Memory characteristic
The main characteristic of memory in psychology is its reflection as a brain function capable of assimilating, retaining and subsequently using information received from all five basic human senses: sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. This is a kind of matrix, which contains a complete database of all the available life experience of an individual, linking his past and present, without which humanity would hardly be able to survive and develop as a biological species. Psychology, as a science, unlike medicine, works mainly with the lifetime type of memory, although its genetic variety is also taken into account, in particular, when determining the hereditary component in the organization of a person’s mental states and assessing the degree of their deviations from the norm.
Forget or remember?
If we talk about the mechanisms of memory, then in psychology they are divided according to their main functions: the need to remember the information received, save it, reproduce it if necessary and forget it if it is of little significance. By the way, forgetting does not mean the complete erasure of unnecessary files. They are simply stored in deeper "archives" and extracted from there at the impulse request of that part of our consciousness that is responsible for the current life experience and filtering it in order of importance.
Forget or remember?
The key to success in any kind of human activity is the development of memory, and psychology offers a lot of techniques that can help you remember and store the information you receive for a long time in the smallest detail. Naturally, the foundations for the development of attention and memory in human psychology are laid in childhood, and it is better to start building a solid foundation for a "library of accumulated knowledge about the outside world" in the first decade of a child's life, since children's memory is more flexible and tenacious, although at a later age, if desired and using various memorization techniques, it is possible to learn to quickly extract all the information necessary at the moment from the "storerooms of the thinking process".
One step, two steps...
The structure of memory in human psychology is usually a three-level ladder, the steps of which are arranged according to the hierarchy of their temporal component.
sensory memory
The shortest in duration is sensory memory, the data retention period of which is, at most, half a second. It processes information coming from the sense organs, and if the "higher authorities" in the form of specific centers of the brain did not show due attention to it, then the sensory component of our memory safely removes unnecessary material from its "basket" and fills the cells with new information receipts.
short term memory
The next level on our ladder is short-term memory, which is longer than sensory memory but still has its limits. For example, the amount of memorized material is reduced to 5-7 information units. Moreover, 7 is the limit, and if you need to learn more information, then the brain has to rearrange the symbols in order to fit them into the 7 cells allocated to it by short-term memory.
long term memory
For longer storage and subsequent replay of memories, there is a long-term memory, which also has its drawbacks, in particular the time spent searching for the necessary information. But nevertheless, the whole machine works quite quickly and smoothly, so that the vast majority of the requested data is “served to the table” on time and with little or no distortion.
Nature has thought of everything for us and we can only be infinitely grateful to her for all the wonderful moments of our lives, which we remember and for those negative memories on which we have the opportunity to learn, drawing lessons.
MEMORY Prepared by: teacher of mathematics at MKOU "Troitskaya secondary school" Igumenova I.S.
Memory is a mental property of a person, the ability to accumulate, (remember) store, and reproduce experience and information. This is the ability to recall individual experiences from the past, realizing not only the experience itself, but its place in the history of our life, its location in time and space.
It manifests itself in the memorization, preservation and reproduction of visual, auditory and motor images. This can be a visual representation of objects of observation, an interlocutor, a piece of terrain, a building, as well as movement, a process of communication, etc. Visual-figurative memory includes auditory representations. They manifest themselves in the fact that a person, as it were, hears the voice of a person of interest, the sound and noise of the engine of the car he needs, the rumble of the corresponding section of the city. Visual-figurative memory is of great importance in the working, educational and creative activities of a person.
Visual memory
Expressed in the memorization and reproduction of thoughts. This type of memory is closely related to speech. For example, the object of observation can not only be captured in a visual image, but also remember its characterological essence. Such memorization is possible only in verbal form.
Verbal-logical memory
It depends on combinations of kinesthetic sensations, on excitation and inhibition of the corresponding pathways and nerve cells. Having arisen, the motor image has an impact on the muscle group, the work of which is associated with this image.
motor memory
This is a memory for emotional states that took place in the past. Thus, pleasant memories of a well-performed action may come up in the memory, and from this it is clearly, in detail, firmly imprinted in the human nervous system. Conversely, unpleasant memories gradually crowd out the details of an uncertainly performed action. Vivid emotional experiences are quickly remembered and easily reproduced. This is one of the reasons that interesting material is better retained in memory than uninteresting material, since interest always has a more or less pronounced emotional coloring.
emotional memory
Short-term memory - the storage of information for a short period of time: an average of about 20 s. This kind of memory can occur after a single or very brief perception. This memory works without conscious effort to remember.
There are also long-term and short-term (operative) memory.
Long-term memory is used to remember information for a long time. Anything that is held for more than a few minutes is in the long-term memory system. All acquired life experience is part of it. Memorization is the most important process here.
Memorization techniques known in psychology are divided into logical (semantic) and mechanical.
Logical memorization is aimed at the meaning of the memorized information. At the same time, an enhanced work of thinking is proposed. Mechanical memorization is associated with the form of perceived information: words, sounds, images. The semantic content of the perceived material in the process of memorization, although it does not completely lose its significance, but, as it were, fades into the background. This is the memorization of the text of the poem, movements, phone numbers. In practice, it is often difficult to distinguish between logical and mechanical memorization. This is clearly seen in the most common memorization technique - repetition.
Repetition is the most common method of memorization. Here you need to know the following rules: 1) a large volume of material must be divided into parts according to its semantic meaning and memorized in parts, and then repeated as a whole;
2) the number of repetitions should be more than what turned out to be sufficient for the first complete reproduction of the material being memorized;
3) the repetition of information should begin no later than an hour after memorization (observations and special studies show that after an hour at least 50% of the memorized remains in a person’s memory, and in a day this figure reaches 30-35%).
Memory training
Memorization efficiency is calculated by the formula: The number of correctly reproduced words is divided by 20 and multiplied by 100, we get the % of effective memorization.
1. Ukrainian 2. Housekeeper3. Porridge 4. Tattoo 5. Neuron 6. Love 7. Scissors 8. Conscience9. Dictionary10. Clay 11. Oil 12. Paper 13. Sweets 14. Logic 15. Socialism 16. Verb 17. Breakthrough 18. Deserter 19. Candle 20. Cherry
Below are 20 names (each with a corresponding serial number) to remember. 40 seconds are given for memorization. You must write all 20 words with their numbers the way you remember them. The answer is considered correct if its serial number is indicated along with the name.
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is a process that ensures the construction of a comprehensive image of the world, linking disparate impressions into a coherent picture, the past with the present and future
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Types of memory
Visual-figurative memory is a memory for visual, sound, tactile, olfactory, etc. images. Verbal-logical memory is a memory for the meaning of the presentation, its logic, for the relationship between the elements of the information received in the dictionary form. Motor memory is memory for movement. Emotional memory is the memory of experiences
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Memory processes
Memorization is the imprinting in the human mind of the information received, which is a necessary condition for enriching the human experience with new knowledge and forms of behavior. Retention - retention in memory of acquired knowledge for a relatively long period of time. Reproduction is the activation of the previously fixed content of the psyche. Recognition is a phenomenon of the psyche that accompanies memory processes, allowing them to function more efficiently.
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Knowledge acquired through mere cramming is almost inevitably forgotten completely without a trace William James (1842-1910)
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Memorization duration
Short-term memory is the memorization and storage of information for a short period after a single and very short perception. Long-term memory is memory in the interests of long-term retention of information that is often remembered after repeated repetition. Working memory is the retention of material after it has been captured for the time it takes to complete a task.
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Memory features (productivity)
Volume - a characteristic that reflects quantitative indicators and the possibilities of information captured, stored and reproduced by a person. Speed - the ability of a person in the process of capturing, storing and reproducing information to achieve a certain speed of its processing and use. Accuracy is the ability of a person in the process of capturing, storing and reproducing information to qualitatively and productively reflect its main content. Duration is a characteristic that indicates the ability to hold the necessary information in your mind for a certain time. Readiness is one of the most important characteristics of memory, indicating the predisposition of a person and his consciousness to always actively use all the captured information.
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From the audio recording of the interrogation of the witness:
“Question: Did you witness this accident? Answer: Yes. Question: When did it happen? Answer: July 14th. Question: That was about six months ago, wasn't it? Answer: Yes. Question: And you claim that everything happened exactly as it was shown? Answer: Yes, exactly. Question: When was it, at what time? Answer: About 9 o'clock in the morning. Question: Now tell me what happened at 9 o'clock the next day? Answer: I don't remember that. Question: But nevertheless, do you remember what happened on July 14? Answer: I remember that well. Question: Your memory on July 14 was better than on July 13 or 15. There was no answer.”5 Tasks: 1. What were the doubts and intentions of the investigator who conducted the interrogation? 2. What were his psychological miscalculations, both in design and in tactics?
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In 1902, experiments to determine the degree of reliability of testimonies were carried out by the German psychologist William Stern. Based on his data, V. Stern argued that the testimony is fundamentally unreliable, vicious, since "forgetting is the rule, and remembering is the exception." Subsequently, Stern created a personalistic concept of memory, which had a pronounced idealistic character. According to this concept, human memory is not a reflection of objective reality, but acts only as its distortion for the sake of the selfish interests of the individual, his individualistic intentions, pride, vanity, ambition, etc.
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Psychology of the investigative experiment and verification of testimony on the spot
Verification of testimony on the spot combines elements of a number of investigative actions. In terms of its psychological characteristics, it is closest to interrogation and inspection of the scene of the incident, and basically combines the psychological features of these investigative actions. By itself, the repeated story of the accused (or other eyewitness) about the crime at the scene of its commission, of course, does not have any additional probative force. The main purpose of the reproduction of testimony is to obtain additional information, in addition to that which has already been obtained during the interrogation of the person whose testimony is to be reproduced.
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About 1.5 kg of matter, an astronomical number of neurons, billions of connections ... Whether we move our little finger, solve a complex equation, or remember our happiest days - all these actions are controlled by our brain, the main organ of the central nervous system. But how are the brain and memory related? Of course, memory is directly related to the brain and is involved in almost any activity. Memory is an integral part of our self-awareness, our intellect, our emotionality.
Contrary to popular belief, memory is not localized to any specific area of the brain. When this or that information is put into memory, a large number of neural connections are simultaneously activated, so that a very large part of the brain is involved in the creation of memories. Therefore, it is wrong to talk about the existence of a memory center. Fixing information in memory and its reproduction depend on the work of various memory systems of the brain and its departments responsible for the perception of signals (sound, visual, etc.)
Short-term, or operational, memory involves the neural systems of the cerebral cortex (4) (mainly its frontal lobes (1) and corticothalamic connections). Short-term, or operational, memory involves the neural systems of the cerebral cortex (4) (mainly its frontal lobes (1) and corticothalamic connections). Semantic memory involves the cerebral cortex (4). Semantic memory involves the cerebral cortex (4). Motor memory involves several subcortical structures such as the cerebellum (6) and the dentate nucleus (5). Motor memory involves several subcortical structures such as the cerebellum (6) and the dentate nucleus (5). Episodic memory involves the frontal areas of the cerebral cortex (1), as well as the hippocampus (3) and thalamus (2) - structures related to the limbic system. Episodic memory involves the frontal areas of the cerebral cortex (1), as well as the hippocampus (3) and thalamus (2) - structures related to the limbic system.
Visual signals are received by the retina and converted into a series of nerve impulses. In thousandths of a second, these impulses reach the central part of the visual analyzer - the primary projection zone, located in the occipital region of the cerebral cortex. The received information is processed separately according to different categories (shape, color, movement). Then the information temporarily enters the hippocampus, where, with the participation of various parts of the cerebral cortex, it is compared with the information already in memory. Finally, this information is forgotten or fixed in memory. Its emotional coloring affects how it will be deposited in our memory. Visual memory
Amnestic syndrome is the inability to remember current events, which makes any learning new impossible. At the same time, mental abilities are preserved, with the exception of the ability to assimilate new information and acquire new sensory-motor skills. The cause of pathologies can be vascular disorders, Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or cardiac arrest. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember events that occurred before the onset of the illness. At the same time, periods of time from a few days to several years can fall out of memory. In most cases, these memories are not erased without a trace, but access to them is difficult. With anterograde amnesia, memories of events in the period after the onset of the disease are lost, although the person remembers well what happened before. May be the result of electrical shock or brain injury; sometimes manifested in Korsakoff's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.
Antero-retrograde or total amnesia combines the inability to remember new information and the loss of memories of all knowledge acquired before the onset of the disease. The cause may be extensive damage to the cerebral cortex; Alzheimer's disease. Hypermnesias are characterized by the ability to remember a large amount of information of the same type (for example, long lists of names, large numbers, etc.). They may be permanent or short-term and are not related to the level of intelligence. May occur during epileptic seizures or at the time of strong emotional experiences. Paramnesia is a distortion of memory: a person has a feeling of “déjà vu”, that is, he has already seen or experienced it once, or, on the contrary, there is a feeling of unreality of everything that happens. With ecmnesia, the line between past and present is blurred, and a person experiences events from the past as if they were happening in the present. Such memory distortions are observed in Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common disease of the central nervous system. It is characterized by a progressive irreversible decline in intelligence. The patient gradually develops dementia, or dementia. In some parts of the brain, starting from the hippocampus, there is a mass death of neurons, which is accompanied by a decrease in the level of acetylcholine in the brain, a neurotransmitter involved in memorization processes. There are drugs that can slow down these processes, but they only work if they are prescribed at an early stage in the development of the disease. Alzheimer's disease
Atherosclerosis is a common disease that affects the blood vessels that feed the heart, kidneys, limbs, and brain. With atherosclerosis, fatty deposits are layered on the inner wall of the vessels, due to which the lumen of the vessels narrows, which leads to a deterioration in the blood supply to the brain. The wall of a vessel affected by sclerotic layers loses elasticity, which can cause it to rupture and bleed into the brain (stroke). The symptoms of a stroke depend on how large the affected area of the brain is and where it is located. Atherosclerosis
Parkinson's disease is associated with the death of neurons in the subcortical nerve centers responsible for the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine and the regulation of movements. It is precisely because of the decrease in this substance that those suffering from Parkinson's disease experience trembling of the limbs, stiffness (rigidity) and slowness of movement, imbalance and gait, and mental activity is inhibited. Information is imprinted in the patient's memory well, but the process of recall is difficult or slow. Modern treatment of Parkinson's disease is based on the use of drugs that compensate for the lack of dopamine and thereby neutralize the consequences of death. Parkinson's disease
Korsakov's syndrome is observed in people who abuse alcohol and in chronic alcoholics. It usually develops after the age of 55 and is manifested by anterograde amnesia, loss of orientation and confabulations - false memories. Sometimes the development of the disease is preceded by a retrograde gap in memory. The disease is accompanied by confusion of thoughts, loss of balance when walking, paralysis of the oculomotor muscles. Sometimes its only sign in the first stages is the defeat of the peripheral nerves, and the rational activity is not disturbed. The reason for this type of amnesia is a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1), due to the fact that alcohol prevents the absorption of this vitamin. Korsakov's syndrome
Although long-term depressed people do not suffer from specific severe memory impairments, they still have some difficulty remembering recent events. The lack of motivation and energy associated with depression reduces the ability of such people to capture information. If the information is incorrectly encoded, it is then difficult to retrieve it from memory. Thus, depression leads to a general weakening of mental activity. Depression
However, the impact of depression on memory is very different from pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease. Depression is manifested in a decrease in the level of motivation, which affects the patient's ability to concentrate, while Alzheimer's disease causes memory pathology, which leads to a violation of the processes of encoding, storing and recalling information from memory. When depression passes, intellectual abilities return to a person.
Each sense organ is adapted to the perception of certain environmental factors. The information coming from them is analyzed and processed by specialized parts of the brain (in particular, the cerebral cortex). Such information is called exteroceptive because it comes to us from the outside world. But we can also perceive information coming to us from within, such as pain or pleasure. Such information is called interoreceptive.
The effectiveness of the perception of information depends primarily on the perfection of our senses. The reasons for many difficulties in memorization will become clear if we pay attention to what happens even at the entrance to the “black box” of our memory, that is, to the quality of the sensory information entered into it. It is impossible to restore in memory what could not be properly seen or heard. Therefore, instead of scolding the memory, it is better to train the sensory apparatus.
The information perceived by our senses is immediately translated into the "language of the brain", that is, it is encoded. When encoding, the newly received information is compared with the already accumulated. It refers to a code, which can be a smell, an image, a melody, a word - in other words, any pointer or "mark" by which this information can be found in memory and recalled.
If we want to remember any information for a long time, then we must make an extra effort. For effective memorization, it is not enough just to organize information correctly. It must be repeated 4-5 times during the day and from time to time to return to it. Fixing memory
Studying the possibilities of short-term memory, the American researcher George Miller in 1956 faced the problem of determining its capacity. Memory capacity refers to the measure that it can hold in a limited amount of time, a maximum of 3 minutes. He proved that human memory, as a rule, cannot remember and repeat more than 7 ± 2 elements. George Miller called this number "magic" by analogy with many other symbolic sevens for us, such as the seven days of the week, the seven wonders of the world, the ritual menorah, and so on.
Stay ready to receive. Develop observation and maintain the flexibility of the mind, perceive everything new. If you need to remember important information, try to get rid of extraneous worries for this moment in order to concentrate as best as possible. Maintain curiosity and interest in life. Knowledge of the world has no age restrictions. Find something for yourself that will keep your curiosity in good shape. Make plans and achieve their implementation. Any goal contributes to moving forward and stimulates creative activity. It gives meaning to life, even if our plans change over time. Purpose is the “engine” of attention. Building and implementing plans, we realize our connection with the outside world. Develop social connections. Hobbies and hobbies promote communication and are a great way to make new social connections that stimulate attention and memory. Sharing information means wanting to transfer knowledge to another. This is preceded by a mental preparation that stimulates attention and memory. Golden Rules for Active Attention
Thus, memory ensures the integrity and development of a person's personality, occupies a central position in the system of cognitive activity, is the most important process that allows a person to save his life experience and use it in the future, allows him to navigate in the world around him, not to get lost in a huge flow of information. Personal knowledge about the environment, about other people, about oneself is the most important condition for a person to understand his place in the objective and social world, determine the possibility of development and realization of the personality. It turns out that it is memory that is responsible for carrying through the years a person’s idea of himself as a unique self, maintaining identification with himself and building his personal relationships with people on this basis. Having lost his memory, a person loses his own "I", ceases to exist. CONCLUSION
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The law of context When associating information with already familiar concepts, the new is learned better. The law of inhibition When studying similar concepts, the effect of "overlapping" the old information with the new one is observed. The law of the optimal length of the series The length of the memorized series for better memorization should not greatly exceed the amount of short-term memory. The law of the edge The information presented at the beginning and at the end is best remembered. Law of Repetition Information that is repeated several times is best remembered. The Law of Incompletion Incomplete actions, tasks, unsaid phrases, etc. are best remembered.
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Memory properties Accuracy Volume Speed of memory processes Speed of reproduction processes Speed of forgetting processes
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Patterns of memory Memory has a volume limited by the number of stable processes that are basic when creating associations (connections, relationships). The success of recall depends on the ability to switch attention to basic processes, restore them. The main technique: a sufficient number and frequency of repetitions. There is such a pattern as the forgetting curve.
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Typologies of memory There are various typologies of memory: according to sensory modality - visual (visual) memory, motor (kinesthetic) memory, sound (auditory) memory, taste memory, pain memory; by content - figurative memory, motor memory, emotional memory; according to temporal characteristics - long-term memory, short-term memory, ultra-short-term memory;
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Memory Memory is one of the mental functions and types of mental activity designed to store, accumulate and reproduce information. The ability to store information about the events of the external world and the reactions of the body for a long time and repeatedly use it in the sphere of consciousness to organize subsequent activities.
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Aphorisms on the theme of a girl's memory: A girl's memory does not remember badly, she just knows how to forget what she does not need. Girl's memory - when you don't remember with whom and when you become a woman. A girl's memory is not amnesia, it's editing in favor of gender.
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Girl's memory According to doctors, the memory of women who are usually credited with girl's memory is affected by their characteristic monthly cycle. Another reason is pregnancy. In the body of the expectant mother, the pregnancy hormone, progesterone, is actively produced. Under its influence, the emotional state of a woman, her life priorities and her ability to remember change.
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Photographic memory Eideti zm (better known as photographic memory) (from ancient Greek εἶδος - image, appearance) - a special nature of memory, mainly for visual impressions, which allows you to keep and reproduce an extremely vivid image of a previously perceived object or phenomenon.
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Childhood amnesia Children's amnesia stands out in particular - loss of memory for events of early childhood. Apparently, this type of amnesia is associated with the immaturity of the hippocampal connections, or with the use of other methods of encoding "keys" to memory at this age. However, there is evidence that the memories of the first years of life (and even intrauterine existence) can be partially updated in altered states of consciousness.
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Types of memory impairment Hypomnesia - weakening of memory. Memory impairment may occur with age and / and as a result of any brain disease (sclerosis of cerebral vessels, epilepsy, etc.). Hypermnesia - an abnormal sharpening of memory compared to normal indicators, is observed much less frequently. People with this feature forget events with great difficulty (Shereshevsky) of Paramnesia, which imply false or distorted memories, as well as a displacement of the present and the past, the real and the imaginary.
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Memory processes Forgetting is the loss of the ability to reproduce, and sometimes even recognize, previously memorized. Most often we forget what is insignificant. Forgetting can be partial (reproduction is incomplete or with an error) and complete (impossibility of reproduction and recognition). Distinguish between temporary and long-term forgetting.
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Memory disorders A large amount of knowledge about the structure and work of memory, which is now available, was obtained by studying the phenomena of its violation. Memory impairment - amnesia - can be caused by various reasons. In 1887, the Russian psychiatrist S. S. Korsakov, in his publication On Alcoholic Paralysis, first described the picture of severe memory disorders that occur with severe alcohol poisoning. The discovery called "Korsakov's syndrome" is firmly established in the scientific literature. Currently, all memory disorders are divided into:
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Memory processes Reproduction and recognition is the process of updating the elements of past experience (images, thoughts, feelings, movements). A simple form of reproduction is recognition - the recognition of a perceived object or phenomenon as already known from past experience, the establishment of similarities between the object and its image in memory. Reproduction is voluntary and involuntary. With an involuntary image pops up in the head without the efforts of a person. If in the process of reproduction there are difficulties, then there is a process of recall. Selection of elements necessary in terms of the required task. The reproduced information is not an exact copy of what is imprinted in memory. Information is always being transformed, rearranged.
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Memory processes Memorization is a memory process through which traces are imprinted, new elements of sensations, perception, thinking or experience are introduced into the system of associative links. The basis of memorization is the connection of material with meaning into one whole. The establishment of semantic connections is the result of the work of thinking on the content of the memorized material. Storage - the process of accumulation of material in the structure of memory, including its processing and assimilation. The preservation of experience makes it possible for a person to learn, develop his perceptual (internal assessments, perception of the world) processes, thinking and speech.
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Mnemotechnical methods of memorization: The formation of semantic phrases from the initial letters of the memorized information. Rhyming. Memorization of long terms or foreign words with the help of consonants. Finding bright unusual associations (pictures, phrases) that are connected with memorized information. Cicero's method on spatial imagination. Aivazovsky's method is based on the training of visual memory. Methods for memorizing numbers: patterns; familiar numbers.
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Psychologists advise doing several repetitions: Rational repetition mode: If there are two days, the first repetition is immediately after the end of reading; second repetition - 20 minutes after the first repetition; the third repetition - 8 hours after the second; fourth repetition - 24 hours after the third. If you need to remember for a very long time the first repetition - immediately after memorization; second repetition - 20-30 minutes after the first repetition; the third repetition - 1 day after the second; fourth repetition - 2 - 3 weeks after the third; fifth repetition - 2 - 3 months after the fourth repetition Meaningful memorization is 9 times faster than mechanical memorization (in his experiments, Ebbinghaus memorized the text of Byron's Don Juan and an equal list of meaningless syllables). Ebbinghaus also owns the discovery of the "edge effect" - a phenomenon showing that the material that is best remembered is at the beginning and at the end.
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Memory records The South African politician Jan Christian Smuts memorized 5,000 books in his old age, and the Burmese Visittabm Vumsa in 1974 recited 6,000 pages of Buddhist canonical texts by heart. The Japanese Hideaki Tomoyori named the number "pi" from memory with an accuracy of 40,000 decimal places. On October 14, 1967, Mehmed Ali Khalisi from Ankara recited 6666 verses of the Koran from memory in six hours. The perfection of Mehmed's memory was attested by a dozen academicians present at the reading. Valery Lavrinenko remembers 100 characters in two and a half minutes, and 200 in three, while making a maximum of two or three mistakes. It reproduces the numbers in any order and will describe the appearance of the people who proposed those numbers. Memory for phone numbers is especially useful. Chinese Gu Yanglin, at 26, remembers 15,000 phone numbers in Harbin. Paula Prentice, a call center operator in Tasmania, remembers 128,603 subscribers' phone numbers, names, addresses, institutions. American Barbara Moore performed 1852 songs on the piano from memory. Her "concert" lasted from October 25 to November 13, 1988! The cashier of the Polish football club "Gornik" Leopold Held remembered not only all the results, all the details of the club's games, but also the total amount of income from each of these matches for all 12 years of his work.
