Presentation on the topic of social life. Social sphere of society

Interaction of people in different groups and communities

SOCIAL SPHERE

The social structure of society

An integral set of interconnected and interacting social groups, strata and communities

Macrogroups

family, work collective, informal association

Microgroups

a large number of people who do not know each other have a decisive influence on the social process

a small number of participants who know each other have common goal

The complication of the social structure is the main trend of change

Differentiation for social reasons

Differentiation for biological reasons

Economic differentiation (rich, middle class, poor)

Ethnic differentiation (peoples, tribes)

Political differentiation (governing and ruled, leaders and the masses)

Demographic differentiation (sex, age, place of residence)

Professional differentiation

The workforce is:

macrogroup
microgroup
social community
stratum

Biosocial differentiation includes:

political
economic
demographic
professional

community of territory

common language

The totality of people who have a common culture and are aware of this commonality

Nation

Nationality

Family and tribe

Family and tribe

Genus - a group of blood relatives, leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal) and realizing themselves as descendants of a common ancestor (real or mythical).
Tribe - the union of several genera on the basis of consanguinity.

community property,

primitive collectivism

private property,

classes, monogamous family

arose on the basis of territorial, neighborly ties

Nationality

a historically established community of people with its own language, territory, culture, emerging economic ties

Nationalities were formed during the slave and feudal societies

arose on the basis of the formation of a common economic life of people

the highest form of an ethnic community of people, characterized by the unity of the territory, economic life, historical path, language, culture, ethnic identity

National identity - conscious attribution of oneself to a particular nation

historical

traditions and

national

dignity

patriotism

There are more than 100 ethnic groups in Russia, including about 30 nations

National relations in the modern world

Differentiation

Integration

Nationalism

cosmopolitanism

national question - the question of the emancipation of the oppressed

peoples, their self-determination and overcoming ethnic inequality

Ways to solve the national question

democratization of all aspects of public life
observance of the principles of humanism in solving ethnic problems
granting all nations the widest possible self-government
refusal of national minorities from separatism
constant search for consensus, fight against nationalism and chauvinism

The determining condition for the formation of a nation is:

mutual language
common area
community of economic life
community of culture

Nations arose:

in primitive society
in a slave society
in a feudal society
in bourgeois society

Cosmopolitanism is:

A. Refusal of local limitation.

B. Abandoning narrow national perspectives.

only A is correct
only B is correct
both A and B are correct
both statements are wrong

small group based on marriage and consanguinity

Family Functions:

reproductive
educational
labor force reproduction
household
leisure
emotional and psychological protection

Stages of development of family and marriage relations

L. Morgan

Disordered sexual relations
Consanguineous family (prohibition of marital relations between parents and children, brothers and sisters)
group family
couple family
Monogamous family (stronger marriage ties)
Partner (nuclear) family

Trends in the development of the modern family

Women have gained greater economic independence, but it has become more difficult for them to fulfill family responsibilities

The number of divorces is on the rise
The birth rate is declining
The number of civil marriages is on the rise

The main function of the family:

educational
reproductive
leisure
labor force reproduction

types of social stratification

The social structure of traditional society

Estates - social groups whose position was fixed by law and inherited
castes - closed groups of people engaged in a traditional activity, connected by origin and legal status

Russia: nobles, clergy, merchants, petty bourgeois, peasants

India: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras

types of social stratification

slaves and slave owners, peasants and feudal lords,

workers and capitalists

class theory

signs

K.Marx and V.Lenin

the place of a class in a historically defined system of social production
the role of the class in public organization labor
relation of class to ownership of the means of production

M. Weber (1864-1920): between the classes of workers and capitalists

there are numerous middle class

types of social stratification

Middle class

business owners,

representatives of highly paid

professions

Citizens who have

economic

independence

Problems that arise are solved

through civil society institutions

Make a society

stable

Make up 60-80%

population

In Russia 12-15%

types of social stratification

lat. "layers"

P. Sorokin

Stratification is the process by which groups of people are unequal to each other and unite into hierarchically arranged layers.

association on status grounds: property, power, education, profession ...

M. Weber: three components of inequality -

property inequality,

unequal prestige,

different amount of power

Layers in modern Russian society

Elite(oligarchs, top bureaucracy, generals) - 3-5%
middle layer(small and medium businessmen, workers of trade, service) - 12-15%
base layer(intelligentsia, technical staff, peasants, workers) - 60-70%
bottom layer(elderly, disabled, dependents, unemployed, refugees) - 10-15%
Desocial bottom or underclass(thieves, bandits, killers, homeless people, drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes) - 3-5%

Trends in the development of the social structure of Russian society

differentiation (appearance of new layers and groups)
integration (convergence of working conditions)
marginalization (an increase in the number of people occupying an intermediate position between the main social strata)
lumpenization (an increase in the number of people who have sunk to the bottom of public life)
polarization (increase in the number of people living below the poverty line)

from 16 to 25 years old

Youth as a social group

potential strength (the ability to improve the social structure)
specificity of consciousness (the predominance of the incentive-motivational orientation)
formation of the inner world of the individual
the main priorities are education and getting a profession
membership in various interest groups
own subculture

The main features of the classes are:

place in a historically defined system of social production
role in the social organization of labor
relation to ownership of the means of production
the size and share of social wealth held by the class

moving individual people and groups from one layer to another

social mobility

Types of mobility:

Voluntary (due to change of place of work, position, place of residence…)
Forced (under the influence of structural changes in society - industrialization, computerization ...)
Individual
group
Vertical (up or down status)
Ascending (moving to a higher social stratum)
Descending (moving to a lower social stratum)
Horizontal (does not lead to a change in social status)

Factors social mobility

social structure system (traditional / industrial society)
changes in the technology of social production (the emergence of new professions)
social upheavals (wars, revolutions)
education
family social status

P. Sorokin

elevators

(channels)

family

school

army

church

the place of man in the system of social relations

Status types

prescribed

(from birth):

gender, nationality,

age, social

origin

Unprescribed

(purchased):

profession,

education,

job title

Prestigious

non-prestigious

The manifestation of vertical social mobility is:

moving from one area to another
retirement
promotion
birth of a child

the expected behavior of a person associated with his status

social role

teacher

administrator

educator

Professor

Responsibilities prescribe that

what the performer should do

one suggests the other

Rights say that a person can

freely allow or admit

towards other people

social control

A system of means and techniques that regulate the behavior of people in society and prevent its deviation

self control- internal correlation of their actions

and actions with accepted society rules

Social self-regulation– mechanism

maintaining public order

instructions on how to behave in society

established order of conduct

what is inherited from

predecessors

Customs and traditions
Legal regulations
Political norms
moral standards
Religious norms

enshrined in laws, enforced by the power of the state

are reflected in laws, international treaties, political principles, moral norms

are evaluative in nature, compliance is ensured by the power of public opinion

observance is supported by the moral consciousness of believers, faith in the punishment for sins

rewards or punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms

public approval from official organizations: awards, titles, titles…

formal positive
informal positive
formal negative
informal negative

public approval from the public: friendly praise, compliment, applause...

official punishments: imprisonment, deprivation civil rights excommunication from the church...

punishments not provided for by official authorities: remark, reproach, ridicule, nickname ...

If a norm has no sanction, then it

ceases to regulate people's behavior

Are the following statements about social norms correct?

A. Social norms include only those prescriptions that are enshrined in laws.

B. Behavior that does not correspond to the norms accepted in society is called conformism.

only A is correct
only B is correct
both A and B are correct
both statements are wrong

a form of interaction based on the clash of interests and needs of individuals and social groups

Conflict

G. Spencer (1820-1903): conflict is a manifestation of the process natural selection and struggle for survival; society must evolve.
K. Marx (1818-1883): the conflict is temporary, it can be resolved by a social revolution
G. Simmel (1858-1918): conflicts are inevitable and even useful (they help people to be more aware of their interests, promote intra-group cohesion, etc.)

Conflictology:

conflict is not an anomaly, but the norm

between people, one of the ways they interact

(along with competition, cooperation, accommodation, etc.)

Subjects of the conflict

Witnesses - those who observe the conflict from the sidelines.
Instigators - those who push other participants to the conflict.
collaborators - people who contribute to the development of the conflict, providing assistance to the conflicting parties.
Intermediaries - those who by their actions try to prevent, stop or resolve the conflict.

PARTICIPANTS

an event or circumstance, as a result of which contradictions pass into the stage of open confrontation

incident (cause) conflict escalation consensus

escalation of the conflict, increase in the number of participants in the conflict

majority agreement

Types of conflicts

depending on the conflicting parties(intrapersonal, interpersonal, intergroup…)
By duration And character leaks (long-term, short-term, one-time, protracted ...)
By form(internal, external)
By scale distribution (local, regional, global)
by used funds(non-violent, violent)
By spheres in which they occur ↓

about the distribution of power, dominance, influence, authority

political conflict
National-ethnic conflict
Socio-economic conflict
cultural conflict

based on the struggle for the rights and interests of ethnic and national groups

about the means of subsistence, the level of wages, the level of prices for various benefits, access to these benefits

associated with religious, linguistic and other contradictions in the spiritual sphere

Forms of social conflicts:

discussions, requests, adoption of declarations…

rallies, demonstrations, pickets, strikes…

war is an extreme form

Conditions and ways to resolve the conflict

Conditions:

Ways:

identification of existing contradictions, interests, goals
mutual interest in overcoming contradictions
joint search for ways to overcome the conflict

direct dialogue of the parties, negotiations
development and improvement of the social sphere of society (expansion of the system of education, healthcare, social security, housing construction, i.e. creation of a developed social infrastructure)

a state that proclaims a person, his worthy existence as the main goal of its activity

welfare state

The main features of the welfare state:

developed market relations, variety of forms of ownership, freedom of entrepreneurship
price mechanism and competition without government intervention
freedom of choice for employees
a reasonable relationship between market principles and the redistribution of wealth through state system social assistance
high standard of living population
developed social legislation
effective policy to ensure social, economic, cultural human rights

The main task - improve relations between

entrepreneurs and consumers in whole efficient

functioning of the economy without disturbing the balance between

private sector and government

Are the following statements about social conflicts correct?

A. Conflict interaction exists in any type of society.

B. Social conflicts always lead to negative consequences.

only A is correct
only B is correct
both A and B are correct
both statements are wrong

To use the preview of presentations, create an account for yourself ( account) Google and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

SOCIAL SPHERE The main questions of the Unified State Examination

Codifier Questions social relations social stratification and mobility Social groups Youth as a social group Ethnic communities Interethnic relations, ethno-social conflicts, ways to resolve them Constitutional principles (foundations) of national policy in the Russian Federation Social conflict Types of social norms Freedom and responsibility Deviant behavior and its types Social role Socialization of the individual Family and marriage

Sociology is the science of society The term was introduced by Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a French philosopher. The concept of "sociology" is derived from two words: the Latin soci (etas) - society and the Greek logos - a word, a doctrine. Hence sociology is the science of society by Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

Basic concepts Social groups Differentiation Stratification Social institution and their types Social mobility and its types Social descent Social rise Outcasts Lumpens Social lifts Social status Social role Socialization Social control Social norms Deviant behavior Social interaction Cooperation Rivalry Social conflict (stages) Ethnos Nation Interethnic relations Interethnic conflicts National politics demographics family social institution Family Functions

The social structure of society is the structure of society as a whole, the system of relations between the main elements. Individual Social groups (communities) Social institution A really existing set of people, characterized by common features Specific public education created to meet the most important needs of human society. Individual (Greek "atom" - indivisible) - the term characterizes a person as one of the people

Types of social institutions Economic (needs for material wealth) Political (state, parties, law, movements) Family institution (marriage, kinship, etc.) Cultural (science, education, culture, religion)

Theory of stratification Pitirim Sorokin - American sociologist Differentiation - the division of society into groups characterized by different characteristics. There is no subordination between them. Stratification - a set of social strata arranged in a hierarchical order = distribution of social groups Inequality scale

Criteria for stratification - income - power - education - prestige

Types of stratification Economic is expressed in the difference in income, standard of living, in the existence of rich, middle and poor strata of the population Professional involves the separation of various groups in society according to the nature of their activities and occupations Political involves the division of society into managers and managed, political leaders and mass

Social mobility is the movement of people from one social group to another Horizontal transition of a person to a group located on the same level as the previous one. Vertical movement from one level of the hierarchy (ladder) to another. It is possible to make both social ascent and descent – downward and upward mobility individual group

The way people move from one group to another is called the "social lift". Army School Church Channels of social mobility

Marginals (marginalis - located on the edge, on the border) are social groups that occupy an intermediate position between stable communities. Lumpens (German lumpen - rags) are people who have sunk to the bottom of society.

The social status of a person Social status is the position of a person in society, occupied by him as a representative of a certain social group and including a certain set of rights and obligations. Social status depends on: - age, - sex, - origin, - profession, - marital status.

The social status of the individual the prescribed status the achieved status does not depend on the individual, it is given from birth (sex, race, age) it is provided by the family depends on the individual, what a person becomes (education, profession) is acquired

Prestige and authority assessment by society or a social group of the social significance of certain positions occupied by people is associated with social status. business qualities a person by a society or a group of people is associated with personal status, a certain, specific person can be authoritative

The social role of a person A social role is the expectation and prescription of behavior corresponding to a given status. The set of roles performed by a person is called a role set. And the set of statuses is a status set

Socialization and adaptation The process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social roles, norms and spiritual values

Socialization and adaptation Social adaptation is the process of adapting a person to a changing social environment with the help of various social means.

Socialization and its levels 1 2 Primary - occurs in small groups: family, peers, teachers Secondary - occurs at the level of large social groups: institutions, army, state Primary agents of socialization Secondary agents of socialization Agents - people responsible for the transfer of cultural experience

Social control - the mechanism of relations between the individual and society Social norms - rules generally accepted in society that regulate people's behavior Sanctions - encouragement or punishment aimed at maintaining social norms Formal and informal Formal and informal positive negative legal Customs, traditions religious moral political aesthetic ethical

Deviant (deviant) behavior Deviant (deviant) behavior is behavior that is not consistent with the norms, does not correspond to what society expects from a person. The most dangerous manifestations of deviant behavior: - crime, - alcoholism, - drug addiction. positive negative

Forms social interaction Cooperation - participation in a common cause Stages of conflict Social conflict - special interaction (confrontation) of individuals and groups when their views, positions, interests collide Rivalry - intersection and mismatch of interests Conflict resolution methods Pre-conflict Conflict Post-conflict Method of conflict avoidance Negotiation method Mediation method

Ethnic communities Ethnicity is a historically formed set of people in a certain territory who have a common culture, language and are aware of their unity Nation is an ethnic community that takes shape during the formation of capitalist relations: 1) a national market is formed; 2) a single economic organism is being formed - the national economy, this unites various peoples 3) into a single whole - the nation.

Interethnic relations and national policy Integration - cooperation of nations, rapprochement of various aspects of the life of peoples Differentiation - the desire of peoples for national independence Ethnic conflict is any competition (rivalry) from confrontation to social competition Causes of conflicts: Territorial (separatism) Economic Social Cultural and linguistic (nationalism , xenophobia, chauvinism, discrimination) discrimination

Family as a social institution Family as a social institution is a system of connections and interactions of individuals that perform the functions of reproduction of the human race and socialization of the individual. A family as a small group is an association of people connected by a common life, mutual assistance and mutual responsibility. Relationships can be based on marriage and consanguinity.

Typology of families Traditional (patriarchal) Family of partnership type Simple nuclear Monogamous (2 spouses) Polygamous (more than 2 spouses) Polygyny (1 m + several women) Polyandry (1 f + several men)

Functions of families Reproductive - reproduction of the population Educational - socialization of the younger generation Household - support for physical health, care for children and elderly parents Economic - obtaining material resources of some family members for others Sphere of primary social control- regulation of the behavior of family members The function of spiritual communication Social status - the presentation of a certain social status to family members Leisure - the organization of rational leisure

Social sphere community life

slide 2

Social structure (from Latin structura - structure, arrangement, order) of society - the structure of society as a whole, a set of interconnected and interacting social groups, as well as relations between them Social groups Social relations Social division of labor Needs and interests of social groups Values social groups Norms and roles of social groups Lifestyles of social groups

slide 3

Social roles are a way of behavior corresponding to a certain status; each role has a set of rights and responsibilities. Social groups - any set of people identified according to socially significant criteria; mediator between the individual and society as a whole. Social status (lat. "position") - the social position of a person in society includes: profession, economic status, political opportunities, demographic characteristics of a person (age, gender), marital status. L O I S T R A T s C L A S S Social structure is a set of interrelated elements that make up the internal structure of society. social structure.

slide 4

Which element(s) is(are) related to social structure society? Intelligentsia Crew of the ship Family All of the above Answer: __________ 4

slide 5

Are the following statements about the social structure of society correct? A. The basis of the social structure is the social division of labor. B. The social structure organizes society into a single whole Only A is correct Only B is correct Both judgments are correct Both judgments are incorrect Answer: __________ 3

slide 6

Social relations are certain stable connections between people as representatives of social groups Main features DURATION SYSTEMICITY STABILITY SELF-RENEWAL BREATH OF SOCIAL RELATIONS Nature of relations COOPERATION COMPETITION Social conflict

Slide 7

Socio - group Relations between classes, social strata Socio - demographic Relations between men, women, children, youth, pensioners, etc. Socio - ethnic Relations between nations, nationalities, national and ethnographic groups, etc. Socio - professional Relations between labor collectives, professional associations Interpersonal Relations of a person with people around him Social relations

Slide 8

Social relations do not belong Between nations and nationalities Between man and the people around him Between classes Between man and nature Answer: __________ 4

Slide 9

Are the following statements about social relations correct? A. Social relations always assume the character of cooperation. B. Social relations can take on the character of a social conflict Only A is correct Only B is correct Both judgments are correct Both judgments are incorrect Answer: __________ 2

Slide 10

Social group - any set of people that has some common socially significant feature (sex, age, nationality, profession, income, education, power, etc.) SMALL BIG family, classroom, company of friends, etc. nation, class, estate, caste, etc. Social division of labor and specialization of activities Historical diversity of living conditions, culture, social norms and values direct relationships Occupy the same position in the structure of society, have common interests

slide 11

The name of the social group Its essence Examples The emergence of CAST (from the Latin castus - pure) A social group that has a religious rule fixed for life from birth and inherited rights and duties Brahmins (priests), kshatriyas (warriors), vaishyas (merchants), Sudras (workers and peasants) Ancient India ESTATE A social group with fixed custom or law and inherited rights and obligations Upper classes (nobility, clergy), unprivileged third estate (artisans, merchants, peasants). In Russia since the second half of the 18th century: nobility, clergy, merchants, peasantry, philistinism (middle urban strata) Medieval Europe

slide 12

The name of the social group Its essence Examples Emergence CLASS A social group that differs in its role in all spheres of the life of society, which is formed and functions on the basis of fundamental social interests Slaves and slave owners; feudal lords and dependent peasants; bourgeoisie and hired workers Class society

slide 13

Are the following statements about a social group correct? A. A social group is any set of people distinguished by gender, age, nationality. B. A social group is any set of people distinguished by profession, place of residence, income. Only A is correct Only B is correct Both judgments are correct Both judgments are incorrect Answer: __________ 3

Slide 14

Establish a correspondence between examples of social groups and their types. For each position given in the first column, match the position from the second column. Examples of social groups A) Russians B) Neighbors in the cabin C) Entrepreneurs D) Tourist group E) Spaceship crew F) Kshatriya caste Types of social groups Small Large A B C D E F 2 1 2 1 1 2

slide 15

SOCIAL ROLE - this is what is expected in a given society from any person occupying a certain place in the social system Main (citizen, family member, worker, owner, consumer, etc.) Situational (passenger, pedestrian, buyer, spectator, etc.) Role requirements for a person are put forward by society. These requirements are enshrined in the rules - social norms. Society, its various groups and organizations with incentives and punishments, i.e. various sanctions, support the fulfillment of social roles.

slide 16

The structure of the social role Requirements for behavior corresponding to the social role Evaluation of the fulfillment of a social role Sanction - the reaction of society or a social group to the actions of an individual within the framework of a social role Inducing a person to a certain type of behavior Social norms A role conflict is a conflict related to the performance by a person of one or several social roles that involve incompatibility, conflicting duties and demands

Slide 17

Are the following statements about social role correct? A. A person has one social role. B. A person has a whole set of social roles. Only A is correct Only B is correct Both judgments are correct Both judgments are incorrect Answer: __________ 2

Slide 18

Establish a correspondence between examples of social roles and their types. For each position given in the first column, match the position from the second column. Examples of social roles A) cashier B) pedestrian C) researcher D) father E) spectator E) producer Types of social roles main situational A B C D E F 1 2 1 1 2 1

Slide 19

SOCIAL STATUS - general position of an individual or a social group in society, associated with a certain set of rights and obligations SOCIAL STATUS Personal status - the position of an individual in a small group, depending on how its members evaluate him in accordance with his personal qualities (leader, expert, soul of the company) Main status determines the main thing in a person’s life (most often this is the status associated with the main place of work: engineer, professor, lawyer, etc.) The prescribed (assigned) status is a social position that is prescribed in advance to the individual by society, regardless of the merits of the individual (sex, age, nationality etc.) The achieved (acquired) status is acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person (financial situation, education, etc.)

Slide 20

The above list indicates the similarities between the achieved and prescribed statuses and the features of the difference between the achieved status and the prescribed one. Select and write down in the first column of the table the serial numbers of the similarities, and in the second column - the serial numbers of the differences. Is under the control of a person Associated with a certain set of rights and obligations Influences a person's behavior Acquired through luck and luck Features of similarity Features of differences 2 3 1 4

Slide 21: Social inequality

by birth by role All people are different in possession Gender, nationality, race, age, physical and intellectual differences. Professional labor activity. Power, property, education, privileges, material and spiritual values. Thus there is a natural and social differentiation.

slide 22

SOCIAL CONFLICT - a clash of opposing public interests, views, aspirations, directions of social development Participants in social conflict Individuals Social groups Organizations and associations Stages of social conflict Pre-conflict - the formation of a conflict situation. The conflict itself is distrust and lack of respect for the enemy; inability to reach an agreement Conflict resolution - termination of actions aimed at changing the behavior of rivals; elimination of the causes of conflict

The last slide of the presentation: The social sphere of society

CAUSES OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS Social heterogeneity of society, the presence of opposite orientations Differences in income levels, power, culture, access to education, information Religious differences Human behavior, its social and psychological traits (character, intelligence, general culture, etc. ) Types of conflicts Intrapersonal Interpersonal Intergroup With the external environment Conflict covering certain areas of public life Conflict covering society as a whole

SOCIAL SPHERE OF LIFE OF THE SOCIETY. PRESENTATION OF THE LESSON OF SOCIAL STUDIES. 8 CL. BAZ. LEVEL. SMIRNOV EVGENIY BORISOVICH.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY. SOCIETY CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT GROUPS AND COMMONITIES LARGE SOCIAL GENERALITIES: CLASSES, SOCIAL LAYERS, STATES EVERY PERSON IS BELONGING TO ANY OF THESE SOCIAL GROUPS OR OCCUPATES INTERMEDIATE POSITION. WHICH GROUP DO YOU BELONG TO?

SOCIAL INEQUALITY. ALL THESE GROUPS HAVE DIFFERENT STATIONS IN SOCIETY AND UNEQUAL ACCESS TO SOCIAL BENEFITS. WHY? Social inequality individual social groups have different opportunities in income, influence on power according to one of the theories of social inequality is a natural inequality that allows the most capable the theory of conflicts- believes that the inequality consists in relation to property .. between them, the class struggle other researchers believe, they believe that the class THAT ATTITUDE TO PROPERTY IS NOT THE ONLY CRITERION OF SOCIAL GROUPS - EDUCATION, LIFESTYLE...

SOCIAL CHANGES IN SOVIET SOCIETY. A PERSON CAN TRANSITION FROM ONE SOCIAL GROUPS TO ANOTHER. BUT SUCH POSSIBILITY DRAFTLY INCREASES DURING REVOLUTIONS AND OTHER SHOCKS. WHOLE SOCIAL GROUPS CAN BE SHUT UP. THE REVOLUTION OF 1917 DISAPPEARED ENTIRE ESTATES AND GROUPS (NOBILITY, CLERGY, BOURGEOISIE) INCREASING THE WORKING CLASS AND REDUCING THE PEASANTRY. FORMATION OF A LAYER OF THE SOVIET BUREAUCRACY. THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE HAS CHANGED, WHOLE GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS CHANGED THEIR PLACE IN ITS STRUCTURE

MODERN STAGE OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. CHANGES IN THE FORMS OF PROPERTY LEAD TO CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY NEW SOCIAL GROUPS ARE FORMING: ENTREPRENEURS, FARMERS, ETC. ATTITUDE TO THESE PROCESSES IS DIFFERENT. THE WORKING CLASS, THE PEASANTS AND THE INTELLIGENTIA ARE OCCURRED. SOCIAL INSTABILITY

POSITION OF THE PERSON IN THE SOCIETY. SOCIAL STATUS. STATUS OF A PERSON IN SOCIETY: SOCIAL STATUS SOCIAL STATUS: SOCIAL ORIGIN, GENDER, NATIONALITY, EDUCATION, PROFESSION, ETC. SEX, AGE, SOCIAL ORIGIN DO NOT DEPEND ON THE PERSON -- A REGULATED STATUS. WHAT A PERSON ACHIEVES BY OWN EFFORTS: EDUCATION, WEALTH, QUALIFICATIONS, ETC. MAKE UP - STATUS ACHIEVED

Topic: social sphere of society. Part one The concept of the social sphere, social differentiation separate groups: Ethnic communities Strata Class family Social status and social role Socialization.

Question 1. The concept of the social sphere The social sphere - (1) is the area of interaction between different social communities. circle of philatelists, nation, class, youth, etc. (2) the sphere of social protection of the individual.

The division of society into elements is called social differentiation. The word differentiation comes from latin root, meaning "difference" The social structure of society is a set of interacting and interconnected social groups and communities.

Elements of social structure: individuals, social communities, social groups.

Kinds social formations- elements of the social structure The society is differentiated into various formations: communities (large social groups) - groups that unite people living in common conditions with a single standard of living. Ethnic Territorial Demographic Classes Strata a social group is a collection of people who: interact with each other and are aware of their own unity are considered members of the group from the point of view of others. Various teams small social group emotional interaction family group of friends

Classifications of social groups Social groups are classified on various grounds: 1. By the number of members, small and large. 2. According to the time of existence: temporary long-term existence 3. According to the compactness of existence: scattered groups, collected compact ones. 4. By nature and depending on the possibility of joining them: open closed groups. 5. According to the degree of organization: organized, partially organized, unorganized. 6. By structuredness: having a permanent structure, having a temporary structure, unstructured. 7. By type of activity: fully engaged in one type of activity, engaged in different types activities. 8. According to the form of social management: state-controlled, self-governing social groups. According to the form of intra-group cohesion: cohesive, disunited.

Individual elements of the social structure: Ethnic communities

Separate elements of the social structure: Strata of the Concept of Pitirim Sorokin. A stratum is a large group of people who occupy a certain common position in society. From a geologist. "layer". Social stratification is a set of strata (other groups) located in a vertical (hierarchical) order.

Criteria for stratification Economic stratification is expressed in the difference in income, wealth, standard of living, in the existence of rich, poor and middle strata of the population. Property relations are a manifestation of political stratification. The division of society into managers and controlled, Power and prestige. Authority. Authority reflects the degree of influence of an individual in a social group or society. political leaders and the masses. Professional stratification can include the allocation of various groups in society according to the nature of their activities, occupations. At the same time, some professions are considered more prestigious than others.

Historical types of stratification

Elements of the social structure: class Criteria for distinguishing classes: According to Marx: relationship to the means of production Place in the system of social production, a way to generate income and welfare. According to Max Weber: property, prestige, power

The main classes of modern developed societies The elite of society: presidents, prime ministers and other political figures; big businessmen, the most influential representatives of the creative intelligentsia. Prosperous strata of society: scientists, writers, artists, doctors, lawyers, teachers, medium and small businessmen, highly skilled workers, etc. ("white collars"). Skilled workers of factories, plants, construction firms, agricultural enterprises, services, etc. with consistent and reliable performance. Unskilled workers ("blue collars"), as well as the unemployed, the poor, people with an income on the verge of or beyond the poverty line; vagabonds, beggars, criminals, etc. When there is a balance in society, the upper and lower classes each occupy 20%, the middle - 60%. The decile is the difference in income between the richest and poorest 10%. In the Russian Federation, it ranges from 15 to 40. In developed countries, it does not exceed 10.

Elements of social structure: the family. A family is a community of people based on marriage, consanguinity, assuming a common life. Marriage is a voluntary union between a man and a woman. Family functions: socialization of children, reproductive, erotic, economic, cultural and leisure

Types of families Monogamous and polygamous (several spouses of the same sex). nuclear family: wife, husband and children, with the addition of one or two spouses' parents. undivided family - several family groups. Incomplete family - the absence of one of the parents.

Question 2. Social status and social role Soc. status - place in the social structure of society, social status occupied by the person. From a person occupying a certain social position, others expect appropriate behavior. Social Role is the behavior expected by others. For example, the status of a school student involves the following components of social. roles: visiting educational institution, assimilation of school subjects, etc.

Status set - a set of social statuses of one person. The main social status - the position that is the most significant for a person, determines him socially.

Varieties of social status Prescribed status - social position, human by birth or as a direct result of marital status. Achievable status - change social position due to their dissatisfaction. In developed societies plays the most important role. The achieved status becomes possible only if a change of social group is possible: a transition between the estates in France, but not the Indian castes.

Question 3. Social mobility Social mobility is the transition of people from one social group to another.

Sociologist Pitirim Sorokin identified several "social lifts": the army, the church, the school.

Negative Consequences of Social Mobility Lumpens are people who have sunk to the bottom of social life (tramps, beggars, homeless people). Marginals are groups occupying an intermediate position between stable communities. One of the main channels of marginalization is mass migration from the countryside to the city.

Question 4. Socialization Socialization is the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social roles and norms. The agent of socialization is a factor that has a significant impact on socialization. The agents of socialization are called institutions, groups and individuals. primary. They are in constant contact with the object of socialization: parents are secondary. Have a rare or indirect impact on the object: the media, neighbor Uncle Vasya.

Mechanisms of socialization Social adaptation (from lat. adapto - I adapt) is the process of adapting a person to a changing social environment with the help of various social means. 1. active adaptation. A person not only masters the established forms of human interaction, established norms, values, but also to some extent seeks to change those that seem to him imperfect or outdated. 2. Conformism is a passive perception of the goals and values of the group, environment. The outward expression of conformity is often obedience, when all instructions are meekly fulfilled. At the same time, however, internally a person may not agree with group norms and values. Identification is a mechanism by which an individual learns and implements the norms, values, qualities, etc. of those groups to which he is aware of belonging.

The second part of the course includes concepts: Social institution Institutionalization. The role of values and cultural universals. social norm; Differences between law, morality and morality Anomie deviant behavior; Deviations and delinquency social control and self-control; social conflict and ways to resolve it; National politics, ethnic conflicts; social processes in modern Russia. Constitutional foundations of national policy in the Russian Federation

Answer the question: What is the relationship between social statuses and roles? Show it with specific examples. (1. What is “social status”, “social role”? 2. How are they related to each other?)

Answer the question: After graduating from a technical college, a young man got a job as a consultant for a computer manufacturing company. Some time later, he enrolled in advanced training courses. Changes also occurred in his personal life: he married the daughter of a co-owner of the company. Completion of studies at the courses coincided with his appointment as chief engineer of the enterprise. An illustration of what social process can this story work? What factors played a decisive role here? What are they called in sociology?

20. Align the sanctions and their types SANCTIONS: 1) a flattering review; 2) imposition of a fine; 3) imprisonment; 4) mockery; 5) bonuses; 6) awarding an order; 7) deprivation of civil rights; 8) announcement of a boycott; 9) applause; 10) administrative penalty; 11) confiscation of property; 12) installation of a memorial sign

Having believed in the special life-giving power of the pyramids, a resident of the Moscow region began to erect them in various parts of the region. This case can be seen as an example of adaptive behavior conformist behavior illegal behavior deviant behavior

23. The state of society, in which generally accepted norms are weakened or disintegrated, is called conformism anomie imbalance deviation

25. The application of sanctions to ensure compliance with social norms is the basis of socialization of social control of social adaptation of deviant behavior

26. Are the following judgments about social norms correct? A. Social norms include only those prescriptions that are enshrined in laws. B. Behavior that does not correspond to the norms accepted in society is called conformism. only A is true; 3) both judgments are correct; only B is true; 4) both judgments are wrong.

Social control is a mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements: a) statuses and roles; b) expectations and motives; c) norms and sanctions; d) power and action.

The process of the church losing influence on various areas the life of society is called: a) Secularization b) Modernization c) Democratization d) Ecumenism

6. Social norms are (somewhat correct): a) traditions, b) documents, c) mores, d) contracts, e) laws of nature.

Channels of social mobility in modern society are (somewhat correct): a) the Internet, b) the army, c) transportation, d) mobile phone, e) education.

The goals of the school are: a) education of students; b) enrichment of students with knowledge; c) professional orientation; d) all of the above.