Municipal budgetary educational institution"Secondary school in the village. Ust-Omchug" XIV SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "WE AND THE WORLD OF BIG PROBLEMS" Title of work (type creative work)
6 Contents (table of contents) Includes an introduction, titles of all sections, subsections, paragraphs and a conclusion indicating the numbers of the initial pages. The wording of the table of contents should exactly repeat the headings of chapters and subchapters, paragraphs in the text, be concise and understandable. Pages should be arranged in the following order: Title page (page 1) Table of contents (page 2) Introduction (justification of the chosen topic) Main body Conclusion (conclusions) List of information resources used Applications (if any)
The table of contents (work plan) is placed on page 2, where all the headings of the work are indicated and the pages from which they begin The plan can be simple or complex The plan must contain paragraphs - introduction, main body, conclusion and bibliographic list Each paragraph of the plan has its own page Sheet with the plan is not numbered, but is considered page 2
Research work: (design-research, abstract-research) I. Introduction 1. Relevance and research problem 2. Hypothesis. Target. Tasks 3. Object and subject of research. Novelty 4. Research methods and sources of information used II. Main part. Title of work 1. (Stages and course of research ………). 2. ………………………………………..: a). ……………………. ; b). ……………………..; V). ……………………... III. Conclusion 1. The results of the study, their significance 2. Conclusions. Perspectives IV. List of Information Resources Used V. Applications
Project work I. The main idea and design of the project II. Relevance (you can specify the problem, hypothesis - if any) III. Stages of project development, types of work at each stage (you can specify the purpose and objectives of the stages - if any) 1.……….. 2.……….. IV. Distribution of roles and positions in the project V. Resources VI. Results of the project implementation VII. List of used information resources (if any) VIII. Annexes (if any) The type of work has its own work plan
Author's work: 1. The main idea of this work 2. Stages of work on the implementation of the creative idea: a). ………..; b). …………. 1. Results of the work 2. Appendix (creative developments can be attached to the text: video materials, drawings, sketches, working materials, etc.)
11 Introduction The section should contain a statement of the problem within the framework of the chosen topic and justification for the choice of the problem and topic. The introduction gives a brief description of the topic under study, substantiates its relevance, the author's personal interest in its study, notes the practical significance of studying this issue, where it can be used. It also lists the specific tasks to be solved in accordance with the goal. The volume of the introduction is approximately 1/10 of the total volume of work. The introduction is a crucial part of the work, a kind of business card. But full text it is better to write the introductions after the work on the main part is completed, when the results of the work will be clearly visible.
Theme is the definition of the essence. In order to formulate a topic, it is necessary, first of all, to identify the problem, to determine the object and subject of research. A problem is a statement of a question that needs to be solved, to study what has not been studied. Problems (example) usually consist in identifying new or unknown persons, relatives, the facts of their biographies, creating (restoring) the pedigree of one's own or another person, etc.
The object of research is a process or phenomenon that generates a problem situation and is chosen for study. The subject of research is within the boundaries of the object, is its side, aspect or point of view. The subject of the study may be the study of the fate of a real person, a specific pedigree, family tree kind.
The purpose of the study is its final result, the solution of a scientific problem, which should eventually be reached (noun) The formulation of the research objectives is necessary to specify the purpose of the study (verbs) common problem, the solution of which leads to the solution of the problem itself
Written (printed and handwritten: books, magazines, newspapers, memoirs, personal and public documents, etc.), - pictorial (photographs, drawings, posters, geographic Maps and others), - material (household items, handicrafts, family relics, etc.), - oral (conversations, interviews, etc.), - technotronic (audiovisual, video-visual, multimedia or computer), - complex (items containing elements of sources different types). Research sources
Research methods are the methods, techniques by which research is carried out. They consist in the possibility of applying old knowledge to obtain new knowledge. 1. Accumulation of scientific material: study of literature and sources; familiarization with the history and theory of the issue, achievements in related fields; consultation; observation. 2. Understanding the collected material: comparison; measurement; analysis and synthesis; generalization; analogy; modeling. 3. Verification and clarification of facts: criticism; clarification of the conclusions drawn, adjustment; the discussion of the results; experiment, test in practice.
17 Language clichés used in the introduction: Topic The work (research, project, abstract) is devoted to the topic, problem, current issue ... The work (...) is devoted to the characteristics of the problem ... The topic of the work (...) is ... In the work (...) ... is considered (what? ), it is said (about what?), An assessment is given, analysis (of what?), Generalized (what?), A point of view is presented (on what?), etc. And also, for example, such verbs are used: study ... identify ... install… etc.
19 The relevance of the topic (problem) to which the work is devoted (research, project, abstract) This topic(problem) is of particular relevance, since ... This topic (problem) is extremely relevant in recent years (at the present stage) ... This topic (problem) attracts the attention of many scientists (critics, teachers, etc.) acquires a theme (what?) ...
21 Main part This section should cover the topic. In the main part, usually divided into chapters, it is necessary to disclose all the points of the drawn up plan, to coherently present the accumulated and analyzed material. The essence of the problem, different points of view on it, the own position of the author of the study are stated. It is important to ensure that the main idea put forward in the introduction permeates the entire work, and all material is aimed at revealing the main tasks. Each section of the main part should open with a specific task and end with brief conclusions.
23 Footnotes are inline, sublinear and beyond text. Intratext Intratext footnotes are an inseparable part of the main text. For example, "In a famous book ...". Footnotes Footnotes are placed under the line at the bottom of the page indicating the number of the footnote or some icon. Out-of-text Out-of-text footnotes are placed outside the text of the entire abstract or part of it, in which case they should be numbered through (through the entire work). An abbreviated version of the footnote is allowed, for example: . This means that the quote is taken from page 15 of the source, which is number 7 in the list of sources and references.
24 Conclusion In the conclusion, the results of the entire work are summed up, conclusions are summarized that contain clear answers to the questions posed for the purpose of the study, own generalizations are made (sometimes taking into account different points of view on the problem presented), new things that have been obtained as a result of work on this topic are noted . The conclusion should not exceed the length of the introduction. Should be avoided common mistakes: passion for secondary material, avoidance of the problem, categorical and variegated presentation, poor or too scientific language, inaccurate citation, lack of references to the source.
25 Language clichés used in the conclusion: The author comes to the conclusion that... In conclusion, we can say... Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that... The analysis of the literature allowed us to identify the most reasonable point of view (which one?) From all that has been said, it follows that the most conclusive is the opinion (whose?). On the basis of these data, we accept the point of view (what?), etc.
26 List of information resources The list of used information resources is being completed. It records only those sources with which the author of the work (research, project, abstract) worked. The list is compiled in alphabetical order by the names of authors or titles of books. If there are several works by the same author, their titles are arranged according to the year of publication. If separate pages from the book were involved, they are indicated. Foreign sources (published in a foreign language) are listed at the end of the entire list.
27 The list of literature used to write the work (...) is compiled according to next rule: -Ordinal number of the literary source. - Surname, initials of the author. - The full title of the book (without quotes, except if the title is a quote). - Type of publication (Text, art production, electronic edition etc.). - Place (city) of publication. - Publisher. - Year of publication - a number without the letter "g." - The number of pages (or other information about the volume of the publication, corresponding to its type).
28 An article from the collection is written as follows: - Serial number of the source. - Surname, initials of the author. - Title of the article [Type of publication] // Title of the collection: Subtitle / Editor. Compiled. - Place (city) of publication. - The year of publishing. An article from a magazine or newspaper: - The serial number of the source. - Surname, initials of the author. - Title of the article [Type of publication] // Name of the journal. -Year of issue. - Issue number. - Article pages.
29 For example: Books: 1.Vorontsov, G.A. Fundamentals of library science and work with the book [Text]: Uchebn. guide for teachers and students cf. specialist. uch. establishments. -M.: graduate School, With. 2. Lvov, Yu.A. Fundamentals of economics and business organization [Text]. SPb.: GMP "Formika", p. 3. Organization and methodology of business meetings: Tutorial. [Text]. Kyiv: MAUP, From the encyclopedia: Gvozdetsky, N.A. Elbrus [Text] // TSB 3rd ed. - -M: T.30. P.151.
30 Journal: 1. Alexandrova, Z. Legal regulation labor of civil servants [Text] // Russian language and literature in secondary educational institutions Ukrainian SSR P. 16 – Semyonov, Yu. 21. P.24 - 32; 22, pp. 24–31; 23. P.24–31; 24. P.24–32.
32 For example: For example: 1. Web document: Smolnikova I.A. Working abstract for introducing information technologies at school. Center "Informatics". [ Electronic resource] 2. Teleconference: Rozina I.N. Questions for teachers providing distance learning using computer telecommunications in Russia and the USA. January 7 GROUP issue.offline, ART 629 (18 atdhfkz 1999). 3. Electronic resource on CD: Art Encyclopedia of Foreign Classical Art [Electronic resource]. Electron. text, graphic, sound Dan. and applied prog. (546 MB). Moscow: Bolshaya Ros. encycle. [and others], electron. opt. disk (CD-ROM): sound, color, 12 cm + hands. user (1 sheet) + postcard (1 sheet).
33 Appendices Appendices to the abstract allow you to raise the level of work, more fully reveal the topic. Applications may include: copies of documents (with the indication "photocopied from ..." or "redrawn from ..."), graphics, tables, photographs, charts, diagrams, etc. Applications are located at the end of the abstract. The application must have a title or an explanatory caption and the type of attached information - diagram, list, table, etc. The source is also reported, from where the materials that served as the basis for compiling the appendix were taken (the literary source must be included in the list of references). Each appendix begins on a new sheet, numbered so that it can be referred to in the text using parentheses, for example: (Appendix 5). The pages on which the appendices are given continue the general numbering of the text, but are not included in the total volume of the abstract.
34 Systematization of material in tabular form A table is used if it is necessary to systematize digital or textual material in the form of columns (columns), or to highlight various parameters. Basic elements of a table A table can have a title. It is performed lower case(except for the first capital) and placed above the table. The title should fully reflect the content of the table. Headings of the columns of the table begin with capital letters, subheadings - with lowercase letters, if they make up one sentence with the heading of the column. Subheadings that have independent meaning are capitalized. Do not put dots at the end of headings and subheadings. The main word of the heading is put in the singular. Headings and subheadings of the graph are performed at one interval.
35 Design of illustrations Illustrations include graphs, diagrams, diagrams, drawings, photographs, etc. Each type of illustration must have a name consisting of the following parts placed under the illustration: 1. Conventional abbreviated name "Fig.". 2. Serial number within the work, denoted Arabic numerals no sign. 3. The name of the illustration, reflecting its main content. For example, Fig.3. Scheme of the management structure of Berkut OJSC. If necessary, illustrations are provided with explanatory data (figure text). If only one illustration is given, then it is not numbered and the word "Fig." do not write. Usually illustrations are placed after their first mention in the text.
36 Requirements for the design of the work Pages of the text and applications of the abstract must comply with the A4 format (210x297). The volume of work should not exceed 20 - 25 pages of printed text (without attachments). If there are applications, the volume of the abstract can be extended to pages. For text made on a computer, font size 12-14, Times New Roman, normal; line spacing 1.5-2; margins: left 30 mm, right 10 mm, top 20 mm, bottom 20 mm. Text is printed on one side of the page; footnotes and notes are printed on the same page they refer to (with 1 spacing, in a smaller font than the text).
37 All pages are numbered starting from the title page; the digit of the page number is often placed at the top center of the page; The title page and the table of contents do not have a page number. Each new section (introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of sources, applications) starts on a new page. The distance between the section title (chapter and paragraph headings) and the following text should be equal to three intervals. The heading is located in the middle of the line, do not put a dot at the end of the heading. Heading hyphens are not allowed.
1. The texts of the works must be verified in terms of lexical and stylistic literacy. 2. It is necessary to check the historical dates and facts mentioned in the text in reference books and encyclopedias; surnames, names and patronymics, dates of life individuals; use complex scientific words and expressions correctly. 3. When using special terms and concepts, it is not necessary to provide a dictionary at the end of the work, but it is necessary to use professional vocabulary only if the author of the work fully understands it. 4. Applications to work must be annotated. (captions for photographs, diagrams, maps, memoirs, interviews, reproductions, illustrations, etc.) Text requirements
5. When quoting individual statements, different points of view, memoirs, records of conversations, etc. it is necessary to correctly and accurately draw up footnotes to the source. 6. When using any other information carrier (video recording, audio cassette, letter, picture, copy, certificate, etc.), it is necessary to indicate where this primary source is stored (museum, archive indicating the fund and other output data). 7. Be sure to indicate the full list of sources on the basis of which the this work. 8. Be sure to indicate the list of local history and scientific literature used in this work. At the same time, it is important to competently, according to the accepted this moment bibliographic rules (GOSTs).
40 Criteria for evaluating work Criteria for evaluating work can be both general and particular. The general criteria include the following: correspondence of the work to the topic, depth and completeness of the disclosure of the topic, adequacy of the transmission of the primary source, consistency, coherence, evidence, structural order (presence of an introduction, main part, conclusion, their optimal ratio), design (presence of a plan, a list of information sources, citation culture, footnotes, etc.); linguistic correctness.
41 Particular criteria Refer to specific structural parts of the work: introduction, main part, conclusion. Criteria for assessing the introduction: 1. Criteria for assessing the introduction: the existence of a justification for the choice of topic, its relevance; the presence of formulated problems, hypotheses, goals and objectives of the work, the object and subject of research, novelty. Availability brief description primary sources.
42 Criteria for evaluating the main part: structuring the material into sections, paragraphs, paragraphs; the presence of headings to parts of the text and their successful wording; problematic and versatility in the presentation of the material, highlighting the main concepts and terms in the text, their interpretation, the presence of examples illustrating theoretical positions.
44 Information resources 1. Vorontsov, G.A. Abstract work. [Text]. Rostov n/a: Publishing Center "Mart", p. 2. GOST "Abstract and Abstract" 3. Kalmykova, I.R. Abstract as a form of oral final assessment of students in grades 9 and 11 [Text]. // Education in a modern school C Interstate standard “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and drafting rules” [Text] Abstract (preparation, execution and defense procedure) [Text]. //Practice administrative work at Rozin's school, I.N. Registration of bibliographic references to electronic information resources. Rostov State Pedagogical University. [Electronic resource]. 7. Shilova, O.N., Lebedeva, M.B. How to develop an effective teaching and learning package using information technologies. [Text]. Moscow: Intuit.ru, p.
A school project is one way to ensure student development. These activities are required for students. Often, high school students pass exams in exactly what allows them to better assess their knowledge and ability to absorb information.
Why are these assignments needed?
Interesting topics for projects are the opportunity for a student to develop his abilities, to believe in himself as a student. After all, often children choose for themselves such topics for research work that captivate them. Thus, in the design process, the independence of the student increases, he forms a strong motivation for further education. He also learns to properly conduct a discussion, to argue his point of view. Work on the project allows the student to combine lesson and extracurricular activities.
Topics for Middle and Junior School
Interesting topics for projects are a guarantee that the work will be exciting for the student. If the project is research, it must include elements of scientific work - a hypothesis, its verification, laboratory research, analysis of the results obtained at the output. For example, the topic chosen was about growing beans at home. The student can prepare in advance - read desired material in natural history; conduct an experiment - germinate beans; take photos of the plant at each stage. Next interesting topics The project is suitable for students of middle and lower grades:
- Cars of the past and modern.
- About how dinosaurs lived. Estimated options for their death.
- My favourite dog.
- Professions that every student dreams of.
- Color in human life.
- Cartoons and their role in the life of kids.
- Aquarium and its amazing inhabitants.
- How to grow a crystal yourself?
- Peculiarities healthy lifestyle life.
- Sports in my family.
- Ancient fun in Rus'.
- Man's exploration of outer space.
- History of music and musical instruments.
- Robots of the future.
- Features of the life of bees.
- The most beautiful legends about flowers.
- The history of money - from antiquity to the present.
- Tea and coffee. History, legends, traditions.
- Growing beans at home.
Topics that will arouse interest among the school audience
There are many areas that could be of interest. It could be gadgets, various products, questions of love and friendship. The following interesting topics for the project will not leave the school audience indifferent:
- Emoticons in messages. History, features of use.
- The brightest and most unusual advertising.
- What do young people think about family life?
- Is Barbie the standard for female attractiveness?
- The problem of cleanliness in public places.
- Why do I need to turn off my phone during a flight?
- Anglicisms in modern speech.
- Horoscopes and astrology - truth or myth?
- How to achieve prosperity?
- What does a person need to achieve emotional balance?
- The principle of operation of the microwave.
- How to develop logical thinking?
- Is chewing gum good?
- Lies: causes and consequences. Why do people lie to each other?
- How to become a photographer?
- How 3D cinema glasses work.
- Does the pace of the speaker's speech affect the perception of the report by the audience?
- Crib - helper or enemy?
- Why is everyone learning English?
- Do our little brothers understand speech?
- Tea traditions of China.
- What is a person: good or evil? Examples from history and life.
- Stress and disease - is there a connection? What are psychosomatic illnesses?
- How to forgive a person? Does it need to be done?
- "Leopold's cats" in modern society.
Topical topics for the preparation of projects on Russian literature
One of the most interesting works for many students will be literary project. Its problems should be selected in accordance with the knowledge and level of training of the student. The topic of a literature project can be a biography of a poet or writer, or the features of his work. Such work will help to learn a lot of interesting things about the author, whose works the student liked. The project can be dedicated to the features of a literary hero or a whole work. In the process of work, the student will be able to refresh information about his favorite work in his memory, once again plunge into his events.
The following literature project topics are approximate. The student can always choose the question that causes him the greatest interest.
- Features of I. Bunin's creativity.
- The role of the appearance of the hero in his characterization (on the example of several
- Features of a romantic hero (on the example of several works).
- The theme of love in the lyrics of Akhmatova.
- Nature in the work of V. A. Zhukovsky.
- History in Pushkin's works.
- The problem of the motherland in the work of Yesenin.
Labor projects
Also, a task on technology will be a great scope for creative work. The project topics discussed below are for girls:
- How to arrange a kitchen-dining room.
- Dishes of Russian cuisine.
- Indoor plants and interior design.
- DIY accessories.
- Decor and table setting.
But what projects can the boys prepare:
- Production of wall shelves for CDs or books.
- How to make a cutting board for vegetables.
- Models of planes, ships, cars.
- Bench making.
- How to make a folding table for a balcony.
Scientific design
Often students need to find suitable topics research projects. The scope of options is wide, because how many scientific branches, so many different areas of research. From the following topics, perhaps the student will be able to choose something for himself:
- Earth's atmosphere: composition, structure, movement of air masses.
- Newton's laws and their application.
- Aggregate states of matter.
- Physical Properties carbon.
General requirements for the design of the abstract Volume of the abstract - from 10 to 15 pages Font size - mm Line spacing - 1.5 - 2 Margins: left - 30 mm, right - 10 mm, top and bottom - 20 mm
General requirements for the design of the abstract Each new section begins on a new page. The distance between the section title and the following text should be equal to three intervals. The heading is located in the center of the line, do not put a dot at the end of the heading.
Title page Top field - the full name of the educational institution Middle field - the name of the topic without the words "topic", below in the center of the title - the name of the section in quotation marks Right field - the name of the student, class, below - the name, position of the head work
Municipal educational institution "Secondary school 94" 13 NPK "School, science, intelligence" Reflection of the theme of love and hate in the songs of Eminem (SECTION "Foreign Philology") Completed by: Subchev Nikolay Vyacheslavovich, student of 11 "A" class Leader: Tsaruk Alla Petrovna , teacher foreign language Kemerovo 2010
Contents Introduction 3 1. Historical features… Conclusion 18 References 21 Applications 22
Purpose: presentation, justification, consideration ... of the problem Tasks: Consider the issue (the content of the theory) ... Compare different points of view on ... Describe (illuminate) the state of the problem ... Present the results of scientific research ... Justify (prove) the point of view (idea, theory, concept) ... Summarize ... Present the points of view of different scientists on ...
Quotations and references Ancient wisdom says: "Tell me - and I will forget, show me - and I will remember, let me act on my own - and I will learn" According to A. Einstein, space and time are relative, they depend on the speed of the frame of reference
Conclusion Clear, concise, arising from the main part The work is summarized, conclusions are formulated (it is possible according to the sections of the main part) Attention to the implementation of the goals and objectives set in the introduction Indicates the prospects for further development of this topic, recommendations The personal significance of the work done
Bibliographic description of documents Entry under the name of the author 1. Gubarev, VK Secrets of geographical names [Text]: reference book / VK Gubarev. - M .: Nauka, - 399 p., ill. 2. Gubarev, V. K. Secrets of geographical names [Text]: book of an erudite / V. K. Gubarev, E. M. Zhdanov. - M .: Nauka, - 399 p., ill.
Bibliographic description of documents Entry under the title 1. Famous Russian artists [Text]: biographical dictionary / comp. E. F. Makarova. - St. Petersburg: ABC, - 400s. 2. Encyclopedia for children.V.4. Geology [Text] / chapter. ed. M. D. Aksenov. – M.: Avanta+, – 688 p.
Bibliographic description of documents Recording of an article from a periodical, book 1. Anisimov, N.V. Peter I and his time [Text] / N.V. Anisimov // Questions of history. – – 2. – P.63 – Egyptian culture [Text] // History of world culture: schoolchildren's reference book / ed. T. N. Kovshova. – M.: Slovo, – S
Bibliographic description of documents Electronic resource Art Encyclopedia of Foreign Classical Art [Electronic resource]. – M. : Bolshaya Ros. encyclopedia, - 1 electron. opt. disc (CD-ROM).– (Interactive world). Internet resource
Criteria for evaluating the work Relevance and originality of the choice of topic, practical significance Volume and completeness of the disclosure of the topic, independence of judgments Structure, quality of design, style of presentation Completeness of the literature used, citation, argumentation Defense
While studying in high school and higher education institutions, you will inevitably be faced with the need to write a research paper - in fact, to conduct research on various scientific, technical or social aspects one phenomenon or another. If you have never done this before, then the task may seem difficult to you. However, it's not all that scary! Research the topic, find reliable sources, and think of a thesis. Then make a plan and start writing your paper. Make sure you have enough time to review your research paper. Checking the document is very important if you want your work to be considered one of the best.
Steps
Topic selection
- Generally speaking, .edu, .gov, or .org sites can be trusted because they are sites of schools, governments, or organizations related to the topic you are researching.
- Change search query, To obtain different results. If nothing is found, then you need to change the query - it is quite possible that it does not intersect in any way with the headings of articles that would be useful to you.
-
Use scientific bases data. There are special search engines and scientific databases that index thousands of scientific articles, magazines and books. Yes, many of these resources are paid, but there are always ways to get hold of free access.
Be creative! If you find a book that's perfect for you, don't be too lazy to use your brain and open the bibliography - there you can find dozens of great books on your topic!
Ask yourself important questions about the work ahead. You may have to work within the boundaries of a clearly defined task, but even so, you need to choose a topic for work. This is her very first and most important step. It doesn't matter if your topic is one that you dream about at night, or something that you are less interested in, the next thing you should consider is whether there is enough material on this topic. Maybe this topic is new and little researched, which will allow you to express your own opinion in the research work? Would it be appropriate in the context of the assignment?
Choose a theme that you like. If you have such an opportunity, choose a topic that interests you. If you conduct research on a topic that you yourself care about, then this will more than positively affect the quality of your work.
Be original. If you are writing a study for a teacher, think about other students as well. Maybe they will also write about the same topic as you? How can you then make your work unique and stand out?
Listen to advice. If you find it difficult to choose a “suitable” topic, then ask your teacher or classmates for advice. They will surely have an idea or two that you will love! Well, if you don’t like it, they can inspire you, give you food for thought, which is also useful. Of course, asking the teacher for help may not be very convenient, but, in fact, the successful completion of the task by you is in their interest! In other words, teachers will help you.
Don't be afraid to change the subject. If you have chosen a topic, started researching and suddenly realized that “it doesn’t work” - there is no need to fall into despair! Even after you start working on your research, oddly enough, you can change the subject. Yes, you will lose some time and some work will be lost in vain, but still.
Do empirical research. If possible, refer to the good old empirical research. What is this? Imagine an article or book written by a recognized expert on your research topic that has been read and approved by other experts on your research topic. Such materials can be found in scientific journals or online.
Check out the library. The local science library is waiting for you, no kidding! This, of course, is an old-fashioned method, but you should not treat it with disdain - the libraries are full of useful materials! Don't be afraid to ask librarians for help, after all, their job is to help library visitors.
Look for materials online. Please note that following the first three links received in response to the first request is not the path of wisdom when writing a research paper. Evaluate the suitability of the materials found critically, do not rush, first read everything that the search engine finds for you, only then draw conclusions. Websites, blogs and forums are not the most reliable sources of information, after all.
Preparing a draft version
- Work with diligence and passion at this stage in order to make it easier for yourself in the future, and already very close. Check out everything you need!
- Feel free to add your comments to the highlighted fragments so that you don’t get confused later. Write down your thoughts about how you can use this or that fragment.
-
Organize your materials. The annotation process can take a long time, but this is not the end - you need to put things in order in your materials, so that later it will be easier and easier to work. In this case, it would be appropriate to divide everything into categories-themes. For example, when analyzing a well-known literary work, you can use the characters of the work, a list of links to certain plot points, the symbolism of the text, and so on as topics.
- It's a good idea to write everything out on separate sheets or cards so it's easier for you to re-categorize them.
- It is also useful to work with flowers. If each category is assigned a separate color, then it will be easier to work. For example, underline everything related to the heroes of the work in green, and everything related to the plot in orange.
-
Prepare a preliminary bibliography. When working with materials, do not forget to write down the authors, year of publication, publisher, number of pages and, most importantly, the very page on which you found the information you need. This will make your life much easier in the future.
Determine the purpose of writing your paper. Broadly speaking, there are two types of research papers. Each of them requires a special approach, which should be taken into account even at the stage of preparing a draft version.
- Debating Research Paper takes as a basis any controversial issue or argues in favor of a particular point of view. Of course, the problem should be initially controversial, but such that opponents can bring logical counterarguments.
- Analytical research work offers a fresh perspective on an important issue as a basis. The topic may not cause any controversy, but you should try to convince your listeners that your ideas deserve attention. In these papers, it is appropriate to present our own unique ideas based on the studied material.
-
Decide what audience your work is intended for. Who will read it? Will it be published? It is very important that your work reflects, so to speak, its readership. If you are writing an article for scientific journal, then there is no need to explain the basics and basics - write about something new that you have found. The reverse is also true - if your article is intended for those who are not very well versed in the subject, then you should explain everything and everything, giving examples and comments.
Write a preliminary thesis based on the purpose of the research paper. The thesis acts as the general idea of your work, making a statement about a particular issue, then arguing in favor of this statement. On this stage sketch out only a preliminary thesis of your work (for 1-2 sentences, no more), because in the process of research it may change. Remember that all your research work must be related to the thesis, and therefore it is extremely important to state the thesis quite clearly.
- The thesis is, if in general, the same question, the search for an answer to which your work is devoted. What is it? What hypothesis do you want to confirm or disprove? Let's say the question is: “How does socio-cultural destigmatization increase the chances of successful treatment of mental illness? “From here you can deduce the thesis - and it will be the answer you received on this question. So here it is - easy, simple and elegant.
- The thesis should express the main idea of the work, but should not include arguments for or against, as well as a retelling of your entire work. The thesis is just a statement, not a list of arguments, which, by and large, is the article itself.
-
Determine the main questions of the article. Actually, while working on the article, you will need to answer the questions that you consider the most important (in the context of the topic under study, of course). Here we can advise only one thing - go back to all your found materials and rough sketches, and see what questions run through them like a red thread. Think about what you can write a whole paragraph, or even more? What ideas of yours are supported by a multitude of objective facts? Write down your main questions on paper, and then write under each of them all the related materials.
- At this stage, the order of submission of the material is important. Place your most “lethal” conclusions or questions at the beginning of the article, and more controversial ones towards the end.
- It's not necessary to limit yourself to the "1 highlight - one paragraph of text" scheme, especially if you are writing a serious study. The main ideas can be expressed in as much text as you consider necessary.
-
Don't forget the formatting requirements. Depending on what kind of article you are writing, different formatting requirements may apply to it. You can learn more about this from the person who gave you the task. Keep in mind that formatting requirements can change the way you prepare a clean version of an article.
Finish your draft. Considering everything we have told you about, prepare a draft version of the article. Don't forget about alignment, padding and stuff like that. The draft version is a summary of your article in list format. By the way, don't forget to add all relevant quotes to this list as well, so you don't waste time looking for them later.
Write an annotation. After collecting all the research materials, print them out (if they were obtained from online sources) and mark in them everything that you need to write the paper. This step is extremely important: read the found material, make appropriate notes and notes, underline the main facts and statements. You can write both on printouts and on, say, stickers stuck to the pages.
Preparing a clean version
- For each statement you make, you must provide confirmation. Your work is research, and therefore facts, facts and only facts - and no idle speculation.
- Give capacious, detailed comments. If you express opinions without supporting them with facts, it will be bad. However, if you give facts but don't explain how and why, then again this is not the path of wisdom. Of course, your desire to crush readers with facts is understandable, but take care to explain everything with the help of comments.
- Long and direct quotes should not be used. The purpose of your work, even if it is called research, is to reveal to the world your own thoughts on the topic under study. If the quotation is not absolutely necessary, it is better to get by with indirect speech and its subsequent analysis.
- The transition from point to point should be smooth. Your research paper should read, figuratively speaking, fluently. Make sure that the transition from paragraph to paragraph is given to readers easily and simply.
-
Write a conclusion. Now that you have carefully worked through your work, write a conclusion that will briefly describe all the information found, which is of a final nature. Start with an opening thesis, then remind the reader of the points you made as you went along. Slowly expand on your topic and end on a grand note by describing the results of your research.
- The purpose of the inference is to answer the question: "So what?" Make sure that the reader, having read your work, learned something new for himself.
- It will be better if you write the conclusion before the introduction. First of all, conclusion is easier to write when all the information is still fresh in your memory. Moreover, it is advisable to use all your vocabulary in the conclusion, and then simply paraphrase everything previously stated in the introduction. That's right, not the other way around. This will leave a much better impression on the reader.
-
Write an introduction. The introduction, by and large, is the opposite of the conclusion, and it is even written the other way around. Start with a broader thought, and then move on to your specific topic. Avoid repeating the phrases that you used in the output.
Prepare a cleaner. When your work is checked and rechecked, and the formatting meets all the relevant requirements, and in general everything that could be done has already been done, there is only one thing left, namely the preparation of a clean copy. Read your entire article again. If you need to make any changes, make them, even if it concerns the font, line spacing and margins. If necessary, prepare title page, list of used literature and so on. These are the final steps. And be sure, be sure to make several copies of your work - both paper and electronic!
Start working on the text of the article. Of course, it may seem strange to you that we do not advise you to start working on an introduction, but there is a reason for this - it is much easier to write an introduction based on an almost finished article. Start by describing everything that supports your thesis. You can slightly change ideas and comments, manipulate them.
- As you research, pay attention to important topics, questions and key issues. Try to concentrate your efforts in detail on a single topic of interest to you, and not try to explore several issues at once in general terms.
- Don't wait until the last minute to get to work!
- Do everything on time.
- Today we can observe rapid changes throughout society that require new qualities from a person. First of all, of course, we are talking about about the ability for creative thinking, independence in decision-making, initiative. Naturally, the tasks of developing these qualities are assigned to education, and primarily to the secondary school. Over the past decade, the Olympiad movement has been gaining strength at a rapid pace, the work on conducting the NPC
- Research work should not be just an interesting story about what was read and testify only to the student's erudition, the task of research is the ability to analyze, compare facts and, based on them, draw their own conclusions and conclusions.
- replacement of the research paper with an abstract, i.е. review of various scientific works;
- replacement of research by work of a compiling nature, i.e. connection of segments logically arranged into one whole from different scientific texts;
- lack of completeness in the work, which is due to the lack of a systematic approach to research activities. Instead of long-term work, a text created in as soon as possible by the method of "storming";
- the inability of the student to competently lead a discussion to defend the results of their research and answer questions from the audience, which is often a sign of the absence of a preliminary discussion stage at the school level.
- Shortcomings in the design of the study
- Speaking about the etymology of the word "research", we note that this concept contains an indication of extracting something "from the trace", i.e. restore a certain order of things by indirect signs, random objects. Consequently, the concept of a person's ability to compare, analyze facts and predict the situation is already here. the concept of the basic skills required of the researcher. The essence of the research work is to compare the data of primary sources, their creative analysis and new conclusions based on it.
- Research activity as a whole is understood as such a form of organization of work that is associated with the solution by students of a research problem with a solution unknown in advance.
- The elements of research activities include:
- 1. Research methods.
- 2. Available experimental material.
- 3. Interpretation of data and conclusions arising from them.
- Educational and research activities require a certain preparation of both the student and the teacher. In this joint work, success depends on the preparedness of each of its participants. It is quite natural that the main share of responsibility falls on the leader of the work, who in this case plays the role of a leading, more experienced participant.
- The object area of research is the area of science and practice in which the object of study is located. In school practice, it may correspond to one or another academic discipline such as mathematics, biology, literature, physics, etc.
- The object of study is a certain process or phenomenon that generates a problem situation. The object is a kind of carrier of the problem - what the research activity is aimed at. The concept of the subject of research is closely connected with the concept of an object.
- The subject of research is a specific part of the object within which the search is conducted. The subject of research can be phenomena as a whole, their individual aspects, aspects and relationships between individual parties and the whole (a set of elements, connections, relations in a specific area of the object). It is the subject of research that determines the topic of the work.
- A topic is an even narrower area of study within a subject. Choosing a topic for many is a very difficult stage. Students often choose topics that are too broad or complex.
- The topic is the perspective from which the problem is considered. It represents the object of study in a certain aspect, characteristic of this work.
- It is equally important to formulate the topic correctly from the very beginning. After all, the topic is a kind of visiting card of the study.
- The formulation of the topic reflects the coexistence in science of the already known and not yet explored
- a very important stage in preparation for the NPC
- To substantiate the relevance means to explain the need to study this topic.
- Justifying the relevance of the chosen topic, one should indicate why exactly it and exactly at the moment is relevant (important, requiring research). IT IS OBLIGATORY TO INDICATE THE CONTRADICTION OF THE PROPOSED IDEAS, FACTS
- The resolution of this contradiction is most directly connected with practical necessity. This means that when addressing a particular problem, the researcher needs to clearly understand what practical questions the results of his work can answer.
- 2. Working with the literature on the topic, the student must master different types of reading, suggesting a different degree of penetration into the material.
- A) Viewing reading is desirable to use in cases where you want to get acquainted with the general content of the book, its chapters or paragraphs, the author of the work. In this case, the title page, table of contents, abstract, separate paragraphs and sentences are usually read.
- B) Introductory (selective) reading will help in finding answers to certain questions from several sources and for comparing and contrasting the information found, developing your own point of view.
- C) Study reading is an active form of detailed reading. It suggests that you read carefully, stopping and thinking about the information.
- It is important to make notes of everything that may be useful to you in your scientific work: interesting thoughts, facts, figures, different points of view. This can be done either in the form of cards or in a separate notebook.
- There is no need to try to include all the available material in the study, no matter how sonorous other names and quotations are - this can only damage the integrity and consistency of the study.
- The hypothesis must satisfy a number of requirements:
- be verifiable;
- contain an assumption;
- be logically consistent;
- Conform to the facts.
- When formulating a hypothesis, verbal constructions of the type are usually used: “if ..., then ...”; "because..."; "provided that ...", i.e. those that direct the attention of the researcher to the disclosure of the essence of the phenomenon, the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships.
- The goal of the study is the end result that the researcher would like to achieve when completing his work.
- reveal...;
- install...;
- substantiate...;
- clarify...;
- Develop...
- The task of the study is the choice of ways and means to achieve the goal in accordance with the hypothesis put forward.
- Objectives are best formulated as a statement of what needs to be done in order for the goal to be achieved.
- The setting of tasks is based on the division of the research goal into subgoals. The enumeration of tasks is based on the principle from the least complex to the most complex, time-consuming, and their number is determined by the depth of the study.
- Method is a way to achieve the goal of the study
- A) Theoretical methods: analysis, synthesis, modeling, abstraction
- B) Empirical: comparison, experiment
- C) mathematical: data visualization (functions, graphs, etc.).
- Conducting a study includes two successive stages: the actual conduct (the so-called technological stage) and the analytical, reflective stage.
- In the work plan, it is necessary to indicate the purpose of the planned experiments; list the inventory necessary for their implementation; forms of entries in draft notebooks. The work plan also includes the primary processing and analysis of the results of practical actions, the stage of their verification.
- 1 block - theory and conceptual apparatus
- 2 block - description of the experimental part of the work
- Block 3 includes the presentation of the results of the study (think about how to present the results of your research at the city conference, work out the presentation forms)
- basic design requirements:
- by content:
- - substantiation of the relevance of the topic;
- - the main thesis;
- - argumentation, evidence and facts confirming the thesis put forward;
- - main conclusions;
- At the beginning of the article, its main thesis is put forward,
- which is then subjected to a reasoned proof in the main part.
- At the end of the article, conclusions are placed that confirm or refute all of the above.
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Introduction 3
- Chapter 1 4
- 1.1 8
- 1.2 11
- Chapter 2 16
- 2.1 20
- 2..2 23
- Conclusion 25
- References 27
- Applications
- Appendix 1 28
- Appendix 2 30
- The introduction should include: a statement of the topic; The relevance of research; research problem; object, subject; purpose, tasks; hypotheses; research methods; research stages; study structure; its practical significance
- The main (substantive) part of the work may contain 2-3 chapters. (The name of this part as the main one is rather connected with its greater volume than the other parts, rather than with the value, since, for example, the introduction is no less significant part of the work).
- Chapter 1 usually contains the results of the analysis of special literature, the theoretical substantiation of the research topic;
- chapters 2-3 describe the practical stages of work, interpretation of data, identification of certain patterns in the phenomena under study during the experiment. Each chapter ends with conclusions.
- A book by one or more authors:
- 1. Mayorov A.N. Theory and practice of creating tests for the education system. - M.: Intellecttsentr, 2001. - 296 p.
- 2. Shishov S.E., Kalney V.A. Monitoring the quality of education in school. - M.: Russian Pedagogical Society, 1998. - 354 p.
- 3. Goss B.C., Semenyuk E.P., Ursul A.D. Categories of modern science: Formation and development. - M.: Thought, 1984. - 268 p.
- Collection with a collective author:
- Theoretical problems and technologies innovation management in education: Sat. scientific articles / Comp. O.S. Orlov. - Velikiy Novgorod: RIS, 2000.-180 p.
- Newspaper and magazine article:
- Mikhailov G.S. Psychology of decision making // Journal of Applied Psychology. - 2001. - No. 5. - P.2-19.
- Encyclopedia and dictionary entry:
- Biryukov B.V., Gastev Yu.A., Geller E.S. Modeling // TSB. - 3rd ed. - M., 1974. - T. 16. - S. 393-395.
- Innovation // Dictionary-reference book on scientific and technical creativity. -Minsk, 1995.-S. 50-51
- According to the content, among the applications, copies of documents, statistical materials, etc. are distinguished. In form, they are texts, graphs, maps, tables, etc.
- An appendix is a part of the text of a scientific study that has an additional (usually reference) value necessary for a more complete coverage of the topic. It is placed after the main text.
- It should be remembered that the entire performance is given no more than 5-7 minutes. According to the regulations, you can count on an additional 1-2 minutes, but no more. Neither the topic (it has already been announced), nor what was read (the list of references) should be discussed. Protection in no case should be reduced to a retelling of the entire content of the work. If you failed to interest the audience in the time allotted according to the regulations, its extension will only increase misunderstanding and irritation of the listeners.
- Pay special attention to the speech of the speaker. It should be clear, grammatically accurate, confident, expressive. If the speaker tries to speak quickly, swallowing the endings of words, quietly, indistinctly, then the quality of his speech is reduced. A calm, consistent and well-reasoned presentation of the material impresses the listeners.
- When answering questions, do not forget about simple rules.
- If the question asked is outside the scope of your research, you should not come up with an answer on the go that is not supported by the result of the research. It is perfectly acceptable to say that this was not the subject of your research or that it is planned to be investigated in the next stage.
- logic;
- accuracy;
- clarity;
- availability;
- persuasiveness;
- interestingness;
- expressiveness;
- confidence;
- contact with listeners;
- appropriateness of gestures;
- facial expression, etc.
- To make the report interesting and convincing, one should provide theoretical provisions and conclusions with examples from texts, try to use simple sentences, as precise formulations as possible.
