The teacher is an integral part of the process of his professional development. For those who work in the traditional system, it is enough to master the technique, which is a set of teaching skills. This alone will make it possible to carry it out in full and achieve certain successes. However, for the implementation of innovative activities of a teacher, his professional training alone is not enough. At the same time, the readiness of the teacher himself to become on the path of improvement is also important.
Concept definition
What do we mean by innovative activity of a teacher? This is something new, if compared with the previous one, aimed at improving the quality of education. In general, the term "innovation" in its modern sense means the manifestation of new elements or forms. The synonym for this word is "innovation".
The modern teacher is considered somewhat deeper, while having a broader semantic designation. It is understood as the purposeful work of a teacher, based on understanding their own professional experience by studying and comparing the educational process in order to change it and receive a better education.
We can say that the innovative activity of a teacher is a phenomenon that reflects the creative potential of a teacher. If we consider this term from the point of view of its application to the general educational process, then we can talk about its relative youth. And this explains the existence of different approaches to explaining this concept.
On the one hand, pedagogical innovations are understood as various innovations aimed at changing the technology of education and training in order to increase their effectiveness. But sometimes this concept has a different meaning. Innovations include not only the creation and dissemination of innovations, but also changes and transformations in the style of thinking and in the way of activity that are associated with these innovations. In any case, it is something progressive, useful, advanced, modern and positive.
At present, processes of standardization of all levels of education without exception are taking place in Russia. This led to the creation of the FGOS. The purpose of this work is a certain unification and accessibility for widespread practical use of scientifically supported experimental work in education and training. Innovation activity teacher in the context of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard is designed to make positive changes in the current education system. This is necessary for Russia to enter the international market that offers such services, and to bring the curricula of schools and preschool educational institutions into line with those that are considered generally accepted throughout the world.
Signs of innovation activity
The process of introducing various innovations into the educational process largely depends on the potential of the teacher himself. How to determine the teacher's readiness for innovative activity? The potential of the individual in this case is associated with such parameters as:
The presence of a creative ability to generate and produce new ideas and ideas, as well as design and model them in practice;
Readiness for something different from existing ideas, a new one, the basis of which is panorama and flexibility of thinking, as well as tolerance of character;
Education and development in cultural and aesthetic terms;
The desire to improve their activities, as well as the presence of internal methods and means that will ensure it.
The readiness of a teacher for innovative activity is also understood as the presence of a great working capacity, the ability to restrain strong stimuli, a high emotional status and a desire to approach their work creatively. But in addition to personal teacher must have some special qualities. These include knowledge of new technologies, the ability to develop projects, mastering the latest teaching methods, as well as the ability to analyze and identify the causes of existing shortcomings.
Specificity of innovation
The participation of teachers in innovative activities has its own characteristics. It presupposes the presence of the necessary degree of freedom in the respective subjects. Indeed, due to its specificity, the innovative activity of a teacher in a preschool educational institution and in schools is most often carried out as if by touch. The fact is that such solutions are beyond the available experience. It is also worth noting that today the innovative activity of a teacher in the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard is regulated and controlled only partially. In this regard, one has to trust the innovator, the researcher, assuming that everything that he does in the process of searching for new solutions and truth will not harm the interests of society.
This approach leads to the realization that the freedom of creativity should go along with the high personal responsibility of the teacher involved in innovative activities.
Importance of innovation
Is it so necessary to organize the innovative activity of a teacher? The importance of this direction is due to the fact that in modern conditions the development of education, culture and society is impossible without:
Socio-economic changes, suggesting the need to update the entire education system, as well as technologies and methods for organizing the cognitive process in educational institutions of various types;
Strengthening the humanization of the content of curricula, which is expressed in a continuous change in the volume and composition of disciplines, the introduction of new subjects that involve a constant search for improved learning technologies and organizational forms;
Changes in the attitude of the teacher himself to the application and development of innovations;
Entry of educational institutions into the system of market relations, which will form their real degree of competitiveness.
What, ultimately, caused the need to develop the innovative activity of the teacher? The main reason for this direction is the fierce competition that every team offering services in the field of education faces almost everywhere.
Today, all educational institutions must independently improve their level of work, monitor and be able to predict the situation that has developed in the relevant market, and be a little ahead of everyone else, using the latest scientific and technological achievements.
Signs of innovation
What can we say about the participation of teachers in innovative activities? This question is both complex and simple. On the one hand, it is easy to identify the latest approaches and techniques that the teacher uses. After all, they have differences from those that were used before their introduction. On the other hand, it is very difficult to describe and justify innovative activity. After all, innovation is not just fixing a certain fact. Each of the forms of innovative activity of a teacher is a whole system.
Its description must contain the purpose and content, the timing of implementation, existing problems and their solution. That is, everything that innovation is aimed at. Methods for analyzing the results obtained should also be explained. It is necessary to give an indication of the forms of innovative activity of the teacher.
Classification of innovation
According to their purpose, all the latest implementations in the training system are conditionally divided into:
- Are common. These are global concepts available in modern education. They find their manifestation in the optimization of the UVP, the development of humanistic provisions, practical and information technologies, as well as in the organization and management of pedagogical processes.
- Private. They take place in those cases when the innovative experimental activity of teachers is in the form of author's innovations, developed in accordance with the modern directions of the educational process, and implemented in a separate educational institution.
By belonging to the educational process, innovative activity is associated with:
- With the introduction of an integrated approach into the education system. After all, the traditional system of obtaining knowledge is guided by the already achieved level of technology and science and is not able to meet the requirements of a society that is in its dynamic development.
- With the organization of the entire educational process and the introduction of the latest pedagogical technologies, which are the main factor in the development of innovative methods and means of obtaining knowledge.
- With specialization and profiling general education. Such directions involve the formation of the necessary conditions for the innovative activity of a teacher with its transition to a system of flexible and open continuous individualized learning of a person throughout his life.
- With the professionalization of existing management activities. This is one of the conditions for the effectiveness and success of innovative directions in educational institutions.
Based on the concept of renewal and the content of educational processes, the innovative activity of a teacher is divided into method-oriented, as well as problem-oriented. Let's consider them in more detail.
Methodologically oriented activity
When it is applied, it is supposed to implement one or another technology of education. It could be:
Use of the latest information technologies;
Application of the principle of integration to the content of education.
In addition, based on the experience of the teacher's innovative activity in the framework of method-oriented work, he can use training:
Developing;
differentiated;
Design;
problematic;
Programmed;
Modular.
As part of the application of such technologies, a prerequisite is the preparedness and competence of a teacher who is able to use approaches such as:
- Person-oriented. It can be achieved by implementing a strategy of support and respect, understanding, assistance and cooperation of the preschool administration in the field of choosing the means and methods of the teacher's work.
- Essential. It is reflected in the interaction of teachers with students to develop their abilities in order to form essential systemic knowledge and establish interdisciplinary connections.
- Operational and activity. This approach is based on the positions of the GEF. Students form the ability to act during the educational process, assimilating knowledge through their practical application.
- Professionally oriented. This is a competency-based approach. It allows students to develop professional attitudes.
- Acmeological. This approach is closely related to the essential one. It is used in the organization of innovative education with the development of new, as well as updating existing methods and teaching aids. This approach allows students to develop creative thinking and contributes to their self-development, self-improvement, self-education and self-control.
- Creative development. This approach is designed to form productive thinking. It develops in students a creative attitude to their activities, as well as the abilities and qualities of a creative person, skills and abilities of a scientific and creative nature.
- Contextual. This approach allows you to bring the content of the subjects of the training program into line with the state standard of education developed in the country.
Problem-oriented activity
Such innovative processes provide for the solution of a certain type of tasks that are associated with the formation of a high degree of competitiveness in a person.
At the same time, the activity of the teacher is aimed at developing in students:
Awareness of one's personal and social significance;
The ability to set goals for self-complication of problems and tasks, as well as self-actualization, which is a prerequisite creative development competitive personality;
An adequate sense of freedom and justified risk, which contributes to the formation of responsibility in the decisions made;
The maximum concentration of one's abilities in order to realize them at the most opportune moment, which is called "delayed victory".
One of the most urgent problems that the modern education system is trying to solve is the education of a socially competitive person. This concept includes professional stability, social mobility personality and its ability to carry out the process of professional development. At the same time, students should be taught receptivity to innovation. This will allow them to easily change the field of activity in the future, and be always ready to move into a new area of work, which is more prestigious.
Build a competitive personality this stage development of society is possible only through the introduction and inclusion in the learning process of methodological and problem-oriented innovations.
Additional classification
Also, the following types of innovations are distinguished in the education system:
- In terms of scale - federal and regional, national-regional and at the level of educational institutions.
- By - isolated (local, private, single, that is, not related to each other), modular (a chain of private innovations interconnected), systemic.
- By origin - improved (modified), combined (attached to a previously known component), fundamentally new.
Problems of introducing innovations
Often, the conduct of innovative activities causes difficulty for teachers. This is what affects the need for scientific and methodological support of their work. The formal nature of the ongoing pioneering work, which can often be observed in the OU, is caused by:
Low level of basic training of teachers;
Formation of the activity environment in the classical, traditional mode;
Low degree of readiness for innovative activity;
Lack of motivation due to overload;
The inability to determine for themselves the most priority direction, which causes dispersion of activities and does not give a tangible result.
At the same time, it is impossible to imagine the work of a modern educational institution without innovative methods. But in order to achieve the intended goals, teachers need certain types of support. For some, psychological support is important, for others - individual consultation of a methodologist or a practicing teacher. One of mandatory conditions innovative work is the presence of a sufficient number of special educational literature, as well as the latest material and technical base.
The innovative activity of teachers in the modern education system should become a personal category, a kind of creative process and result. creative activity. It also implies the presence of some degree of freedom in the actions of the relevant subjects.
The main value of the innovative activity carried out by the teacher lies in the fact that it allows you to form a personality capable of self-expression and the use of their abilities simultaneously with creativity. Those difficulties that arise in the process of such work, according to many practitioners, can be resolved on their own.
The main result will be:
Creation that will ensure the study, sustainable development and further implementation of best practices;
Occupation of the leadership position of educational institutions in the field of educational services;
Creation of a positive image of the staff of the educational institution.
Introduction
In modern conditions, innovation activity is inherent in any manufacturing enterprise to one degree or another. Even if an enterprise is not a leader in the innovation market, sooner or later it will certainly face the need to replace obsolete technologies and products.
Market conditions for the development of the economy at present constantly put forward the requirements of not only quantitative, but also qualitative transformations. These transformations can be carried out using the most advanced technique, technology, continuously developing the research base.
The success of any company is determined not so much by the scale of production, but by the ability to update the product range in accordance with the state of the market and the behavior of competitors. Firms can win customers and stay on the market only by offering new or improved quality products.
1. General characteristics of innovation and innovation
The term "innovation" is used in two senses. First, to describe the first use of a new product, process, or system. Second, to describe a process, including activities such as research, design, development, and production of a new product, process, or system.
INNOVATION (English, innovation) - innovation, innovation, innovation. In its most general form, this concept means: 1) investment in the economy, ensuring the change of generations of equipment and technology; 2) new equipment, technology, products (goods) and services resulting from the achievements of scientific and technological progress.
The meaning of the term "innovation" depends on the specific purpose of the study, measurement or analysis of the object.
Modern economic theory distinguishes the following types of innovation:
introduction of a new product (commodity innovation);
introduction of a new method of production (technological innovation);
creation of a new market for goods or services (market innovation);
development of a new source of supply of raw materials or semi-finished products (marketing innovation);
reorganization of the management structure (managerial innovation).
Innovation as a result of the creative process is the creation (or implementation) of new use values, the use of which requires that individuals or organizations using them change their habitual stereotypes of activity, their skills. At the same time, the most important sign of innovation in a market economy should be the novelty of its consumer properties.
Innovation - the use of the results of scientific research and development aimed at improving the process of production activities, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education in other areas of the society. This term can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on the specific purpose of the measurement or analysis.
Innovation is the end result of innovative activity that has been realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice.
The methodology for a systematic description of innovations in a market economy is based on international standards, the recommendations on which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 and were called the "Oslo Guide". They are designed for technological innovations only and cover new products and processes as well as their significant technological changes. An innovation is considered implemented if it is implemented in the market or in the production process. Accordingly, there are two types technological innovation: food and process.
Product innovation covers the introduction of new or improved products.
Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved products, organization of production. The release of such products is not possible using existing equipment or applied production methods.
All existing definitions can be attributed to five main approaches to the definition of innovation: 1) object (in the domestic literature in this case, the term "innovation" is often used as a defined term); 2) process; 3) object-utilitarian; 4) process-utilitarian; 5) process-financial.
The main properties (criteria) of innovation are:
scientific and technical novelty;
practical implementation (industrial applicability), i.e. use e.g. in industry, agriculture, healthcare, education or other areas of activity;
commercial feasibility, which means that the innovation is “accepted” by the market, i.e. marketable; which, in turn, means the ability to satisfy certain consumer needs.
Since a new idea is embodied in real objects or processes, it turns out to be focused on meeting the practical needs of people. Thus, in a market economy, such an integral criterion of innovation as the practical implementation of a new idea turns out to be closely related to the criterion of its commercial feasibility through the appearance on the market of new (innovative) products or services.
Innovative activity - activity aimed at using and commercializing the results of scientific research and development to expand and update the range and improve the quality of products (goods, services), improve their manufacturing technology with subsequent implementation and effective implementation in domestic and foreign markets. Innovative activity associated with capital investments in innovation is called innovation-investment activity.
Innovative activity involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, which together lead to innovation.
Varieties of the main types of innovative activity can be:
a) preparation and organization of production, covering the acquisition production equipment and tools, changes in them, as well as in the procedures, methods and standards of production and quality control necessary to create a new technological process;
b) pre-production developments, including modifications of the product and the technological process, retraining of personnel for the use of new technologies and equipment;
c) marketing of new products, which includes activities related to the release of new products to the market, including preliminary market research, adaptation of the product to different markets, advertising campaign;
d) acquisition of intangible technology from outside in the form of patents, licenses, disclosure of know-how, trademarks, designs, models and services of technological content;
e) the acquisition of embodied technology - machinery and equipment, in terms of their technological content, associated with the introduction of product or process innovations at IP;
f) production design, including the preparation of plans and drawings to determine production procedures, technical specifications.
The basis of innovation activity is scientific and technical activity (NTD). In the implementation of scientific and technical documentation, the concept of “scale of scientific work” is important, which covers the following:
scientific (scientific and technical) direction - the largest scientific work, which has an independent character and is dedicated to solving an important problem in the development of this branch of science and technology. The decision of one or another scientific direction is possible through the efforts of a number of scientific organizations;
scientific (scientific and technical) problem - a part of the scientific (scientific and technical) direction, representing one of the possible ways to solve it;
a scientific topic is a part of a problem that is usually solved within a scientific organization and acts as the main unit of the thematic plan in financing, planning and accounting for work.
In the implementation of innovative activity, its objects and subjects are distinguished.
The objects of innovative activity are the development of equipment and technology by enterprises located regardless of the organizational and legal form and form of ownership in the country.
Subjects of innovative activity - legal entities, regardless of the organizational and legal form and form of ownership, individuals Russian Federation, foreign organizations and citizens, as well as stateless persons involved in innovation activities. The rights of subjects are guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Among the subjects may be innovators. An innovator is the author of an innovation (discovery, invention, utility model, design solution, rationalization proposal, know-how, industrial design or other type of innovation).
The need to form innovative activity is due to:
the strengthening of intensive factors in the development of production, which contribute to the application of scientific and technological progress in all spheres of economic activity;
the determining role of science in improving the efficiency of development and implementation new technology;
the need for a significant reduction in the time of creation, development of new technology: an increase in the technical level of production;
the need to develop mass creativity of inventors and innovators;
the specifics of the process of scientific and technical production: the uncertainty of costs and results, the pronounced multivariance of research, the risk and possibility of negative results;
an increase in costs and a deterioration in the economic performance of enterprises in the development of new products;
rapid obsolescence of equipment and technology;
the objective need to accelerate the introduction of new equipment and technology, etc.
2. Forms of organization of innovative activity
The organization of innovation activity is aimed at streamlining the processes of generating new ideas, searching for and developing technical solutions, creating innovations, as well as their implementation.
Forms of innovative activity can be: business partnerships, various companies, state and municipal unitary enterprises and organizations, and research, design, design, design and design and survey organizations, pilot plants, scientific departments as part of industrial enterprises, as well as higher educational institutions.
Innovative activity has the following main forms of organization:
scientific centers and laboratories as part of corporate structures. They are called upon to carry out research and development work, to organize the development and production of new products and services;
temporary creative scientific teams or centers that are created to solve certain major and original scientific and technical problems;
state scientific centers - a special type of state scientific organizations, the mechanism of activity of which is designed to ensure the coordination, on the one hand, of the strategic long-term priorities of the state in the development of the most important areas of science and technology, and on the other hand, the economic and social interests of specific subjects of scientific and technical activity;
various forms of technology park structures (scientific technology and research parks, innovation, technology innovation and business innovation centers, business incubators, technopolises).
Technoparks are research and production territorial complexes, the main task of which is to create the most favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized knowledge-intensive innovative client firms.
A business incubator is an organization where aspiring entrepreneurs get the skills to run their own business, where they are provided with legal, economic and advisory assistance.
Technopolises are large modern scientific and industrial complexes, which also include a university or other higher educational institutions, research institutes, as well as residential areas. Favorable conditions are being created here for the development of new scientific areas and science-intensive industries.
One form of technological innovation is venture business, which is treated as a risky business. Venture business is typical for the commercialization of the results of scientific research in science-intensive and, first of all, in high-tech areas, where the effect is not guaranteed and there is a significant amount of risk. A venture firm is usually understood as a commercial scientific and technical firm engaged in the development and implementation of new and latest technologies and products with an undetermined income, i.e. with risky investment.
3. Mechanisms for organizing innovation activity at the enterprise
The mechanism of organization of innovative activity at the enterprise is focused on the formation and reorganization of structures that carry out innovative processes. Such work can take place in various forms, the main of which are the creation, absorption, market innovation integration, spin-off.
Creation is the formation of new enterprises, structural divisions or units designed to carry out innovative activities. The most significant elements of the new organizational forms are matrix structures, scientific and technical divisions, scientific and technical organizations operating on market principles, and internal ventures.
Matrix structures represent such organizational formations that are created temporarily - for the period of development and implementation of innovations, include specialists of various profiles, administratively subordinate to the heads of the relevant permanent units, but temporarily assigned to work in a temporary implementation structure to carry out work in a certain specialization. Such temporary divisions allow you to bring together various specialists for the duration of the development and implementation of innovations.
Scientific and technical divisions are created on a permanent basis, they do not have economic independence, and their activities are carried out at the expense of the company's budget as a whole.
Independent scientific and technical organizations, on the contrary, have their own budget, they sell their developments to the production divisions of the company. This increases responsibility for performance results, their compliance with the company's goals and market requirements.
Internal ventures, or the so-called intrapreneurial structures, are usually engaged in the direct introduction of innovations, focused on a new market niche.
In some cases, a very effective organizational mechanism can be the takeover by a large company of small innovative firms whose activities are within the circle of interests of this company. This mechanism involves the implementation of large one-time costs, but leads to a significant reduction in the time to enter the market with a new product.
A mechanism that complements the acquisition is the establishment of close ties between a large company and small innovative firms, which are based on long-term contractual relationships and the totality of which is called market innovation integration. In this case, innovative firms retain their independence, but fall into the sphere of market forces. industrial relations big company.
The combination of absorption processes and market innovation integration gives grounds to propose the use of the so-called fan organization of the innovation process. Its meaning lies in the creation of an innovative environment for a manufacturing company, consisting of firms in respect of which a takeover (IFI) was made, as well as market-integrated firms (RIF).
Spin-off is an organizational mechanism that involves the creation of independent innovative companies that were previously part of integral production entities.
It is advisable to carry out such actions when a new line of activity is formed that is not related to the main specialization of the company, diverting its resources to itself.
At present, the organizational and legal forms of organizing innovation activity in the country comply with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (CC RF) and the Law of the Russian Federation “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy”.
4. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the organization of innovative activities at the enterprise
The implementation of innovation, like any other activity, is always associated with various internal and external costs. Therefore, in order to determine the economic efficiency of innovation, it is necessary to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of it.
It is necessary to distinguish between the cost effectiveness of innovation activities for manufacturers (sellers) and for buyers. The main criterion for substantiating the economic efficiency of innovative activity for manufacturers (sellers) is its result: net present value, which is determined by comparing the costs incurred and the results obtained and is taken as the basis for all subsequent justifications for the economic efficiency of a particular innovative project. The cost-effectiveness of innovation activities for buyers should be considered from a different perspective. The buyer, acquiring innovations, improves his material and technical base, production and management technology. He bears the costs associated with the purchase of innovation, its transportation, development, etc. The cost-effectiveness of the buyer for the use of innovations can be determined and managed by comparing the following indicators:
costs of production and sales of products before and after the introduction of innovations;
proceeds from the sale of products before and after the introduction of innovations;
the cost of consumed resources before and after the introduction of innovations;
average headcount personnel, etc.
The sustainability of the project is understood as the limiting negative value of the analyzed indicator, at which the economic feasibility of the project is preserved. The resistance of the project to changes in the analyzed indicator is calculated on the basis of equating to 0 the equation for calculating NPV (net present value (net present value, net present value)).
The project is considered sustainable if, if the project indicators (capital investments, sales volume, current costs and macroeconomic factors) deviate by 10% for the worse, the condition NPV = 0 is maintained.
Sensitivity to a change in an indicator is also determined using analysis, when the analyzed indicator changes by 10% towards a negative deviation. If after that NPV remains positive, then innovation activity is considered insensitive to changes in this factor. If NPV takes a negative value, then the activity has a sensitivity of less than 10% and is recognized as risky for this factor.
Summing up this chapter, I would like to note that in market conditions of management, such an indicator as the attractiveness of innovative projects, determined by the strategy of the innovator firm, the conditions for attracting financial resources and their sources, is very important. dividend policy innovator. This factor is very important in evaluating the effectiveness of the organization of innovative activities in any enterprise.
5. Analysis of the external environment of the enterprise
The external environment is characterized as a set of variables that are outside the boundaries of the organization and are not the sphere of direct influence. The external environment of direct impact is organizations and people who are associated with this enterprise due to their goals and objectives: suppliers, consumers, creditors, competitors, trade unions, trade organizations, government agencies, etc. The external environment of indirect impact includes: political, economic, demographic, socio-cultural, technological, environmental, geographic, climatic factors. These factors do not have a direct impact on the operational activities of the organization, they predetermine the strategically important decisions made by its management.
An analysis of the external environment in the company is carried out in order to determine the potential opportunities and threats that the company must take into account when setting goals and objectives, when achieving them, as well as when planning innovative projects.
When analyzing the external environment of direct impact, the main attention is paid to the study of consumers (buyers). Consumer analysis sets as its main task the study of those who purchase the products of this company. This method allows the company to find out which product is more in demand among certain segments of the population, what sales volume the company can expect in a given month, how to expand the range of sales, what the future expects for this product, whether there will be demand for it in six months, etc. .d. The following criteria are used to build an overall picture of the buyer persona:
territorial location;
demographic factors (age, gender);
social affiliation of buyers;
customer attitude towards the product.
When analyzing the external environment of the enterprise, much attention should also be paid to the study of competitors. Competition (from lat. concurrere - “collide”) is the struggle of economic market entities independent of each other for the right to possess limited resources.
In other words, it is such a process of interaction between firms acting on the market in order to achieve better sales opportunities for their product by satisfying the various needs of buyers. Competition is constantly present in the market between producers. And in order for the company to be successful, it needs constant research on the labor market. To analyze the macro-environment, it is necessary to consider economic, political, social, etc. Components.
6. Methods for improving the organization of innovation activities
Everything that exists gets old. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically discard everything that is worn out, outdated, has become a brake on the path to progress, and also take into account mistakes, failures and miscalculations. To do this, enterprises periodically need to conduct certification of products, technologies and jobs, analyze the market and distribution channels. Practice shows that nothing makes a leader focus on an innovative idea as much as the realization that the product being produced will become obsolete in the near future.
To determine ways to improve the organization of innovative activities in a company, it is necessary to clearly know what innovations require:
Careful analysis of all necessary factors;
A clear understanding of the goal pursued, i.e. a clear strategic orientation is needed;
Enterprise management organizations, because financial and managerial flexibility and market orientation are needed here.
Innovation must be created and accepted by society. Only in this case it will bring success.
The principles that the company's technologists should take into account when creating an effective innovative product:
purposeful systematic innovation activity requires continuous analysis of the possibilities of the above sources of innovation;
innovation must meet the needs, desires, habits of the people who will use it;
innovation should be simple and consistent with the goals of the firm.
But it is necessary to take into account the principles, the use of which negatively affects the creation of an innovative product:
the complexity of the design of an innovative product - there are problems during operation;
an incorrectly planned stage of creating an innovative product.
Innovation - changes in the economy, industry, society, in the behavior of buyers, manufacturers, workers. Therefore, it should always focus on the market, be guided by its needs.
In order for a firm to innovate, it must have a structure and mindset that promotes an entrepreneurial atmosphere and the perception of the new as an opportunity.
The main organizational principle for innovation is to create a team of the best workers released from the current job.
To improve the innovation activity in the company, the following steps are necessary:
implementation of a continuous improvement system;
improvement of the incentive and motivation system in order to encourage innovation (innovations);
creation of the company's website;
overcoming the resistance of employees to innovations (innovations);
modification of the internal and external collection system marketing information;
improvement strategic management at the firm, regulation of procedures for the development, review, approval, implementation and monitoring of innovative projects.
At the same time, it is advisable to comparative analysis the profitability of each of the areas of innovation, i.e., it is necessary to determine the probable increase in profit for each area of innovation and choose the one that will provide the highest performance. Carrying out this work is especially important, since during a crisis in the all-Russian market, a company may be limited in finances, which should be directed to improving innovation activities.
Conclusion
innovation environment enterprise
Despite the difficult economic situation of many commercial organizations, in modern conditions there is a tendency to increase their innovative activity, especially in the field of product and technological innovations. This requires appropriate financial, human and material and technical resources, as well as special training, retraining and advanced training of managers in the field of economics, organization and management of innovation processes.
Innovative activity should create the necessary conditions for expanding, accelerating and improving the efficiency of creating and implementing various innovations: product, technological, economic, social, etc., aimed at developing and implementing competitive products and technologies at the level of world standards. This will make it possible to create highly profitable industrial production, including export-oriented ones, and numerous commercial organizations in the service sector (trading firms, mass catering enterprises, transport organizations, communications enterprises, banks, insurance companies, etc.).
Bibliography
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5.Innovation management. Ed. Ilyenkova S.D. 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Unity-Dana, 2007. - 335 p.
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Innovative activity is a process aimed at implementing the results of completed scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, as well as related research and development. Innovative activity begins with the emergence of a scientific and technical idea and ends with the distribution of a product.
The essence of innovation lies in its directions:
Managing the processes of creating new knowledge;
Control creativity those who create new knowledge;
Management of development and distribution (diffusion) of innovations;
Management of social and psychological aspects of innovations.
The innovation cycle in a fairly detailed interpretation is shown in Fig. 2.1.
Rice. 2.1. Characteristics of the stages of the innovation cycle
Innovative activity as a system has the following properties: interconnection and interaction of all elements, integrity, consistency and synchrony in time, consistency with the tasks and goals of the organization, adaptability, flexibility to environmental changes, autonomy of the management structure, management functions, multifunctionality and multidimensionality, renewal.
The innovation process is a purposeful activity to transform scientific knowledge into innovation and diffusion of the latter, that is, a conscious sequential chain of events aimed at obtaining a certain type of effect by the innovator by satisfying existing or new needs. This is not just a reproduction of new products, but a conscious, systematic activity for the effective implementation of knowledge.
The innovation process can be represented in different ways. In a broad context, the initial stage of the implementation of the innovation process can be considered the period of time from the definition (realization) of the need to implement the innovation to the creation of a working version of the innovation project. The middle stage lasts from the development of the final version of the technical justification and business plan for an innovative project to its practical implementation in the enterprise as an experimental model. The final stage is the implementation of the transfer of innovations and their further distribution in the country's economy and beyond. On fig. 2.2 presents 10 stages - from decision-making on a new means of satisfying social needs to the implementation of an innovative project.
In a simplified version, the investment process consists of the following main stages:
The birth of the idea of innovation;
Justification of the need for an innovative change;
Evaluation of the effectiveness of innovation;
Development and technical implementation of an innovative idea;
Implementation of innovation in the system;
Promotion of innovation in the market.
The organizational and material basis of the investment process is the organizational and production, research and development structures aimed at the implementation of innovative activities.
Applied R&D
From the point of view of the enterprise, the mechanism for managing innovative activity is always specific, since it is aimed at achieving certain innovative goals by influencing specific factors that ensure the achievement of certain goals, and this influence is carried out through the use of certain enterprise resources.
Innovations can be introduced at the initiative of producers or buyers. In modern conditions, large organizations in developed countries have developed stable mechanisms for managing innovation processes, reflecting the features of the integration of science and production, the increasing orientation of research and development to market needs. New tasks introduce changes in the system of connections both vertically between management levels and horizontally between scientific and design and technological divisions. In highly developed countries, since the 80s of the XX century, the development and implementation of innovations have become a continuous controlled process, when innovative ideas (in the future production plans and programs) cover all spheres of activity of enterprises.
In the process of preparing and mastering technical and product innovations, the enterprise implements activities that involve all departments:
1. Research work is carried out to the greatest extent at the first stage of generating, selecting ideas and marketing research. On the stage technological preparation production and development of serial production of new products, research work contributes to the improvement of technological processes, the introduction of advanced equipment, technological equipment and controls, an increase in the level of mechanization and automation of work, and the like.
2. Design and technological work is carried out at all stages of the creation and development of new products, but they are most extensive at the stage of design and technological preparation of production.
3. Organizational and planning work - a set of interrelated processes of planning, organization, accounting and control at all stages and stages of production preparation, ensuring the readiness of enterprises to create and manufacture new products. Bonuses aimed at more complete observance at all stages of preparation of production of such principles as specialization, parallelism, continuity, proportionality, directness, automaticity and rhythm.
Organizational and planning work includes: development of long-term and operational schedules for preparing the production of new products as a whole, as well as its individual stages and stages; planning marketing research of consumer needs, research on the positioning of a new product, which will determine the possible competitive strategy; organization of work on the creation regulatory framework for different stages of preparation of production; establishing typical structures and functions of business units that create new products; operational management of production preparation; organization of work to ensure the readiness of enterprises and their divisions for the release of a new product, the development of organizational projects that simulate the process of pre-production - from research and development to the use of products by consumers, determining the forecast level of competitiveness of new products, planning the withdrawal of the product from the market.
4. Works of a material and technical nature provide for ensuring the material and technical readiness of enterprises for the creation and production of new products. At the level of an industrial enterprise, this is the provision of timely and complete deliveries of basic and auxiliary materials, equipment, spare parts, etc., necessary for the production of new products.
5. Works of an economic nature - a set of interrelated processes that provide an economic justification for the creation, production and operation of new products. They include: determining the economic feasibility of creating, manufacturing and operating a new product; calculation of marginal prices for the message of the product; establishment of terms and sources of financing for the creation and development of new products; implementation of a number of economic calculations related to the creation, development series production and operation of new products. At the level of an industrial enterprise, the economic aspects of preparing new products also include viewing planning and economic information, standards, documentation forms, the current system for planning, accounting and evaluating the activities of enterprise divisions, taking into account the specifics of new products; development of standards for labor costs for the periods of development of the product.
6. Works of a socio-psychological nature - a set of interrelated processes that ensure the socio-psychological readiness of enterprises for the creation and production of new products. They consist in explanatory work on the need to create and master new products of a certain level of quality within the established deadlines, output volumes and minimal cost; in informing the team about the need for professional, qualification and organizational changes during the creation and development of new products; in the mobilization by the management of the enterprise of the creative capabilities of the personnel for the creation and production of products in the shortest possible time at the lowest cost of living and materialized labor.
The main types of innovations in the enterprise include innovations in products, technological processes, personnel and management activities.
Product innovation can be viewed in terms of:
New use of an already known product;
Changes in the appearance of an already known product;
A fundamental change in an already known product (improving certain characteristics, improving quality, reducing production costs due to the use of new materials or new technological means);
Invention of a radical new product.
Therefore, each new product can be characterized by:
The presence of new technical solutions, their significance (scientific and technical aspect);
Impact on the market, that is, market novelty (marketing aspect).
If a new product model is better than the existing one in terms of technical and economic characteristics (due to the application of new scientific recommendations, inventions and technical solutions) and the costs of its development are small, and there is no market novelty in the product, then its implementation is unlikely to provide a profit to the manufacturer. At the same time, the market novelty of the product can be achieved without scientific and technical solutions - thanks to changes in appearance, size, shape.
Management should be focused in market conditions on the improvement of technology. Technology (Greek Techpe - art, skill, skill, and logic - a set of techniques and methods for obtaining, processing, processing raw materials, materials or products that are carried out in various industries). It is also a scientific discipline that develops and improves these methods and techniques.
The technology includes the technological process, technical control, instructions for the implementation of the technical process, rules, requirements, maps, schedules, etc.
From the point of view of innovation management, we talk about the technology of production, trade, establishing sources of supply, marketing, counting and accounting, drafting documents, information support, personnel selection, making and implementing management decisions, and the like.
The technology must be efficient and cost-competitive. Technology management would be much easier if costs could be ignored.
Product innovation is the basis of innovation policy at manufacturing enterprises in various industries. They are decisive in terms of the purpose of the enterprise - to meet certain needs of society. But it is necessary to take into account the connection with other types of innovative activity, because product innovations contribute to the innovation of technological, personnel and managerial activities. The latter, therefore, ensure the successful and efficient implementation of product innovations.
The intra-organizational path of technical innovations is presented in Table. 2.1.
Table 2.1. Intraorganizational way of innovation in the enterprise
|
Stages of innovation implementation |
Essence of activity |
|
Actualization of innovation |
Identification of the problem, making a decision on the feasibility of changes, recognizing the need for innovation |
|
Obtaining and analyzing information about innovation |
Active search for information about innovation from various sources, summarizing |
|
Evaluation of options and selection of innovation |
Analysis of information on acceptable innovations, selection of the best innovation option |
|
Making a decision to introduce an innovation |
Acceptance and approval by management of the decision to introduce innovation into production |
|
Implementation |
Trial implementation, if necessary - adjustments, final implementation and use |
|
Anchoring |
Diffusion internal and external |
Based on the analysis of the essential properties of the new technology, its preliminary selection is carried out, and the main criterion is the economic efficiency of the innovation, which ensures the survival, effectiveness, competitiveness and profitability of the enterprise. The most important indicators characterizing the efficiency of the technological process are:
Specific costs of raw materials, energy per unit of production;
The quality of the finished product;
Quantity of finished products;
The intensity of the process;
Production costs;
Production cost;
Labor productivity.
Typical mistakes of technology implementation managers:
Attempts to introduce several innovations at the same time. In case of failure as a result, it is difficult to detect and quickly eliminate its causes. At the same time, the future of innovation depends on the first trials.
Comparison of new technology with the current level of production, not with the level that will be achieved after the introduction of innovation.
Using quantitative indicators to evaluate new technology that aims to improve the quality of production. Before starting implementation, managers must develop a specification for a new technology, criteria for its evaluation, create the necessary infrastructure (information support, accounting, calculation methods).
In fact, it is necessary to proceed from the extent to which the technology meets the requirements of consumers. For example, it is not possible to achieve the desired success in the market by offering an overpriced sports car when the market is in need of cheap small family models.
The new technology can introduce an economically and technologically efficient enterprise. At high rates of scientific and technical progress, it changes equipment, technology, and brings new products to the market.
The choice of a specific technology is carried out with the help of a rating system based on a qualitative professional analysis of intermediate and final results. The main purpose of the assessment is to identify the need for changes in terms of resource provision, management practices, organization of project implementation. The conclusions of the people who carry out this assessment affect the following aspects:
The amount of funding;
Balance between different measures (directions)
Implementation plans.
The extension, change or termination of technological innovations, as well as the formation of new ones, depend on these assessments. The milestones and evaluation criteria are inextricably linked. At the first stage, they decide whether the enterprise can afford to introduce a new technology, evaluating the technical advantages and the compliance of the innovation with the specialization of production.
The assessment is carried out by technical experts and managers. There is a natural phenomenon: the more innovations correspond to the direction of the enterprise's production activities, the less severe is the assessment of its technical advantages. Conversely, in order to dig up the leadership in the feasibility of a project that is consistent with the previous specialization, one must pick up weighty arguments to prove the benefits of the project.
The evaluation system may include internal and external expertise. Internal provides for the compilation of an evaluation commission from among the employees. This is an economic, but too subjective composition of experts. The involvement of an independent external commission completely solves this problem.
In the second step, managers decide whether they should implement a particular technology. For this, the payback period of capital investments and other indicators are calculated.
With such a formalized method of evaluation, various forms of rating are used, as a rule, according to the financial criteria "costs - results". In addition, it provides for an assessment of non-financial indicators: compliance with specialization, expiration date of the implementation program, market size, demand growth rate, competitiveness, and the like.
Each enterprise chooses its own assessment methodology according to the selected criteria. An example of an expert assessment of the criteria for a new technology is given in Table. 2.2.
Table 2.2. Criteria for evaluating a new technology in an enterprise
|
Terms, designation |
Criteria |
Variant Criteria Value |
||||
|
Prospects for another technology |
||||||
|
Projected sales volume, rub. |
High; Average; |
|||||
|
Market expansion rate |
Significantly exceeds the average rate of market expansion for this enterprise; Equal to the average; Below the average |
|||||
|
Company market share |
Become a leader Will become one of two or three leaders; play an unimportant role |
|||||
|
Readiness of the enterprise to accept new technology |
new technology perceived as a success factor in the future One of several important factors; There are more important factors |
|||||
|
Probability of success of a new technology perspective = M G K S |
||||||
Continuation tab. 2.2.
|
Probability of Success |
|||
|
Technical problems |
There are no technical problems, it is only necessary to direct resources to the introduction of new technology; There are some technical problems, but they are easy to fix; Technical problems are significant |
||
|
Technological competition |
The company is a technology leader; one of the two or three leading enterprises; One of many, but has no advantage in technology |
||
|
Availability of resources |
The enterprise owns sufficient capacities and masses of qualified personnel; Certain difficulties with resources, but can be avoided; Attraction of external additional resources cannot be avoided. |
||
|
Existence of mechanism and introduction of new technology |
Production units are ready for implementation; It is not clear who should implement the production; Production units are set against the introduction |
||
|
Probability of Success = B C F T |
|||
For each innovative project, a rating is calculated. The method takes into account the various characteristics of the latest technology, so the manager can comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness. In addition, this method allows you to identify points on which discrepancies between experts are revealed. So the discussion is heading for the weak points.
Allows you to evaluate the project with financial and non-financial criteria;
Allows you to bring estimates and accurate information about the enterprise into a single whole;
Criteria are formed based on the specifics of a particular enterprise.
As the project progresses to the implementation stage, the assessment must be specific, for which experts from various industries are involved in the decision-making process. The task of the innovation manager is to skillfully manage the diversified opinion of specialists.
The process of technological innovation in an enterprise as an activity depends on how much they will ensure the creation of a commercially profitable product. Therefore, the innovation manager must:
Examine the compliance of existing and new technologies with the mission and strategic goals of the enterprise;
Identify technology opportunities for created products that have or may have high demand in the future;
Conduct research to implement these opportunities, develop a new product (product);
Design production facilities for the production of a trial batch of products;
Test a prototype for a riku;
Implement technology for serial production.
Such a scheme for organizing the innovation process and managing it within the enterprise provides for close interaction between the functional divisions of the management
systems, especially those involved in the development, production and marketing of new products and customer service.
Technological innovations, like product innovations, are based on the concept of a life cycle, that is, technologies also have their own life cycle. The sequence of implementation of technological innovations is shown in fig. 2.3.
With this model of innovation in the enterprise, the focus is on the constant search for new ideas, which is carried out by special research units (laboratories), creating automated data banks.
"Disadvantages" at the enterprise are revealed by means of certification of workplaces. A passport is a document that makes it possible to characterize the possibilities of effective use production capacity, equipment, the use of specialists, evaluate the economic and social efficiency innovations, rank their selection taking into account costs. As experience confirms, the rapid spread of innovation is facilitated by:
The advantage of the new technology over the previous ones;
Compatibility with existing systems, procedures, infrastructure, etc.;
Ease of use;
Ease of testing and testing, copying at no extra cost.
Rice.2.3. Technological Innovation Sequence
The new technology differs not only in production characteristics, but also in consumer characteristics (a new product must necessarily be better than its predecessors). Key features new technology: expected benefits, product performance requirements, etc. create the basis for the quantitative justification of the project, most often in the form financial analysis. At this stage, the planned sales volumes of the new product are evaluated, which will determine their sufficiency to obtain the planned income. After preparing the sales plan, the company's management evaluates possible costs and revenues. Cost estimation is carried out by the IIDR department, production, marketing and financial divisions. They calculate sales, cost and revenue projections associated with the introduction of new technology and the launch of new products on the market.
The effectiveness of technological innovations is also calculated on the basis of average annual indicators without taking into account or taking into account discounting based on an assessment of comparative efficiency. The integral effect of technical innovations (E) can be calculated by the formula (2.1) * 3:
* 3: (Orlov P.A. Determining the effectiveness of real investments // Finance of Ukraine. - No. 1. - 2006. - P. 57.)
(2.1)
Where WITH- savings on running costs per year t; A - depreciation for renovation, due to investments; K - capital expenditures in the year and; H - income tax on the amount of savings on current expenses; E - the cost of related economic, social, environmental results; T - innovation life cycle; α - discount factor.
Characteristics of the innovation infrastructure
The defining feature of the modern innovation process is the industrial use of the results of applied scientific research, that is, the integration of science and production. This creates conditions for the application of the achievements of scientific and technological progress and development economic organizations. At the same time, the competitive potential of enterprises is increasing, new consumer needs are being met, and the demand for innovative developments is growing.
Such conditions contribute to scientific and technical cooperation, new organizational forms of such interaction are emerging, and a modern infrastructure is being created. The content of the concept of "infrastructure" is extremely wide, the main types and organizational forms depend on the destination. Increase in market supply innovative products puts forward quite important tasks for the innovation infrastructure - commercialization of the results of innovative activity, giving them the form of a product, ensuring market entry and promoting successful implementation, that is, implementation. How important this is can be seen from the assessment given by the surveyed enterprises: 18.3% of them note the lack of information about sales markets, 16% - the lack of demand for innovative products, and 14.5% - the resistance of enterprises to innovations. The presence of these problems is a direct consequence of insufficient attention to such forms of infrastructural support for innovative activities as the development of a trading network, marketing support, advertising, exhibition complexes, and service maintenance of innovative products. However, we must not forget that these services are important not only at the final stage of innovation. The problem of commercialization of an intellectual product arises at the initial stage of the development of an innovative idea, and in many ways it depends on its solution at all stages of the innovation process whether this idea will turn into an innovative product.
The features of the material, technical, resource and system-wide support of innovation activity are considered, which allow to submit the composition of the innovation infrastructure according to the classification given in Table. 2.3.
Table 2.3. Composition and classification of innovation infrastructure
|
Purpose |
Organizational form |
|
|
Logistics support for innovation activities |
Organizational and economic infrastructure |
Technoparks; technopolises; business incubators; science city; individual innovative enterprises; firms and centers for the provision of infrastructure services |
|
Experimental infrastructure |
Science parks, centers, institutes, laboratories; technology centers; scientific and technological centers; experience in experimental sites, centers, laboratories, sites |
|
|
Design infrastructure |
Design institutes, firms; design firms, bureaus, laboratories, sites |
|
|
Resource support for innovation |
Financial and economic infrastructure |
Specialized state or municipal innovative banking financial and credit institutions, funds, firms, venture investment banks |
|
Information and communication infrastructure |
Global information networks Internet; scientific and technical funds; libraries; information databases; depository system |
|
|
HR infrastructure |
Institutions of higher and secondary education for the training of specialists of the relevant profile of knowledge; centers, schools, colleges with special vocational training; centers and educational institutions for the training and retraining of specialists in the field of innovation |
|
|
System-wide support of innovation activity |
Legal infrastructure |
Laws of Ukraine on innovation activity; tax legislation on innovative enterprises; system of regulation of export-import relations in the field of innovation; state and local regulations regarding the functioning of innovative enterprises; law and consulting firms |
Innovative activity is an activity aimed at finding and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve product quality, improve technology and organize production. [Link]
Innovation activities include:
- Identification of enterprise problems;
- implementation of the innovation process;
- organization of innovation activities.
The main prerequisite for the innovative activity of an enterprise is that everything that exists is aging. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically discard everything that is worn out, outdated, has become a brake on the path to progress, and also take into account mistakes, failures and miscalculations. To do this, enterprises periodically need to conduct certification of products, technologies and jobs, analyze the market and distribution channels. In other words, a kind of radiograph of all aspects of the enterprise's activities should be carried out. This is not just a diagnosis of the production and economic activities of the enterprise, its products, markets, etc. Based on it, managers should be the first to think about how to make their products (services) obsolete themselves, and not wait until competitors do it. And this, in turn, will encourage enterprises to innovate. Practice shows that nothing makes a leader focus on an innovative idea as much as the realization that the product being produced will become obsolete in the near future.
Where do innovative ideas come from? There are seven sources of such ideas. Let's list internal sources; they arise within an enterprise or industry. These include:
- 1. unexpected event (for an enterprise or industry) - success, failure, external event;
- 2. non-congruence - a discrepancy between reality (what it really is) and our ideas about it;
- 3. innovations based on the needs of the process;
- 4. sudden changes in the structure of an industry or market.
The next three sources of innovation are external because they originate outside the enterprise or industry. This:
- 1. demographic changes;
- 2. changes in perceptions, moods and values;
- 3. new knowledge (both scientific and non-scientific).
An analysis of these situations when considering a particular type of change allows us to establish the nature of an innovative solution. In any case, you can always get answers to the following questions. What happens if we use the created change? Where will this lead the business? What needs to be done to turn change into a source of development?
However, of the seven sources of change, the third and seventh are the most important, as they are the most radical.
The change caused by the need of the process is much more important than the first two. An old proverb says, "Necessity is the mother of invention." In this case, the change is based on the needs of practice, life. (Replacement of manual typing in typography, keeping food fresh, etc.) At the same time, the implementation of this type of change implies the need to understand that:
- It is not enough to feel the need, it is important to know and understand its essence, otherwise it is impossible to find its solution;
- It is not always possible to satisfy the need, and in this case, only the solution of some part of it remains.
In any case, when solving a problem of this type, it is necessary to answer the following questions. Do we understand what and what changes the process needs? Is the required knowledge available or does it need to be acquired? Are our solutions consistent with the habits, traditions and target orientations of potential consumers?
The most significant changes, one might say radical ones, occur on the basis of "new knowledge". Innovations based on new knowledge (discoveries) are usually difficult to manage. This is due to a number of circumstances. First of all, there is, as a rule, a large gap between the emergence of new knowledge and its technological use, and secondly, it takes a long time before a new technology materializes in a new product, process or service.
In this regard, innovations based on new knowledge require:
- careful analysis of all necessary factors;
- a clear understanding of the goal pursued, i.е. a clear strategic orientation is needed;
- · the organization of entrepreneurial management, since it requires financial and managerial flexibility and focus on the market.
An innovation based on new knowledge must "ripen" and be accepted by society. Only in this case it will bring success.
What is being done to introduce new technologies:
- 1. Purposeful systematic innovation activity requires continuous analysis of the possibilities of the above sources of innovation.
- 2. Innovation must meet the needs, desires, habits of the people who will use it. Innovation should be simple and have a clear purpose. The greatest praise for innovation is: "Look how simple it is! Why didn't I think of that before?"
- 3. Innovate more efficiently with little money and few people, limited risk. Otherwise, there is almost always not enough time and money for the many refinements that the innovation needs.
- 4. An effective innovation should be aimed at leadership in a limited market, in its niche.
Innovation is a job that requires knowledge, ingenuity, talent. It is noted that innovators mostly work in only one area.
Finally, innovation means changes in the economy, industry, society, in the behavior of buyers, producers, workers. Therefore, it should always focus on the market, be guided by its needs.
Innovative activity in industry
Innovative activity in industry covers the implementation of innovative processes, the result of which are industrial innovations in the form of new technologies, techniques, materials, which are the basis of scientific and technological progress in enterprises. At the regional level, innovations determine the economic and social behavior of citizens, the competitiveness of the region, and the development of the industrial sector.
In the context of a systemic crisis in production, the development of innovations at enterprises is especially important, it should cover various areas activities related to innovation cycles, combining research methods, technologies and enterprise management system. Foreign experience in introducing innovations at manufacturing enterprises should be actively applied in Russian conditions in relation to independent subjects of the economy, factors and driving forces of the innovation process on the part of companies. At the same time, innovation processes and their impact on the state of the economy and society are characterized by significant differences.
Research on the organization of innovation in industrial enterprises, the possibilities of enhancing innovation activity are a new direction of scientific thought. To introduce innovations at industrial enterprises, it is necessary to develop a methodology for determining the socio-economic efficiency of new technology, managing scientific and technological progress and efficiency. Innovative development path requires activation industrial activities at the level of economic entities - this is the creation of appropriate scientific and technical developments, investments. To start introducing innovations in the conditions of industrial activity, it is necessary to consider the following factors:
- * considering innovation as continuous process;
- * focus on the controllability of the process, i.e. the ability to influence him;
- * the presence of general dependencies between certain factors and conditions of innovation at the level of an industrial enterprise.
The main task of the modern socio-economic development of a manufacturing enterprise is to enter an innovative trajectory, to maximize the use of fundamentally new growth factors. This approach will make it possible to reorganize enterprises on the basis of science-intensive production. In order to select the most effective tools for managing the innovative activity of an enterprise and assessing the innovative potential, it is necessary to develop ways to increase innovative activity at enterprises in the industrial sector. This will increase the competitiveness of the enterprise, quickly identify internal opportunities for innovation, discover hidden reserves for the development of the organization in order to increase its efficiency. commercial activities. To implement an innovation strategy at industrial enterprises, it is necessary to improve existing and search for new methodological approaches to the organization of innovation activities at an enterprise, taking into account the state of external and internal environment, the current conjuncture and tasks of the strategic development of the economy in the market.
To adapt innovative programs, it is necessary to analyze the system of innovation management of industrial enterprises, to determine the trends in the development of innovative activity in Russian conditions. In addition, it is necessary to develop an algorithm for organizing innovation activity on industrial enterprise, create a model of the innovation process, develop a program for innovation management. To create an effective model for introducing innovations in a manufacturing enterprise, it is necessary to evaluate such indicators as: competitiveness, performance, source of occurrence, source of financing, degree of risk, source of creation, costs. A method for rational distribution of enterprise funds is also needed to plan the implementation of innovative projects.
The integrated innovation process model will reduce the time it takes to develop and bring an innovation to the market, as well as increase the efficiency of this process. Methodology effective management innovative activity at an industrial enterprise should contain an evaluation system of indicators of the effectiveness of the organization of innovative activity.
In today's market conditions, ensuring the innovative orientation of industrial enterprises will increase the consumption of manufactured products and help the balance and efficiency of the functioning of markets as a whole. With this approach, innovation can be considered the key to sustainable economic development.
The introduction of innovations can be highly risky only for those manufacturing enterprises that do not have a well-thought-out and developed model and methodology for introducing innovative development programs. The key to successful implementation and organization model of innovative activity of the enterprise and the innovative process can be the restructuring of the industrial enterprise.
Restructuring at the enterprises of the industrial sector can be a process of complex change in the methods and conditions of the company's functioning in accordance with external market conditions and its development strategy. As a tool for improving innovation, restructuring can affect innovation process production of new products and operations, their implementation, promotion and distribution. However, restructuring is a complex economic process and should be carried out taking into account all external economic factors in the development of an enterprise in the industrial sector.
Making a decision on improving the innovative activity of an enterprise, including improving the model of its organization and developing a model of a comprehensive innovation process, requires an assessment of the economic efficiency of the measures taken. To determine the effectiveness, it is necessary to develop a methodology for determining the quality of the innovative activity of an industrial enterprise as a balanced scorecard.
The system of indicators of innovative activity will help the enterprise to analyze its ability to innovate, the quality of this work, the innovative activity of the enterprise, the competitiveness of products.
Thus, the system of innovation indicators creates a basis for making managerial decisions, expressing the strategic interests of the enterprise and motivating staff to take initiative. It should also be taken into account that even the most perfect system of indicators is vulnerable to the influence of internal factors of staff susceptibility to innovation. An analysis of industrial enterprises that successfully carry out innovative activities shows that the basis for success is a well-organized mechanism for introducing innovative processes.
The condition for the introduction of innovations is the presence effective system marketing and sales, which connects the enterprise with end consumers in terms of the quality of the goods produced. Innovation comes from new knowledge, and customers want new benefits. Thus, a correctly implemented innovation policy by an industrial enterprise increases its competitiveness in the market. The intensity of the innovative activity of the enterprise determines more competitive advantages for it.
The innovative activity of an enterprise is characterized by the efficiency and regularity of innovations, the dynamics of actions to create and implement innovations. The higher the innovative activity of the enterprise, the more expedient its functioning and existence. Thus, innovative activity as a measure of the intensity of innovation in an enterprise is a modern strategic characteristic of its effectiveness. The use of innovation will help industrial enterprises accelerate their growth, develop new markets, and create new jobs.
The main source of financing of innovation activity at industrial enterprises are financial resources. In this case, the basis of the financial and economic problem is the lack of own Money. The lack of own funds, which are the main source of innovation financing, leads to the problem of developing the production and technological base. However, one of the main problems of introducing innovations is not a financial and economic problem, but the management of innovative processes, the lack of the ability to organize their development and implementation. The manager's qualification becomes the most important factor in ensuring the effectiveness of the innovation process. Properly chosen structure allows the enterprise to provide full time personnel, flexibility in the use of resources and compliance with market requirements.
Thus, it is necessary to reorganize the management system of innovative activity of the enterprise. Managing such activities is much more difficult than the current, repetitive production. It is necessary to improve the model of organization of innovation activity. For this, an industrial enterprise needs to go through several stages:
- * selection and implementation of the innovative strategy of the enterprise, which is based on material, technical, financial, personnel, information and other types of resources;
- * an integrated approach for an industrial enterprise;
- * to distribute the risk, it is necessary to form an innovative portfolio, create an innovative enterprise program and constantly redistribute funds from completed innovative projects to those under development.
Approaches to the modeling of the innovation process require careful development of an innovation policy model and a strategy for its implementation as an object of management and a means of long-term development of production in different periods of time. A comprehensive innovation process at a manufacturing enterprise will allow us to evaluate the market, scientific, technical, production and financial prospects of innovation. In addition, to unite responsibility between the executors of the innovation project. It is also necessary to have a managerial understanding that innovations are strategic, since all further activities of the enterprise depend on them. For the successful implementation and subsequent functioning of an improved model for organizing the innovative activity of an enterprise and the developed model of a complex innovative process, it is required to improve the innovative activity of an enterprise. Also, the decision to introduce innovations at an industrial enterprise, including the decision to improve the model of its organization, requires an assessment of the economic efficiency of the measures taken. For this, it is necessary to develop a methodology for determining the effectiveness of the innovative activity of an industrial enterprise as an evaluation system of indicators.
Enterprises use various approaches to measure their innovative activity, some of them have a holistic system of indicators of innovation activity, which is combined with the strategic interests of the enterprise. Most often, the evaluation of the effectiveness of innovations in industrial enterprises is carried out using "classic" financial indicators. However, the system of indicators of innovation activity should also include not only financial, but also qualitative indicators, the dynamics of changes of which will help to identify problems in the innovation management system in time and take measures before the onset of the crisis. The system should become part of the internal corporate system of indicators and be periodically reviewed taking into account changes in the environment of the enterprise. To effectively evaluate indicators, you can use a balanced scorecard to evaluate the innovative activity of an enterprise. Balanced system indicators includes several economic indicators and can be used in any industrial enterprise engaged in innovative activities.
This system of indicators will help the enterprise to analyze its ability to innovate, the quality of this work, and will also allow to evaluate the innovative activity of the enterprise, the competitiveness of products. Thus, the application of an integrated approach to introducing innovations at enterprises in the industrial sector will lead to the dynamic development of the enterprise, strengthening competitiveness, and strengthening the marketing policy.
The specific content of innovation is change, and the main function of innovation is the function of change.
In the world economic literature, innovation is the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into real, embodied in new products and technologies.
The terms "innovation", "innovative activity", "innovative process" have replaced the concept of "scientific and technological progress".
There are different views on innovation.
B. Twiss defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content.
The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter in 1911 identified 5 typical changes:
Use of new equipment, new technological processes or new market support for production;
Introduction of products with new properties;
Use of new raw materials;
Changes in the organization of production and its logistics;
Emergence of new markets.
Already later in 1930, I. Schumpeter introduced the concept of "innovation", defining it as a change with the aim of introducing new consumer goods, new production and vehicles, markets and forms of organization in industry.
Innovation - innovation as a result of practical or scientific and technical development of innovation.
Innovation is a specific result of the development of a new scientific idea, which differs from the previously used qualitative characteristics, which make it possible to increase production efficiency.
The purpose of innovation is the direct satisfaction of human needs for products, services, processes of a higher quality level.
The concept of "innovation" is identical in meaning to the term "innovation", which is seen as a developing complex process of creating, implementing, distributing and using innovation, contributing to the development and improvement of the effectiveness of innovation.
An innovation is an object that is not just introduced into production, but successfully implemented and profitable.
Thus, if innovation (innovation) is new order, a new method, a new phenomenon, a new custom, etc., then innovation (innovation) is the introduction of a new or the process of using an innovation. An innovation becomes an innovation from the moment it is accepted for implementation. The practical use of innovation from the moment of its technological development in production and large-scale distribution as new products and services is an innovation.
The process of introducing an innovation to the market is called the commercialization process. The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation is called the innovation lag .
Innovation is defined as the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.
Innovations have the following properties:
Scientific and technical novelty;
industrial applicability;
Commercial feasibility.
The last property of innovation is potential, i.e. certain efforts are needed to achieve it. A variety of conditions and factors in which innovative activity is carried out leads to the fact that each introduction of innovations is unique. Therefore, there are many classifications of innovations and, accordingly, the subjects of innovation activity. Innovations and innovations, first of all, are divided into scientific and technical, technological, economic and organizational. Actually, most authors distinguish the following types of innovations:
1. innovation - products that are the results of creative research processes in the form of new products (techniques, technologies, raw materials, methods, techniques, etc.) introduced in production;
2. innovation - processes as sequential "procedures" for the introduction of new products, principles, methods to replace those previously used;
3. social innovation – this is a change in habitual thinking and lifestyle, introducing dynamism into a “sustainable” economic order (according to P. Drucker).
They classify innovations according to various criteria: scope, level of novelty, needs of different user groups, etc.
Russian scientists, in particular, Yu.V. Yakovets identifies four types of innovation in terms of the cyclical development of technology:
The largest basic innovations that implement the largest inventions and become the basis of the scientific and technological revolution;
The largest innovations form new generations of technology within this area;
Medium innovations implement the same level of invention and serve as the basis for creating new models and modifications of this generation of technology, replacing outdated models with more efficient ones or expanding the scope of this generation;
Minor innovations improve individual production or consumer parameters of produced models of equipment based on the use of small inventions, which contributes either to more efficient production of these models or to an increase in the efficiency of their use.
Domestic researchers N.M. Makarkin and L.V. Shaborkin, depending on the level of novelty of changes, distinguish basic (or radical), improving (or modifying) innovations and pseudo-innovations. Basic innovations implement any new technical principle for the first time. They form the basis for the emergence of a new generation of technology, and, consequently, new industries, activities and markets. Improving innovations are, as it were, secondary to the basic ones, appear after them and reflect the possibilities for rationalizing innovations (for example, within the existing generation of technology, machine systems in accordance with specific operating conditions, consumer requirements). Pseudo-innovations are characterized by very slight, minimal differences in the parameters of “new” products, which, as a rule, arise under the influence of fashion, “public sentiments”, and not as a result of production and technical needs.
The original classification of innovations was given by A.I. Prigozhin, who shared innovation:
By type of innovation: logistical and social, economic, organizational and managerial, legal and pedagogical;
According to the implementation mechanism: single, diffusion, completed and incomplete, successful and unsuccessful;
By innovative potential: radical, combined, modifying;
According to the features of the innovation process: intra-organizational, inter-organizational;
By efficiency: production and management efficiency, improvement of working conditions, etc.
The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations. There are three forms of organization of the innovation process:
Simple (natural) - consists in the intraorganizational creation and use of innovation within the same organization;
Simple inter-organizational, when an innovation is bought by its manufacturer;
Extended innovation process - manifested in the creation of new producers for innovation and in violation of the monopoly on it.
A simple innovative process turns into a commercial one in 2 phases: 1) the creation of an innovation and its distribution; 2) diffusion of innovation.
The first phase is research and development, development work, pilot production, marketing, organization of commercial production.
The second phase is production and implementation.
The process by which an innovation is communicated through communication channels between members social system over time is called the diffusion of innovation. As a result of diffusion, the number of producers and consumers increases. The continuity of the diffusion of innovation determines the speed and boundaries of the diffusion of innovations in market economy. The diffusion rate of an innovation depends on:
Forms of decision making;
Method of information transfer;
properties of the social system, as well as the innovation itself.
The participants of the innovation process are:
Innovators are generators of scientific and technical knowledge, individual inventors or research organizations.
Early recipients are entrepreneurs who are the first to master the innovation and ensure its fastest promotion to the market.
The early majority are the first to introduce the innovation into production and receive additional profit.
Lagging firms are firms that are obsolete.
All but the first are imitators.
To ensure the effectiveness of the innovation process in the enterprise, it must be managed. Management of the innovation process or innovation management is a set of principles, methods, forms of management of the innovation process of innovation activity, organizational structures and personnel engaged in this activity.
The innovation process includes the following steps:
Setting goals and choosing a strategy;
Planning, which includes several stages: drawing up a plan for the implementation of the strategy; determining the need for resources and setting the task; conducting research and developing a strategy implementation plan; control, analysis, corrective actions;
Creation of an effective structure for managing innovation activities;
Motivation of participants in the innovation process.
The choice of strategy is the key to the success of the innovative activity of the enterprise and the most important component of innovative management. The strategy is an interconnected set of actions aimed at strengthening the viability of a given enterprise in relation to competitors. In order for an enterprise to be competitive, it is necessary to anticipate and plan for possible changes. The development of innovative strategies is based on the theory of the product life cycle.
There are the following types of innovation strategies:
Offensive - for enterprises basing their activities on the principles of entrepreneurial competition. It is selected by small innovative organizations;
Defensive - for organizations holding a competitive position in the market; this strategy requires intensive research and development;
Imitation - used by organizations with strong market and technological positions that are not pioneers in the release of certain innovations.
Innovation strategies can also be divided into stages of the innovation life cycle:
birth - appearance new system inside the old maternal;
Birth is the actual emergence of a new system;
Approval - the emergence of a mature, mature competitive system;
Stabilization - the entry of the system into a period when it exhausts its potential;
Simplification is a tipping point at the beginning of a system's decline;
The fall is the fall of the majority significant indicators life;
Exodus is a turning point, characterized by the end of the life of the system.
Innovation planning is a system of calculations aimed at choosing and justifying the goals of the development of the innovation process, and preparing the decisions necessary for their unconditional implementation.
Innovation planning is based on the following principles:
Scientific validity of planning, i.e. application modern technologies, modern procedures and methods for the implementation of innovative processes;
The principle of dominance of strategic aspects of planning;
The complexity of planning, i.e. coverage of all aspects of planning and areas, as well as budgetary balance;
Flexibility and elasticity of innovation planning, responsive to the manifestation of random factors of strong and weaknesses;
Continuity of rolling scheduling concepts.
Innovation planning in organizations has the following types:
Product-thematic planning - used in the formation of promising areas of R&D;
Technical and economic planning - based on the calculation of labor, material and financial resources and the economic efficiency of the organization;
Volumetric scheduling - provides calculation of the load of production units.
The goals of innovative planning must be realistic, consistent, clear, ranked, targeted and relevant.
Innovative activity of the enterprise is one of the main conditions for maintaining its competitiveness. This activity is aimed at bringing scientific and technical ideas, inventions, developments to a result suitable for implementation in the practical activities of the enterprise.
Thus, innovation activity includes all types of scientific activity - design, technological and experimental developments, activities for the development of innovations in production and for their consumers - the implementation of innovations.
Questions
1. What is an innovation process?
2. Determine the content of the innovation.
3. Determine the main stages of the innovation process and their content.
4. What is the main purpose of innovation?
5. Is the concept of "innovation" different from the concept of "innovation"?
6. What is the main difference between innovation and novelty?
7. What are the main stages and characteristics of the innovation life cycle?
8. What does innovation include according to the definition of I. Schumpeter?
9. What classifications of Russian scientists do you know?
10. What are the main factors in the development of the investment market and their impact on innovation.
11. What is the place of innovation activity in the innovation process?
12. What is the essence of scientific, scientific-technical, innovative activity and marketing in the innovation process?
13. What is the essence of the strategy of active state intervention in scientific and innovative activities?
14. What is the essence of the strategy of decentralized regulation of scientific and innovative activities?
15. What is meant by the process of commercialization of an innovation?
Tasks
1. The company is considering whether it is worth investing 1,500 thousand rubles in the project, which in two years will bring 2,000 thousand rubles. It was decided to invest money on the condition that the annual income from this investment will be at least 10%. What should be the final conclusion?
2. The company decides whether it is worth investing 1800 thousand rubles. into a project that can give additional profit (excluding depreciation):
| in the first year | 1000 thousand rubles |
| in the second year | 2000 thousand rubles |
| in the third year | 3000 thousand rub. |
Interest on capital is 10% (otherwise, the company needs a return on investment of at least 10%).
3. The project provides for capital investments in the amount of 2,000 thousand rubles. Expected annual profit 5000 thousand rubles. within 6 years (excluding depreciation). The cost of capital is 12%. Is this project profitable?
4. The project provides for capital investments in the amount of 5,000 thousand rubles. Expected annual profit (excluding depreciation) 1200 thousand rubles. Interest on capital amounted to 10%. Is the project profitable if its duration is 5 years?
5. The company is considering two proposals. The initial costs and cash receipts are as follows (in thousand rubles):
| Year | Project A | Project B |
Dividend return 10%. Only one of the two projects can be implemented. Calculate for each of the two projects the net present value, discounted cash flow yield, analyze the calculation results and select the most profitable project.
6. The company is considering whether to invest in a machine that costs 8,000 rubles. The machine will increase the annual volume of sales by 10,000 thousand rubles. (at constant prices) for two years. Material and labor costs amount to 5,000 thousand rubles. The real rate of return is 10%. The expected headline inflation, corresponding to the retail price index, is 10% per annum.
If the project is implemented, sales prices will increase by only 5% per year, while material and labor costs will increase by 20% per year. Determine the net present value of the project.
7. Investors offer the entrepreneur three projects for a five-year period:
The interest rate is assumed to be stable for 5 years and is equal to 20% per annum. Determine the most effective project. How much more efficient is it compared to other projects?
8. An innovative project for the production and sale of goods has the following indicators:
Calculate the balance of income and expenses for this product. Determine the month and decade when the project will start to make a profit.
9. It is assumed that the total profit of an innovative company after taxes will increase from 0 after two years of operation to 20,000 thousand rubles. after five years of work and investment. The company has been operating for four years. It is assumed that in five years the price of one share on the stock exchange will be equal to 3200 rubles, and the annual profit brought to the investor by one share will be equal to 800 rubles.
The founders-innovators decided to sell the enterprise after a five-year period from the moment of its creation. What will be the value of this venture company?
10. The initial data of the business plan for determining the threshold of profitability are as follows:
It is supposed to produce 2500 units of goods. Determine the profitability threshold for sales proceeds, the threshold number of goods produced, the mass of profit that can be obtained as a result of the project.
11. It is required to make a decision on choosing the best option for solving the same amount of capital. In the first variant, the capital makes 20 turnovers per year, the profitability of the produced and sold goods is 20%. According to the second option, the capital makes 26 turnovers per year, the profitability is 18%. The choice is made according to the criterion of the maximum rate of return on capital.
Tests
1. "Innovation" and "Innovation" - the same concepts or different?
2. Among the presented lists of types of innovations, choose the correct one:
a) the emergence of innovation, implementation, development, investment;
b) production of a new product, development of a new market, introduction of a new method, organizational innovation;
c) the production of a new product, the distribution of profits, the sale of goods in a new market, competitive leadership;
d) production of a new product, development of production capacities, opening a new market for the consumer.
3. The innovative strategy of a venture firm consists of:
a) risk minimization;
b) transfer of their developments to explerents, patients, violets and commutators;
4. The introduction of a new or the process of using an innovation is:
a) innovation;
b) innovation
c) innovation
d) innovation.
5. The information process, the form and speed of which depend on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by an economic entity, is a process:
a) dissemination of innovation;
b) information penetration;
c) diffusion of information.
6. The indispensable properties of innovation are:
a) scientific and technical novelty;
b) industrial applicability;
c) economic efficiency;
d) commercial feasibility.
7. A simple innovation process turns into a commercial one through the following phases:
a) the creation of innovation and its dissemination;
b) diffusion of innovation;
c) implementation of innovation;
d) commercialization of innovation.
8. Entrepreneurs who first mastered the innovation are:
a) innovators
b) early recipients;
c) violets.
9. Research not directly related to the solution of specific applied problems is called:
a) theoretical;
b) fundamental.
10. Firms operating at the stages of growth and saturation of inventive activity and still remaining at the already declining activity of scientific research are called:
a) venture capital;
b) risky;
c) pioneer;
d) commutators;
e) patients.
11. What phases of the product life cycle does the innovation strategy take into account:
a) origin;
b) approval;
c) conquest;
d) stabilization;
e) strengthening;
e) simplification;
g) fall;
i) destructuring.
12. The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation is called:
a) an innovative period;
b) innovation lag;
c) an innovative step.
13. From the point of view of the cyclical development of technology, innovations are divided into:
a) the largest basic, large, medium and small;
b) large, medium and small;
c) radical, ordinary.
14. Is innovation activity mandatory for a developing enterprise?
c) in some cases.
15. The source of financial investments in the innovative activity of the enterprise can be:
a) own funds;
b) borrowed funds;
c) savings;
d) profit;
d) depreciation.
Conclusion
The study of the discipline "Economics of an enterprise (organization)" showed that in a market economy it is really of great importance, since the enterprise acts as the main subject of economic activity, combining diverse types of resources: material, financial, human, technical, information. These resources in the process of using the appropriate technology are converted into a finished product (service), by implementing which the enterprise should make a profit.
Making a profit is the main goal of the activity commercial enterprise(organization) in market conditions. In order for an enterprise to make a profit as a result of its activities, it is necessary to effectively manage production resources, it is important to know their essence, classification, units of measurement, indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of their use, how they are interconnected with each other, since the increase in production efficiency is due to an increase in the return of the resources used.
At the same time, an integral type of activity modern enterprise that allows it to survive in the face of increasing competition is innovation. This type of activity allows the enterprise to improve the quality and competitiveness of its products (services), and in the future will ensure high financial results of its activities.
All this should be understood and mastered by students when working with this study guide.
