Chapter 1 Electronic Publishing and Multimedia Technology
1. Electronic publications: definition, classification.
Electronic publications are gaining more and more space in the field of presentation of information on cultural heritage. An electronic publication is a publication presented as a set of data (text, static and moving images, sound) recorded in digital form on a computer medium or in computer memory and intended for human perception using special hardware and software.
Depending on the dissemination technology, electronic publications can be divided into the following categories 1:
local electronic edition: an electronic publication intended for local use and issued in the form of a certain number of identical copies (circulation) on portable machine-readable media. In the museum field, this category includes ES recorded on hard media (for example, on CD-ROM, DVD, etc.); the disk is installed in the computer and the user gets access to the information. EP of this kind can also be called static , because their content remains unchanged. Naturally, this is a conditional concept - subsequent editions are possible.
online electronic edition: an electronic publication available to a potentially unlimited range of users via telecommunications networks. This category includes museum ES, in which data can be quickly corrected, modified and replenished after the initial publication ( typical example– publications on the INTERNET) 2 . Conventionally, an EP of this kind can be called dynamic.
combined distribution electronic edition: an electronic edition that can be used both as a local and as a network; - by the nature of the interaction between the user and the electronic publication. For example, a CD-ROM can be used not only for individual work, but for classes in groups, organizing collective access to data from several computers through local network. This category of ES includes electronic expositions and exhibitions, which will be discussed in a special section.
Thus, in museum practice one can meet all categories of electronic publications.
Static ES are subject to state registration. There is an organization NTCenter INFORMREGISR under the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Telecommunications ( ), which is entrusted with the functions of registration, state accounting, storage and acquisition of a mandatory copy of the ES. For INTERNET ES, the registration procedure has not yet been determined.
The creation and use of electronic publications is based on multimedia Technology, which will be discussed below.
2. Multimedia technology
The term MULTIMEDIA came into our lexicon from English-language sources, and the further it goes, the more vague its content becomes. These are technology, approaches, implementation methods, and numerous applications; and this is natural, since, in its essence, multimedia is a complex system, which, as you know, cannot be described “from the position of one observer”. I would not like to delve into the terminological jungle of the definition of multimedia, as this will take us far from the subject of discussion and we will get bogged down in discussions about definitions; it suffices to recall many years of discussions in the 60s about what "computer science" is. Here is a definition that was proposed back in the early 1990s by one of the pioneers of this technology in our country, Sergey Novoseltsev:
"MULTIMEDIA"MULTIMEDIAfrom lat.multum- a lot andmedia- environment, tools) is a complex of hardware and software that allows the user to work in an interactive mode with heterogeneous data (graphics, text, sound, video) organized in the form of a single information environment.
Let's highlight the most significant features of multimedia:
data is stored and processed in digitalform, usingcomputer;
data may contain text, sound, graphics, video and animation components;
multimedia actively uses hypertext- a technology for working with data that establishes links between individual terms, fragments of text, articles, figures, etc. This means that the information is presented in the form of documents that may contain links to other documents (for example, by highlighting a piece of text with color). The user is therefore able to "jump" from document to document, each of which can be stored on different servers on the network; For those who want to learn more about the history of the “hypertext” phenomenon, we recommend that you refer to the publication by D.L. Krechman and AI..Pushkov 3 ;
property interactivity(which means active interaction between the program and the person who works with this program) is inherent in multimedia to a very high degree.
An interesting interpretation of the concept of “multimedia” is given in the above-mentioned publication by D.L. Krechman and A.I. Pushkov:
“... As we can see, multimedia combines four heterogeneous data (graphics, text, sound and video) into a single whole. These are four elements, four informational elements.
… And that's where The Fifth Element comes to mind. Yes, this is the name of the famous film by the French director Luc Besson, which is successfully shown on the screens of the world. The name "The Fifth Element" comes from the traditional elements of alchemy: earth, air, fire and water. The four elements put together create the fifth: life."
“Firstly, multimedia is an idea, that is, a new approach to storing information various types in a single digital form. Secondly, multimedia is like equipment for processing and storing information; it is impossible to realize a multimedia idea without it. And thirdly, this software, allowing you to combine four elements of information into a complete multimedia application.
In 1991-1992, a series of articles by Sergey Novoseltsev 4 was published in the Computer Press magazine, in which the author introduced readers in great detail to the phenomenon of the emergence of multimedia abroad and in our country, to the technology for creating and using multimedia products, to technical and software tools that are necessary for its implementation.
Since its inception, multimedia technology has begun to conquer its area in such areas as education, culture, art One of the first full-fledged multimedia products was created in the UK in the late 80s: the BBC, with the participation of Philips and Logica, developed the educational multimedia program Domesday, reflecting the portrait of the United Kingdom according to the authors' intention. This program was distributed to schools in the UK.
One of the first Russian programs, which with some stretch can be called multimedia - created in 1990 is an electronic version of the painting by the artist A. Ivanov "The Appearance of Christ to the People". The program written on a diskette was very primitive: it did not contain any hypertext or sound, but it allowed the user to interactively receive a color image of a picture or its enlarged fragments on the monitor screen, controlling the process with the mouse.
In 1990-1991 A group of enthusiasts from Armenia created the program "Hyperguide to Armenia", which contains elements of hypertext, several dozen images, sound and works in interactive mode. Another example from the same period is the multimedia program "Trinity-Sergius Lavra", created by INTERSOFT specialists. this program first appeared animation elements - the "fluctuating" flame of a candle.
In 1990, the State Russian Museum released an interactive video disc "Masterpieces of the Russian Museum", which contained about 1,000 images of outstanding works from the museum's collection. However, this development was experimental and further development did not receive.
In 1991-1993 electronic publications were created " Journey through the Moscow Kremlin" (COMINFO company together with specialists from the Moscow Kremlin Museums), "Walks around the State Hermitage" (INTERSOFT company). These electronic publications already at that time had all the basic properties of multimedia: they worked in an interactive mode With text (including - in several languages), with images, sound, they used hypertext, video clips. A significant limitation imposed on these electronic publications is the amount of memory, determined by the type of media - floppy disks with a capacity of 1.2 or 1.4 MB. Therefore, to record the full program, a package of 6-10 diskettes was used, which had to be pre-installed on a computer.
"Multimedia Explosion" fell in Russia in 1994. Several reasons contributed to this. Firstly, multimedia computers have ceased to be exotic, multimedia technology has flooded into Russian market and a mass of CD-ROM discs appeared on sale. Secondly, teams of specialists were formed with the knowledge and skills necessary to create serious software products, and a number of Russian enterprises quickly mastered the technology of producing and replicating such programs on CD-ROM disks. Last but not least, many museums are “ripe” to be included in the process of creating multimedia art publications.
Due to a number of objective and subjective reasons, it is CD-ROM technology (and not CD-I or Photo-CD) that has become a monopoly in Russia. Several dozens of CD-ROMs on art, on museums and their collections were created and went on sale in the second half of the 1990s. On the other hand, as the Internet penetrates into Russia, many electronic submissions(websites) of museums around the world have become available to any INTERNET user; Currently, the number of EPs on museum topics (on disks or in the form of sites on the INTERET) has exceeded several thousand. We will begin our consideration with the local ES presented on the CD-ROM.
Zero L. Ya. Information technologies in the activities of the museum.
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1 GOST 7.83-2001 “Electronic publications. Basic types and output information. This document is advisory in nature.
2 Static ES can also be placed on the Internet, i.e. immutable publications, although there is a fundamental possibility to make changes; on the other hand, non-network technologies are emerging that allow additional recording and rewriting of a disc by the user - like reader notes in the margins of an e-book.
3 D.L.Krechman, AI..Pushkov DIY multimedia. - SPb: BHV - St. Petersburg, 1999, pp. 108-115
4 Novoseltsev S.K. Multimedia synthesis of three elements. Computer press, N 7, 8, 1991; Novoseltsev S.K. Interactive discs come to the country? Computer press, N 5, 1992; Novoseltsev S.K. Multimedia-91. Computer press, N 7, 1992; Novoseltsev S.K. Multimedia in three dimensions. Computer press, N 5, 1992; Novoseltsev S.K. Home Media: Let's wait a little longer. Computer press, N 5, 1992.
Approaching the interpretation of various forms and types of modern electronic publications as such, first of all, one should start from the definition of a publication in the general sense, adopted in the standards of the publishing industry.
So, a "publication" is a document intended for the dissemination of the information contained in it, which has undergone editorial and publishing processing, is independently designed, and has output data" [GOST 7.60-2003 "Editions. Main types. Terms and Definitions"]. The same standard interprets the term "electronic publication" as "a publication for which use requires computer facilities."
In addition, this GOST provides classification criteria for publications, according to which the electronic music publications studied in our study can be classified into the following categories:
1) to publications for leisure, that is, containing publicly available information on various types creative amateur performances and hobbies;
2) to mass publications designed for the widest range of readers.
3) to popular publications that serve to satisfy the non-professional interests of a wide range of readers;
4) to free publications, since all information on Internet music resources is provided to users free of charge [GOST 7.60-2003 “Editions. Main types. Terms and Definitions"].
Thus, the publication as a whole can be considered as information system quite complex, although well organized” [Antonova 2004, 13].
However, the main requirements for electronic publications are fixed in [GOST 7.83-2001 “Electronic publications. Main types and output information "]. According to this standard electronic editions - « electronic documents or groups of electronic documents that have undergone editorial and publishing processing and are intended for distribution in unchanged form, also provided with imprint information. The electronic edition may be distributed to electronic media information (CD, DVD, flash, etc.) or exist in the form of a web resource (website).
The emergence of the first electronic publications and electronic publications historically falls on the second half of the 80s of the XX century. This is due to the rapid development of electronics and computer information technologies in previous decades. E. White notes that: “Even before the rapid development of the Internet, there were significant shifts in the basic library operations. These shifts were driven by two new computer technology: databases and optical CD-ROMs” [White 2011, 51]. It was during this period that almost all publishing houses switched to computer typing and layout of newspapers, magazines and books. Following this, already at the end of the 20th century, electronic periodicals began to be distributed mainly through networks, primarily on the Internet.
It is worth mentioning the role played by various electronic publications in the system. modern means mass media. Your opinion on this issue Zhozhikov A.V. and Malardyrova Y.A. expressed in the article “The role and opportunities of modern electronic media”:
“Mass media is a powerful force of influence on people's minds, a means of prompt delivery of the most relevant and timely information. In addition, this is the most effective means of influencing a person’s emotions, able to convince in the best way. This is especially clear in relation to the electronic media. With the expansion of technical capabilities, their role increases. And in terms of emotional impact on the feelings and consciousness of people, they remain unsurpassed so far and collect the largest audience.
New electronic media have, according to experts, almost unlimited possibilities for the transmission of any information by any sender in various directions.
Electronic media coexist alongside traditional media, but surpass them in terms of the speed of delivery of material to readers and the ease of access to these materials. A feature of electronic publications is the hypertext structure and interactive features in the form of e-mail, forums and guest books. The trend of constant growth in the importance of electronic media in modern world V. Vul noted back in 2001: “Currently, there are a significant number of sites on the Internet that are, in essence, electronic publications, i.e. analogues of books or brochures, but only in an electronic network representation” [Vul 2001, 12].
The growth in the number of electronic publications of various forms and types is ongoing process and is happening at an ever-increasing rate.
This is confirmed by statistics:
1) as of December 2012, there were 634 million websites in the world, with 51 million web resources created last year;
2) the number of Internet users worldwide amounted to 2.4 billion people;
3) in terms of the number of Internet users, back in 2012, Russia ranked first in Europe and sixth in the world. According to the latest data, 68% of Russian citizens aged 18 and over use the Internet, as well as approximately 89% of adolescents aged 12-17. More and more people choose the Internet as the main source of information, which indicates the growing importance of electronic publications in the market of modern media.
In our opinion, this phenomenon is explained by a number of significant advantages of electronic publications over traditional ones. These advantages include, first of all, the possibility of embedding multimedia components into the text of electronic publications, which means digital sound or video fragments, as well as animation inserts, which provides a comprehensive informational impact on the reader [Vul 2001, 11].
Other important advantages are the speed of development and distribution of electronic resources, their durability, compactness, relatively low price or (in many cases) free of charge, interactivity and environmental friendliness. The hypertext structure of most electronic publications is also a significant plus, since it greatly facilitates the search necessary materials, often even shifting the solution of this problem to hardware.
The modern Internet, more than ever, claims to be the leading mass media, and for many people already is. The importance of Internet periodicals of various forms and genres is also growing. This process makes new demands on the professional skills of editors, because editorial training various materials for publication on the web has a number of specific features, which must be taken into account when creating an effective and modern electronic publication.
Ideally, the editor should manage the entire process of organizing an electronic publication, control its structure, various additional components (for example, audio or video materials included in the publication), which requires him to have an appropriate level of competence in computer technology and technologies. However, in the theory and methodology of modern editorial and publishing, the methods and forms of the editor's activity in the preparation of electronic publications are still relatively poorly developed, which is why editors are often unable to fully participate in their creation [Ilyina 2009].
IN currently there is a significant variety of forms and types of electronic publications, which are classified according to different criteria. Among them, the following subspecies of electronic publications are in the center of our attention: a website, an electronic (network) magazine and an online publication.
To clarify the typological and terminological base of the study, it is necessary to interpret each of these terms.
Web-website(or a website, also synonymous with the concept of a web resource) is information presented in the form of a set of hypertext documents that are located on a web server and have their own name (address) [Bukhantseva 2008, 235].
Add and clarify this definition You can refer to the interpretation of the website, given in the “Newest Encyclopedia of Website Development” by A. A. Vendyukhin: “a website as a concept of the media sphere consists of three parts: a domain name - an address, hosting - that is, a place of physical placement; and content (content), which, in fact, is posted on the site" [Vendyukhin 2009, 34]. In this study, we will use the definition of a website given by A. A. Vendyukhin.
A website can be a special case of an electronic publication, or it can serve as a form of existence of an electronic journal.
Electronic (or online) journal- periodical peer-reviewed publication, electronic analogue printed magazine viewable on a computer. Distributed via the Internet or on any digital media.
Electronic journals can be divided into three groups:
parallel electronic journals - electronic versions of traditional printed publications. Printed and electronic version completely identical;
· integrated electronic journals are published in two forms, which, existing separately, complement each other;
original electronic journals - issued only in electronic form.
Electronic journals are a fairly common phenomenon in the scientific community. Vivid examples of such publications are "Physics" - a free electronic journal published by the American Physical Society or "Bulletin of the Institute of Sociology" - an online scientific publication on sociology, which is published by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. At the same time, there are a significant number of electronic journals on topics other than scientific research, among which one can also find a considerable number of musical ones.
Another type of electronic publications are online publications, sometimes referred to as network . This term is commonly understood as a website that sets itself the task of performing the function of a mass media (media) on the Internet.
Just like print media, online publications follow the principles of journalism in their work. In terms of genres, online publications do not differ from traditional ones: despite the clear predominance of news sites, there are also literary, popular science and, of course, musical ones. However, it is worth noting that not any site can be considered an online publication (or online media).
According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Mass Media", adopted in the latest edition State Duma RF March 8, 2015, “a network publication is understood as a site in the information and telecommunications network "Internet", registered as a mass media in accordance with this Law" ["On Mass Media" Law of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991 N 2124-I].
Registration of various electronic publications is carried out in the Federal State Unitary Enterprise STC "Informregister": in the ten years that have passed since the organization began its work in 2003, about 29,700 electronic publications of various types were registered. An electronic publication must have an ISBN, a navigation or menu system, and hypertext. The number of state registration in the STC "Informregister" is required, for example, to include an electronic publication in the List of publications of the Higher Attestation Commission.
It is impossible to deny the existence of clear differences between the above forms of electronic publications. At the same time, all of them have a much larger number of common features, in some cases representing particular forms of each other, which allows us, in the framework of this study, in most cases to use these concepts as synonymous. Now, having identified for ourselves a number of basic concepts and terms, we can proceed to identifying the specifics of electronic publications of musical subjects, which is the subject of the next section of the chapter.
We live in information society, where information is a significant resource, an integral attribute environment modern man. Whatever you do, writing a report, term paper, diploma or scientific article, sooner or later there will be a need to refer to an electronic source.
The design of footnotes to electronic resources depends on their location and the type of electronic media. Three types can be distinguished by the degree of prevalence information resources: 1) information and documents posted on the Internet; 2) information and documents contained in reference and retrieval systems; 3) electronic documents and programs published on CDs or DVDs.Features of the design of footnotes for each type of information resources, we will sequentially consider below.
Link to Internet resources
The purpose of the link is primarily to provide the reader with the necessary information to search for the original source and the exact location of the citation in the text of the document. This rule is universal and is also true for links to documents and information located on the Internet. Nevertheless, GOST R 7.0.5-2008 System standards on information, librarianship and publishing. "Bibliographic reference. General requirements and rules for compilation" requires the indication of redundant information: system requirements, information on accessibility restrictions, date of updating the document or part of it, email address, date of access to the document. From a practical point of view of view, only two are really important attributes: 
The full address of the web page of the site.
The footnote is indicated after "URL: ***" - instead of asterisks. The address of the article (page, information ...) is copied from the address bar of the browser. The technology is simple: select the address > copy (Ctrl + C) > in the footnote, place the cursor after "URL: » > paste (Ctrl+V).
The date the user accessed the page.
In the footnote, the date is indicated in the format dd.mm.yyyy, instead of asterisks, it is placed in the following construction “(date of access: ***)”. A feature of information on the Internet is its dynamism, in which the page can be moved to another section of the site, change its address or even be deleted. In this situation, the "date accessed" is an indicator showing that the information existed at the time the user viewed it.
So, the task of creating a footnote to an Internet source is to include the above attributes in the text of a traditionally designed footnote. The rest of the attributes are insignificant and can be specified by the author at will.
Let's use an example to demonstrate the difference in the design of footnotes to articles published in regular and electronic journal:
Article published in a regular magazine:
Borkov V.
Illegal Behavior for a Bribe: Law Uncertainty and Clarification Supreme Court// Criminal law. 2012. No. 4.С.5.
Article published in the electronic journal:
Borkov V.N. Functional approach to criminal law counteraction to corruption // Legal technologies. 2012. No. 1. URL: http://www..12.2012).
Unfortunately, despite the presence standard, in practice, universities hold different positions regarding the design of footnotes to electronic sources, so questions naturally arise about the correct design of footnotes. For those who complete coursework or thesis, writes scientific article should focus primarily on guidelines of the university where you plan to take your work. You should not try to change the "WORLD" with your work, most likely you will be required to bring your work in line with existing requirements. However, the general approaches indicated in this article will help you complete the work in the absence of proper methodological assistance and prepare a concise reflection of information in a footnote, allowing you to search for a document of interest.
In conclusion, for those who are especially interested in primary sources, I give a list of GOSTs regulating the compilation of bibliographic references, although there are always more.
- GOST 7.1-2003 System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing. "Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules for compilation";
- GOST R 7.0.5-2008 System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing. "Bibliographic reference. General requirements and rules for compiling";
- GOST 7.82-2001 System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing. "Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description of electronic resources. General requirements and rules for compiling";
- GOST 7.83-2001 System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing. "Electronic publications. Main types and output information."
Electronic publishing Electronic publishing is a way of publishing verbal, graphic and illustrated materials, in which they are viewed on the screen. Electronic Publications Electronic publications are stored on a computer or on removable media. In addition, while browsing, an electronic publication may be delivered to a computer over a network. Network A network is a connection of computers that allows the transfer of information from one computer to another. The largest computer network - the Internet - connects a huge number of computers located in many countries.
Information Information is any data presented in the form of text, pictures, graphs, as well as audio and video files. Publication Publication is the act of making information public. Multimedia Multimedia - technologies allow you to create electronic publications in the form of virtual reality in an interactive mode of user interaction with the software and information environment
A presentation is both the presentation of something new to the public, and an electronic publication that is used in a speech. Usually, the presentation that accompanies the speech consists of successive pages, which are called slides. Internet pages are electronic publications hosted on remote computers and accessible on the Internet. Other names for these publications are sites. To view them, your computer must be connected to the Internet.
Basic operations when creating electronic publications Creation and design of texts; Creation of tables and schemes; Inclusion of images in the publication; Saving and Opening a Previously Saved Publication As a rule, performing these operations is similar to performing them when creating printed publications. Therefore, here we will consider operations that are peculiar only to electronic publications. Organization of the transition to other pages (using hyperlinks); Inclusion of sounds, music, animations and video images in the publication.
Electronic publications Electronic publications may contain sounds and music, animations and video images, as well as special means to navigate from one page to another - hyperlinks Help system Help system is an electronic publication designed to obtain information about any computer program. Usually to help system can be accessed from the program it describes.
>> Electronic Publications
How do you think?
How are electronic publications different from printed publications?
Electronic publishing- this is a way of publishing verbal, graphic and illustrative materials, in which they are viewed on the screen.
Electronic publications are stored on a computer or on removable media. In addition, while browsing, an electronic publication may be delivered to a computer over a network.
Net is a connection of computers that allows you to transfer information from one computer to another. The largest computer network Internet- connects a huge number of computers located in many countries.
Electronic publications may contain sounds and music, animation and video images, as well as special means for moving from one page to another - hyperlinks, which you will learn about later.
Get to know the most common types of electronic publications.
presentation is called both the presentation of something new to the public, and the electronic publication that is used in the performance. Usually, a presentation that accompanies a speech consists of successive pages, which are called slides.
Purpose electronic textbooks and encyclopedias is clear from their name. The ability to use video clips, sounds, and go to any (predetermined) pages creates much more opportunities than printed textbooks and encyclopedias have.
This is an electronic publication designed to obtain information about a computer program. You can usually access the help system from programs which it describes.
Internet pages are electronic publications hosted on remote computers and available on the Internet. Another name for these publications is sites. To view them, your computer must be connected to the Internet.
Execute.
Ask the teacher to demonstrate various examples electronic publications. Try to determine for yourself what types of electronic publications the teacher demonstrates.
What are the advantages of electronic publications over printed ones and vice versa?
The basic steps for creating electronic publications are usually the same as those for creating print publications:
Creation and design of texts;
- creation of tables and charts;
- inclusion of images in the publication;
- saving and opening a previously saved publication.
As a rule, the performance of these operations is similar to their performance when creating printed publications. Therefore, here we will consider operations that are peculiar only to electronic publications:
- organization of transition to other pages (using hyperlinks);
- inclusion in the publication of sounds, music, animation and video images .
Execute.
Open any textbook, for example a textbook on the subject "World around", on the page with pictures. Suggest what sounds, animations or videos you would add to this page if this tutorial were electronic.
Goryachev A.V., Informatics and ICT (My tool is a computer). Textbook for students of grade 4., M.: Balass, 2007. - 80 e., ill. ( Education system"School 2100").
Lesson content lesson summary support frame lesson presentation accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-examination workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures graphics, tables, schemes humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics parables, sayings, crossword puzzles, quotes Add-ons abstracts articles chips for inquisitive cheat sheets textbooks basic and additional glossary of terms other Improving textbooks and lessonscorrecting errors in the textbook updating a fragment in the textbook elements of innovation in the lesson replacing obsolete knowledge with new ones Only for teachers perfect lessons calendar plan year methodological recommendations of the discussion program Integrated Lessons
