International movement of goods
The main external sign of the existence of the world market is the movement of goods and services between countries.
international trade- the sphere of international commodity-money relations, which is a set of foreign trade all countries of the world.
In relation to one country, the term "foreign trade of the state" is usually used, in relation to the trade of two countries among themselves - "interstate, mutual, bilateral trade", and in relation to the trade of all countries with each other - "international or world trade". Often, international trade is understood as trade not only in goods, but also in services. Services are also goods, but often they do not have a materialized form and differ from goods in a number of parameters, which will be discussed below.
International trade consists of two counter flows of goods - exports and imports and is characterized by a trade balance and trade turnover.
Export- sale of goods, providing for its export abroad.
Import- the purchase of goods, providing for its import from abroad.
trade balance- the difference between the value of exports and imports.
Trade turnover- the sum of the cost volumes of exports and imports.
According to the statistical standards accepted in the world, the key element for recognizing trade as international, the sale of a product as an export, and the purchase as an import, is the fact that the goods cross customs border state and fixing this in the relevant customs reporting. At the same time, whether the product of the owner changes or not - it does not matter. For example, if a computer is sold (and, in fact, transferred) by the American division of IBM to its Russian division, it is considered a US export and a Russian import, even though the owner of the goods remained American company IBM. In the theory of the balance of payments, as we will see below, on the contrary, the change of ownership of the goods is decisive, and the sale of Russian raw materials to a branch of an American enterprise located in Russia will be considered Russian exports, although the raw materials did not cross the border.
Export and import are two key concepts that characterize the international movement of goods, which are used for a comprehensive analysis of international trade and for practical purposes. The trade balance and turnover, as their derivatives, have a narrower analytical and practical value and are used less frequently.
In the world market, as in any market, supply and demand are formed, and the desire for market equilibrium is maintained. To understand how this happens, consider a hypothetical example. Suppose that countries I and II, in isolation from each other, produce and consume the same product, but the resources for its production and the needs for it are different. Accordingly, the domestic market will develop different market prices and different equilibrium conditions. The demand and supply of goods in country I are D I and S I, and in country II - D II and S II, respectively. The horizontal axis shows the production volumes of goods Q I Q II , along the vertical axis - its domestic price Р I , Р II respectively in countries I and II. The market equilibrium of supply and demand for a good is reached at point E1 in country I, where the price of the good is P 1 , and point E 2 in country P, where the price of the good is P 2 . Since R 1< Р 2 this product cheaper in country I than in country II, and, therefore, it is profitable for country I to export it to country II and get some profit from it, and for country II it is profitable to import it from country I and thereby save and reduce its purchases in domestic market. Due to the difference in domestic prices between countries I and II, country I, at any price for a product greater than P 1, has an excess supply of it. In country II, at any price for a product less than P 2, there is an excess demand for it.
Rice. 1.5. The balance of supply and demand in the world market
Countries establish trade relations. The equilibrium price P 1 in country I shows that at point E, the demand for the good is exactly equal to the supply and country I has no goods to export. This determines the point P 1 "on the supply curve in the world market, showing the minimum price, upon reaching which there will be no export of goods from country I. For country II, the equilibrium price P 2 ' shows that at the point of equality of supply and demand E 2 the country does not no import of the product is required, since it costs its own own resources. This determines the point P 2 "on the demand curve in the world market, showing the maximum price, upon reaching which the import of goods by country II will stop.
Since there are only two countries, the quantity of goods exported by country I must match the quantity of goods imported by country II. Or, what is the same, the excess domestic supply in country I must be equal to the excess domestic demand in country II, that is, graphically A 1 B 1 = A 2 B 2, where A 1 B 1 represents the export of country I, and A 2 B 2 - imports of country II. The value of exports A 1 B 1 will show the second point, which determines the supply curve of goods in the world market, and the value of imports A 2 B 2 will show the second point, which determines the demand curve for goods in the world market. But, since exports and imports are quantitatively equal, then on the world market chart they will coincide on the segment PE, defining a new market equilibrium, which is reached at point E at a new level of world price P - the equilibrium price of goods on the world market. World demand and supply of goods at this price are determined respectively by the curves D w and S w
If a situation arises when the price of the world market for some reason rises above the level P, thereby expanding the volume of exports over A 1 B 1 , then the limited demand within the quantitative framework A 2 B 2 will lower the price to the level P. If the price of the world market, why -or falls below the level P, then quantitatively the demand for imports of goods will exceed its quantity available for exports A 1 B 1, and the price will return to the world level P.
Based on the above, the following more general conclusions can be drawn:
The world market is the sphere of the international balance of supply and demand for goods exported and imported by countries;
The size of exports is determined by the size of the excess supply of goods, the size of imports - by the size of the excess demand for goods;
The fact of the presence of excess supply and excess demand is established in the process of comparison of internal equilibrium prices for the same goods in different countries taking place in the international market;
The price at which international trade, is between the minimum and maximum internal equilibrium prices that exist in countries before the start of trade;
On the one hand, a change in the world price leads to a change in the quantity of exported and imported goods on the world market, on the other hand, a change in the quantity of exported and imported goods leads to a change in the world price.
Thus, the simplest model of the world market, called the partial equilibrium model, shows the main functional relationships between domestic demand and supply and demand and supply of goods on the world market, determines the quantitative volumes of exports and imports, as well as the equilibrium price at which trade is carried out.
The development of the world market for goods led at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries to the intensification of international economic communication, which began to gradually go beyond the interstate exchange of goods. Rapid development productive forces and the growth of the power of finance capital led to the emergence of a world economy.
The main external sign of the existence of the world market is the movement of goods and services between countries.
international trade - This is the sphere of international commodity-money relations, which is a combination of foreign trade of all countries of the world.
In relation to one country, the term is usually used foreign trade of the state, regarding the trade of the two countries - interstate, mutual, bilateral trade, and as regards the trade of all countries with each other - international, or world trade.
Often, international trade is understood as trade in both tangible goods ("visible goods") and services ("invisible goods"), which differ from visible goods in some parameters.
International trade consists of two counter flows of goods - exports and imports and is characterized by a trade balance and trade turnover.
Export - is the sale and export of goods abroad.
Import - is the purchase and importation of goods from abroad.
Foreign trade balance - the difference in value of exports and imports.
Foreign trade turnover - the sum of the cost volumes of exports and imports.
According to internationally accepted international trade statistics standards, the main sign for recognizing international trade, the sale of goods as export, and the purchase as import, is the crossing of the customs border of the state by the goods and fixing this fact in the relevant customs reporting. For example, if the equipment is sold (in fact, transferred) by the American division of Coca-Cola to the Ukrainian division, then this is considered an export and import of Ukraine, even though the American company Coca-Cola remained the owner of the goods.
Export and import are two key concepts that characterize the international movement of goods and are used for a comprehensive analysis of international trade and for practical needs. The trade balance and turnover, as their derivatives, have a narrower analytical and practical value.
If we proceed from the premise of the balance of supply and demand, then graphically the concept of export and import can be depicted as shown in Fig. 1.2.3.
Rice. 1.2.3. Graphical representation of export and import:
A)- country I ; b)- world market; V)- country II
Suppose that countries i and II separately from each other produce and use the same product. The demand and supply of goods in country I are D 1 , And S 1 , and in country II - respectively DII And SII. On the horizontal axis of readings, the volume of production of goods QAND, QII, on the vertical - its internal price PAND, P 2 respectively in countries II. The market equilibrium of supply and demand for a product is reached at the point E 1 in a country where the price of a commodity is P 2 and point E 2. In country II, where the price of a commodity is G 2. Because the G 1 < G 2 , this product is cheaper in country I than in country II, and therefore, it is profitable for country I to export it to country II and get some profit from it, and for country II it is profitable to import it from country And thereby save and reduce its purchases in domestic market. Through differences in domestic prices between countries i and II in country i for any price of goods greater than G 1, its excess supply arises. In country II, for any commodity price less than G 2, there is an excess demand for it.
Countries begin to trade. Rivnova price G in the country And means that at the point E 1 the demand for the product is exactly equal to the supply and to the country AND there is no product to export. This defines the point G on the world market supply curve, which shows the minimum price after which there will be no export from country Y. For country II, the equilibrium price G, means that at the point E 2, in which demand is equal to supply, the country does not need any imported goods, since it has enough of its own resources. This defines the point G "g on the demand curve in the world market, which shows the maximum price, after which the import of goods by country II will stop.
Since we are considering only two countries, the quantity of goods exported by country I must match the quantity of goods imported by country II, or in other words, the excess domestic supply in country II must equal the excess domestic demand in country II, that is, graphically A X B X \u003d A 0 B 2, A 1 B 1 is the export of country I, and A 2 B 2- import country II. Export volume A 1 B I will show the second point, which defines Sw - the supply curve of goods on the world market, and the volume of imports A ABOUT B 2- the second point, which determines Dw - the demand curve for the product in the world market. But since exports are quantitatively equal to imports, in Fig. 1.2.3, b) they coincide on the line R "E, defining a new market equilibrium, which is reached at the point E I for a new level of world price P" w - the equilibrium price of goods in the world market. The world supply and demand for a commodity at this price is determined according to the curves D, And S.
If a situation arises when the price of the world market for some reason rises above the level G "w, thereby expanding the volume of exports by more than AB x, then the limitation of demand by quantitative framework A 0 B 2 bring the price down to G. If the price of the world market why falls below the level G "w, then quantitatively the demand for imports of goods will exceed its quantity for exports A X Bj and the price will return to the world level G".
Based on the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:
- the world market is the sphere of the international balance of supply and demand for goods that are exported and imported by countries;
- export volumes are determined by the volumes of excess supply of goods, import volumes - by volumes of excess demand for goods;
- the fact of the presence of excess supply and excess demand in the international market is established by comparing domestic equal prices for the same goods in different countries;
- the price at which international trade is carried out is between the minimum and maximum domestic equilibrium prices that exist in countries before the start of trade;
- on the one hand, a change in the world price leads to a change in the quantity of goods that are exported and imported on the world market, on the other hand, a change in the quantity of exported and imported goods leads to a change in the world price.
Consequently, the world market is a sphere of stable commodity-money relations between countries, which are based on the international division of labor and other factors of production. The world market is manifested through international trade, which is a combination of foreign trade of all countries of the world and consists of two counter flows of goods - exports and imports. The simplest model of the world market, which is called partial equilibrium models, shows the main functional relationships between domestic demand and supply and demand and supply of goods on the world market, determines the quantitative volumes of exports and imports, as well as the equilibrium price on which trade takes place.
1) international trade in goods and services;
2) international movement of capital;
3) international currency settlement system;
4) international migration work force;
5) international information technology exchange.
Each of the noted forms has a qualitative originality, which, however, does not prevent their interpenetration, which is most clearly manifested in the activities of TNCs, the creation of integration groups and the functioning of free economic zones.
Speaking about the subjects of the international economic relations, it is necessary to highlight states(with a developed market economy, developing, transitional), regional integration groupings ( For example , European Union), international organizations, transnational corporations.
National market economies do not develop in isolation, but in close interaction with each other. No country in the world, not even the United States, can produce the entire modern range of goods, of which there are tens of millions, provide themselves with hundreds of various services, investment and labor resources, highly qualified specialists. Countries meet the growing needs of a personal and industrial nature through mutual exchange and cooperation in production, scientific research, environmental and other solutions. global problems requiring the pooling of financial, technical, professional and other resources. As the productive forces develop, the interdependence of national economies increases, the socio-economic development of countries is increasingly determined by the scale, diversity and efficiency of their economic relations with the rest of the world, which together form the system of international economic relations (IER).
International economic relations(IER) is the relationship between residents of a given country and residents of other countries who are non-residents in relation to this country.
Economic relations between countries are carried out and developed on the basis of the international division of labor (IRL), the essence of which is the specialization of countries in the production of certain goods, in the production of which they have certain advantages; specialization makes international exchange and cooperation possible and necessary.
The international division of labor is the highest stage in the development of the territorial division of labor, when the interregional national division of labor goes beyond national boundaries. It acts as an objective precondition for exchange between countries.
The international division of labor determines the exchange of goods and services between countries, its expansion and diversification, the emergence of international trade and the world market, which is the total commodity circulation between countries or the totality of all external markets.
The world market arises on the basis of a large-scale factory industry, the products of which require a worldwide market. It is a natural result of the development of domestic national markets that have gone beyond state borders. The world market is a sphere of stable commodity-money relations between countries based on the international division of labor and other factors of production.
The world market is manifested through international trade, which is a combination of foreign trade of all countries and consists of two counter flows of goods - export (export) and import (import).
The world market differs from domestic markets primarily in that not all goods that circulate on national markets enter this market. The world market rejects goods from international exchange that do not meet international quality standards at world prices. The world market acts as a sphere of interstate exchange, it has an inverse effect on national production, showing what, how much, at what cost and for whom it is necessary to produce.
In Fig. 1, a conditional example shows the interaction of three countries through the exchange of goods. Areas A, B, C represent the domestic markets of these countries. Areas in, with, and are the external markets of the countries. Together and in interaction, they represent the world market (c, a + c, a + c, c).
characteristic feature world market is the interstate movement of goods.
3. International movement of goods.
The main external sign of the existence of the world market is the movement of goods and services between countries.
international trade(international trade) - the sphere of international
commodity-money relations, which is a set of foreign trade of all countries of the world. For one country, usually
the term "foreign trade of the state" is used, in relation to
trade between two countries - "interstate, mutual, bilateral trade", and in relation to the trade of all countries with each other - "international or world trade". Often, international trade is understood as trade not only in goods, but also in services. Services are also goods, but often they do not have a materialized form and differ from goods in a number of parameters, which will be discussed below.
International trade consists of two counter flows of goods - exports and imports and is characterized by a trade balance and trade turnover.
Export(export / s) - the sale of goods, providing for its export abroad.
Import(import/s) - the purchase of goods, which provides for its import due to
trade balance(trade balance) - the difference in the value of exports
and import.
Trade turnover(trade turnover) - the sum of the value of exports and imports.
According to internationally accepted standards of international trade statistics, the key element for recognizing trade as international, the sale of goods as export, and the purchase as import, is the fact that the goods cross the customs border of the state and record this in the relevant customs reporting. At the same time, whether the product of the owner changes or not - it does not matter.
For example, if a computer is sold (and, in fact, transferred) to an American
division of IBM to its Russian division, it is considered
US exports and Russian imports, even though the American company IBM remained the owner of the goods. In the theory of the balance of payments, as we will see below, on the contrary, the change of ownership of the goods is decisive, and the sale of Russian raw materials to a branch of an American enterprise located in Russia will be considered Russian exports, although the raw materials did not cross the border.
Export and import are two key concepts that characterize the international movement of goods, which are used for a comprehensive analysis of international trade and for practical purposes. The trade balance and turnover, as their derivatives, have a narrower analytical and practical value and are used less frequently.
4. Equilibrium in the world market.
Based on the premise of the balance of supply and demand, then graphically the concepts of export and import can be represented as shown in Fig. 2. Balance of supply and demand in the world market
Q1Imagine that countries I and II in isolation from each other produce and consume the same product. The demand and supply of goods in country I are DI and SI, and in country II - respectively DII and SII.
The horizontal axis shows the volumes of production of goods QI, QI, along the vertical axis - its internal price PI, PII, respectively, in countries I and P. Market equilibrium of supply and demand for the product is achieved at point E1 in country I, where the price of the product is P1, and point E2 in country II, where the price of the good is P2. Since P1< Р2, данный товар дешевле в стране I, чем в стране II, и, следовательно, стране I выгодно его экспортировать в страну IIи получить от этого какую-то прибыль, а стране II выгодно его импортировать из страны I и тем самым сэкономить и снизить его закупки на внутреннем рынке. Из-за различия во внутренних ценах между странами I и II у страны I при любой цене на товар больше, чем Р1, возникает его избыточное предложение. У страны II при любой цене на товар меньше, чем Р2 возникает избыточный спрос на него.
Countries establish trade relations.
The equilibrium price P1 in country I shows that at point E1 the demand for the good is exactly equal to the supply and country I has no goods to export. This determines the point P1 "on the supply curve in the world market, showing the minimum price, upon reaching which there will be no export of goods from country I. For country II, the equilibrium price P2 shows that at the point of equality of supply and demand E2 the country does not need any import of the product, since it manages with its own resources. This determines the point P2" on the demand curve in the world market, showing the maximum price, upon reaching which the import of goods by country II will stop.
The main external sign of the existence of the world market is the movement of goods and services between countries. International trade (international trade) - the sphere of international commodity-money relations, which is a set of foreign trade of all countries of the world.
In relation to one country, the term "foreign trade of the state" is usually used, in relation to the trade of two countries among themselves - "interstate, mutual, bilateral trade", and in relation to the trade of all countries with each other - "international or world trade". Often, international trade is understood as trade not only in goods, but also in services. Services are also goods, but often they do not have a materialized form and differ from goods in a number of parameters, which will be discussed below. International trade consists of two counter flows of goods - exports and imports and is characterized by a trade balance and trade turnover. Export - the sale of goods, providing for its export abroad. Import - the purchase of goods, providing for its import from abroad. The trade balance is the difference between the value of exports and imports. Trade turnover - the sum of the cost volumes of exports and imports.
According to internationally accepted international trade statistics standards, a key element for recognizing international trade, selling goods as exports, and buying goods as imports, is the fact that the goods cross the customs border of the state and record this in the relevant customs reporting. At the same time, whether the product of the owner changes or not - it does not matter. For example, if a computer is sold (but in fact, transferred) by the American division of IBM to its Russian division, it is considered a US export and a Russian import, even though the American company IBM remains the owner of the goods. In balance of payments theory, on the contrary, the change of ownership is decisive, and the sale of Russian raw materials to an affiliate of an American enterprise located in Russia will be considered Russian exports, although the raw materials did not cross the border.
Export and import are two key concepts that characterize the international movement of goods, which are used for a comprehensive analysis of international trade and for practical purposes. The trade balance and turnover, as their derivatives, have a narrower analytical and practical value and are used less frequently.
The most common type of transactions such as the sale of goods is the usual trade between counterparties of different countries, i.e. foreign trade, which consists of export and import operations. At the same time, export operations are understood as the sale and export of goods abroad to transfer it to the ownership of a foreign partner. On the contrary, import operations involve the purchase and import of foreign goods for their subsequent sale in the domestic market of their country. Export-import operations can be both direct and indirect, i.e. carried out both by the owners of the goods themselves and by intermediaries. The role of the latter can be brokers, dealers, commission agents, consignees, wholesale customers, industrial agents. Intermediaries take on numerous functions for the sale of goods. For example, they can search for foreign partners, prepare documents and complete a transaction, transport and forwarding operations, credit and financial services and insurance of goods, after-sales service, market research, advertising, customs formalities and other activities.
In addition to export-import operations in the practice of international economic relations, such special forms of foreign trade as bidding, auctions and exchanges are also used to sell goods.
A variety of export-import operations are re-export and re-import operations. Re-export is the export abroad of goods previously imported into a given country that have not undergone any processing in it. Re-export operations are possible in the most different situations. First, re-export arises as a natural continuation of the trading operation. The seller imports the goods into the country for sale on the exchange or auction, but it can be sold to the buyer from a third country and exported. Secondly, re-export may appear due to a break in the normal course of the sale of goods. If the seller sent the goods to the buyer, but the latter, for some reason, cannot pay for it, then he seeks to resell the goods to another buyer in this country or in a third country. The departure of goods to a third country is re-export. This is a forced re-export. Thirdly, it is also possible to perform a re-export operation without prior importation of goods from abroad, since they can be sent to a new buyer, bypassing the re-export country. Many trading companies major countries often resort to operations for the resale of goods, using for profit the difference in prices for the same product. In addition to firms engaged in net re-exports, the country also benefits from the transportation of re-exported goods carried out with the help of its vehicles, from insurance, credit and other intermediary operations. And, finally, fourthly, re-export operations also arise during the construction of large facilities with the help of foreign firms. Practice shows that a foreign supplier often purchases certain types materials and equipment in third countries and sends them to the construction site without being brought into the country of re-export. Re-export operations without importation into the country of re-export, in fact, are not exports of this country, but they are taken into account by customs statistics and therefore belong to the class of re-export operations.
Re-exported goods are generally not processed. However, minor work can be done that does not change the name of the product: changing the packaging, applying special markings, supplying cans with keys, etc. But if the cost of additional processing of the product exceeded half of its export price, then according to trade practice, the product changes its name and is no longer considered re-export, and operations for its sale become export. For example, many Russian non-ferrous metallurgical corporations currently work on tolling, that is, they process imported ore into metal. Since the process of smelting non-ferrous metals is very energy-, water- and labor-intensive, it is not the metal itself that is exported, but cheap domestic electricity and other resources.
As for re-import operations, their existence is associated with the import from abroad of previously exported domestic goods that have not been processed there. They can be products that could not be sold at auctions, returned from a consignment warehouse, rejected by the buyer, and others.
Along with the usual export-import transactions for the sale of goods, each of which ends with the receipt or payment of a sum of money for an export or import product, so-called barter transactions or counter-compensatory trade are widely used in the practice of international economic relations. Counter trade includes transactions for the sale of goods, when counter-obligations of exporters are provided for to purchase products from importers for a part or the full value of the exported goods. The whole variety of counter transactions, depending on the organizational and legal basis or the principle of compensation, can be divided into three groups: barter transactions on a non-currency basis, trade compensation transactions on a monetary basis and industrial compensation transactions.
The nominal value of international trade is usually expressed in US dollars at current prices and is therefore highly dependent on the dynamics of the dollar exchange rate against other currencies. The real volume of international trade is the nominal volume converted into constant prices using a chosen deflator. In general, the nominal value of international trade has a general upward trend (Table 1).
Table 1 - VOLUME OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (in billion dollars) 1991 1996 2001 World: exports 3485 5213 6485 imports 3598 5263 6315 Industrialized countries: exports 2458 3169 3666 imports 2537 2957 350 2
Developing countries: exports 986 1790 2363 imports 1033 2066 2567 In a broader sense, exports and imports can include not only the international movement of goods, but also factors of production with international mobility (capital, labor). For example, the supply of equipment to Russia for an enterprise owned by a West German firm can be regarded as both an import of goods and an import of capital. Participation of Russian specialists in operation metallurgical plant in India may be considered an export of a good (services maintenance) or the export of labor (labor).
The pace of development of foreign trade is different between different groups of countries. The growth rates of the foreign trade of developing countries consistently exceeded the growth rates of trade of developed countries throughout most of the 1990s (Table 2). High rates of development of international trade reflect global trends of deepening the division of labor, specialization and cooperation of production.
Table 2 - GROWTH RATES OF FOREIGN TRADE FOR SEPARATE GROUPS OF COUNTRIES (in
%) 1991 1992 1993 1994 Exports Industrialized countries Developing countries 2.8 4.2 1.5 8.6 7.1 9.6 9.0 10.4 Imports Industrialized countries Developing countries 2, 3 4.3 1.5 10.3 9.9 12.4 10.4 8.8 The main volume of international trade falls on developed countries, although their share slightly decreased in the first half of the 1990s due to the growth in the share of developing countries and countries with economies in transition. The main growth in the share of developing countries occurred due to the rapidly developing newly industrialized countries of Southeast Asia (Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong) and some Latin American countries. The largest world exporters in 1994 (in billion dollars) - USA (512), Germany (420), Japan (395), France (328). Among developing countries, the largest exporters are Hong Kong (151), Singapore (96), Korea (96), Malaysia (58), Thailand (42). Among the countries with economies in transition, the largest exporters are China (120), Russia (63), Poland (17), Czech Republic (13), Hungary (11). In most cases, the largest exporters are also the largest importers in the world market. The most significant trend is the growth in the share of trade in manufacturing products, which accounted for about 3/4 of the value of world exports by the mid-1990s, and the reduction in the share of raw materials and food, which accounted for about 1/4 (Table 3).
Table 3 - WORLD EXPORT Commodities 1983 1998 Agricultural products 14.6 12.0
Foodstuffs 11.1 9.5 Agricultural raw materials 3.5 2.5 Extractive industry products 24.3 11.9 Ores, minerals and ferrous metals 3.8 3.1 Fuels 20.5 8.8 Industrial goods 57.3 73.3 Equipment and vehicles 28.8 37.8 Chemical products 7.4 9.0 Semi-finished products 6.4 7.5 Textiles and clothing 4.9 6.9 Iron and steel 3.4 3.0 Other finished goods 6.3 9.2 Other goods 3.8 2.8 This trend is typical for both developed and developing countries and is a consequence of the introduction of resource-saving and energy-saving technologies. The most significant group of goods within the manufacturing industry are equipment and vehicles (up to half of the export of goods in this group), as well as other industrial goods - chemical products, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, textiles. Within the framework of raw materials and food products the largest commodity flows are food and beverages, mineral fuels and other raw materials, excluding fuel. The growth rate of international trade consistently exceeds the growth rate of world industrial production; the growth rate of international trade of developing countries is on average higher than the growth rate of international trade of developed countries. Industrialized countries account for about 2/3 of world exports by value, while developing countries, including countries with economies in transition, account for about 1/3 of world exports. In the commodity structure of world exports, more than 2/3 are products of the manufacturing industry, and its specific gravity increases, and about 1 / 3 - for raw materials and food products.
Table 4 - Dynamics of Russia's trade balance in % 1990 1996 1999 1. Machinery, equipment and transport. goods 17.6 7.8 7.1 export import 44.3 37.0 41.9 2. Mineral products 45.5 46.9 50.4 export import 2.9 3.8 2.5 3. Metals , drag. stones and products from them 12.9 26.4 27.8 export import 5.4 6.1 - 4. Chemical products. industry 4.6 8.1 8.2 export import 10.9 15.6 16.1 5. Timber and pulp and paper products 4.4 4.3 - export import 1.1 4.3 - 6. Textile and textile products 1 .0 0.9 -
export import 9.3 4.3 3.0 7. Raw hides, furs and products from them export 0.2 0.5 - import 1.0 0.4 - 8. Food products and agricultural. raw materials export 2.1 3.7 - import 20.3 24.5 24.3 9. Other goods export 11.8 1.4 0.5 import 4.8 4.0 2.1 In 2000 Russia's foreign trade turnover increased by 32% compared to the previous year (in 1999 it decreased by 16.7%), exports grew by almost 44% (a decrease of 2.2%), imports - by about 11% (a decrease of 34.7%). The positive trade balance exceeded $60 billion, foreign exchange reserves approached $30 billion. In 2000, compared with 1999, Russia's foreign trade turnover with the countries far abroad increased by 31%, with the CIS countries - by 28%. The share of the CIS countries in Russian exports decreased to 14% against 16% in 1999, and increased to 30% in imports against 27%.
The main factor behind the increase in the value of exports was the increase in world prices for oil and other major export commodities (1.4 times for oil, 1.6 times for gas). Both Russia's specialization in the export of raw materials and the dependence of its economy on exports have intensified. About 75% of the export volume fell on the products of the fuel and energy complex and metallurgy. Export of raw materials amounted to approximately 35% of GDP, all exports - about 40%. Such ratios are typical for a developing country, whose economy is completely dependent on income received from the supply of raw materials to the external market. This is the position Russia is in. This was clearly manifested during the industrial recovery in 2000, which was based mainly on the growth of foreign exchange earnings from energy exports. The fall in oil prices at the end of the year opened up the prospect of an economic downturn for the country.
outdated park industrial equipment leaves no hope that in the near future Russia will be able not only to expand, but even to restore its former, rather modest position as an exporter of engineering products and other industrial products of a high degree of processing. All the more urgent is the need for structural restructuring of the country's economy, without which it is difficult to claim a more advantageous position in the world market. In 2000, the industrial boom and a sharp increase foreign exchange earnings gave a good chance for this.
At the same time, it should be borne in mind that in 2000 trade and political obstacles to the development of exports remained. Almost everyone is subject to restrictive measures abroad significant goods Russian export, with the exception of energy carriers: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, fertilizers, chemical products, nuclear materials, textiles, etc. Often, anti-dumping investigations are resorted to without evidence. However, while investigations are ongoing (and they continue for months), our exporters are forced to refrain from deliveries. After all, if the fact of dumping is recognized, they can be fined, the amount of which is several times higher than the cost of the goods sold. As a rule, such investigations end in the dismissal of charges, however, during this time, importers have time to switch to other suppliers and Russian enterprises lose the market. The positions of domestic exporters in such circumstances are significantly weakened by the protracted transition to the international accounting system and the slow displacement of snowy forms of payment from domestic trade.
World market- the sphere of stable commodity-money relations between countries based on the international division of labor and other factors of production.
The world market covers all the main areas of the international division of labor. The scale of development of the world market reflects the degree of development of the process of internationalization of social production. The world market is derived from the domestic markets of countries. At the same time, it has an active inverse effect on the macroeconomic balance of isolated economic systems. Segments of the world market are determined both by traditional factors of production - land, labor and capital, and relatively new ones - information technology and entrepreneurship, the importance of which is growing under the influence of modern scientific and technological revolution. Markets for goods and services, capital and labor force, formed at the supranational level, are the result of the interaction of world demand, world prices and world supply, are affected by cyclical fluctuations, operate under conditions of monopoly and competition.
The global market is characterized by the following main features:
It manifests itself in the interstate movement of goods that are under the influence of not only internal, but also external demand and supply;
Optimizes the use of production factors, prompting the manufacturer in which industries and regions they can be applied most effectively;
It performs a sanitizing role, rejecting goods and often their producers from international exchange, which are not able to provide international standard quality at competitive prices.
The main external sign of the existence of the world market is the movement of goods and services between countries.
International trade consists of two counter flows of goods and services that form the export and import of each country. Export is the sale and export of goods abroad, import is the purchase and import of goods from abroad. Difference valuations exports and imports forms the trade balance, and the sum of these estimates is the foreign trade turnover.
Product-service. The product-service includes the following components:
I. Manufacturing Services:
know-how,
Licenses;
Transport services;
Engineering services, etc.
II. Consumer services:
Socio-cultural services (education, healthcare, sports, etc.).
The share of economically developed countries in the world market of services is about 80%.
Among the reasons stimulating the rapid growth of the world market for services are the following:
mature economy and high level lives increase the demand for services;
The development of all types of transport stimulates the international mobility of both entrepreneurs and the population;
New forms of communications, including satellites, sometimes make it possible to replace personal contacts sellers and buyers;
The accelerated process of expanding and deepening the international division of labor, which leads to the formation of new types of activities, primarily in the non-productive sphere.
Dynamics of development of international trade
Since the second half of the 20th century, when international exchange, according to M. Pebro's definition, acquires an "explosive character", world trade has been developing at a high pace. In the period 1950-1998. world exports grew 16 times. According to Western experts, the period between 1950 and 1970 can be characterized as a "golden age" in the development of international trade. In the 1970s, world exports fell to 5%, falling further in the 1980s. In the late 80s, he showed a noticeable revival. Since the second half of the 20th century, the uneven dynamics of foreign trade has manifested itself. In the 90s Western Europe- the main center of international trade. Its exports were almost 4 times higher than those of the United States. By the end of the 80s, Japan began to emerge as a leader in terms of competitiveness. In the same period, it was joined by the "new industrial countries" of Asia - Singapore, Hong Kong Taiwan. However, by the mid-1990s, the United States was once again taking a leading position in the world in terms of competitiveness. Export of goods and services in the world in 2007, according to the WTO, amounted to 16 trillion. USD. The share of the group of goods is 80% of services 20% of the total volume of trade in the world.
At the present stage, international trade plays important role V economic development countries, regions, the entire world community:
foreign trade has become a powerful factor in economic growth;
the dependence of countries on international trade has increased significantly.
The main factors affecting the growth of international trade:
development of the international division of labor and internationalization of production;
activities of transnational corporations TNCs;
Analysis of the global consulting market
Over the past 20 years there has been a very large increase consulting services. This is due to the globalization of the world economy. In 2000-2001, in connection with the stock market crises, consulting experienced better times, slowly recovering in 2003-2004, by 2007 reached a fairly high level, and, despite the global financial crisis, in 2009 the international consulting market reaches fairly high levels, which is primarily due to a slight increase in client base due to the growth in demand for business optimization services, IT projects, increasing the efficiency of using various resources(including labor), training, etc. by the most major markets consulting services today are the USA and the EU, the markets of Asian countries show good dynamics, but their share in the world market is still small.
In recent years there have been significant changes in the structure of world trade. In particular, the share of communication services and information technologies At the same time, the share of trade in commodities and agricultural products is declining.
Certain changes are also taking place in the geographical distribution of world trade. The trade of developing countries is gradually growing, but the volume of goods flows from the newly industrialized countries is growing at an especially rapid pace.
RUSSIA IN THE WORLD MARKET OF SERVICES
In the process of the transition of the Russian economy to a market basis and its integration into world economy one should take into account the active role of the service sector, as well as all aspects of its development abroad (technical, structural, organizational, managerial, quantitative and qualitative). Our primary task is to accelerate the development of the service sector.
Structure and main quality parameters Russian market services differ significantly from Western ones, primarily in the predominance of traditional industries that provide transportation and marketing of manufactured products. IN currently There are gaps in Russia in relation to the statistical treatment of services both in domestic production and in foreign trade(especially in relation to the geographical structure of export and import flows of service industries). There are problems with the classification of services. So, a brake on development practical activities operators of the services market there is a discrepancy in classifying certain types of services as export-import operations. There is a need and work is already underway to compile of the all-Russian classifier species economic activity for goods and services adapted to the international classification system.
The economic development of the service sectors was accompanied by the creation of an appropriate legislative framework. The need to further develop a regulatory regime for the service sector that will ensure the optimal combination of state control measures and competitive conditions for the activities of domestic and foreign service providers, is becoming increasingly clear for Russia in the light of the task of joining the WTO. The most important and predominant item of the trade balance Russian Federation in the service sector in recent years is tourism
