The main types of transport and transportation transport logistics transportation transportation. Types of vehicles, characteristics and purpose Direct type of cargo delivery

One of the most common activities today is trade; accordingly, services such as the transportation of goods, the volume of which is growing every day, will be in great demand. Depending on the destination or type of transport, there are different types of transportation.

It may be necessary to move goods from one part of the country to another, and Lately such type of transportation as delivery from Europe to Russia is gaining popularity.

Types of transportation in logistics companies

organization transportation and the compilation of routes is carried out by logistics companies.

They distinguish the following main types of cargo transportation:

• interregional;
• internal;
• international.

For the implementation of each of these types there is a certain procedure, regulations and rules. The most time-consuming in the process of registration are international transportation, since for their implementation it is necessary to collect a package of some documents, and this sometimes takes a lot of time.

Regional (domestic) transportation is the most common type of this activity. There is an opportunity to transport cargo different nature and appointments.

Transportation can be carried out using various types of transport. Therefore, they are divided into:

• Air. Payment for services in this case will depend on the weight of the transported cargo, which will be placed at the disposal of the recipient after presenting an identity card and some other documents related directly to the execution of the transportation transaction.
• Automotive. With the help of a car, you can transport cargo for several recipients, and if necessary, you can transport something voluminous by several cars. In this case, a package of documents is formed for each car separately.
• Rail transportation is carried out on the basis of a railway bill of lading, which is a replacement for the contract. In European countries, participants in this type of transportation are guided by the Convention on International Carriage by Rail.
• Marine. This type of transportation happens with a regular route (linear) and without it (trump). Each has its own package of documents.

Transportation is very important view modern service.

According to the number of modes of transport involved in the delivery of goods and passengers, delivery systems are divided into single-mode (unimodal) and multi-mode (multimodal and intermodal). In Fig.1. a hierarchical pyramid (structure) of technology and organization of transportation is presented. At the top of this pyramid are intermodal transportation, below - multimodal and unimodal interregional transportation, then - intra-regional and city transportation by specialized transport enterprises and, finally, local transportation by individual entrepreneurs and their own transport of industrial and commercial structures.

Rice. 1.

Unimodal (single-type) transportation is carried out by one mode of transport, for example, by road, as a rule, in cases where the initial and final points of transportation of the logistics chain are specified without intermediate warehousing and cargo handling operations.

The criteria for choosing the mode of transport in such transportation are usually the type of cargo, the volume of shipment, the time of delivery of the cargo to the consumer, and the cost of transportation. For example, for large-tonnage shipments and if there are access roads at the final delivery point, it is more expedient to use rail transport, for small batch shipments over short distances, automobile transport.

Mixed transportation of goods (mixed separate transportation) is usually carried out by two modes of transport (railway-road, river-road, sea-rail, etc.). In this case, the cargo is delivered by the first mode of transport to the so-called transshipment point or cargo terminal without storage or with short-term storage, followed by reloading to another mode of transport. A typical example multimodal transport is the service of railway stations or sea (river) port of the transport hub by motor transport companies.

The signs of mixed separate transportation are the presence of several transport documents, the absence of a single tariff rate freight, a sequential scheme of interaction between participants in the transport process. In direct multimodal transportation, the cargo owner enters into an agreement with the first carrier acting both on its own behalf and on behalf of the next carrier representing another mode of transport. Because of this, the cargo owner is actually in contractual relations with both, and each of them makes settlements with the cargo owner and bears liability for the safety of cargo only on the appropriate section of the route.

Combined transportation differs from mixed transportation by the presence of more than two modes of transport. The use of mixed (combined) modes of transportation is often due to the structure of distribution channels (or logistics supply channels), when, for example, large consignments are sent from the manufacturer to the wholesale depot by rail (in order to minimize costs), and delivery from the wholesale depot to points retail carried out by road.

The single-type system, despite its external simplicity and wide distribution, becomes more complicated due to the operation of cars and road trains of various carrying capacities at the stages of picking up cargo, the formation of enlarged shipments, especially in the conditions of the terminal system.

The intermodal system is a more complex option in terms of solving the commercial, legal, financial, economic, organizational and technical aspects of delivery and the development of transport infrastructure.

Intermodal refers to a system for the delivery of goods in international traffic by several modes of transport under a single transportation document and the transfer of goods at transshipment points from one mode of transport to another without the participation of the cargo owner in a single cargo unit (or vehicle).

The system-forming element is an intermodal cargo unit, which allows customs sealing of cargo in it in accordance with international requirements, excluding access to cargo without breaking the seal. The basis of modern intermodal transportation of goods are containers of international ISO standard. However, other cargo units can also be used, but meeting the following requirements: they allow the use of complex mechanization of reloading operations in ports and transshipment points; meet international or regional standards. These include piggybackers, trailers, swap bodies, packages and block packages of cargo.

Multimodal transport is direct multimodal transport by at least two different modes of transport and, as a rule, within a country.

In case of intermodal and multimodal transportation, a cargo transportation agreement with a consignor on behalf of the carriers participating in its implementation is concluded by the first carrier (operator). The contract is considered concluded from the moment of acceptance of the cargo for transportation, certified by the signatures of the sender and the transport organization and the calendar stamp of the latter. The terms of delivery of cargo are calculated on the basis of the total time of its delivery by each carrier in accordance with the rules applicable to each mode of transport. Each carrier is responsible for the cargo from the moment it is accepted from the sender or another carrier until it is handed over to an adjacent mode of transport or delivered to the consignee.

The basic principles of functioning of intermodal and multimodal systems are as follows:

• 1) a uniform commercial legal regime, providing for:
• 1. improvement of the rules for the transportation of goods (in particular, containers) in international traffic on all modes of transport in order to link them together in accordance with the selected criteria for the effectiveness of the logistics transport system;
• 2. simplification of customs procedures;
• 3. development and implementation of new unified transportation documents for inland transport (transport of a common intermodal chain, but operating only on the territory of its own country), taking into account the general criterion of the logistics transport system;
• 4. use of standard commercial and transportation documents of international standard for work in the external transport market.
• 2) a comprehensive solution of the financial and economic aspects of the functioning of the system, including:
• 1. establishment of unified tariff rules for the transportation of goods in transit and cargo foreign trade in international traffic;
• 2. development of a method for the reasonable distribution of through freight in hard currency between all links of the logistics transport chain;
• 3. development of a mechanism of financial responsibility for violating the quality of services for each link in the logistics transport chain.
• 3) the use of electronic data interchange systems that provide tracking of the movement of cargo, transmission of information and communication;
• 4) the unity of all links of the transport chain in the organizational and technological aspect, a single form of interaction and coordination of all links of the transport chain that ensure this unity;
• 5) cooperation of all participants in the transport system;
• 6) comprehensive development of the transport infrastructure of various modes of transport.

A necessary condition for the functioning of inter- and multimodal transportation is the availability of an information system with the help of which the order is executed, i.e. planning, management and control of the entire process of cargo delivery due to advanced, accompanying and completing the delivery process of information.

The presence of an operator determines the scheme of interaction of all links of the transport chain in the commercial-legal, organizational-technological and financial-economic aspects, as well as a number of hallmarks relating to the commercial and legal aspect of the functioning of intermodal and multimodal transport systems, including:

• 1. a single international transport document;
• 2. the presence of a delivery operator from the initial to the final point of the logistics chain;
• 3. single responsibility for the execution of the contract and the safety of the cargo;
• 4. uniform through freight rate .

Each of the above types of transportation has specific features in technology, organization and management, but they have a common technological basis in the form of specific technological schemes delivery.

Types of cargo transportation .

- international transportation of goods.

They are characterized by the fact that the point of dispatch of the goods and the point of destination are in different states. In order to deliver the goods to their destination, sometimes you have to cross several borders, and this in turn is associated with the need to obtain appropriate permits and go through many procedures.

- interregional transportation

cargo is associated with the movement of goods within one state from one region to another, creating choice for consumers and making your company competitive. This type of transportation of goods is the most common among commercial organizations, however, despite the fact that state borders are not crossed during the delivery of goods, nevertheless, it is necessary to obtain appropriate permits for transportation.

Also, the types of transportation of goods are distinguished by the nature of the vehicle - road, rail, air transportation. When delivering goods, road freight transportation is most often used, since they are the most optimal in terms of material costs. However, if the destination is far from federal highways, rail transportation of goods is often used. transportation is used in cases of a hard time limit, when due to the loss of time, serious economic damage to the enterprise is possible, or in the absence of anyone else access to the point of delivery of the goods.

So called multi-modal transportation is the transportation of cargo to its destination using several Vehicle: road transport, rail, sea or air transport. This type of cargo transportation is used for international transportation and the need to pass several geographical obstacles.
For the convenience of the customer, many shipping companies use the so-called groupage cargo. If the customer needs to deliver a small cargo and ordering a container is economically unprofitable, this method is offered. The customer's goods are brought to the consolidation warehouse, where they accumulate orders for the transportation of goods along the same or similar route, the goods are sent to their destination. In this case, the customer pays for a specific place occupied by his cargo, and the cargo may consist of one box.

Cargo classification

The scientific definition of the concept of "classification of goods" is the distribution of goods transported by sections, groups and positions.
Cargoes may differ in their belonging to a particular sector of the economy. They also distinguish between goods by purpose - raw materials, finished products, fuel, household chemicals, household appliances, perishable and dangerous goods, etc., by types of rolling stock and transport characteristics, such as volume, overall dimensions, bulkiness, etc. Often the same cargo can be classified differently depending on the selected feature.

Classification of goods by features:

1) according to the method of loading and unloading. There are the following types of cargo:

a) piece;

b) bulk;

There is cargo that is permanently related to the same class. The classification of such goods is as follows:

Ordinary.

cargo, the mass of which does not exceed the values ​​established by the manufacturer for this vehicle, intended for use on public roads, and the overall dimensions of the cargo and the vehicle comply with the rules traffic.

Dangerous goods.

Dangerous goods are items or substances whose transportation is fraught with harm to human health, the environment, and property damage. There is a special list of dangerous goods - IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations. Dangerous goods occupy a special place in the classification of goods, as their transportation is associated with risks and must be carried out in compliance with the strictest security measures. In addition, there are a number of rules and requirements not only directly to the transportation of such goods, but also to the rolling stock, equipment of trucks carrying such goods, and the availability of a specially trained forwarder.

Perishable goods.

These include goods that require special storage conditions (humidity level, temperature conditions) and delivery times, otherwise they will become unusable or lose their valuable qualities during transportation. The classification of such cargoes mainly includes food products.

Oversized and super-heavy cargo.

Such cargoes have non-standard dimensions, weight, volume, etc. Their transportation is associated with great difficulties, so often such cargo cannot be transported by standard methods. For such cargoes, it is sometimes necessary to create special vehicles and invent special methods, develop special routes for their transportation. An example of oversized and extra-heavy cargo is a residential building, a drilling rig, heavy generators, etc.

Live loads.

Under the classification of this type of cargo falls cattle, all kinds of poultry and other farm animals. In addition, very often, when traveling, people take their pets with them - dogs, cats, etc., which also represent, for transport companies, live cargo.

Heavy cargo

The classification of goods transported by transport companies according to certain signs and indicators is necessary for cargo carriers to properly organize the process of cargo transportation, in order to streamline and optimize both the transportation process itself and the preparatory work necessary in each case.

Rules for the delivery of goods.

The rules for the delivery (transportation) of goods are clearly spelled out in the relevant regulatory legal acts. Any legal or natural person engaged in cargo transportation and providing relevant services must not only know, but also clearly follow all the established rules for the delivery of goods.
It should be noted that most of the rules were drawn up in Soviet times However, due to the fact that they continue to operate today, their implementation must also be approached very responsibly.
The main document regulating the processes of cargo transportation is the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. All the rules for the delivery and transportation of goods are clearly spelled out in chapter 40. It will also not be superfluous to familiarize yourself with chapter 41 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which regulates issues transport expedition.
We list other documents that are basic in this area, which you will need to familiarize yourself with. Data regulations concerning the transportation and delivery of goods, we hope, will be useful to all interested parties, both carriers and shippers.

1. Charter of road transport dated 08.01.1961. No. 12 (in the current edition).
General rules for the carriage of goods by road from 25.10.1974.
2. Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated June 30, 2000 No. 68 “On the introduction of travel documentation for individual entrepreneurs carrying out transportation activities in road transport.
3. Instructions for the transportation of bulky and heavy goods by road on the roads of the Russian Federation, dated 27.05.1996
4. Federal Law "On Forwarding Activities" dated June 30, 2003 No. 87-FZ.
5. Rules for forwarding activities dated 08.09.2006 No. 554
6. Transport rules dangerous goods by road transport dated 08.08.1995 No. 73

Transportation of long cargoes

The transportation of long cargoes is in many ways similar to the transportation of very large, oversized cargoes, and, accordingly, it requires not only a special, individual approach to itself, but also the use of specialized vehicles.
The transportation of long cargoes requires solving a variety of issues, and a whole series of organizational measures, the use special equipment. It is also necessary to take into account the very specifics of such goods, moreover, even at the stage of loading (unloading). After all, such goods are very difficult not only to transport, but also to move, and here specially trained, qualified loaders are required who have the skills to work with long loads.
Transportation of long cargoes requires the mandatory development and compilation of the route, from the very beginning of the movement of the cargo, until the moment it is delivered to the customer.
Oversized and heavy loads, which include long loads, must be transported in accordance with the requirements of the Rules of the Road of the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation of October 23, 1993 N 1090, as well as the requirements specified in the permit for the carriage of goods . In addition, the transportation of long loads is regulated by: Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Charter of Road Transport, the Rules for the Transportation of Oversized and Heavy Goods, the Code of Administrative Violations of the Russian Federation
In some cases, when the length of the cargo exceeds the allowable dimensions, it is necessary to obtain special permits for its transportation. Such an agreement is required if the length of the road train exceeds 20 m. In the same case, when the length of the road train is more than 30 m, or if the transport, when moving, can partially occupy the oncoming traffic lane, when transporting cargo, it is required to be accompanied by a traffic police car, or an ordinary escort car (with a road train length of 24 m).

Rules for the transportation of perishable goods

Transportation of perishable goods must be carried out in accordance with the General Rules for the Carriage of Goods by Road (Section 13, “Rules for the Transportation of Perishable Goods by Road in Interurban Traffic”).
Perishable goods include goods, the transportation of which must be carried out in compliance with the temperature regime, individual for each type of such cargo. Accordingly, they are presented special requirements to vehicles carrying this species transportation.
Perishable goods are divided into several groups:
- products of plant origin: fruits, berries, vegetables, mushrooms, etc.;
- products of animal origin: meat of various animals and birds, fish, caviar, milk, eggs, etc.;
- processed products: dairy products, various fats, frozen fruits, sausages and others meat products, cheeses, etc.;
- living plants: seedlings, flowers, etc.
There are quite strict requirements for the transportation of each of these groups, the main of which is the obligatory observance of the temperature regime. The temperature at which the complete safety of the cargo is ensured may be different for each product, and therefore, in these rules, the “List of perishable goods presented for transportation by road, and the temperature regime for their transportation” is separately highlighted.
In other cases, when transporting perishable goods not specified in this list, there are requirements for the temperature regime specified by the consignor, provided that this temperature regime corresponds to the technical capabilities of the refrigeration unit.
In any case, when transporting perishable goods, we advise you to familiarize yourself with general rules transportation of goods by road, especially in the part that relates directly to the rules for the transportation of perishable products.

Rules for the transportation of bulk cargo

Each type of transportation has its own rules. The rules for the transportation of certain types of cargo, including the transportation of bulk cargo, are also regulated. In many ways, these rules are similar, there are only some parts of them that directly relate to the type of cargo that is transported.
All obligations to comply with the established rules for the carriage of goods are assumed by the carrier company, which a priori has all the necessary knowledge, and also, very desirable, experience.
Directly for the transportation of bulk cargo, there are several basic rules regulated by law at the federal level. Bulk cargoes themselves are sand, expanded clay, grain, mineral fertilizers in granules, crushed stone in granules, etc.
When loading bulk cargo, for example, transported in bulk, the surface of the cargo should not protrude beyond the upper edges of the sides of the rolling stock in order to prevent spillage of cargo during movement.
In road containers, the transportation of bulk cargo without containers is prohibited. Also, the carrier is forbidden to transport bulk cargo in such a way that it is possible for them to fall out of the body onto the carriageway of the road itself, or the roadside. That is, bulk cargo transported in an open body of a vehicle must, at a minimum, be covered with a special covering, or tarpaulin. To prevent loss of loose and bulk cargo during transportation, the consignor must load them in such a way that the surface of the cargo does not protrude beyond the upper edges of the sides (body) of the vehicle. At the same time, the carrier must ensure that such goods are covered with curtains.
When transporting bulk cargo, there are often quite a few problems associated with losses at the stage of loading / unloading, reloading from one vehicle to another, spillage of cargo during movement, etc. Therefore, for the transportation of bulk cargo, the most rational is the use of various specialized means, such as containers. In this case, the transportation of bulk cargo is very easy to organize in accordance with the requirements of the rules.

Transportation of goods by tanks

Even at the very beginning of its history, immediately after mastering the mass production of universal trucks, it was necessary to solve a number of issues related to the transportation of certain types of cargo, bulk, perishable and liquid. This was the impetus for the development and start of production, on the basis of general purpose trucks, vehicles specially adapted for this purpose, respectively dump trucks, isothermal vans and tanks.
Transportation of goods by tanks, the history of which began in the mid-30s of the last century, makes it possible to solve transport problems for the movement, mainly, of liquid cargo. However, despite the seeming simplicity, the transportation of goods by tanks, in fact, has a number of subtleties and nuances. The fact is that for each of the bulk cargoes, even of the same type, separate, specially modified tanks are required. For example, crude oil and gasoline, or other refined petroleum products, cannot be transported in identical tanks. Not to mention milk, or, say, live fish, since this cargo is also transported in tanks. In addition, at present there are a number of modifications of tanks specially adapted for the transportation of certain types of bulk cargo.
Transportation of goods by tanks is carried out by those types of them that are specially designed to move certain types of cargo. Among them, the main ones can be distinguished, such as: for crude oil; light, and separately, dark refined products, which are supplemented by a heating system (for bitumen, asphalt); tanks for liquefied gases; liquid waste; special tanks for chemicals and products chemical industry, which in turn have a number of modifications, respectively, for inert and aggressive substances, depending on the physical condition of such cargoes, etc. The materials from which the tanks are made are also diverse.
Transportation of goods by tanks is carried out, in the vast majority, by tanks with typical characteristics. You can specify the main ones:
. capacity from 20 to 40 thousand liters;
. length from 13.7 to 16.1 m;
. weight within 4.5-6 tons;
. from 1 to 5 compartments in a tank;
. working pressure up to 25 kg/cm. cube;
. tanks are equipped with pneumatic or spring suspension, depending on the type of cargo.

Transportation of goods by containers

Transportation of goods in containers, carried out, including by motor transport companies, is a modern and fairly economical way to move cargo. This is primarily due to the fact that the container is a removable transport device, and with its help you can easily transport a wide variety of goods, both in the implementation of single-modal and multimodal transportation.
Freight transport by containers is now quite common. The vast majority of shipping companies, in addition to other services, offer their customers services for the carriage of goods by containers. And there are many reasons for this. Firstly, containers are a universal transport device, which can easily accommodate a wide variety of goods in the volume provided for by the container design. Secondly, containers are removable devices. This provides short term loading and unloading operations, including the reloading of containers onto another vehicle or other type of transport, which ultimately saves the total time of cargo transportation. And, thirdly, the transportation of goods by containers can be carried out in a multimodal mode. Moreover, when moving cargo from one fork of transport to another, for example, from a truck to a railway platform, or when carrying out further transportation of cargo by sea, it will not be necessary to re-storage and reload the cargo itself. Only the container will be moved. As a result, not only significantly saves time, but also ensures the integrity and confidentiality of the cargo.
However, the main advantage of containers is their versatility, and the fact that freight transportation by containers can significantly reduce the overall transportation costs, which are included in the cost of production.
Currently, there are several major modifications of universal containers. Their design and dimensions are standard, which makes it easy to adapt the containers to carry them by any appropriate mode of transport. Depending on the type of container, their technical loading norms, expressed in kg, also change. Today, container freight transportation is carried out in the following types of containers:

3 ton container. The norms of its loading correspond to 2400 kg;
. 5 ton - holds 4000 kg;
. 20-foot (already used for international transportation) - allows you to load up to 21800 kg of packaged cargo;
. 40 feet. Its technical loading standards correspond to 30,000 kg (30 tons).

All these containers are universal, i.e. can be equally successfully transported by all modes of transport, both road and rail, sea or by plane.
Transportation of goods by containers can be carried out in different modes. Most shipping companies try to provide their customers with container freight services, as they say, "door to door". The circuit here is very simple. Or the cargo is directly loaded and, accordingly, unloaded into the container. Or the cargo is first transported by other types of trucks, and only then is placed in a container. However, in both cases, the transportation of goods by containers will for a long time be included in the category of the most convenient, versatile and economical types, among all types of transportation of packaged and piece cargo.

Heavy truck transportation

Heavy trucks, as is clear from the definition itself, carry out the movement of heavy and oversized cargo. In both cases, only heavy-duty trucking is the only possible solution to various problems when it is necessary to transport such goods that are beyond the power of ordinary trucks.
Heavy-duty trucking occupies a fairly significant place among all the services provided by cargo transportation companies. And the presence in the park of such a company of heavy-duty road trains or other similar vehicles is a fairly high indicator of the development of both the company itself, which carries out cargo transportation, and the quality of the services provided. By the way, at present there are separate companies that specialize in heavy transportation, without providing any other side services.
Heavy-duty trucking, at present, is a fairly popular service. And if a dozen years ago, the problem, for example, to transport a small country house as a whole, or other oversized and very heavy (volumetric) cargo, seemed almost insoluble, today the situation has changed radically. Companies that are actively working in the market of transportation of heavy and oversized cargo have a fairly significant fleet of specialized vehicles that can solve almost any problem in this area of ​​cargo transportation. In addition, the emergence in our country of professionals specializing specifically in solving logistics and cargo problems, whose experience is highly valued, further contributes to the development and further improvement of the market for the provision of services of this kind.
Heavy-duty trucking has already moved from the category of exotic and, accordingly, unrealistically expensive services, to the almost common practice of cargo transportation companies. Of course, the cost of services of such a council may be slightly higher than the prices for the usual movement of goods by road. However, the specificity, and sometimes the uniqueness of the tasks that only heavy-duty vehicles can solve, fully justifies all the costs. And even with a finer calculation, taking into account many side criteria, the final cost of services of this kind can be significantly lower than the movement of heavy and oversized cargo by another mode of transport, or, for example, in a disassembled state.

Trunk transportation of goods

Trunk transportation of goods involves the movement of various goods over long distances. This includes both international transportation of goods and transportation within Russia, but over fairly significant distances, carried out by road freight transport. Truckers - just such a common people, and more familiar to the vast majority of people, the name that determines the essence of the main transportation of goods.
The length of routes, long distances, impose special requirements on the main transportation of goods, not only for vehicles, but also for the entire system of this type of cargo transportation. Firstly, it is impossible to carry out the transportation of goods over long and especially long distances, without a transport specially designed specifically for the implementation of trunk transportation of goods. After all, the goods can be on the way for several weeks, and transported by just one main truck. Therefore, the reliability of the car itself, and its convenience for the driver, play a paramount role here.
In addition, the main transportation of goods is carried out, as a rule, in fairly large volumes. Therefore, currently operated, for these purposes, mainly heavy vehicles designed for the most effective solution tasks for the transportation of bulky or very heavy goods as part of road trains, the total mass, which can reach up to 60 tons.
Trunk transportation of goods takes up a significant amount of the total number of cargo transportation. Strings of road trains on our roads, which have transported more than one hundred million tons in their history, have long become commonplace. And in the foreseeable future, it is unlikely that any other way of moving goods over long distances will be able to displace them from their leading positions.

Transportation of indivisible goods

Transportation of indivisible cargoes, which are mostly oversized and heavy cargoes, is one of the most difficult types of cargo transportation. Indivisible goods are those goods that cannot be transported in parts. Indivisible goods are very diverse, from power lines to boiler equipment, from huge power transformers to massive agricultural or construction equipment.
The transportation of indivisible goods, due to its specificity, requires a special approach to planning and direct implementation. In most cases, it can only be carried out using special vehicles, which are either specially designed for the transportation of oversized and heavy cargo, or additionally prepared for each individual cargo.
In addition, the transportation of indivisible goods requires the presence of professionals in the staff of the carrier company, specially trained to solve problems of this kind. After all, loading and unloading operations, drafting and coordination with authorized bodies route, compliance with all restrictions and safety rules standardized for cargo transportation of this kind - this is not a complete list of issues that need to be addressed.
In fact, in each case, the transportation of indivisible goods often requires the development and compilation individual project. Moreover, quite often, for the implementation of such a project, the involvement and interaction of the entire transport system is required in order to carry out the most optimal transportation of goods of this kind.

Registration of cargo transportation

Registration of cargo transportation must be carried out in all cases without exception. Whatever the conditions for the movement of goods, without the execution of the relevant documents, not one car has the right to leave the place where the loading was carried out. Yes, and the loading itself, without prior registration of all required documents, should not start.
Today, Russian legislation clearly regulates all issues related to the registration of cargo transportation. Freight carriers carry out the transportation of goods and perform any Additional services associated with the carriage of goods, only on the basis of agreements concluded with consignors or consignees. The conclusion of the contract for the carriage of goods is confirmed by the waybill drawn up by the consignor. In some cases, carriers may enter into tripartite transportation contracts: with shippers and consignees. There is also a conclusion of an agreement on the organization of transportation of goods between the cargo owner and the forwarder.
In some cases, in particular, when transporting goods involving several modes of transport, between organizations or owners of these modes of transport, agreements may be concluded on the organization of joint work to ensure the transport of goods in mixed traffic.

Documenting cargo transportation is as follows:

. Waybill motor vehicle, carrying out cargo transportation, is the main document for the primary accounting of cargo transportation. The waybill must include the following information: name, address, telephone, main bank details of the carrier; type, brand, registration plate of the car; FULL NAME. driver and accompanying persons; data on the work of the driver and the truck (departure, return, speedometer readings, a mark on technical serviceability and the driver’s admission to control the automatic telephone exchange); task for the driver (customer, route, name of cargo, distance); the results of using the car; other special notes, including pre-trip medical examination driver.
. All transportation of goods carried out on commercial basis, except for those cargoes for which warehouse accounting and accounting by measurements are not kept, a waybill must be issued, which is issued for each departure with the cargo. Also, in this case, it is necessary to issue an order-receipt for the carriage of goods.
. Registration of cargo transportation includes compulsory and voluntary insurance, which is carried out in accordance with applicable law. Compulsory insurance is part of the responsibility of the owners of vehicles transporting goods in the event of causing, as a result of an accident, harm to the life and health of citizens, or any property damage.

Registration of cargo transportation should be carried out by all motor transport enterprises without exception. In case of violation of the prescribed rules, various sanctions may be imposed on the cargo, vehicle and the enterprise itself, from fines to confiscation of the cargo, vehicle, as well as deprivation of the carrier of the relevant license.

Cargo escort.

Cargo escort is a rather demanded service, and in many situations - a necessity.At present, two main types of cargo escort can be distinguished - mandatory escort, and, so to speak, escort at the request of the Customer.
Compulsory escort of cargo is carried out by a cover car and (or) a tractor, if necessary. As a rule, cover vehicles, including tractors, are allocated by the carrier or shipper, depending on the agreement of the parties. Cover vehicles, in this case, must be equipped with an orange or yellow flashing beacon.
Mandatory cargo escort (according to traffic rules) A cover vehicle is required if:
. the width of the vehicle, including the width of the load, exceeds 3.5 m;
. the length of the road train exceeds 24 m;
. in other cases, when in the permit in the column "Special traffic conditions" it is written that traffic through any artificial structure is allowed in a single order, or other conditions are indicated that require a prompt change in the organization of traffic on the route of cargo transportation.
Also, in some cases, it is required to carry out mandatory escort of goods by a traffic police patrol car:
. the width of the vehicle, including the width of the load, exceeds 4 m;
. the length of the road train exceeds 30 m;
. the vehicle, when moving, is forced to at least partially occupy the lane of oncoming traffic;
. in the process of transportation, it is assumed that it is necessary to quickly change the organization of traffic in order to ensure the safety of travel;
. if dangerous goods are being transported.
Along with the mandatory, there is such a thing as voluntary escort of goods. In some cases, the shipper may require the allocation of a special escort vehicle, or order such a service on his own, in order to be completely sure that his cargo will be delivered safe and sound.

What modes of transport make up the Russian transport system? What modes of transport are used to transport passengers? What modes of transport are used to transport goods? What events in the history of transport development in Russia do you know? How can vehicles be classified?

Historical events in the development of transport in Russia In Russia, the first steam locomotives (Fig. 1) were designed and built at the Nizhny Tagil plant in 1834 by serf mechanics Efim and Miron Cherepanov. In Russia (1815). Admiralteisky shipyard(S. Petersburg) the steamer "Elizaveta" was launched with a steam engine with a capacity of 4 liters. With. (3 k. W). The first Russian steamships (Fig. 2) sailed. First Russian freight car was designed and built at the Izhora plant in 1901 by engineer B. Lutsky. The car was equipped with a gasoline engine and had a carrying capacity of 5 tons, the speed was 10 km / h. Mass production cars in our country began only with the beginning of the 30s of the last century. in 1912 1913 The project of a diesel locomotive with a gas transmission was developed by engineer A.N. Shelest. The first diesel locomotive Shchel 2 with electric transmission was built (Fig. 3). Then in Russia a model of the main diesel locomotive Shchel 1 was built, also with electric transmission, according to the project of engineer Yakov Gakkel.

The role and importance of transport Economic - ensures the development, communication and coordination of all sectors of the economy. Political - contributes to the solidity of the state, allows you to maneuver the resources of the country, quickly resolve emergency situations. Sociological - facilitates work, increases labor productivity, saves time traveling to work, study, participates in the organization of leisure. Cultural - makes it possible to disseminate aesthetic values ​​for the education of the population. Defense - provides the ability to quickly redeploy the population, troops, production. Scientific - solves the need to improve transport to provide transportation services at a higher level while reducing the cost of transporting goods and passengers.

Subdivision of transport by type based on the environment used for the movement of vehicles: ground, using the earth's surface as a natural support for communication lines; subdivided: road transport uses the public road network constitutes transport (rolling stock is represented by vehicles for various purposes, trailers); urban ground electric transport - trolleybuses and tram cars, electric cars, various non-mechanical vehicles (bicycle, rickshaw, horse-drawn carts, etc.); railway transport carries out transportation on public railways. - water, using the aquatic environment; subdivided into sea and inland water (river) transport, transportation is carried out within the territory of the Russian Federation; - air (civil aviation), using for movement aircraft air environment (mainly transports passengers and mail over long distances).

Pipeline transport has an important difference: its lines of communication simultaneously play the role of rolling stock and are laid under the surface of the earth in trenches (individual sections of pipelines pass under water barriers and on overpasses). In addition, there are local transport systems operated in separate production areas of various organizations, in buildings and structures. IN large organizations industrial transport operates, the rolling stock of which is used by cars, tractors, trailers, auto and electric forklifts, locomotives, railway cars, barges. In the future, space transport will become widespread. In 2001, for the first time, a paid tourist was transported by space transport.

Transport Transport is part of the infrastructure of any production, serves the main sectors of the economy, is one of the branches of economic infrastructure: mining, processing industry and agriculture. Transport includes energy, communications, utilities (water supply, sewerage, disposal solid waste), as well as engineering structures such as dams, networks of irrigation and drainage canals. Economic theory defining the place and role of transport in the development modern society, considers it as a universal means of labor, as one of general conditions production, transport carries out communications generated by the technological division of labor. By moving various types of products between producers (suppliers) and consumers, transport carries out communications generated by the territorial division of labor (Fig. 1. 1).

Transport (from lat. transporto - I move) is a branch of production that meets the vital needs of society in the transportation of goods and passengers. It is the only means that ensures the circulation of goods by moving them, and, as it were, continues the production process, delivering the goods to the sphere of consumption for sale. Only in this case, the system "money - goods - money" is formed, on which any economy is built.

Transport is not only an industry that moves goods and people, but first of all, an intersectoral system that transforms the conditions of life and management. What is an industry? Industry - a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions), which are characterized by special conditions of production in the system of social division of labor, homogeneous products and perform a common (specific) function in the national economy. Each industry performs its function in the country's economy. For example, road transport serves the construction of the largest industrial, civil and hydraulic structures. Intensively developing passenger road transport. What is one of the indicators of the level of development of the country? One of the indicators of the level of development of the country is the state of transport.

"The transport system is a set of all types of transport connected by economic, technological, technical and regulatory relationships, where each type of transport has its own sphere of effective use, providing distribution operations and functions, consists of several subsystems and has developed links with the external environment" .

The transport industry is a complex of modes of transport in the Russian economy, the coordinated activity of which ensures the satisfaction of the country's existing transport needs. The concept of the transport industry is usually not used to characterize the place and role of transport and its individual types in the structure of the economy. Scientific approach to the study and management of the transport industry, its integrity and internal stability are reflected in the concept of the transport system. Transport system (TS) - a set of effectively interacting, regardless of the form of ownership and departmental affiliation of modes of transport (transport complexes), federal, sectoral and local governments, transport enterprises (TP) and personnel, means of communication and vehicles that ensure the satisfaction of transport needs population and industry.

From positions systems approach to business organization, the following definition can be given: “The transport system is a relatively stable set of links (structural / functional divisions of the company, as well as suppliers, carriers, consumers and transport intermediaries), interconnected and united unified management corporate strategy business organization". Using the concept of "transport network" allows a shorter definition. Transport system - a set of transport and logistics network and administration system, formed by the company to implement its supporting strategy (tactics).

1. Does not produce new material products, but is a continuation of the production process of any sphere of circulation, that is, the delivery of products to the place of consumption. 2. The production of transport is inseparable from the process of transport production, has an intangible character, it cannot be accumulated, but it is necessary to create a reserve of throughput and carrying capacity. 3. Transport products do not contain raw materials, they are produced only during the movement of a vehicle with cargo or passengers - “completed transportation”, therefore, an increase in labor productivity is important to reduce the cost of transportation (affects tariffs, increases the competitiveness of a car company). 4. It is not the goods that are sold on the transport market, but the production (transport) process, where the acceleration and uninterrupted transport process, the reduction of delivery times and the improvement of the safety of goods and the safety of passengers are of particular importance.

The transport system features public and non-public transport. Public transport is the transport of the sphere of circulation, moving various types of products between producers and consumers. The transport of organizations and individuals moves raw materials, materials and other types of products that have not yet entered the sphere of circulation, as well as cargo and production personnel inside industrial enterprises, Agriculture, construction, trade, supply, etc.

Public transport Satisfies the needs of all sectors of the economy and the population in the transportation of goods and passengers, moves various types of products between producers and consumers, providing public transport services to the population. Transportation of public transport includes transportation on a commercial basis (for a fee) of passengers (including citizens enjoying the right to free travel on public transport) or cargo. Transportation carried out commercial organization, is recognized as transportation by public transport, if it follows from the law, other legal acts or the permit (license) issued to this organization that this organization is obliged to carry out the transportation of goods, passengers and luggage at the request of any citizen or legal entity. The list of organizations obliged to carry out transportation recognized as transportation by public transport is published in the prescribed manner. The contract of carriage by public transport is public contract. Public transport acts as an independent branch of material production, serves the sphere of circulation, providing a link between the sphere of production and the sphere of consumption. Public transport is a transport that, in accordance with applicable law, is obliged to carry out the transportation of goods and passengers, no matter who these transportations are presented by: a state enterprise or institution, public organization, firm or individual.

Non-public transport (departmental) Carries out transportation of goods and passengers of its enterprise, association (association, concern, etc.). Unlike public transport, non-public transport carries out the transportation of products within the sphere of production, i.e. for specific enterprise, organizations or firms. The transportation that he performs is in-house, or technological. Departmental transport of industrial enterprises is called industrial transport. Roads or railways (usually of short length) owned by an enterprise are called access roads. The country's transport system has a dense network of such roads. The total length of railway sidings exceeds the length railways common use. More than half of the vessels of the river fleet (mainly of small carrying capacity and power) belong to various departments (enterprises of the oil and gas industry, forestry, municipal services, etc.) Unlike public transport, industrial transport is also represented by special vehicles, such such as cable and suspended roads, pneumatic transport, conveyors, elevators, etc.

Transport is divided into main and non-main. On the one hand, mainline is a synonym for public transport, and non-mainline is non-public (for example, industrial transport is non-main transport). On the other hand, the term "main transport" is used to refer to communication routes linking big cities and industrial centers of a country or a large region. In this case, small branches from the main highways, despite the fact that they are part of the public network, are not considered links of the main transport and are usually referred to as local lines. Depending on goals economic analysis public transport is grouped as follows: universal (railway, water, road, air) and special; internal (carrying out transportation within the country) and external (usually maritime, carrying out transportation not only within the country, but also abroad); year-round (rail, road, etc.) and seasonal (inland water).

The indicators can be conditionally combined into the following three groups: 1) technical and operational - throughput and carrying capacity of communications; speed of cargo delivery; regularity of transportation; traffic safety, etc.; 2) natural-material - labor intensity per unit of transport products; specific demand for fuel and electricity (energy intensity); the need for metal and other materials (material consumption); 3) cost - current operating costs (cost of transportation); required investment; necessary working capital(taking into account the goods in the process of transportation); losses and other non-production expenses in connection with the loss, damage and damage to goods in the course of transportation. When managing transport and choosing a mode of transport or a method of transportation in conditions where the necessary regulatory reference information is not available and it is not possible to perform economic justifications, it is useful to take into account the technical and economic features of each type of transport when solving management problems.

State regulation - concept, functions, tasks According to the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, one of the meanings of the term "regulation" is to manage, manage: a) influence on something in order to achieve the desired results; b) subordination of this or that action to certain rules. State regulation is a function of public administration, an incomplete list of some of them: determining the rules of conduct and action in a particular area through a normative legal act; establishment of specific management procedures (certification, licensing, taxation, registration, etc.); establishment of a mechanism for controlling the required actions, i.e., the implementation of control and coordination activities, the implementation of supra-departmental powers; formulation of tasks and stages of management activities, etc. Function state regulation is increasingly reflected in federal and other legislative acts.

The content of state regulation consists of the following elements: normative establishment of general requirements in a particular area of ​​management activity; economic and legal regulation development of specific industries; state support and protection of Russian developers, manufacturers and consumers; execution control statutory requirements and regulations; coordination management; implementation of supra-departmental supervisory powers.

The concept, classification of transport services The concept of transport combines all aspects transport activities. The division is carried out not only on the grounds related to the characteristics of vehicles, but also on the grounds of the organization of processes in the transport industry, their specifics. Transport services (transport products) - is a specific type of product for the movement of goods and passengers, as well as for the implementation of related and complementary operations to this process: transportation, loading, unloading, counting, weighing, cargo control en route and other operations. A transport system is understood as a stable, cost-effective set of interacting modes/complexes of transport regardless of the form of ownership and departmental affiliation; federal, sectoral and local authorities, transport enterprises and personnel, means of communication and vehicles that meet the transport needs of the population and industry.

According to the organization of processes in the transport industry, transport services are divided into three groups: passenger transport services; freight transport services; forwarding services. Transport service - the process of providing transport services to consumers in accordance with established norms and requirements. Transport service - a set of transport services provided for the transportation of goods and passengers. Related service - is provided to the passenger, consignor or consignee by organizations of the transport complex or individual entrepreneurs, not directly related to transportation, for example, catering and communication services.

Transport services are provided using public transport (railway, air, sea, road, river transport), which provides transportation of passengers and goods and the provision of transport expedition services on the basis of charters and codes of the relevant types of transport and other federal laws and legal acts of the Russian Federation. The provider of the transport service is a natural or entity, which is a party to the contract of carriage, which provides services. Consumer of the transport service - a natural or legal person who is a party to the contract of carriage and who uses the service.

The first group - passenger transport services are divided into six types: passenger rail transport services; passenger river transport services; passenger services maritime transport; passenger air transport services; passenger road transport services; passenger urban electric transport services. Passenger transportation - transport services for the movement of passengers related to the safety, timeliness and comfort of passenger transportation, as well as the safety of luggage. People traveling using vehicles are passengers. Passenger - an individual who has a contract (ticket) of carriage.

The second group - freight transport services There are five types of services: railway transport services; river transport services; at the servant of sea transport; air transport services; road transport services. Freight transport is a transport service for moving material assets related to their safety and timeliness of delivery, there are sending cargo and receiving parties.

Consignor - a consumer of transport services who has handed over the goods for transportation and is indicated as a consignor in the contract of carriage. Consignee - a consumer of transport services who accepts the goods after transportation and is indicated as a recipient in the contract of carriage. Transport services are provided on the basis of a contract of carriage. Contract of carriage - a document (agreement) between the contractor and the consumer of transport services, which regulates the obligations and mutual responsibility of the parties during transportation.

The third group of services - transport forwarding Transport forwarding - these are transport services related to the organization of the process of sending and receiving cargo, as well as other work related to transportation, in accordance with the contract. The main types of transport expedition services include: information services; document processing services; cargo handling services; other transport forwarding services. An enterprise or a specialist that organizes and provides transport services for freight transportation is called a freight forwarder.

Elements of the transport system The purpose of the transport system is the delivery of goods and products to a given place, in the right quantity and assortment, prepared to the maximum extent possible for industrial or personal consumption at a given level of costs with minimal financial costs. An element of the system is an object that performs certain functions in the system, conditionally homogeneous, primary and not subject to division within the framework of the problem being solved, depends on the level at which it is considered. Transport as a branch of production is a set of elements: means and means of communication, the normal operation of which is provided by various technical devices and structures.

ELEMENTS OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM MEANS OF COMMUNICATION WAYS OF COMMUNICATION TECHNICAL DEVICES AND MECHANISMS TECHNICAL FACILITIES INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES TRANSPORT NETWORK Transport and road complex (TDK)

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION (vehicles) are rolling stock (cars, trailers, semi-trailers in road transport; locomotives, wagons in railway transport; ships, barges in water transport, etc.).

ROUTES OF COMMUNICATION are tracks specially designed and equipped for the movement of rolling stock of a given type of transport (roads, railway, river routes, etc.).

TECHNICAL DEVICES AND MECHANISMS are loading and unloading mechanisms, conveyors, bag forming machines, communication and signaling facilities, traffic control systems, etc.

TECHNICAL FACILITIES is a complex of cargo and passenger stations, terminals, loading and unloading points, repair shops, filling stations, as well as docks, service stations, stations, marinas, compressor and pumping stations.

INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES ensure the functioning of the transport system - the energy sector of electric transport, centers for the repair and maintenance of rolling stock and means of communication, organizations that provide managerial, legal and educational services and etc.

The TRANSPORT NETWORK is a set of means of communication of all types of transport, it is customary to divide it into: The network of main lines consists of long lines of communication, allowing for the accelerated delivery of large volumes of goods and passengers over long distances. The grassroots transport network creates an opportunity to organize regular transportation of goods and passengers in the transport service of enterprises, organizations and the population. cities, settlements, objects of agriculture.

EMPLOYEES OF THE TRANSPORTATION COMPLEX Heads of different ranks exercise administrative powers, distinguish between senior managers (director and his deputies, heads of services), middle managers (heads of departments and other structural divisions), junior level (foremen and foremen who directly supervise the workers). Specialists are employees who perform work that requires certain knowledge and who have received the appropriate qualifications as a result of training: engineers, economists, lawyers, dispatchers, technicians, etc. car columns(detachments) must have a higher or secondary professional education. They organize the correct use of the working time of car drivers, ensure that only technically sound cars are used in work. In this they are directly assisted by the mechanics of motorcades.

The motorcade mechanic ensures the proper condition of the rolling stock of the motorcade and releases it on the line in accordance with the schedule, identifies the causes of vehicle malfunctions and takes measures to eliminate them, develops maintenance and repair schedules for the rolling stock, controls the quality and timing of work, the correct operation of vehicles, compliance with standards consumption of operating materials, traffic rules and safety measures, participates in the provision of technical assistance to vehicles on the line. Technical performers work in motorcades: contractors who make up drivers' outfits for work; accountants who record work; timekeepers who keep records and use of working time.

Technical performers - employees who can learn their profession directly at the workplace; these are timekeepers, contractors, secretaries, etc. For people of working professions, a characteristic feature is occupation physical labor, direct control of the machine or mechanism. The most common profession in transport organizations is the driver of various vehicles. Each employee occupies a certain position - an official place associated with the execution of established official duties and responsibility for the work performed. The same position can be occupied by employees of different qualifications. Qualification characterizes the degree of mastery of the employee professional knowledge and skills. For example, drivers can be assigned a class, workers a rank, and specialists a category.

General requirements imposed on transport workers Persons driving vehicles, ensuring the serviceability of vehicles and means of communication, releasing vehicles into operation, must have increased responsibility. Any vehicle is a source of increased danger to the life and health of people, the environment. Persons driving vehicles must not have medical contraindications to health management. They must be able to concentrate for a long time, they often have to stay at the workplace alone or as part of a limited team for a long time. Passenger transport personnel are in constant contact with passengers and must be polite and psychologically resistant to the behavior of passengers, even if the latter express their opinion about the service in unacceptable forms.

TRANSPORT NETWORK Each subclass at the country level corresponds to a certain type of transport network structures: monocentric (a), polycentric (b) and mixed (c).

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE TRANSPORT NETWORK DENSITY OF THE TRANSPORT NETWORK is the length of communication lines coming to 1 thousand km 2 of the area of ​​the country (region, district), is determined by the quotient of dividing the sum of the length of the operated road sections of this type of transport by total area the territory in which they are located. It is used by means of transport (density of the network of lines of railways, roads, etc.). CAPACITY - this is the maximum number of vehicles (PV) that can proceed per unit of time through the section of the road. (determine the throughput of loading places, warehouses, ports, etc.) CARRIAGE CAPACITY is the total number of tons of cargo or the number of passengers transported on a given section of the road per unit of time. Throughput and carrying capacity determine the capabilities of the transport network, the degree of use. The degree of use is determined by: the dimensions (width) of the network; the quality of the road surface; fairway depth in water transport; the degree of strength of the railway track, etc. Based on these indicators, the issue of the development of the transport network and the reorganization of traffic is being decided.

Rail transport is the most developed and technically equipped mode of transport in our country. It accounts for the main transport work, transports bulk low-cost cargo over medium and long distances, as well as passengers - over medium distances and in the suburban area

Road transport is used as the most mass view transport for the transportation of passengers and goods of any value, including expensive ones, over short and medium distances, as well as providing retail, small businesses, systems production logistics. It may be the only mode of transport in agricultural regions for the transport of passengers and goods. Road transport has the widest scope of use: in the city, suburbs, in interregional, intercity and international traffic as an independent one or for delivery and export to main modes of transport. Development modern technologies, for example container, expands the scope (range) of road transport.

Inland water or river transport Used for mass transportation of low-cost goods (the share of gravel, sand, non-metallic building materials is more than 85%; oil and hard coal- eleven %). A special role is given to river transport in servicing remote areas of our country (Siberia, the Far East), where there are no other modes of transport. It is widely used as a cruise ship, as well as for transporting passengers over medium and long distances.

Maritime transport It is used mainly as intercontinental in international traffic (average transportation distance is 4000 km) and in small and large cabotage, that is, in areas of one or more seas. It is used for the transportation of bulk low-cost cargo (including raw materials) and as a cruise ship. The prospects for its development are most closely connected with the policy of the state in international relations. The special role of maritime transport for our country is the ability to serve the territories adjacent to the Northern Sea Route, which do not have other transport routes.

Air transport is used mainly as a passenger medium and long distance, for the transport of goods its use is limited. It differs from other modes of transport in the ability to carry out specific activities.

Pipeline transport transports liquid (mainly oil and oil products) and gaseous cargoes over any distance, less often solid cargoes. Industrial transport serves the production, on the balance of which it is, and carries out transportation across the territory of enterprises, in workshops, between workshops, and also connects production with main modes of transport for the import and export of raw materials and finished products.

Urban transport provides transport services to the population of the city and suburbs, transporting passengers to places of work, recreation, etc., as well as goods necessary for people's livelihoods. The transport of energy and information provides for the needs of society, creates conditions for the effective development of industries. Information contributes to the organization of transportation, communication of industries into a single whole and ensures the country's defense capability. Space transport has become an independent industry, is used for scientific purposes of understanding the world, carries out a number of works to ensure the life and defense of the country spacecraft began to be used to transmit information, for example, satellite communications are widely used in road transport.

TRANSPORT HUBS AND CORRIDORS technical means, devices and technologies designed to service cargo and passenger traffic. The transport hub combines railway stations and rail tracks connecting them, sea and river ports and airports, highways, oil pipelines and oil product pipelines, urban transport communications systems. Transport hubs carry out: cargo transshipment; transfer of passengers from one mode of transport to another; there is a distribution and movement of cargo flows and passenger flows in transit and local communications; transport services for enterprises and the population.

TRANSPORT HUBs are classified according to the following features: 1. the number of modes of transport joining in the node; 2. diagrams of the relative position of transport facilities; 3. the nature of the operational work; 4. geographical location; 5. number of living population. According to the number of interacting modes of transport, they are divided into: railway and road; railway water road; water road. According to the mutual arrangement of transport objects, they are distinguished: one-component (with a separate location of the passenger and cargo areas); multi-set (with a combined arrangement of passenger and cargo areas); combined (with a combined location of these areas). Multi-component nodes are typical only for large cities, for example, for Moscow, St. Petersburg. They have several industrial regions with freight railway stations serving them and independent stations for various types of passenger transport.

By geographical location, transport nodes are divided into: land; coastal (located near the waters of the seas, rivers and lakes). In terms of population, transport hubs have three gradations: small; medium-sized with a population of up to 100 thousand people; large and large with a population of up to 1 million people; the largest, in which more than 1 million people live. Transport nodes are built and developed according to general schemes that combine all modes of transport included in the nodes. These schemes are being developed with a long-term perspective - up to 50 years, providing for reserve opportunities for the development of certain types of transport, and united railway and water stations are being built. The greatest difficulty in transport hubs is the transportation of goods in mixed communications with reloading from one mode of transport to another. Rational technology and organization of such transportation determine successful work transport hub as a whole. The work of the transport hub for the development of passenger traffic depends on the layout of cities and networks of main streets, they must have good and convenient exits to extra-urban roads, as well as to railway, automobile, river, sea stations and airports.

An INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT CORRIDOR (ITC) is a part of a national or international transport system that provides significant international freight and passenger traffic between individual regions. This system includes rolling stock and stationary devices of all types of transport operating in this direction of transportation, as well as a set of technological, organizational and legal conditions for their implementation. It is understood that the modes of transport, which are elements of the ITC, are able to replace each other if additional transportation needs arise, as well as when the conditions for their implementation change. The adopted concept assumes that ITCs cannot be limited to the territories of the EU countries, since significant passenger flows connect these countries with the countries of Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Asia. At the three pan-European transport conferences held in Prague (1991), on the island of Crete (1994), in Helsinki (1997) and in St. Petersburg at the International Euro-Asian Conference on Transport (1998), projects of 10 ITCs were agreed , three of which (No. 1, 2 and 9) pass through the territory of Russia. They also include the transport infrastructure of the Russian parts of the Arctic region and the Black Sea cooperation zone (figure).

Corridor No. 1 runs along the route: Tallinn - Riga - Kaunas - Warsaw with a branch Riga - Kaliningrad - Gdansk. The Russian part includes: the highways Gvardeysk - Neman (on the Tolpaki section), Sovetsk and Dorozhnoye - to the border of Russia with Poland, parallel sections of railways, sea ​​port and Kaliningrad airport. This corridor can be extended through Szczecin (Poland) to Lübeck (Germany). Corridor No. 2 runs along the route: Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod. The main volumes of foreign trade transportation of goods in Russia pass through this ITC. The Russian part of the corridor consists of: the railway line Krasnoe - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod, the highway and airports of the Moscow transport hub, Nizhny Novgorod and terminal complexes in Smolensk, Vyazma, Moscow, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod. This corridor can be extended to Yekaterinburg with subsequent access to the Trans-Siberian Railway, its accompanying highways Moscow - Chelyabinsk - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Irkutsk - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok and air routes in this direction. Corridor No. 9 runs along the route: Helsinki - St. Petersburg - Moscow - (Pskov - Vitebsk) - Kiev, Lyubashevka - Chisinau - Dimitrovgrad - Alexandropulis and has branches Lyubashevka (Razdelnaya) - Odessa and Kiev - Minsk - Vilnius - Kaliningrad (Klaipeda). Branches of Corridor No. 9 also go to Astrakhan and Novorossiysk. The waterways of this corridor through the Volgo-Don canal connect the Caspian and Black Seas.

The transport and road complex (TDK) is a set of vehicles, means of communication, equipment for the promotion and movement of goods along the route. TDC is a concept that characterizes the technical and technological potential of transport in a comprehensive manner, covering only its individual elements, often without taking into account the existing relationships between all elements, as in the transport system. There are three types of communication routes: natural (cheapest). They have a large capacity, do not require costs to maintain the operational state - air, marine environment; improved - with the development of production and trade, the existing natural routes of communication began to be improved (device of road surfaces, strengthening of banks, removal of thresholds and obstacles in riverbeds, etc.); artificial - railways, highways, water channels, monorail roads - "public" paths.

The specific mode of transportation of a passenger or cargo is determined by a special characteristic, denoted by the term "message". 1. by industry: freight - construction; industrial; agricultural; public utilities passenger - general use; sightseeing; leisure activities. 2. according to the territory of transportation: urban; suburban; international; technological. 3. according to the method of implementation: local; straight; mixed. 4. by time of development: permanent; seasonal; temporary (contractual). 5. according to the structure of the transport complex: mainline: public transport. non-mainline: industrial transport, departmental.

TRANSPORTATION AND FORWARDING SERVICE Forwarding services (FS) is an activity in the field of transportation, covering the whole range of operations and services for the delivery of goods from the manufacturer to the consumer. The need for a transport expedition is due to the fact that the process of cargo delivery from the consignor to the consignee consists of several stages of transportation, including using various modes of transport. In this case, there is a need both for organizing and coordinating the implementation of all stages and for performing auxiliary work accompanying the transportation process, which can be performed directly by cargo owners (consignors or consignees) and a specialized organization (intermediary). Forwarder - a party to a transport expedition agreement that organizes and provides transport forwarding services (FES).

The term "forwarder" comes from the Latin word "expedire", meaning "escort". Forwarders offer cargo owners, in addition to cargo escort, services for organizing their delivery, involving various partners involved in the delivery - transport and storage companies, companies involved in loading and unloading operations, packaging, containerization of goods, drafting shipping documents, customs formalities, insurance cargo. They provide these services under contracts with cargo owners and on their behalf. The role of forwarders in organizing the delivery of foreign trade goods is especially significant, they coordinate the work of numerous participants in this delivery. They organize combined transportation by various interacting modes of transport with full responsibility to the cargo owner for all stages of such transportation. The first congress of European forwarders took place in Leipzig (Germany) 120 years ago. Today, there are about 50 thousand forwarding companies in the world, employing almost 18 million people. Forwarders organize and control 75% of all international cargo transportation. Income from the global forwarding service, including warehousing and cargo handling, is almost 20% higher than the income from the actual transportation work.

In almost all countries of the world, national associations and associations of entrepreneurs engaged in forwarding services have been created. The International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (Federation International des Associations des Transitaries et Assimiles - FIATA) has existed for more than 70 years. It includes almost 100 associations from 85 countries of the world. Three institutes have been established under the Federation: air cargo transportation, intermodal transportation, customs clearance and facilitating international forwarding. FIATA created and issued important guidelines, contributing to the regulation, standardization and unification of activities in this area. About 15 thousand enterprises are registered in the Russian sector of forwarding services, including more than 100 representative offices of large foreign firms and companies. The vast majority of Russian forwarding companies are engaged in organizing the delivery of goods certain types transport.

Forwarding services include the performance of forwarding operations and services. A forwarding operation is an elementary completed, periodically repeated action that provides a feasibility study. Forwarding service - a separate operation or a group of operations, directly aimed at meeting a specific client's needs for a transport expedition and characterized by the presence of the necessary technological, economic, informational and legal support. Thus, TES is the result of the interaction of the TES performer (forwarder) and the consumer (cargo owner, consignor or consignee), as well as the contractor's activities to meet the needs of the consumer in the transport expedition in accordance with established norms and requirements. Such a service is connected with the organization of the process of dispatch and receipt of cargo, the performance of other works related to the transportation of cargo in accordance with the contract of transport expedition. Type of transport service - a set of homogeneous TEU, characterized by common technological features (GOST R 51006 - 96 "Transport services. Terms and definitions").

Transport service is an activity related to the movement of cargo in space and time, which is aimed at the delivery of cargo and the performance of loading and unloading operations (PRP) throughout the transportation from the consignor to the consignee. Loading and unloading operations are mandatory elements of the cargo delivery process and are carried out directly on the territory of customers, in distribution centers, at transport hubs and when products are reloaded from one mode of transport to another. Forwarding service is an activity aimed at ensuring timely and high-quality delivery of cargo to the consumer; includes preparatory and final service, warehouse work and forwarding services. Intermediary services include organizational mediation, consulting, analytical and information service and is aimed primarily at high-quality delivery of cargo to its recipient.

SUBJECTS OF THE MARKET OF TRANSPORTATION SERVICES 1) government bodies that are direct, direct or indirect subjects of the feasibility study. The state most often owns roads, ports, warehouses, bridges and other structures that are important for the transportation of goods. The state, acting in the person of customs and border authorities, administrations of ports, airports, roads and railways, directly participates in the transport process, is a regulatory and supervisory body that forms legal basis for forwarding activities; 2) consumers of transport services - persons interested in the implementation of transportation. These include manufacturers of products and their buyers, intermediaries, and the latter can include any subject of a feasibility study from the third group; 3) organizations providing services in the process of cargo delivery.

The main organizations providing services are the following subjects of transport forwarding services: 1) Carriers - organizations that directly move cargo, have their own rolling stock and all licenses necessary for the implementation of specific types of transportation. Carriers can work both directly with the consumer of transport services and through forwarders. 2) Forwarding companies - organizations that provide a wide range of services related to the delivery of goods from the sender to the recipient. 3) Agency (brokerage) companies - organizations providing services related to the use of vehicles, their operation and rental. 4) Transport and cargo terminals, warehouses - organizations that have facilities for storage, warehousing, consolidation and distribution of goods. 5) Insurance companies - organizations that provide services for the insurance of goods, vehicles and the liability of the carrier or forwarder, in order to create for the subjects involved in the delivery of goods, a guarantee of compensation for losses expected during transportation and to simplify the receipt of such compensation.

6) Stevedoring companies - organizations that provide services for the implementation of loading and unloading operations and have a set of funds necessary for their implementation. 7) Talman companies - organizations that provide services for counting cargo when loading onto a ship and unloading from it. Usually, the services of talmans are used for the acceptance and delivery of goods transported on the account of packages. On the basis of cargo accounting documents, claims and lawsuits related to shortage of cargo are analyzed. 8) Consulting companies - organizations that provide services: marketing research according to the conjuncture of transport markets; advising a party (or parties) to an upcoming foreign trade transaction in order to develop the transport terms of a purchase and sale agreement, including the choice of a basic delivery condition; determination of the optimal route for the transportation of cargo, methods of its delivery, modes of transport, points of cargo reloading; choice of carriers; determination of the cost of delivery of goods and the transport component in the contract price of the goods; determination of delivery time.

9) Logistics companies - organizations that provide services for organizing optimal cargo flows by various modes of transport, picking groups of goods, ways to optimize transportation between different modes of transport, etc. Logistics companies conduct a study of the needs of the clientele in order to better serve it and present the results of such studies in the form of recommendations or necessary logistics services. 10) Associations of surveyors - organizations providing services related to the inspection of vehicles, transport equipment and cargo in order to identify their condition (at the time of inspection), which is confirmed by a survey report. The survey report serves as one of the evidence in resolving disputes in case of damage, damage or loss of the object. 11) Leasing companies - organizations that lease vehicles and transport equipment to the company to the lessee, which gradually (usually within 5-7 years) repays the debt as the property is used. The state creates leasing companies preferential conditions for obtaining loans for the purchase of equipment, which is then leased (leasing). At the end of the leasing agreement, the tenant either purchases the property at the residual value, or prolongs the term of the leasing agreement, or returns the property to the leasing company.

Regulatory and legal base of transport forwarding services Regulate transportation, fuel and agency activities are as follows: - Chap. 40 "Transportation", ch. 41 "Transport expedition", ch. 52 "Agency" of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (the rules governing the basic legal provisions for the implementation of transportation, forwarding and agency activities are defined); - Federal Law of June 30, 2003 No. 87 “On Forwarding Activities”, which regulates the procedure for the provision of services related to the organization of transportation by all modes of transport and the execution of transportation, customs and other documents; – GOST R 52297 2004 “Forwarding services. Terms and Definitions" . This standard establishes the terms and definitions of the basic concepts in the field of transport forwarding services carried out during transportation by any type of transport; - GOST R 52298 2004. "Forwarding services". This standard establishes the classification of transport forwarding services provided by transport of all types to consignors and consignees, general requirements for the quality of these services and methods for their control;

- "Rules for forwarding activities", approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 8, 2006 No. 554. These rules establish a list of forwarding documents, the procedure for providing and quality requirements for forwarding services; - "The procedure for processing and forms of forwarding documents", approved by order of the Ministry of Transport dated February 11, 2008 No. 23. These rules establish the forms of forwarding documents, as well as the procedure for filling them out, taking into account the peculiarities in the carriage of goods different types transport; – Contract of transport expedition. Relations between the forwarder and the client are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On Freight Forwarding Activities", "Rules for Forwarding Activities" and the freight forwarding agreement. Relations between the forwarder and carriers on various modes of transport are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, transport charters and codes.