The development of the Buk complex was launched by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, in terms of the main composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 Uragan air defense system for the Navy was determined using a single missile system with the Buk complex.
The military air defense system "Buk" was intended to combat aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m / s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in the future - and with Lance ballistic missiles.
Developers of the complex and its systems
The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was determined by the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering ( CEO VC. Grishin). A.A. Rastov was appointed chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole, G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran) of the command post (CP) 9S470, V.V. semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.
Launcher-charging units (PZU) 9A39 were created at the Machine-Building Design Bureau (MKB) "Start" under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin. Unified tracked chassis for combat vehicles of the complex were created in OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau Novator, headed by L.V. Lyulyev. The detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 ("Dome") was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of the chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then - Yu.P. Shchekotov).
In the west, the complex received the designation SA-11 "Gadfly".
Compound
The composition of the air defense system "Buk" includes the following weapons:
- SAM 9M38;
- Command post 9С470;
- Detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome";
- Self-propelled firing system 9А310;
- Launcher-loader 9A39.
SAM 9M38
The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is made using a dual-mode solid propellant engine ( total time work - about 15 seconds), according to the normal aerodynamic configuration with "X"-placement of wings of small elongation.
In front of the rocket, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power sources and a warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the spread of centering over the flight time, the solid propellant rocket engine combustion chamber is located closer to the middle of the rocket and the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the elements of the steering drive are located. The rocket does not have parts that separate in flight. A new GOS with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implemented homing missiles using the method of proportional navigation. Warhead - high-explosive fragmentation type.
Command post 9С470
Placed on the GM-579 chassis, the 9С470 command post provided:
- receiving, displaying and processing information about targets received from the 9S18 detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;
- selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in manual and automatic modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launchers-charging installations, about the letters of the transmitters for lighting self-propelled firing installations, about their work on targets, about operating modes of the detection and target designation station;
- organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles by the enemy;
- documenting the work and training the calculation of the CP.
The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per cycle of review of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing installations with an accuracy of 1 ° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m - in range.
The mass of the command post with a combat crew of 6 did not exceed 28 tons.
Station detection and target designation 9S18 ("Dome")
Three-coordinate coherent-pulse detection and target designation station 9S18 ("Dome") of the centimeter range with electronic beam scanning in the sector in elevation (30 ° or 40 ° is set) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) antenna rotation in azimuth (using an electric drive or hydraulic drive) was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to KP 9S470.
The space survey rate, depending on the set sector in elevation and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s with a circular view and from 2.5 to 4.5 s with a view in a 30 ° sector. Radar information was transmitted over a telecode line to the CP 9S470 in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 s). The root-mean-square errors (RMS) of measuring the coordinates of the targets were: no more than 20 "- in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130m - in range, the resolution in range is not worse than 300m, in azimuth and elevation - 4 °.
To protect against targeted interference, the carrier frequency was tuned from pulse to pulse, from the response - the same was the blanking of the range intervals along the auto-pickup channel, from non-synchronous pulses - a change in the slope of the linear-frequency modulation and blanking of the range sections. With noise barrage interference from self-cover and external cover of given levels, the detection and target designation station ensured the detection of a fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km. The station provided target tracking with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a moving target selection scheme with automatic wind speed compensation. The station was protected from anti-radar missiles by implementing a software reconfiguration of the carrier frequency in 1.3 s, switching to circular polarization of the probing signals or to the mode of intermittent radiation (flicker).
The station included an antenna post consisting of a truncated parabolic profile reflector, a feed in the form of a full-flow line that provides electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotary device, and a device for folding the antenna into the stowed position; transmitter (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW); receiving device (noise factor no more than 8) and other systems.
The time for transferring the station from traveling to combat position was no more than 5 minutes, and from standby to working mode - no more than 20 s. The mass of the station with the calculation of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.
Self-propelled firing system 9А310
The transfer time from traveling to combat was no more than 5 minutes. The time of transferring the installation from the standby mode to the operating mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment turned on, was no more than 20 s. The 9A310 self-propelled firing system was loaded with four missiles from a launcher-loader in 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle in 16 minutes.
The mass of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of 4 did not exceed 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system was 9.3 m, width -3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), height - 3.8 m (7.72 m).
Launcher-loader 9A39
The 9A39 launcher-loader placed on the GM-577 chassis was intended for the transportation and storage of eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradles), launching 4 missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradles, self-loading eight missiles from the transport vehicle ( in 26 minutes), from ground lodgements and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. In addition to the starting device with a power servo drive, a crane and cradles, the composition of the launcher-charging installation included a digital Calculating machine, equipment for navigation, geolocation and orientation, telecode communication, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people is no more than 35.5 tons.
The launcher was 9.96 m long, 3.316 m wide and 3.8 m high.
Tactical and technical characteristics
| Damage zone, km: - by range - by height - by parameter |
3,5..25-30 0,025..18-20 before 18 |
| The probability of hitting a target with one missile - type fighter - helicopter type - type cruise missile |
0,8..0,9 0,3..0,6 0,25..0,5 |
| Max speed hit targets m/s | 800 |
| Reaction time, s: | 22 |
| SAM flight speed, m/s | 850 |
| Rocket mass, kg | 685 |
| Warhead weight, kg | 70 |
| Rocket length, m | 5.55 |
| Hull diameter, m | 0.4 |
| Starting weight, kg | 685 |
| Warhead weight, kg; | 70 |
| channel by target | 2 |
| Canalization for missiles | 3 |
| Deployment (clotting) time, min | 5 |
| The number of missiles on a combat vehicle | 4 |
Testing and operation
Joint tests of the Buk complex in the full specified composition of the funds were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba test site (head of the test site V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.
The command post of the complex received information about the air situation from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile 6 brigade "Buk" (ACS "Polyana-D4") and from the detection and target designation station information about the air situation, processed it and issued it to self-propelled firing installations, which searched for and captured targets for auto tracking. missiles were launched into the affected area.Missile guidance was carried out using the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of targeting.When approaching the target, the GOS issued a close cocking command to the radio fuse.When approaching the target at a distance of 17 m, the warhead was blown up on command. If the radio fuse did not work, the missile self-destructed.If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at it.
Compared to the previous complexes of a similar purpose (SAM "Kub-M3" and "Kub-M4"), the Buk complex had higher combat and operational characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous firing by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, the performance of up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
- greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing installations;
- increased noise immunity due to the use of an on-board GOS computer and a special type of backlight signal;
- greater efficiency of hitting the target due to the increased power of the warhead of the missile defense system.
According to the results of firing tests and simulations, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides shelling of non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds up to 800 m / s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speed up to 300 m / s) with a course parameter up to 18 km with a probability of hitting one missile equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with g-loads of up to 8 units, the probability of hitting was reduced to 0.6.
Organizationally, the Buk air defense system was reduced to anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: a command post (combat control point of the brigade from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), four anti-aircraft missile divisions with their own command post 9S470, a detection and target designation station 9S18, a communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled launchers and one 9A39 launcher-loader in each, as well as units technical support and service.
The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army air defense command post.
The Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces in 1980.
Complex 9K37 "Buk", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2", missiles 9M38 and 9M317 - SA-11 GADFLY
Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system / air defense system of the operational (army) level of air defense of the ground forces. The development of the complex was carried out by the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov. The chief designer of the air defense system is A.A. Rastov.
The development of a complex to replace the military air defense system "Cube" was started by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 13, 1972 by almost the same composition of enterprises that created the air defense system "Cube":
- . Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov (former OKB-15 GKAT):
- - complex as a whole ( chief designer A.A. Rastov);
- - command post 9С470 (lead designer G.N. Valaev, later - V.I. Sokiran);
- - self-propelled firing systems 9A38 (lead designer V.V. Matyashev);
- - semi-active radar seeker 9E50 of the 9M38 missile (lead designer I.G. Akopyan);
- . Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP - detection and target designation station 9S18 "Kupol" (chief designer A.P. Vetoshko, later - Yu.P. Shchekotov);
- . OKB "Novator" - rocket 9M38 (chief designer L.V. Lyulyev);
- . MKB "Start" (former OKB-203 GKAT) - launcher-loader 9A39 (chief designer A.I. Yaskin);
- . OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) - the chassis of the complex facilities (chief designer N.A. Astrov);
It was originally planned to complete the development of the air defense system in the second quarter of 1975, but when it became clear that the task was somewhat more difficult than it seemed, it was decided to divide the development of the air defense system into two stages (Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974):
- . The first stage involved the development of the 9M38 missile defense system and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and their inclusion as the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system in the 2K12 Kub-M3 air defense system. It was supposed to include one 9A38 self-propelled firing system in each battery of the Kub-M3 air defense system. Joint testing of such an air defense system was planned to begin in September 1974. In this configuration, the air defense system became known as 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" and was put into service in 1978.
- . The second stage provided for the creation of the Buk air defense system itself, as part of the 9S18 detection station, the 9S470 command post, the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, and the 9A39 launcher-loader with 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles.
Tests of the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system took place at the Emba training ground from August 1975 to October 1976 as part of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system (SURN), 9A38 self-propelled firing system (SOU), self-propelled launcher (SPU ) 2P25M3, with 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles, with a vehicle Maintenance(MTO) 9V881. Under the name of the air defense system 2K12M4 "Kub-M4", the complex was adopted by the air defense of the ground forces of the USSR in 1978. After the start of mass production, the new air defense system entered the troops.
Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in full force (without the means of the Kub air defense system) were carried out at the Emba training ground from November 1977 to March 1979. In 1980, the 9K37 Buk air defense system in full force was put into service.
SAM 9K37M1. From left to right: command post 9S470M1, SOC 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1", SOU 9A310M1, PZU 9A39M1 and transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (photo by Leonid Yakutin, archive http://vpk-news.ru).
Production. After the adoption in 1978 of the Buk-1 air defense system (as part of the Kub-M4 air defense system), mass production of 9A38 self-propelled firing systems began at the MRP Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The production of ZUR 9M38 was carried out at the Dolgoprudnensky Machine-Building Plant. After the 9K37 Buk air defense system was adopted, serial production of the KP 9S470, SOC 9S18 and SOU 9A310 was launched at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The production of ROM 9A39 was located at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after Kalinin.
The modernization of the 9K37 air defense system (9K37M1 "Buk-M1") was launched by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979 in order to increase the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. Tests of the modernized version of the 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system were carried out at the Emba training ground from February to December 1982. It was found that the new air defense system has a larger kill zone, ensures the destruction of cruise missiles with a probability of at least 0.4 and helicopters with a higher probability than 9K37. After testing in 1983, the new air defense system was adopted by the air defense of the ground forces of the USSR. Serial production was carried out by the same cooperation of enterprises that produced the components of the Buk air defense system.
In 1994-1997. The cooperation of enterprises headed by the NIIP named after V.V. Tikhomirov modernized the Buk-M1-2 air defense system using a new missile as part of the complex and making the air defense system capable of hitting Lance-type ballistic missiles, high-precision small-sized and ground targets.
SAM assignments:
9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" - the complex is designed to strengthen military air defense systems of the 2K12M3 "Kub-M3" type in terms of channel and missile ammunition. Each battery of the Kub anti-aircraft missile system was supplemented with one 9A28 self-propelled firing system, which could be used with both 9M38 missiles and 3M9M3 missiles. The air defense system was put into service in 1978.
SOU 9A38 with 3M9M3 missiles.
SAM 9K37 "Buk" - the complex is designed for air defense of troops and objects from modern aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m / s at medium and low altitudes and maneuvering with overloads up to 10-12G at a distance of up to 30 km. It was assumed that in the future the air defense system would be able to hit tactical missiles of the Lance type.
SAM 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" - launched by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979. The purpose of modernization is to increase the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. The means of the air defense system ensured recognition of the types of targets - aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles. The air defense system was put into service in 1983. The export name is "Ganges".
SAM 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" - a modernized version of the SAM "Buk-M1". The complex is intended for air defense troops and objects from modern and advanced high-speed tactical and maneuvering aircraft strategic aviation, fire support helicopters, including hovering, tactical ballistic, cruise and air missiles, in conditions of a massive raid with the use of intense radio and fire countermeasures, as well as destruction of surface and ground targets and can be used in air defense, anti-missile and coastal defense systems. A modernized version of the Buk-M1 air defense system using a new generation of electronic equipment and with the possibility of using a new 9M317 missile.
The composition of the complex(divisional set):
| 9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" (composition of the SAM battery) | 9K37 "Buk" | 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" | 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" ( ist. - anti-aircraft) |
|
| Command post (CP) | 1 unit - 9С470 | 1 unit - 9S470M1 | 1 unit - 9S470M1-2 | |
| 1 unit SURN 1S91M3 | 1 unit - 9С18 "Dome" | 1 unit - 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1" | 1 unit - 9S18M1-1 (in some sources 9S18M1-2) |
|
| 4 units SPU 2P25M3 SAM "Cube" 1 unit SOU 9A38 (3 missiles each) | 6 units - 9A310 (4 missiles each), organizational - 3 batteries | 6 units - 9A310M1 (4 missiles each), organizational - 3 batteries | 6 units - 9A310M1-2 (4 missiles each), organizational - 3 batteries | |
| Launcher-charging installations (ROM) | 3 units - 9A39 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizational - 3 batteries | 3 units - 9A39M1 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizational - 3 batteries | up to 6 units - 9A39M1-2 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizational - 3 batteries | |
| Anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) | 15 missiles 3M9M3 and 9M38 | up to 48 units 9M38 | up to 48 units 9M38 | up to 72 units 9M38M1 9M317 |
| Technical means of the complex | maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881 | - maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881; - repair and maintenance machines 9V883, 9V884, 9V894; - automated control and test mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the onboard equipment of the 9V95 missile defense system; - transport vehicle 9T229 with a set technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M. | - maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - repair and maintenance vehicles 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 on Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - automated control and test mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95M1 missile defense system on the ZiL-131 chassis and trailer; - 9T229 transport vehicle on the KrAZ-255B chassis (transportation of 8 SAMs or 6 containers with SAMs) with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M; - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 on the ZIL-131 chassis. | - maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V884M1 for the current repair and maintenance of the CP, SOU and PZU (1 unit); - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 or MTO-AG3-M1 for the current repair and maintenance of caterpillar chassis KP, SOC, SOU and PZU (1 unit); - machines for repair and maintenance (MRTO); - automated control and test mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the onboard equipment of missiles - 1 pc. for four complexes (AKIS 9V930M-1 can be supplied with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system); - transport vehicles (TM) 9T243 with a set of rigging equipment (CTO) 9T318-1 for loading and unloading operations - 12 pcs. for four complexes; - compressor station UKS - 400V-P4M; - mobile power station PES - 100-T/230-Ch/400-A1RK1; - training missile 9M317 UD; — training missile 9M317 UR; - overall-mass layout 9M317GMM. |
TTX SAM type "Buk":
| TTZ on the 9K37 Buk air defense system | 9K37-1 "Buk-1" (according to test data unless otherwise noted) | 9K37 "Buk" | 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" | 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" | |
| Range of detection of air targets by means of the division in a centralized mode (SURN or SOC) | Aircraft: 44 km ((at altitudes over 3000 m) 21-28 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) The lower performance of the regime was explained by the lower capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 / 1S91M3 | ||||
| Detection range of air targets of the SAO in autonomous mode | Aircraft: 65-77 km (at altitudes over 3000 m) 32-42 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) Helicopters: | ||||
| Range (fighter aircraft) | up to 30 km | 3.4 - 20.5 km (at altitudes over 3000 m according to test data) 5 - 15.4 km (at altitudes of about 30 m according to test data) 3.5 - 25-30 km (official performance characteristics) | 3 - 25 km (according to test results) up to 30 km (at target speed up to 300 m/s, according to test results) | 3 - 32-35 km (official performance characteristics) | 3 - 45 km (official performance characteristics) |
| Range (KR type AGM-86 / "Tomahawk") | - | - | 20-25 km (official performance characteristics) | 20-25 km (official performance characteristics) | 20-25 km (official performance characteristics) |
| Range (OTR type "Lance", "KHARM") | in perspective | - | - | - | up to 20 km (official performance characteristics) |
| Range (ground targets) | - | - | 25 km (ships) 15 km (ground targets) 3 - 25 km (official performance characteristics) |
||
| Heading parameter | 18 km (according to test results) | ||||
| Height of hitting targets (fighter class aircraft) | 30 - 14000 m (according to test results) 25 - 18000-20000 m (official performance characteristics) | 25 - 18000 m (according to test results) | 15 - 22000 m (official performance characteristics) | 15 - 25000 m (official performance characteristics) | |
| Height of hitting targets (OTR type "Lance") | - | - | 2000 - 16000 m (official performance characteristics) | ||
| Height of hitting targets (missiles of the "KHARM" type) | - | - | 100 - 15000 m (official performance characteristics) | ||
| The number of targets simultaneously fired by the complex | 6 (divisional set with 1 CP and 6 SLA) | 18 | 22 | ||
| Maximum target speed | 830 m/s | 800 m/s (according to test results) | 800 m/s | 1100-1200 m/s | |
| Target overload | up to 10-12G | ||||
| Probability of hitting a target with one SAM (fighter class aircraft) | 0.7-0.93 (9M38, according to test data) | 0.7-0.8 (according to test results) 0.6 (when maneuvering targets with overloads up to 8G, according to test results) | 0,8-0,95 | 0,9-0,95 | |
| Probability of hitting a target with one missile (helicopter) | 0.3-0.6 (official performance characteristics) | 0.6-0.7 (Hugh Cobra helicopters, according to test results) 0.3-0.4 (hovering helicopters at a distance of 3.5 - 6-10 km, according to test results) | 0,3-0,6 | ||
| Probability of hitting a target with one SAM (cruise missile) | 0.25-0.5 (official performance characteristics) | 0.4-0.6 (according to test results) | 0,5-0,7 |
Command posts (CP) provides reception, display and processing of information about targets coming from the detection and target designation station (SOC) and self-propelled firing systems (SDA), as well as from higher command posts - for example, from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade (ACS "Polyana"). Provides target distribution between the SDA in automatic and manual mode and assigning sectors of responsibility to the JMA. Recording and display of information about combat-ready missiles on the SDA and ROM, about the letters of the SDA target illumination transmitters, about their work on targets.
Information about the targets was redistributed between the SOU, which carried out tracking of targets in their sectors and carried out the destruction of targets when they entered the affected area. The missile division could simultaneously fire at 6 targets.
Detection and target designation station (SOC)- a self-propelled station with a three-coordinate coherent-pulse radar provides detection of air targets with the transfer of information about them to the command post of the division. Radar information from the SOC was transmitted to the command post via a telecode communication line. The SOC includes an antenna post (a truncated parabolic profile reflector, feed), an antenna folding device, a transmitting device (power up to 3.5 kW), a receiving device (noise factor no more than 8).
Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Kupol" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" (http://pvo.guns.ru).
Initially, the development of the SOC 9S18 "Kupol" was carried out outside the framework of work on the Buk air defense system, but as a means of detecting air targets of the air defense division of the ground forces.
| 9С18 "Dome" / 1РЛ135 / TUBE ARM | 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1" | |
| SAM | 9K37 "Buk" | 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" |
| The main differences of the modification | New radar and equipment, new design solution | |
| Chassis | "object 124" of the SU-100P family | GM-567M |
| Calculation | 3 people | |
| Length | 9.59 m | |
| Width | 3.25 m | |
| Height | 3.25 m (8.02 m in working position) | |
| SOC mass | 28.5 t | 35 t |
| Radar type | Three-coordinate coherent-pulse centimeter range radar with electronic beam scanning in the sector in elevation and mechanical electrically driven antenna rotation in azimuth | Radar with flat elevation headlights |
| Review sector | Horizontal - circular or specified sector Elevation - 30 or 40 degrees | |
| Target detection range | 110-120 km (flight altitude over 3000 m) 45 km (flight altitude about 30 m) 50 km (fighter-type target with noise interference) | |
| Review speed | 4.5 - 18 s with a circular view (depending on the sector in elevation) 2.5 - 4.5 s (when viewed in a sector of 30 degrees) | |
| Information transfer rate | 75 target marks per review period (4.5 s) | |
| Radar accuracy | RMS errors of target coordinates: - no more than 20 minutes in azimuth and elevation - no more than 130 m in range | |
| Resolution of the radar | In range - no worse than 300 m In azimuth and elevation - no more than 4 degrees. | |
| Interference protection | To protect against targeted interference, frequency tuning from pulse to pulse was used. To protect against response interference, frequency tuning and blanking of range intervals along the auto-pickup channel were also used, from non-synchronous impulse noise - a change in the slope of linear-frequency modulation and blanking of range sections. Protection against anti-radar missiles was provided by software tuning of the carrier frequency for 1.3 s and the transition to circular polarization of the probing signals or to the intermittent radiation mode. | |
| Probability of posting goals | not less than 0.5 against the background of local objects and in conditions of interference due to the moving target selection system with automatic wind speed compensation | |
| Transfer time from traveling to combat position | 5 minutes | |
| 20 s |
Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Kupol" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" in the stowed position (http://pvo.guns.ru).
Self-propelled firing systems (SOU): The SDA provides the search for air targets in the established sector, the detection and capture of targets for tracking, guidance of the SDA itself and the associated SPU or ROM, the SDA receives target designation from the SURN (SOU 9A38) or from the command post of the division (9A310, etc.).
The SOU carried out search and capture of targets by target designation from the command post of the complex (with SURN in the case of the Buk-1 air defense system) and launched missiles at the captured target after the target entered the affected area. If the target was not hit, the second missile was launched on the target. The SOU could carry out the fire mission of hitting a target autonomously - without target designation from the command post of the division.
| 9A38 | 9A310 | 9A310M1 | |
| SAM | 9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" | 9K37 "Buk" | 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" |
| The main differences of the modification | The acquisition of targets for auto-tracking at long ranges (by 25-30%) is ensured, the recognition of aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles is provided with a probability of at least 0.6 | ||
| Chassis | GM-569 development plant "Metrovagonmash" The engine is a multi-fuel liquid-cooled diesel engine with a capacity of 710-840 hp. Base - 4605 mm Ground clearance - 450 mm Chassis weight - 24 t Payload weight - 11.5 t Maximum speed on the highway - 65 km / h Fuel range - 500 km Operating temperature - from -50 degrees C to +50 degrees C | GM-569 | |
| Calculation | 4 people | 4 people | |
| Length | 9.3 m | ||
| Width | 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position - swept space) | ||
| Height | 3.8 m (7.72 m maximum height in working position) | ||
| Installation weight | 34 t | 32.4 t | |
| Mated SPU / ROM | SPU 2P25M3 | ROM 9A39 (normally 1 ROM per battery of 2 SDA) | |
| rockets | 3 x 3M9M3 or 3 x 9M38 on interchangeable guides | 4 x 9M38 | |
| Means of detecting air targets | Radar 9S35 FIRE DOM centimeter range, a single antenna and two transmitters - pulsed (target detection and tracking) and continuous radiation (target illumination and missiles). The sector search was carried out by turning the antenna. Number of lettered frequencies - 36 Target tracking in angular coordinates and range was carried out by a monopulse method, signal processing was carried out by a digital computer. The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel is 1.3 degrees in azimuth and 2.5 degrees in elevation The beam width of the target illumination channel is 1.4 degrees in azimuth and 2.65 degrees in elevation Search sector - 120 degrees in azimuth and 6-7 degrees in elevation Search Sector Review Time: - offline mode - 4 s - target designation mode (10 degrees in azimuth and 7 degrees in elevation) - 2 s The transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel is average: - when using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW - when using signals with linear frequency modulation - not less than 0.5 kW Target illumination transmitter power average - not less than 2 kW Noise figure of survey and direction finding receivers - no more than 10 dB The time of the transfer of the radar from standby to combat mode - no more than 20 s The accuracy of determining the speed of the target - 10-30 m / s Maximum range error - no more than 175 m Root-mean-square errors in determining the angular coordinates - no more than 0.5 d.c. The radar is protected from active, passive and combined interference Launch blocking provided when escorting "own" aircraft TV-optical viewfinder | Radar 9S35 Number of lettered frequencies - 36 | Radar 9S35M1 Number of lettered frequencies - 72 |
| Quantity targeted channels | 1 target, 2 missiles | 1 target, 2 missiles | |
| avionics | BTsVM Ground radar interrogator of the identification system "Password" Means of telecode communication with SURN Means of wired communication with the interfaced SPU | ||
| Launch equipment | Starting device with power servo drive | ||
Life supporting system | |||
| Working time (from target detection to missile launch) | 24-27 s | ||
| Transfer time from marching to combat position | no more than 5 minutes | no more than 5 minutes | |
| Transfer time from standby to work | no more than 20 s | no more than 20 s | |
| 9 min (3 x SAM 3M9M3 or 3 x SAM 9M38) | 12 min (with ROM) 16 min (from transport vehicle) |
Launcher-charging installations(ROM) - were intended for transportation, storage, reloading and launch of 9M38 missiles. The combat work of the ROM was carried out under the control of the SOU 9A310. Self-loading was provided from a transport vehicle or from the ground using its own crane.
| 9A39 |
|
| SAM | 9K37 "Buk" |
| Chassis | GM-577 |
| Calculation | 3 people |
| Length | 9.96 m |
| Width | 3.316 m |
| Height | 3.8 m |
| Installation weight | 35.5 t |
| Matched JMA | 9A310 |
| rockets | 4 x 9M38 on launcher 4 x 9M38 on ammunition cradles |
| Number of target channels | 1 (provided by JMA) |
| avionics | BTsVM Telecode communication facilities Means of wired communication with the interfaced control system Equipment for navigation, topographical reference and orientation |
| Launch equipment | Starting device with power servo drive |
| Energy and other equipment | Autonomous power supply system with gas turbine generator Life supporting system |
| Transfer time from marching to combat position | no more than 5 minutes |
| Transfer time from standby to work | no more than 20 s |
| Loading or unloading time | 26 min (from transport vehicle) |
Anti-aircraft guided missiles: the Buk missile system uses 9M38 missiles, created taking into account the experience of creating missiles of the Kub 3M9 air defense missile system. Missiles 9M38 and 9M317, in addition to the Buk air defense system, were also used in the M-22 Uragan naval air defense system.
| 9M38 | 9M317 / 9M317E (export version) |
|
| Development | The rocket was developed by OKB "Novator", chief designer L.V. Lyulyev | The rocket was developed by the Design Bureau of the Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise, chief designer V.P. Entov |
| Design | The rocket is made according to the normal aerodynamic configuration with an X-shaped wing of small elongation with a large wing chord length. Rocket layout: - semi-active seeker in the bow - missile control system equipment (autopilot) - power supply - warhead - engine - tail section The rocket does not have parts that separate in flight | The missile has a similar design, but is equipped with a wing with a much smaller chord. |
| Propulsion system | Dual-mode (starting, marching) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct, the design of the engine housing is made using a metal alloy. Operating time solid propellant rocket engine - approx. 15 s | Dual-mode (starting, marching) solid propellant rocket motor with a long gas duct |
| Control system | Autopilot with semi-active radar seeker, homing is carried out according to the method of proportional navigation with the capture of the target of the missile seeker after launch, target illumination is carried out by the 9S35 SOU 9A38 radar The missile is equipped with a radio fuse, which was cocked when approaching the target and ensured that the warhead was detonated at a distance of 17 m from the target. If the radio fuse failed, the rocket self-destructed. | Inertial control system with radio correction combined with a semi-active radar seeker with an on-board computer with guidance according to the proportional navigation method / The missile is equipped with a two-channel fuse - active impulse and semi-active radar, as well as a system of contact sensors. |
| performance characteristics missiles: | ||
| Length | 5500 mm | 5550 mm |
| The span of the aerodynamic rudders | 860 mm | 860 mm |
| Case diameter | - front compartment - 330 mm | - front compartment - 330 mm - the largest diameter - 400 mm |
| Rocket mass | 685 kg | 715 kg |
| Warhead weight | 70 kg | |
| Range | 3.5 - 25-30 km | |
| Target height | 25 - 18000-20000 m | |
| The probability of hitting an aircraft with one missile | 0.7-0.93 (according to test data) | |
| Rocket speed maximum | 1000 m/s | |
| Maximum overload when maneuvering | up to 19G | up to 24G |
| Warranty period of storage | 10 years | |
| Warhead | with semi-finished submunitions | |
| Auxiliary equipment | shipping container 9Ya266 |
Modifications:
The 9K37-1 Buk-1 complex, the 9M38 missile - SA-X-11 GADFLY - the first version of the complex, was put into service in 1978 as part of the 2K121M4 Kub-M4 air defense system. Included in its composition SOU 9A38 and missiles 9M38.
The 9K37 Buk complex, the 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY - the first full-fledged modification of the Buk air defense system. It included in its composition KP, SOC, SOU, ROM, 9M38 missiles and maintenance equipment. The air defense system was put into service in 1980.
Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY - the first modification of the air defense system "Buk". Launched by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979. The air defense system was put into service in 1983.
The 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" complex, the 9M38 and 9M317 missiles - SA-11 GADFLY - a variant of the deep modernization of the Buk air defense system with the capabilities of the Buk-M1 air defense system approaching the capabilities of the Buk-M2 air defense system. Adopted in 1998
Infrastructure:
SAM 9K37 "Buk" organizationally reduced to anti-aircraft missile brigades consisting of:
- KP / point of combat control of the anti-aircraft missile brigade ACS "Polyana-D4";
- 4 anti-aircraft missile battalions of 9K37 "Buk" systems with their own communications platoons (2 batteries per battalion, each battery has 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39);
- subdivisions of technical support and maintenance.
Organizationally, the anti-aircraft missile brigade was subordinate to the army air defense command post.
Status: USSR / Russia
- 1978 - the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system was adopted, which includes components of the 9K37-1 "Buk-1" air defense system.
1980 - The 9K37 Buk air defense system was adopted.
1983 - The 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system was adopted for service.
1991 - about 300 SOU 9A310 and PZU 9A39 were transferred from the USSR Armed Forces to the armed forces of the CIS countries after the collapse of the USSR ( ist. - Beech).
2016 - at least 350 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems in the ground forces, there are no 9K37 air defense systems in other military branches.
Export: The Buk-M1 air defense system was offered for export under the name "Ganges".
Azerbaijan:
- 2013 - 1 SAM 9K317 or 9K37MB and 100 SAM 9M317 delivered in 2013 from Belarus ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 June 26 - at a military parade in Baku, the means of the modernized Buk-MB air defense system purchased from Belarus are shown, in particular 6 SOU 9A310MB, 3 PZU 9A39MB, combat control point 9S470MB and radar station 80K6M. The complex is equipped with 9M317 missiles.
Belarus:
- 2005 May - the Belarusian version of the modernization of the 9K37 Buk complex - the 9K37MB Buk-MB air defense system was presented. The composition of the complex:
- 6 SOU 9A310MB
- 3 ROM 9A39MB
- command post 9S470MB
- radar station 80K6M
The means of the complex have been modified for the use of the 9M317 missile defense system (manufactured by JSC Dolgoprudnenskoye Scientific and Production Enterprise). In addition, the regular radar of the Buk-M1 9S18M1 air defense system was replaced by a mobile three-coordinate all-round radar 80K6M on the Volat MZKT wheeled chassis, a joint Belarusian-Ukrainian development.
- 2016 - armed with 12 batteries of air defense systems 9K37 / 9K317 ( ist. - Beech).
Georgia:
- 2008 - several air defense systems of the 9K37 type, previously delivered from Ukraine, were in service and took part in the Georgian-Ossetian armed conflict in August 2008.
- 2008 August 7-12 - Georgian air defense systems shot down several aircraft of the Russian Air Force - Tu-22MR (Tu-22M3R) - shot down the Buk-M1 air defense system, as well as several Su-25s.
- 2016 - in the armed forces of the 1-2 division of the Buk-M1 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).
Egypt:
- 1992 - shows interest in the acquisition of air defense systems.
- 2007 - SAM 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" and 100 SAM 9M317 ( ist. - Beech).
- 2016 - in service with more than 40 units of air defense systems 9K37 (SOU + PZU) ( ist. - Beech).
Iran:
- 1993 - according to the newspaper "Mond" (France) in 1992 were the first deliveries of SA-11 air defense systems.
Myanmar:
- 2007 - negotiations were held with Rosoboronexport on the supply of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).
Syria:
- 1986 - the first deliveries of air defense systems.
- 2008 - according to the Center for Analysis of the World Arms Trade, 18 Buk-M2E air defense systems were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2010-2013 - according to SIPRI, 8 Buk-M2E air defense systems and 160 9M317 air defense systems were to be delivered to Syria ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 - in service with 6 to 20 air defense systems "Buk-M1" and "Buk-M2" with 9M317 missiles. According to The Military Balance, as of 2013, there were 20 Buk air defense systems in Syria ( ist. - Beech).
Ukraine:
- 1991 - a large number of The air defense system remained in the Ukrainian Armed Forces after the collapse of the USSR.
- 2016 - armed with 72 Buk-M1 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).
Finland:
- 1997 January - the first division of the Buk-M1 air defense system was delivered, until May 1997 another 2 divisions should be delivered. Deliveries are carried out on account of the debts of the USSR to Finland. In total, 3 divisions (18 SOU and PZU, 288 SAM 9M38) of the Buk-M1 air defense system were delivered.
- 2008 - SAM "Buk" decommissioned. The air defense systems were on combat duty to protect Helsinki. The decision was made due to the fact that the ADMC control systems are subject to decryption.
Sources:
Angelsky R.D., Shestov I.V. Domestic anti-aircraft missile systems. M, Astrel Publishing House, AST Publishing House, 2002
Buk (anti-aircraft missile system). 2017 (
Specially for "Defend Russia" Chief Editor website and blog "Vestnik PVO" Said Aminov delved into the analysis of generations of domestic air defense systems and talked about what kind of anti-aircraft missile systems "Buk" are.
Unfortunately, we did not see the latest Buk-M3 air defense system live - self-propelled firing systems and launchers of the Buk-M2 air defense system were walking in festive columns. But the image of the Buk-M3 complex has already officially appeared not only on the corporate calendar of the Almaz-Antey Aerospace Defense Concern, but also on the cover of the book "Tikhomirov's Constellation", published on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the V.V. Tikhomirov NIIP - the developer of anti-aircraft missile medium range complexes.
The Buk is, indeed, a complex that consists of a number of elements: a self-propelled firing system, a launcher-loader, a radar for detecting air targets, a command post and a number of technical vehicles. It can successfully function in the complex of these machines and devices.
Cube
NIIP was the developer of one of the massive anti-aircraft missile systems of the Kub ground forces, which was not only actively exported to the allied countries of the USSR, but also underwent baptism of fire in the Middle East in the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. As its developers note, the Kub (aka Kvadrat for export) air defense system perfectly demonstrated its capabilities in that war, but its shortcomings were also revealed. During the hostilities between Israel and Lebanon in the Bekaa Valley in 1982, in a few days of hostilities, guided bombs destroyed 9 self-propelled reconnaissance and missile guidance systems (SURN) of the Syrian Kub air defense system.
In 1970, the USSR Ministry of Defense issued an order for the creation of a new generation complex, which received the name "Buk". When shaping the appearance of the new air defense system, the experience of the combat use of "Cubes" was taken into account. Basically, the combat capability of the Kubov battery depended on one SURN 1S91, which also had restrictions on the height of target detection - 7 km. In the event of a malfunction or incapacitation by the enemy, all four 2P25 launchers became useless. Given this, the new Buk provided for the presence of a self-propelled firing system with four missiles and a radar station, which not only provided target illumination, but could also survey the airspace. In addition, a separate powerful Kupol radar station was introduced into the new complex, which had twice the detection range of air targets than in the Kub air defense system.
Another lesson in the combat use of the Kub air defense system was the fact that the Kub battery of four launchers with 12 missiles was destroyed by the enemy during the battle after the ammunition was used up, and reloading launchers with TZM2T7 in battle conditions was impossible. Therefore, as part of the new complex, it was decided to provide the possibility of firing directly from the means of transporting reserve ammunition - this is how a new unit of the complex, a launcher-loader, appeared. It has no analogues abroad. The ROM provided not only the reloading of two SOUs, but also, if necessary, could launch four missiles from its launcher, and then replenish it with four other missiles from the lower tier.
Photo: Vestnik PVO
The decision to develop the 9K37 Buk complex was adopted on January 13, 1972. At the same time, NPO Altair was given the task of creating a shipborne air defense system M-22 Uragan for the Navy using a single anti-aircraft missile with the Buk complex.
The development of the complex was carried out by NIIP. The chief designer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was A.A. Rastov, G.N. Valaev (later V.A. Rastov, then V.I. Sokiran) was responsible for the creation of the command post 9С470, V.V. .Matyashev (hereinafter Yu.I. Kozlov), semi-active homing head 9E50 - I.G. Akopyan, missile control loop - L.G. Voloshin, maintenance and repair vehicles - V.A. Roslov.
The launcher-loader was created in the Design Bureau "Start" of the USSR Minaviaprom under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin (hereinafter - G. M. Murtashin). A unified tracked chassis for combat units of the complex was developed at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine Plant under the leadership of N.A. Astrov (hereinafter V.V. Egorkin). The 9S18 radar detection and target designation station was created at NIIIP (Novosibirsk) under the leadership of A.P. Vetoshko (then - Yu.P. Shchekotov).
At the beginning, the developer of the 3M9 missile of the Kub air defense missile system, the Vympel Design Bureau, was working on the 3 M9-M40 solid-propellant rocket (chief designer A.L. Lyapin). In a short time, design and technical documentation was issued, 10 missiles and a launch container mounted on an all-terrain vehicle were manufactured. In October-December 1965, five missile launches were carried out at site No. 1 in Faustovo (Moscow region, now GKNIPAS) with their self-destruction within the range. However, the Vympel Design Bureau focused its efforts on creating air-to-air missiles, and the task of creating the 9M38 missile defense system for the Buk was assigned to the Sverdlovsk Design Bureau Novator under the leadership of L.V. Lyulyev. The Novator Design Bureau had experience in creating missiles for army air defense systems - the long-range (for its time) Krug air defense system was equipped with a missile created by L.V. Lyulyev.
It was planned to complete the work on the creation of the Buk complex in the second quarter of 1975. However, the deadlines could not be met. The development of a self-propelled firing system was ahead of work on other means of air defense systems and on a rocket. Taking into account the actual state of work on the complex, as well as the need to strengthen the air defense of the Ground Forces, it was decided to break the work on the Buk air defense system into two stages. At first, it was envisaged to rapidly develop an anti-aircraft guided missile and a self-propelled firing system capable of using both new 9M38 missiles and old 3M9M3 missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create a "transitional" air defense system 9K37-1 "Buk-1", which was planned to be transferred for joint testing in September 1974. At the second stage, it was supposed to create a full-fledged Buk air defense system.
For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned that each of the five anti-aircraft batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit and four self-propelled launchers, should have one 9A38 self-propelled firing unit. Thus, due to the introduction of the SOU into the complex, the number of target channels of the regiment increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.
The structure of the SOU included a starting device with power servo drives, a 9S35 radar station, supplemented by a television-optical sight with a ground-based radar interrogator, a digital computer system, telecode communication equipment with SURN from the Kub-M3 air defense system and wired communication with SPU. The 9A38 self-propelled firing system had a launcher with interchangeable rails for either three 3 M9 M³ SAMs or three 9M38 SAMs. The mass of the SOU with a combat crew of four was 35 tons.
Technical progress in the field of microwave devices, the element base, as well as digital computers, made it possible to create a 9S35 radar with the functions of a station for detecting, tracking and highlighting a target. The station operated in the centimeter range of radio waves.
For an anti-aircraft missile, a 9E50 radar homing head was developed.
From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 complex passed state tests at the Emba test site. The tests were led by a commission headed by P.S. Bimbash.
On tests of the autonomous operation of a self-propelled firing system, the detection range of aircraft was confirmed from 65 to 77 km at altitudes above 3000 m. At low altitudes, the detection range was reduced to a range of 32 to 41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were spotted from a distance of 21 to 35 km.
With a centralized mode of operation, due to limitations in the operation of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation, the detection range of aircraft was reduced to 44 km for altitudes from 3000 to 7000 m and to 21-28 km for low altitudes.
The working time (the period from target detection to missile launch) of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode was 15-20 seconds. Reloading the complex with three 9M38 missiles is about 15 minutes.
The defeat of aircraft at altitudes of more than 3000 m was provided at a distance of 3.4 to 20.5 km. The affected area in height ranged from 30 m to 14 km, according to the heading parameter - 18 km. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 missile is from 0.70 to 0.93.
The complex was put into service in 1978 under the designation 2K12M4 "Kub-M4", instead of the previously used name "Buk-1". The reason was the fact that the SOU 9A38 and SAM 9M38 are only additions to the Kub-M3 air defense system.
The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in the military air defense systems significantly increased the effectiveness of the air defense of the tank divisions of the Ground Forces of the Soviet Army.
Serial production of the 9A38 SOU was launched at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant, 9A38 missiles - at the Dolgoprudny Machine-Building Plant, which previously produced 3M9 missiles.
Beech
Joint tests of the Buk complex in full-time were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba training ground. It should be noted that the careful development of the complex’s means during the period of autonomous tests, as well as a significant degree of continuity with the Kub-M4 air defense system, led to the fact that during the factory, as well as joint tests with the Ministry of Defense, no fundamental problems were identified. The complex fully met the specified tactical and technical requirements. In 1979, the Buk complex was adopted by the Soviet army. In 1980, the development was awarded the State Prize of the USSR.
The command post of the 9S470 complex, which is part of the Buk air defense system and located on the GM-579 chassis, provided for the reception and processing of information about targets coming from the 9S18 detection and target designation station, as well as from six 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, and from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade " Beech "(" "). The command post processed messages about 46 targets moving at altitudes up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km, for a cycle of review of the detection and target designation station. He gave out to self-propelled firing installations up to six target designations with an accuracy of 1 degree in angular coordinates and 400-700 m in range. The work of the command post was extremely automated. All information was processed by the Argon-15 digital computer. The mass of a self-propelled command post with a combat crew of six did not exceed 28 tons.
Three-coordinate coherent-pulse detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome" centimeter range with electronic beam scanning in a given sector in elevation (30 or 40 degrees) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) antenna rotation in azimuth (by means of electric - or hydraulic) was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges up to 110-120 km (45 km at a target flight altitude of 30 m). The SOC provided the transmission of radar information about the air situation to the KP 9S470.
The 9A310 self-propelled firing system, located on the GM-568, differed in its purpose and design from the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) air defense system 9A38 in that it was interfaced with the 9S470 gearbox and the 9A39 launcher-loader using a telecode line , and not with the self-propelled 1S91M2 and 2P25M2 developed for the Kub complex. And most importantly, not three, but already four 9M38 missiles were located on the new self-propelled firing system. The time for transferring the SDA from traveling to combat position did not exceed 5 minutes, and from standby mode to work mode (for example, after changing position with the equipment turned on) - no more than 20 s. The mass of a self-propelled firing system with missiles and a crew of four did not exceed 35 tons.
Placed on the GM-577 chassis, the 9A39 launcher-loader (ROM) served for the transportation and storage of eight missiles (four each on the launcher and on fixed cradles); launch of four missiles; self-loading of its launcher with four missiles from the lodgements; self-loading eight missiles from a transport vehicle; loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. The mass of the ROM with a calculation of three people was 35.5 tons.
Compared with the predecessors "Kub-MZ" and "Kub-M4" ("Buk-1"), the Buk complex achieved a significant improvement in combat and operational characteristics:
- the division simultaneously fired at six targets and could perform up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
- the joint operation of the detection and target designation station with the division's self-propelled firing systems increased the reliability of target detection;
- a new on-board computer for the homing head and an algorithm for generating a backlight signal increased noise immunity;
- SAM received a combat unit of increased power.
Serial production of combat means of the Buk air defense system was carried out by the same cooperation as in the case of the Kub-M4 complex. 9A39 launchers were produced at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant. M.I. Kalinin, and self-propelled firing systems 9A310, detection and target designation stations 9S18 and KP9S470 - at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant.
Buk-M1
Simultaneously with the adoption of the Buk complex, its modernization began. In accordance with the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979, work was carried out to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of its electronic equipment from interference and anti-radar missiles. The new complex was supposed to have increased destruction boundaries, an expanded range of targets to be hit, among which were low-altitude cruise missiles of the ALCM and Tomahawk types, hovering attack helicopters.
For the new complex, the Design Bureau of Dolgoprudnensky NPP developed an improved 9M38M1 rocket. At the same time, an increased flight range was provided, the duration of the inertial section was increased, and the accuracy of pointing at a maneuvering target was improved. The 9E50M1 homing head adapted better to flight conditions, interference conditions, and the type of target being fired.
A fundamentally new system for recognizing the type of target (aircraft, helicopter, ballistic missile) was developed and introduced into the improved SOU 9A310M1 with the transfer of relevant information to the missile's radio fuse to ensure the moment of optimal warhead detonation.
In relation to the Buk-M1, a set of measures was developed to effectively deal with hovering helicopters - a very difficult goal for both ground defense systems and fighter aircraft. In the course of field tests conducted in February-December 1982, it was found that the modernized Buk-M1 complex, in comparison with the Buk, provides a larger area of destruction for aircraft, is capable of shooting down ALCM and Tomahawk cruise missiles with a probability of hitting one missile of at least 0.4, and highly maneuverable relatively "compact" and well-protected combat helicopters type "Hugh-Cobra" - with a probability of 0.6-0.7 at a distance of 3.5 to 6-10 km.
The radar of the modernized air defense system received 32 lettered illumination frequencies (instead of 16 for the Buk), which contributed to increased protection against mutual and deliberate interference.
SOU 9A310M1 compared with the previous one ensured the detection and capture of a target at a distance of up to 85 km, and auto tracking - at 75 km.
The complex included a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1" with a flat goniometric headlight, placed on a tracked chassis GM-567M, of the same type (unlike the station "Kupol") with other tracked means of the division.
Buk-M1 was put into service in 1983, and since 1985 its serial production has been launched.
Buk-M2 and Buk-M1−2
Simultaneously with the start of work on a small modernization of the complex, which was implemented in the Buk-M1 air defense system, NIIP launched work on a more advanced version of the Buk-M2 complex. The third generation complex provided for the creation of a multi-channel air defense system capable of simultaneously firing up to 24 targets. This required the introduction of a radar complex with a phased antenna array (PAR) into combat assets and the provision of an intermittent illumination mode.
In the new complex, a significant expansion of the zone of destruction of targets in range and height was achieved. Due to the use of a phased antenna array, one self-propelled unit could simultaneously hit four targets (the Buk-M1 self-propelled gun - only one). The air defense system had greater information content, increased noise immunity and a number of other advantages that ensured its significant superiority over foreign counterparts.
In addition to the improved 9M317 missile, created at the Design Bureau of the DNPP, and a self-propelled firing system with a phased array, the complex also received a new combat weapon - a radar for target illumination and missile guidance (RPN). The transceiver module of this station, also located on the self-propelled GM-562, in its working position, by means of a special telescopic mast, rose to a height of 21 m, which significantly expanded the capabilities of the complex to combat low-flying aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles. The range of destruction of targets flying at extremely low altitudes has increased by 1.5-2 times.
By the Decree of the Central Committee of October 18, 1990, the Buk-M2 air defense system on a tracked chassis was put into service, and the deadlines for its serial development were set.
Practically next, joint tests of the modernized complex "Buk-M2-1" - "Ural", located on a wheelbase (cross-country vehicles "KrAZ" and trailers of Chelyabinsk production), intended for the country's air defense forces, were completed. According to the plan of the then Air Defense Commander-in-Chief I.M. Tretyak, the Ural towed air defense system was supposed to be integrated with air defense systems of the type, which was supposed to form a very effective echelon system designed to defend large state facilities (Moscow, Leningrad and other key political and economic centers of the country) . Unfortunately, the collapse of the USSR, a sharp reduction in funding for the armed forces and industry did not allow the launch of new complexes in a series.
Of the entire composition of the combat means of the Buk-M2 air defense system in the 90s, only the 9M317 SAM was mass-produced. The missile was developed and manufactured by the Dolgoprudnensky Research and Production Enterprise as an interspecific one: for the SV air defense air defense system and for the Shtil-1 ship air defense system. The presence of a new missile allowed the IIP to initiate the modernization of the Buk-M1 air defense system by introducing a new missile from the Buk-M2 complex. The Main Rocket and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense supported the idea: conducting such an R&D with minimal use of budgetary funds made it possible to obtain a significant increase in the performance characteristics of the complex - in particular, the possibility of using not only in air defense systems, but also in tactical missile defense systems and in coastal defense.
The complex, called "Buk-M1−2", was created in the most difficult years for the defense industry, when the main task for almost all enterprises was not development and technical re-equipment, but survival in the current conditions.
R & D "Buk-M1−2" was carried out by the previous cooperation: NIIP (general director - V.V. Matyashev, at the final stage of development Yu.I. Bely, chief designer of the air defense system - E.A. Pigin), Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (general director - V.V. Abanin), DNPP (general director - G.P. Yezhov, general designer - V.P. Ektov), M NII "Agat" (general director and general designer - I.G. Akopyan), NPP " Start” (general director — G.M. Muratshin), MZiK (general director — N.V. Klein).
Given the meager state funding, the co-executing enterprises created a new complex at the expense of export earnings under contracts for the supply of the Buk-M1 air defense system to Finland and the modernization of the Kvadrat air defense system (the export name of the Kub air defense system) in Egypt. As a result, in the most difficult years for the domestic defense industry, an air defense system unique in its characteristics was created, which at that time had no analogues in world practice in terms of combat use. Having retained the composition of combat assets similar to the Buk-M1 complex, the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, unlike its predecessor, ensures the defeat of tactical, ballistic and aviation missiles, as well as firing at surface and radio-contrast ground targets.
The zone of destruction of aerodynamic targets of the modernized air defense system has been expanded to 25 km in height and up to 42-45 km in range. Provided a doubling of the channel when hitting a target in the "coordination support" mode. The probability of hitting enemy aircraft increased from 0.80‑0.85 to 0.90‑0.95. The command post of the Buk-M1−2 air defense system was integrated with the control post of the short-range air defense system "", which made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the mixed anti-aircraft group.
It is important to note that the documentation for the modernization was made in such a way that the factory brigades, directly in the troops, could modify the Buk-M1 to the Buk-M1-2 at a minimum cost. In 1998, by order of the Minister of Defense No. 515 dated November 21, 1998, the Buk-M1-2 air defense system was put into service. Russian army.
Only in the early 2000s, when the defense industry began to receive the first orders, the question arose again about the mass production of the third-generation Buk-M2 air defense system. Unfortunately, over the past 15 years after its development, many component suppliers ceased to exist or ended up abroad, and the element base has changed significantly. NIIP and the head manufacturer Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant did a great job of establishing new cooperation, replacing components and introducing new technologies and materials. For example, the basis of the computing facilities of the complex was replaced from the now foreign supplier of the Argon-15 on-board computer (Chisinau) to the domestic Baguette-type computers.
As a result, the Buk-M2 air defense system began to enter service with the Russian army. Since 2008, the complex has been participating in parades on Red Square. At the same time, the Buk-M2E air defense system received high international recognition. Currently, an export contract is being executed for the supply of a complex on a tracked chassis to Syria. In the process of Rosoboronexport carrying out marketing work to promote foreign market The Buk-M2E air defense system, several foreign customers expressed their desire to purchase complexes, but not on a tracked base, but on a wheeled one. Such work was carried out by NIIP together with UMP and NPP Start. A tractor manufactured by the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant (MZKT) was chosen as the base wheeled vehicle. The wheeled version of the air defense system passed all types of tests and was delivered to the first customer - Venezuela. More states are on the way far abroad.
In 2013, the serial development of the Buk-M2 air defense system was awarded the prize of the government of the Russian Federation.
Buk-M3
The decision to create a new modification of the complex, which received the Buk-M3 index, was made by the Ministry of Defense in 1990. Defense industry enterprises were left to their own devices, and only those who could find export contracts survived. The products of NIIP were well known in the world, which helped the institute to survive a long period of reforms and continue new developments. From the side of the Ministry of Defense and the GRAU, funding did not stop, although insufficient. The main thing was the understanding of the need to preserve a unique school, which has half a century of experience in the development of medium-range air defense systems for the air defense of the Ground Forces.
Despite the difficult conditions that made the development of the Buk-M3 air defense system the longest in the history of NIIP, in 2011 the work was completed with successful launches as part of state tests. At present, the complex is being finalized according to the plan to eliminate the comments received during the CSI process, and the State Armaments Program provides for its serial launch. According to media reports, the Buk-M3 air defense system should begin to enter the troops from the end of 2015.
The main features of the complex compared to its predecessor: increased channel capacity, increased range, a significant increase in noise immunity, placement of missiles in transport and launch containers, an increase in 1.5 times the ammunition capacity of missiles on the SOU (now there are 6 of them). According to media reports, the Dolgoprudnensky Research and Production Enterprise has developed new rocket 9M317ME, unified for the land complex "Buk-M3" and the ship's air defense system "Shtil-1" with a vertical launcher. The missile in these complexes will be placed in transport and launch containers. In the ship version, the rocket launch will be vertical, in the land version it will be inclined.
The Buk-M3 complex will hit air targets operating at speeds up to 3,000 meters per second and altitudes of 0.015-35 km. In addition, the Buk-M3 anti-aircraft division will have 36 target channels. These data were given by the head of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Lieutenant-General Alexander Leonov, in his interview with the Ekho Moskvy radio station in December 2013.
The new complex will significantly increase firepower. NPP "Start" created new system complex - a self-propelled launcher with 12 missiles. There are no analogues among the Buk-M3 medium-range air defense systems abroad.
According to materials:
The constellation of Tikhomirov. 60 years of the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirova .
OOO Publishing Group Bedretdinov & Co. , M., 2014
Anti-aircraft missile systems air defense SV. Technique and armament "No. 5-6, 1999.
Said Aminov
Today we will talk about such a type of weapons as Buk missile systems. This article has nothing to do with politics, so we will consider the purely technical side of the issue. Let's try to figure out a little what this self-propelled army is, let's get acquainted with its tactical and technical characteristics, firing range, in short, with all its abilities. So, before us is the Buk installation.
The beginning of the story
First you need to decide on the purpose of this installation. It consists in the destruction of aerodynamic targets flying at medium and low altitudes at speeds up to 830 m / s, maneuvering with 12-unit overloads and at a distance of up to 30 kilometers. In accordance with the well-known Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and dated January 13, 1972, they began to develop it. A team of developers and manufacturers, who had previously participated in the creation of the Kub air defense system, was involved in this. Along with this, they appointed the development of the M-22 complex, called "Hurricane", for the Navy using a missile that is fully compatible with the Buk.
Developers
The following were identified as developers: the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, as well as the scientific and design association, which has the name "Fazotron". Rastov A. A. was appointed chief designer of this complex. The launcher-loader was created at the Machine-Building Design Bureau "Start", where Yaskin A.I. was the head. Tracked chassis, unified for the machines of the complex, were developed by the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, which was led by Astrov N.A. The Sverdlovsk Design Bureau "Innovator" was instructed to develop 9M38 missiles. The detection station and, of course, target designation "Kupol" was created at the Research Institute of Measuring and Precision Instruments of the Ministry of Radio Industry. In order for the Buk installation to fully function, a set of maintenance and technical support facilities was developed on an automobile chassis. Completion preparatory phase was scheduled for the second quarter of 1975.
Change of plans
By the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU of May 22, 1974, in view of the need for an early strengthening of air defense with the build-up of the Kub regiments that are part of these divisions, it was ordered to create the Buk complex in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to quickly develop a guided anti-aircraft missile and a self-propelled firing system of the complex, which could launch 9M38 missiles, as well as 3M9M3 missiles of the already existing Kub-M3 complex. Then, on this base, the Buk, a new-generation missile system, was to be created. And in September 1974, ensure its participation in joint tests. But, regardless of this, the previously appointed deadlines had to be fully respected.
Self-propelled fire mount 9A38
It was mounted on the GM-569 chassis, and in one installation it combined the functions of a self-propelled launcher and SURN, which were used in the Kub-M3. The created 9A38 installation provided a high-quality search in a given sector, performed detection and subsequent capture of targets for automatic tracking. She also solved the problems before the launch, launch and homing of the three missiles that were located on it, and the other three 3M9M3-guided missiles from the 2P25M3 launcher associated with it.
The firing unit could operate both from the SURN and autonomously. Its weight is 34 tons. The Buk air defense system consisted of: radar 9s35; computing digital system; optical-television sight; starting devices with power servo drive; radar ground interrogator, which operates in the "Password" system; equipment with SPU and SURN; gas turbine generator; equipment for orientation, topographic reference and navigation; life support systems.
Functions of the 9S35 radar station
By the time described, significant progress has been made in terms of creating quartz and electromechanical filters, microwave devices, digital computers, which made it possible in 9S35, which is part of the Buk complex, to combine the functions of illumination, detection and target tracking stations. It used two transmitters - pulsed and continuous radiation, she herself worked in the centimeter wave range. One transmitter detected and tracked targets, the other illuminated targets and guided anti-aircraft missiles.
The antenna system carried out the search by sectors, the processing of the received signals was performed by the central computer using the electromechanical method. The transition time for 9S35, part of the Buk air defense system, from standby to combat was less than twenty seconds. The speed of the targets was determined with an accuracy of +10 to -20 m/s, which ensured their selection in a moving state. Possible errors: the root-mean-square when measuring the angular coordinates was 0.5 d.c., the maximum in range was 175 meters. The station was protected from all active, combined and passive interference.
Anti-aircraft missile 9M38
In this rocket, which is part of the Buk air defense system, a solid-propellant dual-mode engine was used. Due to the complexity of mining, they abandoned the use of direct-flow. In addition, he had a lot of resistance in some, mostly passive, sections of the trajectory and, at a large angle of attack, was unstable in operation. For these reasons, the deadline for the creation of the Kub air defense system was disrupted. The scheme of the rocket was normal, standard, X-shaped, with a low elongation wing. From the first glance of her appearance reminiscent of anti-aircraft missiles of the ship families "Tartar" and "Standard" produced by the United States, which fully complied with the size restrictions for the Soviet Navy.
In front of the 9M38, there was an autopilot equipment, a semi-active HMN, a warhead and power. The rocket did not have parts that separated in flight, its length was 5.5 meters, its diameter was 400 millimeters, and the steering span was 860 millimeters. It was equipped with a homing head, which had a combined control system using proportional navigation. "Buk" - a missile system with such a missile - could hit targets flying at an altitude of 25 meters to 20,000 and a range of three and a half to 32 kilometers, its speed was 1000 m / s. The rocket had a weight of 685 kg, including 70 kg of the warhead.
Tests of the Buk installation
The Buk installation from August 1975 to the end of October of the next, 1976, passed state tests. Bimbash P.S. led them, and they were carried out on the territory of the Emba training ground. As you can see, the Buk installation (its photo is presented in the review) consisted of: 1S91M3 SURN, 9A38 firing system, 3M9M3 and 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, as well as maintenance vehicles. As a result, some amendments were made: the detection range of helicopters was 21-35 kilometers at low altitudes, aircraft - 32-41 km.
The time from the moment the target was detected was 24-27 seconds. Charging time, as well as discharge - nine minutes. The defeat of the aircraft with the 9M38 missile was ensured: at a distance of 3.5-20.5 km - at a flight altitude of more than 3000 meters, 5-15.5 km - at a height of 30 meters. in terms of the course parameter it was 18.5 km, in height - from 30 m to 14.5 km. The probability of fire damage is 0.70-0.93 when launching one rocket. In 1978, the Buk-1 (Kub-M4) installation was put into service.
Characteristics of the Buk, command post
We are on this moment learned a lot of details about the weapons we are considering. It's time to group the most basic in one place. So, before us is the Buk complex. The characteristics of his combat means are as follows. 9S470 - a command post installed on the GM-579 - provided display, reception and processing of all data coming from the target designation and detection station, as well as six 9A310 - self-propelled firing systems.
He ensured the selection of the necessary dangerous targets and their correct distribution in manual and automatic modes between firing self-propelled installations, assigned them responsible sectors and many other important activities. The Buk complex, thanks to the CP, works normally when using missiles against radar and with interference. The command post can process 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20,000 m in a zone with a radius of 100,000 m. Up to six target designations were issued in one station review cycle. 28 tons - the mass of the KP, given from six people.
Target designation and detection station "Kupol"
We continue the conversation about what the Buk installation is. The characteristics of the “Dome” are the next stage of its consideration. This station has an electronic beam scanning in elevation in a 30-40 degree sector with a mechanical rotation of the antenna along a given azimuth. The purpose of the 9S18 is to detect and identify targets in the air at an altitude of 30 meters to 45.5 kilometers, at a distance of up to 120 kilometers. Then information about the situation in the air is transmitted to the CP 9S470. Depending on the set sector and the presence of interference, the viewing speed is 5-18 seconds with a circular view and 2.5-4.5 seconds with a 30-degree sector view. The received information was transmitted over the telecode line during the review period, which is 4.5 seconds, in the amount of 75 marks. Protection against aiming, response, non-synchronous impulse noise was also developed.
Also, regardless of the presence of barrage noise interference, the detection of a fighter located at an altitude of up to 5,000 meters was ensured. "Dome", included in anti-aircraft complex The Buk, in turn, consisted of a rotary device, an antenna post, an antenna tracking device, a receiving device, a transmitting device and other systems. The station went into combat position in five minutes from the marching position, from the duty position - in 20 seconds.
Differences between firing systems 9A310 and 9A38
The first installation differed from the second (“Buk-1”) in that it communicated via telecode line not with the self-propelled launcher 2P25M3 and with SURN 1S91M3, but with the ROM 9A39 and the command post 9S470. Also, the 9A310 had four 9M38 guided anti-aircraft missiles on its launcher, rather than three. It was loaded in 12 and a half minutes from a ROM and 16 minutes from a transport supply vehicle. Weight - 32.4 tons, including four people of the combat crew. The width of the self-propelled launcher is 3.25 meters, the length is 9.3 meters, and the height is 3.8 meters. Let's look further at what the Buk complex consists of. Photos will help us in this, as always.
9A39 - launcher-loader
This ROM was installed on the GM-577 chassis. Its purpose is the storage and transportation of guided anti-aircraft missiles - eight pieces, four of which were on fixed cradles, four - on the launcher. It was also intended for launching four guided missiles, their further self-loading from their cradles, and subsequent self-loading of eight missiles from a transport support vehicle. Thus, the Buk is a missile system that combined in one ROM the functions of the self-propelled launcher of the earlier Kub complex and the TZM.
It included: a starting device with a servo drive, lodgements, a crane, a digital computer, telecode communication equipment, navigation, topography references, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation is 35.5 tons, including the calculation of three people, dimensions: width - 3.316 meters, length - 9.96 meters, and height - 3.8 meters.
Possibilities of the air defense system "Buk"
This complex had higher combat, external and operational characteristics compared to the Kub-M4 and Kub-M3 complexes. Even if you just look at what the Buk installation is like, a photo of its weapons, then any person will understand all its power, which provided:
Conclusion
According to the results of modeling and testing, it was determined that the firing range of the Buk launcher is from 3 to 25 kilometers at an altitude of up to 18 kilometers and a speed of up to 800 m/s. In this case, high-quality shelling of targets that do not maneuver was ensured. The probability of defeat was 0.7-0.8 when one guided missile was fired and the course parameter was up to 18 km. If the target is maneuvering, then the probability of hitting is 0.6. The Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces in 1980. Since that moment, it has been modernized several times in order to increase combat capabilities and security.
