Harmful factors for the physical examination of the profession of a watchman. Harmful production factors - main types

Since the date of its original publication, order 302n itself on undergoing medical examinations has never been changed or supplemented, but in 2013 and 2015 changes were made to its applications.

Compared to the original version, the following changes have now been made to the applications:

• the list of hazardous and harmful production factors has been expanded, for example:
  • welding aerosols with manganese- and silicon-containing compounds were added to the chemical factors;
  • in biological, the number of allergens, infected material has been significantly expanded and viruses of hepatitis B, C and AIDS, etc. have been added;
  • in physics, a new section of ionizing radiation and increased gravitational overloads, etc., has been added;
• the number of medical specialists who carry out medical examinations has increased (dentists, allergists, endocrinologists have been added to sections where they were not originally there);
• increased number of additional contraindications for labor activity in certain conditions (for example, in electromagnetic fields) and for certain types of work (for example, for work in remote geographical areas and for work with machine tools);
• a completely new section of substances and compounds united by a chemical structure that cause various kinds of diseases has been added (section 1.2 of chemical factors), and the list of pesticides has been significantly expanded (section 1.3.2).

List of contingent by order 302n

The contingent of employees who, in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n, must be sent for a medical examination is formed from a list of positions and professions, upon employment for which employees are subject to a medical examination.

Everyone who is busy is sent for inspection:

• in harmful and dangerous working conditions ( chemical production, ionizing radiation, etc., complete list factors are specified in Appendix No. 1);
• in a certain type of work (at height, under water, underground, etc., a complete list is indicated in Appendix No. 2).

The contingent list is a mandatory document and must contain:

• the names of positions and professions, upon employment for which mandatory and periodic medical examinations are carried out in accordance with the current legislation (Appendix No. 2);
• harmful and dangerous working conditions (Appendix No. 1). Necessary explanation: all working conditions are determined based on the results special evaluation working conditions.

Due to the fact that the form of the document is not legally approved, it can be made in the form of a list, order 302n with the 2019 change on the medical examination allows this.

Harmful production factors by profession

Each profession has its own harmful working conditions, however, order 302 of the Ministry of Health does not provide for referral to a medical examination by profession as such. But it provides for the presence or absence of harmful and dangerous production factors, such as, for example, an increased level of electromagnetic radiation and reduced physical activity of a computer operator.

According to order 302n, harmful production factors by profession are:

• chemical;
• biological;
• physical;
• conditions labor process associated with the performance of work in certain conditions and with certain substances that can cause harm to health or cause death to a person.

The presence or absence of specific harmful working conditions is determined based on the results of a special assessment of working conditions carried out in accordance with federal law dated December 28, 2013 No. 426-FZ. Exhaustive lists of harmful factors are set out in Appendix No. 1 to order 302n on passing medical examinations.

Name list of employees by order 302n

A list of names of employees according to Order 302 is compiled each time employees are sent for periodic medical examinations.

This document is compiled on the basis of the "Contingent ..." (302n dated 12.04.11 of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, referral for a medical examination) and includes:

1. FULL NAME. employee, his profession or position.
2. The name of a harmful or dangerous production factor.
3. Name structural unit.

How to get a referral for a medical examination in the form 302n

According to the norm, which was approved by order 302n of 12.04.11 of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, a referral for a medical examination is issued during an employment interview, while the candidate must sign for receiving the referral in a special journal. The referral is issued by the employee who documenting hiring and firing employees.

In the direction by order 302n, the following must be indicated:

1. The name of the organization that issued the referral.
2. Ownership and eight-digit code economic activity according to OKVED.
3. The name of the medical organization, the actual address of its location and the code according to the OGRN.
4. Type of medical examination (preliminary or periodic).
5. FULL NAME. person, incoming or working employee.
6. Date of birth of the person entering the job (employee).
7. The name of the structural unit (if any) in which the job candidate (or current employee) will be employed.
8. The name of the position (profession) or type of activity.
9. Harmful and dangerous factors of production, as well as the type of work in accordance with the approved "Contingent of employees".

The direction is signed by the employee who issued the direction, indicating his position, surname, initials.

The final act of the medical examination

In accordance with order 302n, medical organization upon completion of the periodic medical examination by employees, together with representatives of the employer and Rospotrebnadzor, a final act is drawn up by order 302n, which indicates:

• Date of preparation;
• the name of the employer;
• name of the medical organization;
• the percentage of coverage of employees with periodic medical examinations;
• a list of newly diagnosed chronic somatic diseases with an indication of the class of diseases;
• the results of the implementation of the recommendations of the previous final act;
• recommendations for the implementation of a complex of recreational activities;
• lists of employees who have not completed, have not undergone a periodic medical examination, as well as those who have a persistent degree of disability and other indicators (the full list is in paragraph 43 of the procedure for conducting preliminary medical examinations by order 302n).

The final act according to order 302 is approved by the chairman of the commission, who certifies it with the seal of the medical organization.

Workers in a number of professions are exposed to fairly high risks in the course of performing their jobs. job duties. This is due to the presence of harmful production factors, depending on the specifics and direction of production. In accordance with the regulatory legal instruments, harmful production factors are considered to be increased physical and psychophysiological loads in comparison with other types of activity.

There are harmful and dangerous production factors.

Depending on the intensity of exposure, harmful factors can become dangerous.

Harmful factors include exceeding the MPC, which, with a single exposure, does not carry an increased risk for humans, but in the case of prolonged exposure, leads to poor health and various diseases. Hazardous production factors include factors that, even with a single impact on a person, lead to a deterioration in health or even death.

The list of harmful and dangerous production factors is quite extensive. In various professions, production factors differ both qualitatively and quantitatively. According to the type of impact on workers, production factors are conditionally divided into four groups: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological. Let's take a closer look at each of these groups.

Harmful physical factors

This group includes:

• negative microclimatic conditions, temperature fluctuations, high humidity (depending on the category of work in the premises, a certain temperature must be observed, the time of work at temperatures above 26 degrees C and below 20 degrees C for employees should be limited);
• electromagnetic radiation: ultraviolet, infrared, laser and others (exposure to electromagnetic fields can cause disorders in the nervous and cardiovascular systems ah so used production equipment should have the maximum degree of protection against direct human exposure);
• industrial noise, vibration (exposure to noise can cause mental and physiological disorders, therefore, workers in areas with high noise levels should be provided with personal protective equipment, and employees exposed to vibration should limit the duration of work);
• illumination and some other factors (insufficient and too high illumination lead to visual impairment and physical fatigue).

Harmful chemical factors

Chemical hazards are associated with work with (or potential contact with) hazardous substances that can pose a threat to humans through inhalation, ingestion or skin contact.

Such substances can be:

• refined products;
• dyes;
• various synthetic fluids;
• fertilizers;
• combustion products;
• radioactive substances.

Hazardous chemicals can cause a variety of diseases - from mild irritation of the organs of vision, respiratory tract, skin to chronic and acute poisoning, changes in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. When working with such substances, labor safety must be ensured through the use of protective equipment and systems of special preventive measures.

Harmful biological factors

Biological factors include:

• increased contact with dangerous microorganisms(fungi, bacteria, viruses), including work with preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms;
• work with plants or animals, which in certain cases may pose a threat to human health or act as carriers of various diseases.

These factors are not common and are present in individual, specific activities.

At the same time, labor safety should be ensured by limiting possible contacts with harmful biological factors as much as possible, as well as by using preventive and protective agents.

Harmful psychophysical factors

This group includes a huge list of factors associated with physical and emotional overload.

Among them:

• increased load on the senses (hearing, vision, etc.);
• work related to the movement of goods;
• excessive intellectual loads;
• excessive emotional stress;
• high intensity or monotony of work.

Work associated with these factors can lead to serious diseases of the musculoskeletal system and diseases of the nervous system.

Harmful factors by profession

Based on these factors, workers of certain professions are most susceptible to harmful effects.

These are such specialties as:

• miners, mountain foremen (noise, dustiness, increased physical activity);
• workers in the engineering industry (dust, high temperatures, increased physical activity);
• firefighters, rescuers (high levels of stress, contact with harmful substances, high temperatures);
• drivers (noise, vibration, dustiness, gas contamination);
• welders (noise, increased illumination, aerosols, dust);
• employees of medical laboratories, pathologists (contact with chemicals);
• hairdressers (contact with harmful chemicals).

This list is not exhaustive and includes many more professions, we have given only the main ones.

Profession medical examination

In order to ensure the health of employees harmful professions must undergo mandatory medical examinations. This is stated in the 213th article. Labor Code RF and in a number of other regulatory documents.

Medical examinations can be of several types:

• preliminary (carried out before the conclusion of employment contracts, for workers in hazardous professions are mandatory);
• periodic (carried out regularly at a fixed time);
• extraordinary (carried out in accordance with medical recommendations).

Employees who have not passed mandatory medical examinations are not allowed to work in hazardous production or are suspended from the performance of official duties.

A medical examination is required prior to employment or study. Order 302N is normative document governing this issue.

About document

Passing a medical examination is mandatory, this fact is reflected in the labor legislation. The purpose of the event is to identify pathologies associated with future work activity or to obtain confirmation of the health status of an employed person.

If an employee works at the enterprise for a long time, then if specialists detect the development of a serious illness, the Occupational Illness.

Attention! Order 302 H is necessary for specialists involved in the examination of persons sent to undergo a medical examination.

Document approved:

1. A list or list of harmful factors that affect the body in the course of work.
2. List or list of works related to the dangerous category that are performed or will be performed by persons employed in production.
3. The procedure according to which an event is held in an organization or institution has been established.
4. The order to undergo a medical examination and other documents issued earlier have been cancelled.

Varieties of medical examinations

Directions for a medical examination by order are divided into preliminary and periodic:

1. Preliminary. A preliminary medical examination is carried out before direct employment.
2. Periodic. Order 302N dated 12.04. 2011 establishes the frequency of inspections by specialists, that is, when working with hazardous or harmful substances and factors the criterion is set How often should an inspection be carried out?

302n of 12 04 11, developed by the Ministry of Health and Social Development, clearly formulates in which cases it is necessary to pass a commission of specialists, including the following:

• who is produced issuing a referral;
• what information is indicated in the direction;
• the procedure for the passage of specialists and the delivery of tests has been established.

The document for passing is issued by the personnel department or a representative of the labor protection service, in it information is shown:

• the name of the organization and its details;
• which medical institution conducts examinations;
• full surname and initials of the person who is sent for examination;
• list of factors that adversely affect health.

Signed by the employer or a person appointed by order of the head.

Important! If an employee or future employee fails to pass the medical commission, the head does not accept him to the enterprise or organization, or removes him from the labor function.

Medical examinations

Inspection procedure before employment consists in the following algorithm:

1. The future employee, after signing the employer's application for admission to the enterprise, is sent for a medical examination. Direction issued from the personnel department, which clearly spells out harmful factors or types of work.
2. With a referral, you need to go to the reception of the clinic located at the place of residence, and additionally present an identity document. After that, you should visit all the specialists who are indicated in the medical record and in the health passport, as well as submit the biomaterial for analysis. It is possible to conduct additional examinations to clarify the state of health.

The conclusion of the preliminary examination is issued to the future employee, and then transferred to the employer.

The purpose of passing the examination before admission to the enterprise is to confirm the normal state of health for work in the proposed conditions.

About passing periodic medical examinations:

1. To pass a medical examination direction is issued, which indicates harmful factors. This function is performed by the Human Resources Department or a Service Representative.
2. The event is organized by the employer in the clinic.
3. To undergo a medical examination, the form is issued to the employee by the employees of the clinic, it signs a list of specialists who should undergo liver tests and instrumental examinations provided for by the order for medical examinations.
4. With positive employee results allowed to work and in case of negative - they are suspended from execution labor functions in the manner prescribed by law.

Periodic examinations are carried out with the frequency determined by Order 302 on the passage of mandatory medical examinations.

Harmful factors and types of work

List of harmful factors:

1. Allergens are substances that cause allergic reactions. These are ammonia, nitrogen, phthalaldehyde,
2. Carcinogens are substances that cause malignant formations they are not excreted from the body. These include hydrochloride, fiphenyl, iron pentacarbonite.
3. Chemicals that affect the reproductive functions of the body. These are metals and chemical compounds based on them.
4. Fibrogens are substances deposited in the lungs that promote the formation of coarsened tissues. These include cement, asbestos, electrocorundum, alborum, boron or silicon carbide, diamonds, cokes and others.
5. Substances of mixed type. FCA are welding aerosols.
6. Physical factors - radiation, vibration, noise, intensity of the labor process, thermal radiation, increased or decreased temperature, light environment.
7. Factors of the labor process - physical overload, sensory load.

List of some types of hazardous work:

1. High-rise.
2. Rescue.
3. Electrical installation.
4. Cutting down trees.
5. Labor under conditions Far North.
6. Performance of work with flammable and combustible liquids.
7. Work in industries with the risk of fires and explosions.
8. Performing operations on mechanical equipment requiring high precision and coordination of movements.
9. Underground.

Full list professions and harmful factors approved by Order 302-N.

Contraindications

Preliminary and periodic medical examinations, the basis of which is the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and order 302 of 12.04. 2011, contain information on contraindications, both general and specific:

1. Information about common diseases, the presence of which is the basis for not passing the commission of specialists, is provided for in the last section of the document. That is, if any pathological changes are detected in a person, according to the list, an occupational pathologist prescribes a conclusion about professional unsuitability.
2. Specific information (last column) indicates contraindications for this type of work or contact with harmful substances in the course of work. If, according to the results of examinations, a disease is detected that does not allow continuing to work at this workplace, then the occupational pathologist makes an appropriate entry.

Applications

Harmful production factors by profession are set out in Appendix 1.

* Only those substances are indicated, according to the measurements for gas or dust content of which an excess was recorded. The determination is made by laboratory tests.

** In addition, for women, a gynecologist is required, for everyone: the delivery of FLG and blood for a general analysis is mandatory.

Preliminary and periodic medical examinations by type of work, which are interpreted by the order of the Ministry of Health and social development RF. Appendix 2 identical to the first the difference lies in the fact that instead of factors, the column indicates a list of jobs and a number of professions.

Regulatory document 302N for a medical examination, according to Appendix 2, certain requirements are established to dangerous jobs.

Event organisation

Medical examination is a responsible procedure and requires special attention. The employer must complete the following actions:

1. being prepared administrative document to conduct a screening.
2. Documents are issued directly to employees against signature, in parallel, familiarization with the schedule of the event.
3. According to the results of the event, a special act is drawn up by specialists.
4. The employer is obliged to suspend from the performance of duties persons who have not passed the examination for a period until the positive conclusion.

The employee supervising the event is recommended to first study the regulatory document.

The form of referral for a medical examination is developed by organizations and enterprises. The final act based on the results of the event is transferred to the representative of the employer or the employer itself after its approval, it is allocated no more than 5 business days.

Conducting a medical examination is a procedure under the current legislation. If the manager showed inattention and allowed an employee who did not pass a medical examination to work, then if this factor is identified government bodies impose penalties.

Important! If an accident occurs with an employee who has not passed a medical examination, then the application of the criminal code is not excluded.

Useful video

To organize timely medical examinations, as well as control over their passage, it is necessary to fix the administrative document of the responsible employee. This is usually done by OT engineers or HR specialists.

please clarify the following point: in the state there is employees - engineers building control. But for this position, we did not carry out certification of the workplace, therefore, there is no list of factors of the working environment and the labor process. As a rule, the points of order 302n (Appendix 1) are indicated in the certification card of the workplace, on the basis of which the composition of the commission of prof. honey. inspection. What should I do in this case, how to determine the list of harmful factors and correlate it with the points of the order. Thank you in advance for your answer.

Answer

Answer to the question:

Harmful factors for a medical examination by profession determine the need and frequency of examination of employees.

Currently, the procedure for passing medical examinations is determined in the Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of April 12, 2011 N 302n, as amended on July 23, 2013. It approved:

• a list of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors, in the presence of which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations are carried out;
• a list of works, during the performance of which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) of employees are carried out;
• the procedure for conducting mandatory preliminary (when applying for a job) and periodic medical examinations (examinations) of employees engaged in hard work and work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions.

Mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations must be carried out by employees who are exposed to harmful production factors and perform certain types of work. The list of harmful and dangerous factors for medical examinations is given in the annexes to the Order of the Ministry of Health No. 302n. An employee should be sent for a medical examination if his work is associated with the following risk factors:

1. Chemical: chemicals that have pronounced features of the effect on the body; substances and compounds united by a chemical structure; complex chemical mixtures, compositions, chemicals for a specific purpose.
2. Biological: allergens for diagnosis and treatment, components and blood products, biological toxins, and so on.
3. Physical: ultraviolet radiation, industrial vibration, industrial noise, low air temperature, and so on.
4. Factors of the labor process: physical overload, including visually intense work, overstrain of the vocal apparatus associated with professional activity, and other.

In addition, according to the Decree of the Chief State Doctor of the Russian Federation, employees who spend more than 50% of their working time at a computer are subject to periodic examinations. long time, held in front of the monitor, radiation, eye strain - all these are harmful production factors for a medical examination. This was confirmed in the letter of the Ministry of Labor dated March 21, 2014 No. 15-2 / OOG-242.

Preliminary and periodic examinations are carried out by medical organizations of any form of ownership that have the right to conduct preliminary and periodic examinations, as well as to examine professional suitability in accordance with applicable regulatory legal acts.

To conduct medical examinations, the medical institution forms a medical commission, which includes an occupational pathologist, as well as specialist doctors who have undergone advanced training or have a certificate in the specialty "occupational pathology".

Which specialist should additionally examine the workers depends on the harmful production factor or type of work. Harmful factors for medical examination by profession may vary depending on official duties employee. For example, if an employee is exposed to thermal radiation, then a dermatovenerologist, neurologist and ophthalmologist should be included in the medical board; if the employee performs work under water, then he must undergo an examination by a neurologist, otorhinolaryngologist, ophthalmologist, surgeon and dentist . In all cases, the medical commission is headed by an occupational pathologist.

The composition of the medical commission is approved by order (instruction) of the head of the medical organization.

Production factors can be recognized as harmful according to the results of attestation of workplaces. The results can be used as a source of information about the presence of harmful factors. laboratory research obtained in the framework of control and supervision activities, industrial laboratory control. It is possible to identify “harmfulness” on the basis of operational, technological and other documentation for machines, equipment and raw materials that the employer uses in his activities.

If the organization has not carried out certification of workplaces, but employees perform certain types of work, or there are harmful factors for medical examinations specified in the annexes to Order of the Ministry of Health N 302n, then all employees should be sent for examinations.

In this situation, construction production can be indicated in the direction, as well as

it can be physical overload - 4.1

3.5 - production noise

2.7 - dust of various origins

Details in the materials of the System Personnel:

1. Answer: When is it necessary to conduct a mandatory medical examination of an employee

N.Z. Kovyazin

Employees subject to mandatory medical examination

Which employees must undergo mandatory medical examinations

Employees performing certain types of work undergo mandatory medical examinations at the expense of the organization. This category of personnel includes, in particular:

• employees employed in work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, including underground work (Art. , Labor Code of the Russian Federation);
• employees engaged in work related to traffic (Article and Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Law of December 10, 1995 No. 196-FZ);

• enterprise employees Food Industry, public catering and trade, water supply facilities, medical and preventive and children's institutions ();
• departmental security officers ().

In addition, there are a number of industry documents, each of which regulates the procedure for conducting medical examinations in a particular type of activity. They should be guided by organizations that fall under the scope of these documents. This procedure is confirmed by both the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and the Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ. For example, mandatory medical examinations are provided for employees employed:

• in public utility organizations providing hairdressing and beauty services (SanPiN 2.1.2.2631-10, approved);
• V construction industry(SanPiN 2.2.3.1384-03, approved);
• in organizations Catering(SanPin 2.3.6.1079-01, approved);
• at work related to the maintenance of electric power facilities (, approved);
• on public railway transport ( approved ).

Also, mandatory medical examinations are carried out by employees under the age of 18, and professional athletes (art., Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

The procedure for conducting mandatory medical examinations of employees employed in work with harmful (dangerous) production factors is given in to. The rules for the medical examination of drivers are established in. For all other categories of employees for whom there are no special rules for medical examination, these documents can also be applied.

A medical examination associated with work in hazardous (harmful) working conditions should be distinguished from a preventive examination conducted for the purpose of timely detection of pathological conditions and diseases in medical institutions where citizens receive primary health care. Carrying out a preventive examination of the adult population is not associated with the conduct and does not replace it. Moreover, employees who are required to undergo mandatory examinations in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation are not subject to preventive examinations. Such rules are established by the Procedure approved.

Organization of a medical examination

How to organize a mandatory medical examination of employees

The employer is obliged to organize medical examinations of employees by concluding an appropriate agreement with a medical institution (Approved Procedure). In addition, the medical institution must be licensed to medical activity().

Also, the employer has the right to introduce positions medical workers and create subdivisions (doctor's office, health center, medical office, medical unit and other units) that provide medical care to employees of the organization, and can conduct medical examinations (for example, pre-trip) in their own first-aid post, provided that the first-aid post has a license for medical activities and the right to conduct preliminary and periodic medical examinations (, Procedure, approved).

Types of medical examinations

What types of mandatory medical examinations exist

Mandatory medical examinations are divided into three types:

Such a classification is provided for by the provisions of Article 213 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and paragraphs of the Procedure approved.

In addition, for certain categories employees may be provided with mandatory medical examinations (examinations) at the beginning of the working day (shift), as well as during and (or) at the end of the working day (shift). The time for passing such medical examinations (examinations) is included in work time. This procedure is provided for in Article 213 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. In particular, such medical examinations are required to pass:

• employees engaged in underground work ();
• (Art. , Law of December 10, 1995 No. 196-FZ).

Preliminary medical examination

How is the preliminary mandatory medical examination of employees carried out

Preliminary examinations upon employment are carried out at the expense of the employer (). Their goal is to conclude employment contract determine whether a candidate can apply for a particular position for health reasons.

If the preliminary medical examination is carried out in medical institution, the candidate needs to be given a referral. In the direction given to the applicant for a position in hazardous (dangerous) work, indicate the harmful (dangerous) production factors that the employee will encounter after employment at vacant position. In addition, in the direction indicate:

• the name of the employer;
• form of ownership and type of economic activity of the organization according to OKVED;
• the name of the medical organization, the actual address of its location and the OGRN code;
• type of medical examination (preliminary);
• surname, name, patronymic, date of birth of the applicant;
• the name of the structural unit of the organization (if any), in which the candidate will be employed;
• the name of the position (profession) of the applicant or the types of work that he will perform.

The direction is issued to the person under the signature. The employer must organize the accounting of issued referrals.

Such requirements are contained in paragraphs of the Procedure approved. Due to the current lack of a unified referral form, the organization has the right to develop it.

A question from practice: is it necessary to conduct a mandatory medical examination if an employee is accepted for short term for temporary replacement of an absent employee (for the period of illness, vacation, etc.). According to the position for which the employee is hired, a medical examination is provided

Yes need.

The need for a medical examination is caused by the presence of dangerous and (or) harmful factors and work in the labor process (Appendices No., k). Since such factors objectively exist for a temporarily occupied position, a temporary employee is subject to all medical examinations provided for by law in general order(). The term of the contract with the conscript does not matter.

Periodic medical examination

How is the periodic mandatory medical examination of employees carried out?

Periodic mandatory medical examinations are carried out during the entire period of the employee’s work in the organization at the expense of the employer (). Their goal is to monitor the health status of employees and timely detection of occupational diseases.

To conduct periodic medical examinations, the organization forms a list of employees who:

• are exposed to harmful production factors specified in the approved Procedure, approved.

  Submit the approved list to territorial body Rospotrebnadzor within 10 days (Procedure, approved).

  Based on this list, make a list of employees who need to undergo periodic inspection. If a medical examination is carried out in relation to employees engaged in hazardous (hazardous) work, it must indicate the harmful (dangerous) production factors that affect employees.

  The list of names of employees is sent to the medical organization no later than two months before the start date of the periodic medical examination agreed with this organization (Approved Procedure).

  Having received a list of names, the medical institution makes calendar plan conducting medical examinations and coordinates it with the organization. The employer must familiarize employees with this plan no later than 10 days before the start of the medical examination.

  Material from the Frames System
  Ready-made solutions for the personnel service at vip.1kadry.ru
  Copy date: 01/12/2016

  With respect and wishes for comfortable work, Tatyana Kozlova,

  Expert Systems Personnel

  
  

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Each type of activity has its own harmfulness, but their level differs significantly. There are a number of professions that involve an increased level of exposure of a working person to adverse factors and substances associated with increased physical exertion or a high degree of direct risk to life, the threat of disability. In order to avoid confusion and ambiguous interpretations regarding hazardous production factors and ensure proper protection of the interests of all parties (employee, employer, society), this area is regulated by the state, which determines and establishes by law their maximum permissible concentrations and exposure levels (MPC and MPD), a list of dangerous professions, the procedure for mandatory medical examination, as well as other norms labor law and labor protection.

What are harmful production factors

From a regulatory standpoint, harmful production factors- those that are associated with increased stress and risks in relation to physical and mental health (compared to most activities). Harmful Conditions labor are characterized by the presence of harmful production factors (PF), exceeding the established standards.

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Types of harmful and dangerous production factors

The list of harmful production factors is very extensive. Factors of production by profession can differ significantly both qualitatively and quantitatively.

By type of impact, they can be divided into 4 large groups:

1. Physical- imply the adverse effects on a person of harmful and dangerous physical conditions of work, such as noise, vibration, insufficient lighting, drops or exposure to dangerous high or low temperatures, humidity, radiation, etc.
2. Chemical- associated with work or potential contact with hazardous substances that pose a threat to life and health when ingested, in contact with the skin, when inhaled (for example, caustic substances, petroleum products, synthetic fluids, dyes, fertilizers, hazardous volatile compounds, products combustion, radiation, etc.)
3. Biological- increased likelihood of contact with dangerous microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi) or work with animals and plants, which under certain circumstances can pose a threat, act as carriers of dangerous diseases, etc.
4. Psychophysiological- this is a huge list of factors associated with both physical and psycho-emotional overload: hard physical work, increased load on the analyzers and sensory organs (vision, hearing, etc.), high intensity or monotony of work, mental fatigue and stressful emotional overload .

The degree and duration of exposure to adverse production factors may be different.

In this regard, according to the degree of danger, they distinguish:

1. Harmful- exceeding the MPC, which, with a single exposure, does not carry an increased risk, but as a result of constant long-term exposure, leads to poor health, diseases, and reduced performance. This is a wide group of factors - such as increased noise levels, monotony, etc.
2. Dangerous PF is a factor, even a single impact of which leads to a sharp deterioration in health, injury, disability or death. These are, for example, high doses of radiation, the ingestion of a dangerous virus, contact with an open flame, etc.

Harmful factors, depending on the duration and intensity of exposure, can become dangerous.

Thus, dangerous and harmful factors differ in the degree of risk to health, and harmful factors are already acting, while hazards are potential, their impact occurs under certain circumstances. To prevent the impact of dangerous and minimize the impact of harmful factors, there is safety precautions and a set of measures for labor protection at work, the observance of which is the responsibility of both the employer and the employee himself (for example, the use of personal protective equipment when performing hazardous work, etc.).

Based on the social significance of activities associated with the influence of harmful production factors, the legislation protects:

1. Employee interests whose activities are associated with increased harmfulness: health status is monitored (regular medical examinations), compensations and benefits are established, longer vacations, early retirement and increased pension payments.
2. Employer Interests: legislation is intended to provide a solution labor disputes protecting the interests of both worker and worker, and to ensure maximum safety and labor efficiency.
3. Society interests. State establishes special form employment and regular medical examinations for a number of socially significant professions, where the life and health of other people (for example, a firefighter, pilot, driver, educator, doctor, nuclear power plant operator) depends on the ability of a specialist to effectively cope with his tasks under conditions of increased stress and adverse factors .

Legislation governing the organization of medical examinations

The main regulatory legal documents regulating the conduct of mandatory medical examinations are currently:

1. Labor Code Russian Federation(Art. 69, 212, 213, 266, 328).
2. Russian Federation of April 12, 2011 N 302n "On approval of the lists of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors and work, during the performance of which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, and the Procedure for conducting mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) workers engaged in hard work and work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions”. With amendments and additions from: May 15, 2013, December 5, 2014
3. Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development RF dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n “On Approval of Lists of Harmful and (or) Hazardous Production Factors and Works, During the Performance of Which Mandatory Preliminary and Periodic Medical Examinations (Examinations) Are Conducted, and the Procedure for Mandatory Preliminary and Periodic Medical Examinations (Examinations) workers engaged in hard work and work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions”.
4. Industry documents.

According to Art. 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the obligation to organize mandatory medical examinations rests with the employer. An employee must undergo a medical examination in cases provided for by law. If the employer does not fulfill the obligation to conduct medical examinations, then when checking labor inspectorate, on the organization and responsible officials a fine is imposed or the organization is threatened with suspension of activities. If an employee does not pass a medical examination due to his own fault on time or refuses to undergo it, he is not allowed to work, and he is not paid for downtime.

If the employee does not pass the mandatory examination due to the fault of the employer or due to circumstances beyond the control of the parties, then the time of forced downtime is compensated to him in the amount of 2/3 of the average wages(according to Articles 76 and 157 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

To fulfill its obligations to organize medical examinations, the employer concludes an agreement with a medical organization that is licensed to carry out this activity and has the necessary specialists trained in occupational pathology. The employer provides the medical institution with a list of names of employees indicating the harmful factors to which each of them is exposed and coordinates with the head of the medical institution the schedule of medical examinations and the composition of the medical board (it must be headed by an occupational pathologist).

Based on the results of the examination, a conclusion is drawn up, on the basis of which the possibility of admission to work is determined, or further recommendations are given for treatment, medical examination. If an occupational disease is suspected, as well as employees who have suffered as a result of accidents, they are sent to occupational pathology centers.

Types of medical examinations

Medical examinations are one of the most important measures to ensure labor protection at work. This measure is designed to ensure the interests of all participants labor relations, state and society, as well as aimed at the prevention of occupational diseases.

Depending on the purpose of the conduct, mandatory medical examinations are divided into two types:

1. Conducted to determine the suitability of workers for a particular job and prevent occupational diseases.
2. Carried out to preserve the health and safety of the population.

Each of these physical examinations can be:

1. Preliminary(carried out before the conclusion of the employment contract). The list of employees who are required to undergo such medical examinations is established by law. The direction for such an inspection is issued by the employer on the letterhead of the organization.
2. periodic(carried out at certain times during labor activity).
3. Extraordinary(carried out at the request of employees in accordance with medical recommendations).

Determining the degree of exposure to harmful factors: MPC and MPC

The list of harmful factors and professions is not determined “at the arbitrary” discretion of the employer or employee, but is established labor law RF, where a list of harmful factors is determined and standards are established, based on which the harmfulness is calculated.

When determining the degree of harmful and hazardous production factors for different professions, the values ​​​​of MPC and MPC are used, the values ​​\u200b\u200bof which can be found in reference publications of labor safety standards:

1. MPC, or maximum allowable concentration- a certain safe level of the content of a substance in the environment of the working area (air, water, soil, snow), at which the health of workers during work shift and established work experience is not endangered. At the same time, the negative impact should not be passed on to subsequent generations.
2. remote control, or maximum allowable level– parameter applied to physical harmful and dangerous PFs. This is the maximum value of the PF, the action of which, with a regulated daily duration throughout the length of service, does not cause a drop in working capacity and the occurrence of diseases both during labor activity and in the later period of life.

Harmful working conditions are characterized by the presence of harmful PFs that exceed the established standards and adversely affect the human body or its offspring.

The most dangerous and harmful professions

The issue of labor safety is given attention both at the level of states and at the level of international organizations. Standards and recommendations in this area are being developed by international organization on labor protection (ILO), a number of documents and regulations adopted by the UN. Among the important areas are the regulation of hazardous work, the determination of MPC, MPC, as well as the development of a list of hazardous and hazardous work and professions. Thus, the list of harmful professions was approved in 1980 in Geneva as a document of international importance. Each state can supplement this list at the level of national legislation.

In the Russian Federation, the list is extensive and includes several thousand professions. It is an official document binding on all participants in the labor market.

For the first time in our country, the list of hazardous professions was approved in 1956, and then was supplemented by a joint decree of the Ministry of Health and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in 1975:

1. Mining

Mining is one of the most dangerous and difficult professions. This is primarily the profession of a miner - work related to the extraction of coal, shale, ore, oil, gas, graphite, mica, salt and other ore and non-ore minerals underground. Unfortunately, people in this profession over the past decades have led the sad statistics of deaths as a result of industrial accidents.

The reason is mine accidents, landslides, blasting. Among the constantly affecting harmful factors are dust, noise, poor lighting, excess concentration of hazardous substances in the air (a common occurrence is methane and carbon monoxide poisoning). In terms of the degree of danger, other types of work that involve full-time employment in underground work are comparable to the profession of a miner, such as the construction of mines, mines, various underground structures, and the subway.

Mining operations that involve working on the surface are also among the most dangerous, as well as the work of those employed in mining and processing plants, in metallurgical production (blast furnace, steelmaking, ferroalloy, coke production, workshops for the preparation of compositions and repair of metallurgical furnaces, dolomite factories, rolling and pipe production). These categories of workers are identified in Russian legislation in separate lists.

2. Industry and agriculture

Difficult working conditions in tractor and economic engineering, building materials industry, construction and road engineering, logging industry, agriculture. People in these professions daily experience serious physical exertion, are exposed to many harmful chemicals and physical factors(for example, the presence of dust from fine particles of silicon oxide, wood chips or other similar components in the air you breathe increases the risk of lung disease, silicosis, respiratory cancer).

3. Plumbers, electricians, pipe installers, mechanical engineers

The reason for this is asbestos, which at the end of the last century was widely used in construction. The work of an electrician is also associated with the risk of electrical injury.

4. Fireman

Firefighter This is definitely one of the most dangerous professions. However, as statistics show, firefighters more often die not from burns or poisoning by combustion products, but from a heart attack and other cardiovascular diseases. The reason for this is the very high level of stress that this job involves. Emotional tension and internal mobilization are observed not only at the moment of fighting fire, but at the moment of waiting for challenges, exercises, and simply in “peaceful life”.

As studies by Harvard University experts have shown, the constant level of stress hormones in firefighters is several times higher than in people of calm professions. This leads to the fact that the cardiovascular and nervous system of firefighters is constantly working “at the limit”, and as a result, there is an increased risk of getting the corresponding diseases. The same applies to all other representatives of professions associated with a direct risk to life - the military, police, rescuers.

5. Pilot

Pilot- this profession, which also involves increased emotional stress and difficult working conditions. Among the occupational risks for a pilot is an increased risk of melanoma (skin cancer). This is due to the influence of solar and cosmic radiation, from which the rarefied atmosphere does not protect at high altitude. In addition, as recent studies show, the constant change of time zones can lead in the future to various failures in the body's self-regulation system, hormonal disruptions. This effect is exacerbated by the dry, air-conditioned and filtered air in the aircraft cabin, which causes premature aging, "drying" of the skin. Flight attendants are exposed to the same risks. Moreover, for the latter, the problem of diseases of the spine can be very relevant - due to the high load on it, quite high level vibrations and falls during abrupt maneuvers of the aircraft.

6. Driver

Driver- this profession in Russia is in the top three most dangerous. The main cause of death and disability is road traffic accidents. According to statistics, accidents with serious consequences in the work of a driver occur more often than in the work of a fireman or policeman. In addition, due to prolonged sitting, hypothermia, drivers often develop spinal diseases, chronic back pain, and increased stress levels lead to the development of cardiovascular problems.

7. Dentists, dental hygienists

Dentists, dental hygienists engaged in peaceful work that does not involve the same level of risk as many of the above professions. However, the uncomfortable and unhealthy posture in which they are most of the working day often leads to problems with the spine, back pain and joint pain.

8. Pathologists, morgue workers

Pathologists, morgue workers This is not a job for the faint of heart. But as practice shows, they psychologically adapt quite well to the specifics of their work. The main danger for people in this profession is the colorless substance formalin. Constant contact with it increases the risk of getting leukemia (a form of cancer) by several times compared to the average level. Recently, the substance was officially listed as a carcinogen, but it is currently not possible to refuse its use. Formalin is also used in the woodworking industry and in the manufacture of paper, medical laboratories.

9. Middle managers, kindergarten teachers and elementary school teachers

Middle managers, kindergarten teachers and teachers elementary school are the main victims of psychological problems, nervous, endocrine and cardiovascular diseases. Working with people is associated with an increased level of stress and psycho-emotional overload. The paradoxical fact has long been known that it is people in “helping” professions who are most prone to emotional burnout and personal deformations, although their work does not carry any visible risk. However, as psychologists note, it is precisely such an invisible, but constant stress that turns out to be even more destructive for the nervous system than the acute stress experienced by firefighters, the military, and rescuers.

The obvious danger that needs to be fought is less traumatic for the psyche than constant emotional overstrain, for which there is no specific object for discharge. As a result, the tension accumulated over the years can lead to exhaustion of the nervous system, breakdowns, psychosomatic illnesses or negative changes personality (professional deformations, cynicism, irritability). Therefore, people in “helping” professions and managers should pay great attention to the prevention of burnout, learn how to resist the effects of chronic stress, and “safe” stress relief.

10. Hairdressers

Hairdressers- This is another seemingly peaceful profession, which is associated with exposure to harmful factors. It's about about constant contact with substances and components that make up hair dyes, varnishes and other cosmetics and household chemicals. Many of these substances are quite harmful and can cause allergies. An ordinary consumer or consumer usually does not face risks when using modern cosmetics (hair coloring, etc.), because in this case the body comes into contact with a negligible amount of a substance. Problems can arise only in owners of hypersensitive skin.

However, professional hairdressers who carry out coloring procedures on a daily basis and work with the appropriate chemical dyes and components are another matter. The risk of earning persistent skin inflammation, professional dermatitis increases by an order of magnitude. If representatives of many other professions can protect themselves from direct contact with the allergen, then it is almost impossible for a hairdresser. Moreover, gloves are a bad salvation: paint often gets under them, and besides, being in gloves all day can also lead to allergies and problems with the skin of the hands. It may take several years before occupational dermatitis makes itself felt.

But if this happens, then, since there is no way to protect yourself from the allergen, many have to change their favorite profession - this the only way get rid of skin inflammation and maintain health.