometry is also very convenient to hang something on it, holding such a carabiner on a belt or point. This is also not the most common carbine geometry, but almost every manufacturer has one version of this design.
So what form of carbine to choose? If you need a small number of carabiners, and you will not constantly carry them on yourself (jeeping, arboristry), then steel ovals, trapezoids and triangles are quite suitable for you.
Special Purpose. Here are collected carabiners, which are mostly highly specialized equipment, such as options for Via Ferrata from Camp.
A carabiner for a cable with a special latch that completely excludes spontaneous opening, such equipment is often used by the Ministry of Emergencies and firefighters.
Such carbines are purchased by those who know what they are created for, since they are not sold everywhere and are expensive, so I will not paint all the nuances. Here is another example of a unique special purpose rifle from Petzl,
Conclusion
I hope I have helped you navigate the vast variety of rifles so you can now make an informed choice. Remember that the main thing is a clear understanding of where and how you will use this or that equipment. As soon as you clearly understand what this or that element is for, you, with the help of the information provided in this article, will easily select what you need.
Thank you for attention,
Alexey Evdokimov
In industrial mountaineering, two technologies are defined: the main technology and the execution technology.
The basic technology is a set of mountaineering techniques and tools that allow you to safely reach the workplace at high-altitude objects, safely perform work, and then safely go down (or go up).
Performance technology - the ability to perform the work, in fact, because of which you have to master the main technology. This can be painting, and sealing interpanel seams, and repair, and restoration, and many other specific tasks for which you have to climb to a height.
It should be noted that the definition of "core technology" may seem arbitrary, since in each case the main goal is the work for which you are directly paid. But it is the basic technology in our terminology that is the main distinguishing feature of industrial mountaineering.
1.4. Dangerous and harmful factors in the work of an industrial climber
Hazards are factors that can lead to permanent health problems or death of an employee.
Harmful factors can cause diseases.
The main dangerous factor for an industrial climber is height, more precisely, the danger of falling from a height. In addition to height, the danger to the climber is:
Unreliable attachment points for the carrier and safety ropes;
Sharp edges and edges in the work area that can damage the ropes;
Slippery and unreliable structures;
Poor lighting;
Incorrectly selected or improperly used equipment;
Technological hazards (presence of live cables, steam pipelines, material pipelines, etc. in the work area);
Strong wind;
Harmful factors, for example, are:
Atmospheric pollution in the work area with harmful vapors or dust;
Aggressive or caustic substances used in the work (for example, solvents, acid hardeners, etc.);
Adverse weather conditions (temperature, precipitation);
Prolonged work in a water position (impaired circulation, swelling of the legs!);
Sources of microwave and radioactive radiation;
1.5. Climber work areas and their dangers
There are three zones of work of an industrial climber: upper, working, lower.
The upper zone is the area where, as a rule, preparation and organization of work is carried out, here are the points for fixing the rope, etc.
Upper Zone Hazards:
The possibility of an industrial climber falling;
Lack of fencing;
Unreliable or incorrectly selected rope anchor points;
Availability of points for securing ropes for unauthorized persons;
Sharp edges and edges that can damage the ropes;
Roughness and fragility of the surface on which the worker walks;
Loose objects, materials, structural elements that may fall from a height;
Meteorological conditions, first of all - the danger of being struck by lightning;
Working area - the area of descent (or ascent) and direct work. Work area hazards:
The possibility of a worker falling;
Sharp edges and edges, structural or facade elements that can damage the ropes;
Unsecured or removed objects, materials, structural or facade elements, tools that may fall from a height;
Meteorological conditions (danger of being struck by lightning!);
The presence of moving mechanisms (cranes, etc.), technological hazards of the object (cables, pipelines, sources of harmful vapors, gases, radiation, etc.).
The lower zone is an intermediate platform or platform on the surface of the earth, directly above which work is carried out. Dangers of the lower zone:
The possibility of falling from above objects, materials, structural elements, tools;
Possibility of access by unauthorized persons;
Working machines or mechanisms;
Lack of fence or observer;
Roughness and fragility of the surface on which the worker walks; clutter and contamination of the surface, the spill of aggressive substances
The presence of moving mechanisms (cranes, etc.), technological hazards of the object (cables, pipelines, sources of harmful vapors, gases, radiation, etc.).
