Entrepreneurship, its features and functions.
Entrepreneurship is a form economic activity, which is aimed at making a profit and is carried out at the risk of the entrepreneur himself and his funds.
signs entrepreneurial activity:
1. Entrepreneurial activity is characterized by property organizational independence.
2. previous activity fraught with risk
3. previous activity aimed at systematic obtaining arrived.
4. entrepreneurial activity is carried out by persons registered in this capacity in statutory okay.
The main principles behind which entrepreneurship, such:
1) free choice of activities on a voluntary basis;
2) attraction to entrepreneurial activity property and funds of legal entities and citizens;
3) independent formation of a program of activities, selection of suppliers and consumers of manufactured products, setting prices in accordance with production costs in compliance with applicable law;
4) free employment of workers;
5) attraction and use of material and technical, financial, labor, natural and other resources, the use of which is not prohibited or limited by law;
6) free distribution arrived, which remains after making payments established by law;
7) self-execution by the entrepreneur ( legal entity) foreign economic activity;
8) the use by any entrepreneur of the share of foreign exchange earnings due to him at his own discretion.
The main functions of entrepreneurial activity
In a market economy, entrepreneurship performs general economic, resource, creative search (innovative), social, organizational functions. Some scholars believe that entrepreneurship is characterized by political function, which is carried out, as a rule, by associations (unions) of entrepreneurs.
Some features in detail:
general economic function. Entrepreneurial activity is aimed at the production of goods (works, services) and is carried out under the influence of a system of economic laws market economy(supply and demand, competition, cost, etc.), which is the objective basis for the manifestation of the general economic function.
resource function is important function entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship development involves the efficient use of both reproducible and limited resources, and resources should be understood as all material and non-material conditions and factors of production, primarily resources (in the broad sense of the word): labor resources, land and natural resources, means of production and scientific achievements, as well as entrepreneurial talent.
Creative-search (innovative) function is connected not only with the use of new ideas in the process of entrepreneurial activity, but also with the development of new means to achieve the set goals. This function of entrepreneurship is closely related to all other functions that complement each other. It follows from the level of economic freedom of business entities, from the conditions of decision-making.
social function It is manifested in the ability of each capable person to be the owner of the business, it is better to show their individual talents and capabilities. This function of entrepreneurship is more manifested in the formation of enterprising people, prone to independent economic activity, able to create their own business, overcome the resistance of the environment and achieve their goals.
Internal and external environment entrepreneurship.
Under entrepreneurial environment it is customary to understand the favorable economic, socio-economic, legal, political situation that has developed in the country, ensuring economic freedom for capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial activities. That is, it is a combination of various objective and subjective factors that allow entrepreneurs to realize their functions.
As a complex integrated system, the business environment is divided into external and internal. External environment represents a set of conditions and factors acting independently of the entrepreneurs themselves:
- economic situation in the country and regions, which determines the actual economic and legal independence legal entities;
- a developed system of commodity-money relations, suggesting stability monetary circulation, sustainability financial institutions(taxation, lending);
- the presence of a certain economic environment, market space. In particular, the functioning of market infrastructure facilities (banks, stock exchanges, etc.);
- the relative isolation of entrepreneurs, the freedom to choose partners for economic relations, the regulatory role of the state, support for entrepreneurship;
- legal environment, i.e. clearly defined rights, duties and responsibilities of entrepreneurs and other subjects of market relations. Here, the firm position of the state in the necessary laws, their stability and mandatory implementation are especially important;
- availability of a sufficient amount of natural resources, the demographic situation in the country and regions;
- scientific and technical, technological environment. The level of development of the education system, especially professional higher education, is of great importance;
- a favorable moral and psychological climate in society (especially in the transitional period) towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs in particular. Overcoming stereotypes regarding private owners, policies and attitudes of behavior of business structures, the state and authorities.
Internal environment is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves and is largely subjective. Includes the following conditions or factors:
- availability of the required volume equity, sources borrowed money;
- choice of the subject of activity;
- right choice organizational, legal form business structure;
- selection of a team of partners, personnel of employees and personnel management (its simulation);
- development of a sound business plan;
- knowledge of the market and qualified marketing research;
- development and implementation of sound company strategy. Anticipation and calculation of the consequences of the proposed risks, their neutralization and insurance;
- strict observance of laws and regulations governing the activity of this type of business or the relevant organizational form;
- organizational and technological structure of the company (management, departments, workshops, etc.);
- favorable moral climate, working conditions for employees, etc.
The business environment (ES) is understood as the presence of conditions and factors that affect entrepreneurial activity and require acceptance. management decisions to fix or fix them.
PS is an integrated set of objective and subjective factors that allow entrepreneurs to succeed in achieving their goals and is divided into external, usually independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves.
External environment Entrepreneurship seems to be a complex heterogeneous formation, covering a wide range of elements that are interconnected both with the firm - the subject of entrepreneurial activity, and among themselves, forming a kind of systematically organized "space" in which processes operate and develop, limiting or activating entrepreneurial activity. To reveal the structure of the external environment of entrepreneurship, one should refer to the nature of the relationship that develops between the subject of entrepreneurship and environmental elements. In this case, it is possible to single out a number of elements that are not subject to direct control action on the part of the company and cannot adequately respond to its behavior due to indirect, non-mediated influence. For example, an entrepreneur is not able to directly influence the nature of the activities of competing firms, however, by forming the quality of manufactured goods, implementing a certain pricing policy, carrying out activities that help strengthen his image and public recognition, he creates certain conditions for competition that are taken into account by all organizations competing on market. The entrepreneurial system, therefore, has a tangible impact on all participants in the competition process, distributed indirectly with the help of marketing influence tools. Such influence is captured by the market and requires an adequate response from its various subjects.
Elements of the external environment that can be indirectly influenced by the business system can be combined into a stable and fairly homogeneous set using a criterion that expresses the nature of the impact (indirect). This set can be characterized as a separate group of elements of the external environment - microenvironment.
When studying the microenvironment, it is important to remember that it not only experiences some influence from a particular entrepreneurial organization and adequately responds to its behavior in the market, but also has a noticeable formative influence on the style and nature of entrepreneurial activity. The microenvironment is, as it were, in the focus of market processes, reflecting the most significant market fluctuations. Its elements are in a state of constant mutual influence, when each of them is able to cause changes in the behavior of the other, but is also forced to adapt to these changes.
Together with micro elements environment in the external environment of entrepreneurship, the influence of factors of a more “hard” nature is reflected. These factors (they can be called macro-environmental factors) have limiting and sometimes stimulating properties, but in any case, properties that manifest themselves in one direction from an environmental element to a specific entrepreneurial organization.
The most important feature of such factors is the lack of opportunity for any impact on them by individual market entities, and vice versa - the need to adapt to the conditions they form. Of course, in general theoretical terms, it is hardly legitimate to talk about the complete absence of the possibility of influencing any factors, since all elements of socio-ecological and economic systems are in unity and dynamic interrelation. We can only talk about a very insignificant impact, which has practically no manifestation in the practice of entrepreneurship, and which can be neglected when solving specific management problems. So, for example, it is impossible not to note the influence of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon, and entrepreneurs as its representatives, on the nature of the legal and regulatory framework. The entrepreneur expresses a preference for one form or another state structure, which has regulatory and legal levers, participates in the creation of a certain public opinion, finally, gives its “voice” to representatives of a particular political platform, but it can hardly be argued that its positions and actions can have a significant, formative value. It is more expedient and fruitful to forecast and take into account state-regulated legal processes than attempts to adapt them to one's own interests. Macro-environmental factors, thus, form a certain restrictive segment that requires study by business structures and active adaptation.
The macro-environment includes a wide range of elements: natural, demographic, economic, environmental, scientific and technological, legislative, national, etc. They have a different nature and socio-economic nature and have a different impact on a particular type of production and entrepreneurial activity.
In order to identify the factors that determine the parameters of a particular entrepreneur, it is necessary to have a scientifically based classification that reflects the structure of macro factors. Such a classification can be based on five large groups of elements that reflect various aspects of socio-economic relations (Fig. 2.1).
Each of these elements has its own multicomponent structure. The group that brings together scientific and technical elements reflects the level of scientific and technological development, which imposes technical and technological restrictions on a particular type of entrepreneurship. Yes, under the conditions Russian market markedly limiting influence of the level of development information technologies covering almost all areas of business activity.
Economic elements determine, first of all, the volume Money, which the consumer can direct to the market of a particular product and which form the conditions of demand and the capacity of this market. The action of these elements also determines the structure of demand, which includes various types of goods that correspond to consumer preferences and are affordable.
The economic factors of the macro environment also cover the formed labor market, the availability of vacancies and, consequently, the excess or shortage of work force which affects the level wages workers.
Among the economic factors are the features of the development of the production sector. At the same time, it is important to consider two aspects of the development of the production base: sectoral and regional. In the industry aspect, the production, technological and organizational hierarchy is studied sectoral structure, its retrospective dynamics and prospects. In the regional - it is required to study the nature of the placement productive forces and specific objects of production infrastructure that determine the structure of supply within the boundaries of a particular region, features of the material and technical base production processes, influencing the performance indicators of production and all business activities. Taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian market, it is important to single out as a special structural element the production and transport infrastructure, its capacity, length, technical equipment, as well as the current tariffs for transportation.
The economic situation is formed under the influence of political factors. The ways of managing the economy and the economic situation they cause are, to some extent, a reflection of the political goals and tasks solved by government bodies. Political factors are sometimes considered as independent environmental factors, but their influence on conditions specific business usually manifest themselves through other factors, in particular economic ones, which impose clearly defined limits on many parameters of entrepreneurial activity.
The political situation has an impact on other environmental factors: social, legal, environmental. The greatest “political impulse” is experienced by legal environment. The types of laws and other legal acts are, as a rule, the result of political processes, lobbying and socio-political pressure. legal documents of any kind are always "hard" and unambiguous constraints on entrepreneurship.
Political factors influence the ecological situation, in particular, in the form of protectionism in relation to social movements in the field of struggle for the preservation and restoration of the environment. Thus, political factors spread their influence, bypassing several stages - with the help of economic, legal or other characteristics. At the same time, one can assume their absence in the presented structure of elements, where those that are in direct contact with the entrepreneurial link and actually form the boundaries of its activity are highlighted.
An extended set of elements is combined environmental factors. Expressing the relationship between society and nature, they include three independent subgroups of elements:
Natural and climatic;
Natural resource;
Nature protection.
Natural and climatic factors express the features of the geographical location of the consumer market and the demand of the business structure that satisfies it. It is important to note that both types of such factors need to be taken into account, since natural conditions in which the consumer and the entrepreneur operate may not coincide.
Natural resource factors are related to the availability, volume, quality and conditions for the use of all types of natural resources used in business activities. Among them: natural raw materials, reserves of water, fuel, energy.
Environmental components express the degree of pollution of the ecosystem surrounding the territory of the consumer market, including all its components. The influence of environmental factors is expressed both in a fixed degree of environmental pollution and in a form that determines the type of social behavior in relation to environmental problems.
From the point of view of modern socio-ethical needs, the most attention deserve social elements macro environment. Their group is perhaps the most numerous. Trying to give an extended description of its structure, economic nature and the nature of the impact on entrepreneurial activity, two subgroups can be distinguished:
Elements that have a material form of expression;
Elements that do not have this shape.
The first subgroup contains specific objects of social infrastructure of a particular market. Such objects include a wide range of systems and networks that ensure the vital activity of an individual, their groups and society as a whole. These are objects of engineering support, cultural and domestic spheres, public transport, public order, regional and local government. Their presence and absence form the conditions for determining the way of doing business, its scale and territorial specifics. For example, in the absence of a wide and diverse well-functioning infrastructure, it is difficult or almost impossible to develop certain types of business (tourism, manufacturing household services, some types of construction industry).
The second subgroup includes elements of the so-called socio-spiritual environment. It is they who form the psychological climate, social preferences, tastes and predilections.
In the socio-spiritual environment, one can single out historical traditions inherent in territorial entity, within which the target segment of consumers is concentrated, ethical standards, type of social structure, worldview and moral foundations. The socio-spiritual environment includes national, racial, religious characteristics of consumers, which determine the specifics of social behavior and lifestyle.
Social elements the external environment form the social basis of entrepreneurship in the form of infrastructure facilities and consumer demand for specific goods. These same elements are of particular importance in solving problems of competition, determining the competitiveness of the company in the market. It is known that the most effective methods competition are price and non-price methods. At the same time, non-price methods include improving the quality of goods and improving its parameters that are most significant for the consumer. However, as the market develops, business activity intensifies and the demand for various goods is gradually met, the task is to use additional methods of competition. Such methods include competition based on strengthening the image and public recognition of the manufacturer's firm. Such methods are most effective within the framework of subject (marketing) competition, when the goods present on the market are close or completely identical in terms of quality characteristics or high solvency. target market pushes price factors into the background.
Competing on the basis of the image, which is an independent socio-psychological characteristic, the company focuses on social (or rather, socio-spiritual) components, on the basis of which a program is built to form public opinion in relation to the company, its inclination and desire to solve social problems, entrepreneurial ethics and common culture. The implementation of such a program ensures the creation of additional competitive advantage, objectively necessary in an active competitive environment.
Internal business environment covers a wide range of elements representing a set of internal conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization and is completely dependent on the entrepreneur. When we are talking about the internal environment of entrepreneurship, that means:
Availability of capital (both own and invested);
The choice of the object of entrepreneurial activity and the organizational and legal form of economic activity;
Organizational structure of organizations;
Rationality and efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, etc.
When it comes to the internal environment of an entrepreneurial organization, it means its structure, which covers not only the management mechanism aimed at optimizing scientific, technical and production and marketing activities, but also at improving the technologies of the implemented processes, with the help of which entrepreneurial activity (energy), materials and information is transformed into the final product of the entrepreneurial organization.
When forming the internal environment of entrepreneurship, two of its components are usually distinguished: situational factors and elements of the internal environment.
Elements of the internal environment are the components of the enterprise necessary to achieve the goals. The main elements of the internal environment are shown in fig. 2.2.
Situational factors of the internal environment of an entrepreneurial organization are internal variables that are created by an entrepreneur based on an analysis of the external environment and are used to determine the boundary conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization. The main situational factors are:
Business goals;
Ethics and culture of entrepreneurial activity;
Intra-company entrepreneurship (intrapreneurship).
Under entrepreneurial environment is understood as a set of conditions and factors affecting entrepreneurial activity and requiring management decisions to eliminate or adapt them.
The business environment is an integrated set of objective and subjective factors that allow entrepreneurs to achieve success in achieving their goals, and is divided into external, as a rule, independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves.
External environment Entrepreneurship seems to be a complex heterogeneous formation, covering a wide range of elements interconnected both with the firm - the subject of entrepreneurial activity, and among themselves, forming a kind of system-organized "space" in which processes operate and develop, limiting or activating entrepreneurial activity. To reveal the structure of the external environment of entrepreneurship, one should refer to the nature of the relationship that develops between the business entity and the elements of the environment. In this case, it is possible to single out a number of elements that are not subject to direct control action by the company and cannot adequately respond to its behavior due to indirect, indirect influence. For example, an entrepreneur is not able to directly influence the nature of the activities of competing firms, however, shaping the quality of manufactured goods, realizing a certain pricing policy By carrying out activities that contribute to strengthening its image and public recognition, it creates certain conditions for competition, which are taken into account by all organizations competing in the market. The entrepreneurial system, therefore, has a tangible impact on all participants in the competition process, distributed indirectly with the help of marketing influence tools. Such influence is captured by the market and requires an adequate response from its various subjects.
Elements of the external environment that can be indirectly influenced by the business system can be combined into a stable and fairly homogeneous set using a criterion that expresses the nature of the impact (indirect). This set can be characterized as a separate group of elements of the external environment - microenvironment.
When studying the microenvironment, it is important to remember that it not only experiences some influence from a particular entrepreneurial organization and adequately responds to its behavior in the market, but also has a noticeable formative influence on the style and nature of entrepreneurial activity. The microenvironment is, as it were, in the focus of market processes that reflect the most significant market fluctuations. Its elements are in a state of constant mutual influence, when each of them is able to cause changes in the behavior of the other, but is also forced to adapt to these changes.
Together with the elements of the microenvironment, the external environment of entrepreneurship reflects the influence of factors that are more “hard” in nature. These factors (they can be called factors of the macro-environment) have limiting and sometimes stimulating effects, in any case, manifesting themselves unidirectionally from the element of the environment to a particular entrepreneurial organization.
The most important feature of these factors is the lack of opportunity for individual market participants to influence them, and vice versa - the need to adapt to the emerging conditions. Obviously, in general theoretical terms, it is hardly legitimate to talk about the complete absence of the possibility of influencing any factors, since all elements of social ecological and economic systems are in unity and dynamic interconnection. We can only talk about a very insignificant impact that is not manifested in the practice of entrepreneurship, and it is legitimate to neglect it when solving specific managerial tasks. For example, one cannot fail to note the influence of entrepreneurship on the nature of the legal and regulatory framework. The entrepreneur expresses his preference for one form or another of the state structure, which has regulatory levers, participates in the creation of a certain public opinion, and finally gives his “voice” to representatives of this or that political platform, but it cannot be argued that his positions and actions can have a significant formative value. It is more expedient and fruitful to forecast and take into account state-regulated legal processes than attempts to adapt them to one's own interests. Consequently, macro-environmental factors form a certain restrictive segment that requires study by business structures and active adaptation.
Macro environment includes a wide range elements:
natural,
demographic,
economic,
environmental,
scientific and technological,
the legislative,
national, etc.
They have a different character and socio-economic nature and have a different impact on a particular type of production and entrepreneurial activity.
In order to identify the factors that determine the parameters of a particular entrepreneur, it is necessary to have a scientifically based classification that reflects the structure of macro factors. Such a classification can be based on five large groups of elements reflecting various aspects of socio-economic relations.
Each of these elements has its own multicomponent structure. The group that combines scientific and technical elements reflects the level scientific and technological development, imposing technical and technological restrictions on a specific type of entrepreneurship. Thus, in the conditions of the Russian market, the influence of the level of development of information technologies, covering almost all areas of entrepreneurial activity, is noticeably limiting.
Economic elements determine, first of all, the amount of money that the consumer can direct to the market for a particular product and which form the conditions of demand and the capacity of this market. The action of these elements also determines the structure of demand, including different kinds goods that meet consumer preferences and are affordable.
The economic factors of the macro environment also cover the formed labor market, the availability of vacancies and, consequently, the excess or shortage of labor, which affects the level of wages of workers.
Among the economic factors are the features of the development of the production sector. At the same time, it is important to consider two aspects of the development of the production base: sectoral and regional. In the sectoral aspect, the production, technological and organizational hierarchies of the sectoral structure, its retrospective dynamics and prospects are studied. In the regional one, it is required to study the nature of the distribution of productive forces and specific objects of the production infrastructure that determine the structure of supply within the boundaries of a particular region, the features of the material and technical base of production processes that affect the performance indicators of production and all business activities. Taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian market, it is important to highlight the production and transport infrastructure, its capacity, length, technical equipment, as well as the current transportation tariffs as a special structural element.
The economic situation is formed under the influence of political factors. The methods of managing the economy and the economic situation they cause are to some extent a reflection of the political goals and tasks solved by government bodies. Political factors are sometimes considered as independent environment-forming factors, but their influence on the conditions of a particular business is usually manifested through other factors, in particular economic ones, which impose clearly defined limits on many parameters of entrepreneurial activity.
The political situation has an impact on other environmental factors: legal, environmental, social. The greatest “political impulse” is experienced by legal environment. The types of laws and other legal acts are, as a rule, the result of political processes, lobbying and social and political pressure. Legal documents of any kind are always "hard" and unambiguous restrictions on entrepreneurship;
Political factors have an impact on the environmental situation, in particular in the form of protectionism in relation to social movements in the field of struggle for the preservation and restoration of the environment. Thus, political factors spread their influence, bypassing several stages - with the help of economic, legal or other characteristics. At the same time, it is possible to admit their absence in the presented structure of elements, where those that are in direct contact with the entrepreneurial link and actually form the boundaries of its activity are highlighted.
An extended set of elements is combined environmental factors. Expressing the relationship between society and nature, they include three independent subgroups of elements:
Natural and climatic;
Natural resource;
Conservation.
Natural and climatic factors express the characteristics of the geographical location of the consumer market and satisfy the demand of the business structure. It is important to note that all three types of such factors must be taken into account, since the natural conditions in which the consumer and the entrepreneur operate may not coincide.
Natural resource factors are associated with the availability, volume, quality and conditions for the use of all types of natural resources needed in business activities. Among them are natural raw materials, water, fuel and energy reserves.
Environmental components express the degree of pollution of the ecosystem surrounding the territory of the consumer market, including all its components. The influence of environmental factors is expressed both in a fixed level of pollution and in a form that determined the type of social behavior in relation to environmental problems.
From the point of view of modern socio-ethical needs, the most attention deserve social elements macro environment. Their group is perhaps the most numerous. Trying to give an extended description of its structure and the nature of the impact on entrepreneurial activity, two subgroups can be distinguished:
Elements that have a material form of expression;
Elements that do not have this shape.
The first subgroup contains specific objects of social infrastructure of a particular market. Such objects include a wide range of systems and networks that ensure the vital activity of an individual, their groups and society as a whole. These are objects of engineering support, cultural and domestic sphere, public transport, security public order, regional and local government. Their presence and absence form the conditions for determining the way of doing business, its scale and territorial specifics. So, for example, in the absence of a wide and diverse effectively functioning infrastructure, it is difficult or almost impossible to develop certain types of business (tourism, consumer services, some types of construction production).
The second subgroup includes elements of the so-called socio-spiritual environment. It is they who form the psychological climate, social preferences, tastes and predilections.
In the socio-spiritual environment, one can distinguish historical traditions, inherent in the territorial entity, within the boundaries of which the target segment of consumers is concentrated, ethical norms, type of social structure, worldview and moral principles. The socio-spiritual environment includes national, racial, religious characteristics of consumers, which determine the specifics of social behavior and lifestyle.
The social elements of the external environment form the social basis of entrepreneurship in the form of infrastructure facilities and consumer demand for specific goods. These same elements are of particular importance in solving problems of competition, determining the competitiveness of the company in the market. It is known that the most effective methods of competitive struggle are price and non-price methods. At the same time, non-price methods include improving the quality of goods and improving its parameters that are most significant for the consumer. However, as the market develops, business activity intensifies and the demand for various goods is gradually satisfied, the task is to use additional methods of competition. Such methods include competition based on strengthening the image and public recognition of the manufacturer's firm. Such methods are most effective within the framework of subject (marketing) competition, when the goods present on the market are close or completely identical in terms of quality characteristics. The high solvency of the target market overshadows price factors.
Competing on the basis of the image, which is an independent socio-psychological characteristic, the company focuses on social (or rather, socio-spiritual) components, on the basis of which a program is built to form public opinion in relation to the company, its inclinations and desire to solve social problems, entrepreneurial ethics and general culture. The implementation of such a program ensures the creation of additional competitive advantages that are objectively necessary in an active competitive environment.
Introduction
2. Economic freedom is the leading element of the business environment
3. The market is the environment for the existence of an entrepreneurial environment
Conclusion
List of information sources used
Introduction
Relevance. Economic reforms are inevitably carried out in Russia, although not always consistently and reasonably. The result of the reforms is the formation and development of new economic, financial, social and other relations based on the formation of a market economy, in which entrepreneurs (collective and individual) are the leading economic entity.
A significant contribution to the development of the theory of entrepreneurship was made by A Smith (1723-1790). An entrepreneur, according to Smith, is an owner of capital who, for the sake of realizing some commercial idea takes economic risk and profit. According to the scientist, the entrepreneur is mostly a capitalist.
Theoretical and practical value has Drucker's point of view on the essence of such new terms as entrepreneurial economics, entrepreneurial society, entrepreneurial management.
Target control work- deep study of the essence of the business environment and its role in the economy of society.
Study the literature on the topic;
To study the concept and essence of "business environment";
Consider the external and internal business environment;
Consider the role of the business environment in society.
Object of study: business environment
Subject of study: the main features of the business environment.
The structure of the work consists of "Introduction", the main part of "Conclusion", "List of references"
1. The essence of the business environment
1.1 External business environment
Entrepreneurship can develop if there are certain external and internal factors (conditions) in the country, which together provide favorable opportunities for the development of a civilized successful entrepreneurship, i.e. if a certain business environment is formed.
The business environment should be understood as the favorable socio-economic, political, civil and legal situation that has developed in the country, providing economic freedom for capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial activities aimed at meeting the needs of all subjects of a market economy.
Entrepreneurs operate in certain conditions that together constitute the business environment, which is an integrated set of various (objective and subjective) factors that allow entrepreneurs to succeed in achieving their goals, in implementing entrepreneurial projects and contracts and making a profit (income).
As an integrated complex system, the business environment is divided into external, as a rule, independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves.
The entrepreneurial environment is formed on the basis of the development of productive forces, the improvement of production (economic) relations, the creation of a favorable social and state mentality, the formation of the market as an environment for the existence (activity) of entrepreneurs and other important conditions.
The state of the external business environment has a decisive influence on the development of entrepreneurship in the country as a whole, in individual regions. The external business environment is understood as a set of external factors and conditions that directly or indirectly affect the formation and development of entrepreneurship.
The external business environment includes the following subsystems:
economic situation in the country and regions;
political situation, characterized by the stability of the development of society and the state;
a legal environment that clearly establishes the rights, obligations, responsibilities of entrepreneurial and other subjects of the market economy;
state regulation and support of entrepreneurship;
socio-economic situation associated with the level of payment demand of the population (consumers), the level of unemployment;
cultural environment, determined by the level of education of the population, providing the opportunity to engage in certain types of entrepreneurial business;
scientific and technical, technological environment;
the presence in sufficient quantities of natural factors of production necessary for development certain types activities;
the physical environment associated with climatic (weather) conditions that affect the process of functioning of business organizations;
lack of manifestation of natural disasters;
business environment economy society
institutional and organizational environment, indicating the presence of a sufficient number of organizations that ensure the possibility of carrying out commercial operations, business connections etc.
Undoubtedly, the development of entrepreneurship requires the stability of the political situation in the country and in individual regions, agreement between all branches of government, their recognition of the fact that without the development of civilized entrepreneurship it is impossible the economic growth, the effective development of all sectors of the economy and the improvement of the welfare of society.
1.2 Internal business environment
Entrepreneurial success depends on many factors, among which the most important is the internal business environment as a certain set of internal conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization.
The internal business environment includes: goals, structure, tasks, technologies and people working in the organization.
A goal is a specific end state or desired outcome that a group seeks to achieve by working together. In the planning process, management formulates goals and communicates them to the members of the organization. For modern organizations characterized by a variety of goals.
The structure of the organization consists of several levels of management and divisions. The structure of the organization should be consistent with the levels of management and functional areas in a manner that effectively achieves the objectives of the organization.
Division of labor. characteristic feature modern organizations is a specialized division of labor, assigning this work to specialists - those who are able to perform it best of all, from the point of view of the organization as a whole.
The sphere of control of the leader is the persons subordinate to him. Scope of control is an important aspect organizational structure. If one leader reports a large number of people, then there is a wide sphere of control, which results in a flat management structure. With a narrow sphere of control, few people report to each leader, which leads to a multi-level structure.
Tasks are prescribed work, a series of work, or a piece of work that must be completed in a predetermined manner within a predetermined timeframe. Tasks are assigned not to the employee, but to his position. It is believed that if the task is performed in such a way and in such time as prescribed, then the organization will operate successfully.
The tasks of the organization are traditionally divided into three categories:
Working with people and objects
Working with energy
Working with information.
Technology is a means of transforming "raw materials" - be they people, information or physical materials - into desired products and services. Tasks and technology are closely related. Completing a task involves the use of a specific technology.
Personnel is the main factor in any management model. The main characteristics of the staff are:
Capabilities. Organizations almost always try to take advantage of differences in ability when deciding what position and what job a particular employee will do. Selecting a person who is best able to do a certain job is a means of increasing the benefits of specialization.
Predisposition, giftedness. Managers, in particular, must be able to assess the ness of people. Needs are an internal state of psychological or physiological feeling of lack of something. Expectations. People based on past experience and assessment current situation form expectations about the results of their behavior. A perception that significantly influences expectations and behavior. If management wants employees to strive to achieve the organization's purpose, it must prove to employees that the desired behavior will lead to the satisfaction of their individual needs. Attitude can be defined as dislike or attachment to objects, people, groups, or any manifestation of the environment. Relationships form a biased perception of the environment and thus influence behavior. Values are shared beliefs, a belief in what is good and what is bad or what is indifferent. Every organization consciously or unconsciously establishes its own value system. The organization tends to have its own morals and customs. The internal business environment should also include: the amount of own capital; choice of organizational and legal form; choice of subject of activity; The business environment (ES) is understood as the presence of conditions and factors that affect entrepreneurial activity and require managerial decisions to be made to eliminate or adapt them. PS is an integrated set of objective and subjective factors that allow entrepreneurs to succeed in achieving their goals and is divided into external, usually independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves. External environment Entrepreneurship seems to be a complex heterogeneous formation, covering a wide range of elements that are interconnected both with the firm - the subject of entrepreneurial activity, and among themselves, forming a kind of systematically organized "space" in which processes operate and develop, limiting or activating entrepreneurial activity. To reveal the structure of the external environment of entrepreneurship, one should refer to the nature of the relationship that develops between the subject of entrepreneurship and environmental elements. In this case, it is possible to single out a number of elements that are not subject to direct control action on the part of the company and cannot adequately respond to its behavior due to indirect, non-mediated influence. For example, an entrepreneur is not able to directly influence the nature of the activities of competing firms, however, by forming the quality of manufactured goods, implementing a certain pricing policy, carrying out activities that help strengthen his image and public recognition, he creates certain conditions for competition that are taken into account by all organizations competing on market. The entrepreneurial system, therefore, has a tangible impact on all participants in the competition process, distributed indirectly with the help of marketing influence tools. Such influence is captured by the market and requires an adequate response from its various subjects. Elements of the external environment that can be indirectly influenced by the business system can be combined into a stable and fairly homogeneous set using a criterion that expresses the nature of the impact (indirect). This set can be characterized as a separate group of elements of the external environment - microenvironment. When studying the microenvironment, it is important to remember that it not only experiences some influence from a particular entrepreneurial organization and adequately responds to its behavior in the market, but also has a noticeable formative influence on the style and nature of entrepreneurial activity. The microenvironment is, as it were, in the focus of market processes, reflecting the most significant market fluctuations. Its elements are in a state of constant mutual influence, when each of them is able to cause changes in the behavior of the other, but is also forced to adapt to these changes. Together with elements of the microenvironment, the external environment of entrepreneurship reflects the influence of factors that are more “hard” in nature. These factors (they can be called macro-environmental factors) have limiting and sometimes stimulating properties, but in any case, properties that manifest themselves in one direction from the environmental element to a particular entrepreneurial organization. The most important feature of such factors is the absence of any possibility for any influence on them by individual market entities, and vice versa - the need to adapt to the conditions they form. Of course, in general theoretical terms, it is hardly legitimate to talk about the complete absence of the possibility of influencing any factors, since all elements of socio-ecological and economic systems are in unity and dynamic interrelation. We can only talk about a very insignificant impact, which has practically no manifestation in the practice of entrepreneurship, and which can be neglected when solving specific management problems. So, for example, it is impossible not to note the influence of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon, and entrepreneurs as its representatives, on the nature of the legal and regulatory framework. The entrepreneur expresses his preference for one form or another of the state structure, which has normative legal levers, participates in the creation of a certain public opinion, and finally gives his “voice” to representatives of this or that political platform, but it can hardly be argued that his positions and actions can have essential, formative meaning. It is more expedient and fruitful to forecast and take into account state-regulated legal processes than attempts to adapt them to one's own interests. Macro-environmental factors, thus, form a certain restrictive segment that requires study by business structures and active adaptation. Macro environment includes a wide range of elements: natural, demographic, economic, environmental, scientific and technological, legislative, national, etc. They have different character and socio - economic nature and have a different impact on a particular type of industrial and entrepreneurial activity. In order to identify the factors that determine the parameters of a particular entrepreneur, it is necessary to have a scientifically based classification that reflects the structure of macro factors. Such a classification can be based on five large groups of elements that reflect various aspects of socio-economic relations (Fig. 2.1). Each of these elements has its own multicomponent structure. The group that brings together scientific and technical elements reflects the level of scientific and technological development, which imposes technical and technological restrictions on a particular type of entrepreneurship. Thus, in the conditions of the Russian market, the influence of the level of development of information technologies is noticeably limiting, covering almost all areas of entrepreneurial activity. Economic elements determine, first of all, the amount of money that the consumer can send to the market for a particular product and which form the conditions of demand and the capacity of this market. The action of these elements also determines the structure of demand, which includes various types of goods that correspond to consumer preferences and are affordable. The economic factors of the macro environment also cover the formed labor market, the availability of vacancies and, consequently, the excess or shortage of labor, which affects the level of wages of workers. Among the economic factors are the features of the development of the production sector. At the same time, it is important to consider two aspects of the development of the production base: sectoral and regional. In the sectoral aspect, the production, technological and organizational hierarchy of the sectoral structure, its retrospective dynamics and prospects are studied. In the regional one, it is required to study the nature of the distribution of productive forces and specific objects of the production infrastructure that determine the structure of supply within the boundaries of a particular region, the features of the material and technical base of production processes that affect the performance indicators of production and all business activities. Taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian market, it is important to single out as a special structural element the production and transport infrastructure, its capacity, length, technical equipment, as well as the current tariffs for transportation. The economic situation is formed under the influence of political factors. The ways of managing the economy and the economic situation they cause are, to some extent, a reflection of the political goals and tasks solved by government bodies. Political factors are sometimes considered as independent environmental factors, but their influence on the conditions of a particular business is usually manifested through other factors, in particular economic ones, which impose clearly defined limits on many parameters of entrepreneurial activity. The political situation has an impact on other environmental factors: social, legal, environmental. The greatest “political impulse” is experienced by legal environment. The types of laws and other legal acts are, as a rule, the result of political processes, lobbying and socio-political pressure. Legal documents of any kind are always "hard" and unambiguous restrictions on entrepreneurship. Political factors influence the ecological situation, in particular, in the form of protectionism in relation to social movements in the field of struggle for the preservation and restoration of the environment. Thus, political factors spread their influence, bypassing several stages - with the help of economic, legal or other characteristics. At the same time, one can assume their absence in the presented structure of elements, where those that are in direct contact with the entrepreneurial link and actually form the boundaries of its activity are highlighted. An extended set of elements is combined environmental factors. Expressing the relationship between society and nature, they include three independent subgroups of elements: Natural and climatic; Natural resource; Conservation. Natural and climatic factors express the features of the geographical location of the consumer market and the demand of the business structure that satisfies it. It is important to note that both types of such factors need to be taken into account, since the natural conditions in which the consumer and the entrepreneur operate may not coincide. Natural resource factors are related to the availability, volume, quality and conditions for the use of all types of natural resources used in business activities. Among them: natural raw materials, reserves of water, fuel, energy. Environmental components express the degree of pollution of the ecosystem surrounding the territory of the consumer market, including all its components. The influence of environmental factors is expressed both in a fixed degree of environmental pollution and in a form that determines the type of social behavior in relation to environmental problems. From the point of view of modern socio-ethical needs, the most attention deserve social elements macro environment. Their group is perhaps the most numerous. Trying to give an extended description of its structure, economic nature and the nature of the impact on entrepreneurial activity, two subgroups can be distinguished: elements that have a material form of expression; elements that do not have this shape. The first subgroup contains specific objects of social infrastructure of a particular market. Such objects include a wide range of systems and networks that ensure the vital activity of an individual, their groups and society as a whole. These are objects of engineering support, cultural and household sphere, public transport, public order protection, regional and local government. Their presence and absence form the conditions for determining the way of doing business, its scale and territorial specifics. So, for example, in the absence of a wide and diverse effectively functioning infrastructure, it is difficult or almost impossible to develop certain types of business (tourism activities, the production of personal services, some types of construction production). The second subgroup includes elements of the so-called socio-spiritual environment. It is they who form the psychological climate, social preferences, tastes and predilections. In the socio-spiritual environment, one can single out the historical traditions inherent in the territorial formation, within the boundaries of which the target segment of consumers is concentrated, ethical norms, the type of social structure, worldview and moral principles. The socio-spiritual environment includes national, racial, religious characteristics of consumers, which determine the specifics of social behavior and lifestyle. The social elements of the external environment form the social basis of entrepreneurship in the form of infrastructure facilities and consumer demand for specific goods. These same elements are of particular importance in solving problems of competition, determining the competitiveness of the company in the market. It is known that the most effective methods of competition are price and non-price methods. At the same time, non-price methods include improving the quality of goods and improving its parameters that are most significant for the consumer. However, as the market develops, business activity intensifies and the demand for various goods is gradually met, the task is to use additional methods of competition. Such methods include competition based on strengthening the image and public recognition of the manufacturer's firm. Such methods are most effective within the framework of subject (marketing) competition, when the goods on the market are close or completely identical in quality characteristics or the high solvency of the target market overshadows price factors. Competing on the basis of the image, which is an independent socio-psychological characteristic, the company focuses on social (or rather, socio-spiritual) components, on the basis of which a program is built to form public opinion in relation to the company, its inclination and desire to solve social problems, entrepreneurial ethics and common culture. The implementation of such a program ensures the creation of additional competitive advantages that are objectively necessary in an active competitive environment. Internal business environment covers a wide range of elements representing a set of internal conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization and is completely dependent on the entrepreneur. When it comes to the internal environment of entrepreneurship, it means: Availability of capital (both own and invested); The choice of the object of entrepreneurial activity and the organizational and legal form of economic activity; Organizational structure of organizations; Rationality and efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, etc. When it comes to the internal environment of an entrepreneurial organization, it means its structure, which covers not only the management mechanism aimed at optimizing scientific, technical and production and marketing activities, but also at improving the technologies of the implemented processes, with the help of which entrepreneurial activity (energy), materials and information is transformed into the final product of the entrepreneurial organization. When forming the internal environment of entrepreneurship, two of its components are usually distinguished: situational factors and elements of the internal environment. Elements of the internal environment are the components of the enterprise necessary to achieve the goals. The main elements of the internal environment are shown in fig. 2.2.Previous
