Power plant apl. Nuclear power and nuclear submarine fleet

The first American and Soviet nuclear submarines (NPS), as you know, were equipped with steam-producing plants with pressurized water reactors. However, already on the second Sea Wolf nuclear submarine, American designers used a reactor with a liquid metal coolant (LMC). Other schemes were also considered, including the so-called "boiling" reactor, a reactor with a gas coolant, but the advantages of a reactor with an LMC turned out to be the most attractive. Firstly, the metallic coolant makes it possible to have a sufficiently high temperature in the primary circuit at a relatively low pressure. Thanks to this, it was possible to increase the temperature in the steam generating circuit, which contributed to the achievement of high efficiency. installations in general. Secondly, the pressure in this circuit was assumed to be significantly higher than in the first one, so leaks in the primary circuit did not lead to rapid radioactive contamination of the steam. Thirdly, the high heat capacity of the metal fundamentally contributed to a reduction in the size and weight of the reactor.

In the Soviet Union, the development of a shipboard reactor with an LCM was set by a decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of October 22, 1955. The decree provided for the creation of an experimental nuclear submarine of project 645 with a two-reactor steam generating unit. The hull of the boat, like all the main systems (apart from the reactors), had to be "borrowed" from the serial boat of project 627.

Work on the technical design of the nuclear submarine was completed in the fall of 1956, a year later the working drawings were prepared, and on June 15, 1958, an experimental nuclear-powered ship was laid down at the SMP enterprise in Severodvinsk. Five years later, the Project 645 nuclear submarine, which was assigned the tactical number K-27, joined the Navy. Like the ships of the 627th project, new boat was intended mainly to combat enemy surface ships when operating at a great distance from the base.

Unlike the nuclear submarine of project 645, the reactors were located in the fourth compartment (in the predecessor - in the fifth). Moving heavy reactors closer to the bow of the ship made it possible to improve the trim, but as a result of the decision made, the central post began to coexist with the reactor one, which complicated the provision of radiation safety. The VT-1 nuclear reactors that were part of the main power plant, created by the Podolsk Design Bureau "Gidropress" under the scientific leadership of the Physics and Energy Institute (Obninsk), had a total capacity of 146 MW. The steam turbine installation of the boat was carried out with two shafts, each of the two steam turbines had a rated power of 17,500 hp.

On their boat, the Americans used a sodium-potassium alloy as a liquid metal alloy, actively, with a large release of heat, which reacted upon contact with water. Domestic designers settled on a lead-bismuth alloy with a melting point of 398 K. The temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the reactor was 713 K., and the temperature of the superheated steam in the secondary circuit was 628 K. The reactors had certain advantages compared to traditional pressurized water reactors. In particular, their cooling down in the event of a power failure was carried out by natural circulation, without the use of pumps.

The boat was provided with electricity by two autonomous turbogenerators with a capacity of 1600 kW each. In particular, the so-called "sneaking engines" PG-116 were powered from them, which made it possible to covertly get close to the object of attack (the main very noisy turbo-gear units were turned off). Unlike the nuclear submarine of project 627, the K-27 did not have a backup diesel-electric installation.

After commissioning, the boat made two long trips, which revealed both positive and negative aspects of the use of marine reactors with LMC. The difficulties were predominantly operational. So, it turned out that the lead-bismuth alloy was gradually slagging, which required its periodic replacement. Taking into account the fact that the spent alloy was contaminated with highly active polonium-210, it was necessary to create special remote-controlled devices for receiving the coolant. Even when staying in the base, as well as during docking, it was necessary to constantly maintain the temperature in the primary circuit above the pour point of the LMC, which created certain inconveniences for the crew.

In May 1968, K-27 once again went to sea. Already during the return on the boat, a severe radiation accident occurred, as a result of which nine members of the crew of the nuclear-powered ship died. After the accident, they did not begin to restore K-27, and after 13 years of sedimentation in reserve, the boat was flooded in the Kara Sea.

However, the experience of operating ship reactors with LMC in our country was not recognized as unambiguously negative (in contrast to the United States). In 1959 A.B. Petrov, one of the leading specialists of the Leningrad design bureau that designed the nuclear submarine, proposed the idea of a small-sized high-speed boat, which was distinguished by an exceptionally high degree of automation at that time. According to his plan, it was supposed to become a kind of "underwater fighter-interceptor" of enemy submarines. The idea was supported high level. In particular, her supporters were the Minister of Shipbuilding B.E. Butoma and Commander-in-Chief of the Navy S.G. Gorshkov. On June 23, 1960, a joint resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers was issued on the construction of a nuclear submarine of project 705. The second resolution of May 25, 1961, which allowed designers, if there were sufficient grounds, to deviate from the norms and rules, testified to the exceptional attention "from above" to the original ship, adopted in military shipbuilding.

The general management of the program was carried out by Academician A.P. Alexandrov, M.G. was appointed chief designer. Rusanov. To achieve 40-knot speed, an exceptionally powerful, and at the same time, small-sized and light power plant was required. The performed calculations convincingly indicated that the use of an LCM reactor made it possible to save 300 tons of displacement compared to a conventional pressurized water reactor. Two teams took up the creation of a power plant for the nuclear submarine of project 705: the Podolsk OKB Gidropress and the Gorky OKBM.

The original project provided for the comprehensive automation of most nuclear submarine systems, and, thanks to this, an exceptionally small crew of 16 people. Such an "extremist" proposal did not find a response from the leadership of the Navy, which insisted on increasing the crew to 29 specialists - only officers and midshipmen. The boat had only one inhabited compartment, and right above it - for the first time in the world - an emergency pop-up camera, which ensured the rescue of the entire crew from depths up to the limit, with significant roll and trim.

An experimental boat of project 705 (tactical number K-64) was laid down at the Leningrad Admiralty Association in June 1968, and three and a half years later the ship arrived at the Northern Fleet, joining it on December 31, 1971. This boat had a power plant developed Gorky OKBM. From the very beginning of operation, K-64 was plagued by failures and accidents, the largest of which led to the solidification of the coolant and the complete failure of the reactor. In August 1974, the boat was withdrawn from the fleet, and even before that, the entire series construction program was suspended (by this time, five more similar ships were on the stocks in Leningrad and Severodvinsk).

The "debriefing" at the highest level led to the rejection of the Gorky version in favor of the BM-40A power plant with a capacity of 150 MW, developed in Podolsk. It turned out to be much more reliable, in any case, on the subsequently built six nuclear submarines of the improved project 705K, not a single sailor died due to radiation accidents.

Project 705K boats were accepted by the fleet in 1977-1981. Their assessments by various experts ranged from very positive ("goldfish", "lost firebird") to sharply negative. Called "Alphas" in the West, these nuclear submarines could hang on the tail of NATO submarines for hours, not allowing them to break away or counterattack, because their maneuverability and speed were much higher than those of their opponents. Due to the peculiarities of the power plant, the "seven hundred and fifths" had exceptionally high acceleration and maneuvering characteristics. For a 180 ° turn at maximum speed, the boat needed only 42 s. To the first commander of the first nuclear submarine of project 705K, captain 2nd rank A.Ch. Abbasov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1984 for the successful development of a ship of a fundamentally new type.

At the same time, the originality of the design inevitably implied the presence of a fair "fly in the ointment". Western experts have invariably criticized Alfas for their high noise level, which is almost inevitable when nuclear submarines move at high underwater speed. Tom Clancy did not fail to mention this in his extremely tendentious book "The Hunt for Red October". But again, operational problems turned out to be more significant: the need to constantly maintain the reactor in a "warm" state, periodically regenerate and replace the LMC. The fleet was unable to debug in practice, outwardly very attractive system of operation of the boat by two crews - "marine" and "coastal". As a result, the career of the Project 705 nuclear submarine was short - all of them, except one, were withdrawn from the fleet by 1990. The last "Alpha" in The main production boat K-123, decommissioned in 1997, remained in the Russian Navy.

And yet, according to the specialists of the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering, the experience of operating shipboard reactors with LMC allows us to recommend such systems for use on advanced nuclear submarines.

Number of nuclear submarines built in the USSR and the USA
Period

For any country, this is a powerful geopolitical deterrence mechanism. And the submarine fleet, by its very presence, affects international relationships and escalation of conflicts. If in the 19th century the border of Britain was determined by the sides of its military frigates, then in the 20th century the leader of the World Ocean becomes Navy United States of America. And the Americans played an important role in this.

paramount importance

The submarine fleet is becoming increasingly important for America. Historically, the territory of the country was limited by water borders, which made it difficult for the enemy to covertly attack. With the advent of modern submarines and submarine-to-air missiles in the world, these borders are becoming more and more illusory for America.

The aggravated confrontation of international relations with Muslim countries makes the threat to the lives of American citizens real. Iranian Islamists are not abandoning their attempts to acquire submarine-to-air missiles, and this is a threat to all coastal centers of America. And in this case, the destruction will be colossal. Only the same opponent can resist the attack already from under the water.

The current President of the United States, Donald Trump, in his first interviews, said that he intends to further increase the US submarine fleet. But on one condition - reducing its cost. Corporations that build American nuclear submarines should think about this. There is already a precedent. After Donald Trump said he would approach Boeing for a cheaper fighter jet, Lockheed Martin cut the cost of the F-35 fighter jet.

combat power

Today, US submarines are predominantly nuclear powered. And this means that during operations, the limitations in combat capability will be only in the amount of food and water on board. The most numerous class of submarines "Los Angeles". These are boats of the third generation with a displacement of about 7 tons, a diving depth of up to 300 meters and a cost of about $ 1 million. However, America is currently replacing them with fourth-generation Virginia-class boats, which are better equipped and cost $2.7 million. And this price is justified by their combat characteristics.

combat composition

Today it is the leader both in terms of quantity and equipment of naval weapons. The US Navy has 14 strategic nuclear submarines and 58 utility submarines.

The submarine fleet of the US military is equipped with two types of submarines:

Ocean ballistic boats. Deep-sea submarines, the purpose of which is the delivery of weapons to their destination and the release of ballistic missiles. In other words, they are called strategic. Defensive weapons are not represented by strong firepower.
Boats are hunters. High-speed boats, the goals and objectives of which are versatile: delivery of cruise missiles and peacekeeping forces to conflict zones, lightning attack and destruction of enemy forces. Such submarines are called multifunctional. their specificity is speed, maneuverability and stealth.

The beginning of the development of underwater navigation in America begins in the middle of the century before last. The volume of the article does not imply such an array of information. Let's focus on the atomic arsenal that was developed after the end of World War II. Short review of the submarine nuclear arsenal of the American Armed Forces, we will carry out, adhering to the chronological principle.

The first experimental atomic

In the shipyard in Groton in January 1954, the first American submarine Nautilus (USS Nautilus) with a displacement of about 4 thousand tons and a length of 100 meters was launched. She went on her maiden voyage a year later. It was the Nautilus that in 1958 was the first to pass the North Pole under water, which almost ended in tragedy - a periscope breakdown due to a failure of navigation systems. It was an experimental and the only multi-purpose torpedo boat with a sonar installation in the bow, and torpedoes in the rear. The submarine "Barracuda" (1949-1950) showed this arrangement to be the most successful.

American nuclear submarines owe their appearance to the naval engineer, Rear Admiral Hyman George Rickover (1900-1986).

The next experimental project was the USS Seawolf (SSN-575), also released in a single copy in 1957. It had a liquid metal reactor as a coolant in the primary reactor circuit.

The first serial atomic

A series of four submarines built in 1956-1957 - "Skate" (USS Skate). They were part of the US armed forces and were decommissioned in the late 80s of the last century.

A series of six boats - "Skipjack" (1959). Until 1964, this is the largest series. The boats had an "Albacore" hull shape and the highest speed until the Los Angeles series.

At the same time (1959-1961) a specialized series is launched nuclear boats in the amount of five - "George Washington". These are boats of the first ballistic project. Each boat carried 16 missile silos for Polaris A-1 missiles. The accuracy of shooting was increased by a hygroscopic stabilizer, which reduces the amplitude by a factor of five at a depth of up to 50 meters.

This was followed by projects of nuclear submarines for one experimental copy of the Triton, Halibut, Tullibe series. American designers experimented and improved navigation systems and energy systems.

The large series of multifunctional boats that replaced Skipjack consists of 14 Treaher nuclear submarines. The last one was decommissioned in 1996.

The Benjamin Franklin series are Lafayette-class missile submarines. At first they were armed with ballistic missiles. In the 70s, they were re-equipped with Poseidon missiles, and then Trident-1. Twelve boats of the Benjamin Franklin series entered the fleet in the 1960s. strategic missile carriers, called "41 on Guard of Freedom". All ships of this fleet were named after figures in American history.

The largest series - USS Sturgeon - of multifunctional nuclear submarines includes 37 submarines created between 1871 and 1987. A distinctive feature is the reduced noise level and sensors for under-ice navigation.

Boats serving in the US Navy

From 1976 to 1996, the Navy was equipped with multi-purpose boats of the Los Angeles type. A total of 62 boats of this series were produced, this is the most numerous series of multi-purpose submarines. Torpedo armament and vertical launchers of Tomahawk-type missiles with homing systems. Nine Los Angeles class boats participated in the 26 MW GE PWR S6G reactors developed by General Electric. It is from this series that the tradition of naming boats after American cities begins. Today, as part of the US Navy, 40 boats of this class are in combat service.

A series of strategic nuclear submarines, produced from 1881 to 1997, consists of 18 submarines with ballistic missiles on board - the Ohio series. The submarine of this series is armed with 24 individually guided intercontinental ballistic missiles. For protection, they are armed with 4 torpedo tubes. Ohio is a submarine that forms the basis of the offensive forces of the US Navy, 60% of the time it is at sea.

Latest project nuclear submarines multi-purpose third generation "Sivulf" (1998-1999). This is the most secret project of the US Navy. It was called "improved Los Angeles" for its special noiselessness. He appeared and disappeared without being noticed by radar. The reason is a special soundproofing coating, the rejection of a propeller in favor of a water jet type engine and the widespread introduction of noise sensors. The tactical speed of 20 knots makes it as noisy as the Los Angeles moored. There are three boats in this series: Seawolf, Connecticut and Jimmy Carter. The latter entered service in 2005, and it is this boat that the terminator drives in the second season of the television series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles. This once again confirms the fantastic nature of these boats, both externally and in content. "Jimmy Carter" is also called the "white elephant" among submarines for its size (the boat is 30 meters longer than its counterparts). And according to its characteristics, this submarine can already be considered a submarine.

latest generation

The future in submarine shipbuilding began in the 2000s and is associated with a new class of boats, the USS Virginia class. The first boat of this class SSN-744 was launched and put into operation in 2003.

The US Navy submarines of this type are called the armory because of their powerful arsenal, and the "ideal observer" because of the most complex and sensitive sensor systems ever installed on a submarine.

Movement even in relatively shallow water is provided by an atomic engine with a nuclear reactor, the plan of which is classified. It is known that the reactor is designed for a service life of up to 30 years. The noise level is reduced due to the system of isolated chambers and the modern design of the power unit with a "silencing" coating.

General performance characteristics of the USS Virginia class boats, of which thirteen have already been commissioned today:

speed up to 34 knots (64 km/h);
diving depth is up to 448 meters;
from 100 to 120 crew members;
surface displacement - 7.8 tons;
length up to 200 meters, and width about 10 meters;
nuclear power plant type GE S9G.

In total, the series provides for the production of 28 Virginia nuclear submarines with the gradual replacement of the Navy arsenal with fourth-generation boats.

Michelle Obama's boat

In August last year at the military shipyard in Groton (Connecticut) the commissioning of 13 USS Virginia-class submarines with tail number SSN -786 and the name "Illinois" took place. It is named after the home state of then First Lady Michelle Obama, who took part in her launch in October 2015. The initials of the first lady, according to tradition, are stamped on one of the details of the submarine.

The Illinois nuclear submarine, 115 meters long and with 130 crew members on board, is equipped with an uninhabited underwater mine detection vehicle, a diving lock and other additional equipment. The purpose of this submarine is to carry out coastal and deep-sea operations.

Instead of a traditional periscope, the boat has a telescopic system with a TV camera, and a laser infrared surveillance sensor is installed.

The firepower of the boat: 2 revolver-type installations of 6 missiles and 12 Tomahawk-class vertical cruise missiles, as well as 4 torpedo tubes and 26 torpedoes.

The total cost of the submarine is $2.7 billion.

The prospect of military submarine potential

The senior officials of the US Navy insist on the gradual replacement of diesel-fueled submarines with boats that have practically no restrictions in the conduct of combat operations - with nuclear propulsion systems. The fourth generation of the submarine "Virginia" provides for the production of 28 submarines of this class. Gradual replacement of the arsenal naval forces on boats of the fourth generation will increase the rating and combat capability of the American army.

But design bureaus continue to work and offer their projects to the army.

Amphibious American submarines

A covert landing of troops on enemy territory is the goal of all landing operations. After World War II, America had such a technological opportunity. The Bureau of Shipbuilding (Bureau of Ships) received an order for a landing submarine. Projects appeared, but the landing troops did not have financial support, and the fleet was not interested in the idea.

Of the seriously considered projects, one can mention the project of the Seaforth Group, which appeared in 1988. The landing submarine S-60 designed by them involves descent into the water at a distance of 50 kilometers from the coast, diving to a depth of 5 meters. At a speed of 5 knots, the submarine reaches the coastline and lands 60 paratroopers on retractable bridges at a distance of up to 100 meters from the coast. So far no one has bought the project.

Time-tested reliability

The oldest submarine in the world that is still in service today is the Balao SS 791 Hai Shih (Sea Lion) submarine, which is part of the Taiwanese Navy. The American submarine of the Second World War, built at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, joined the US military submarine fleet in 1945. On account of her one military campaign in August 1945 in the Pacific Ocean. After several upgrades, in 1973 she was transferred to Taiwan and became the first operating boat in China.

In January 2017, information appeared in the press that within 18 months of scheduled repairs at the shipyards of the Taiwan International Shipbuilding Corporation, the Sea Lion will carry out a general repair and replacement of navigation equipment. These works will extend the service life of the submarine until 2026.

The one-of-a-kind American-made submarine veteran plans to celebrate his 80th anniversary in combat formation.

Exceptionally tragic facts

There are no open and public statistics on losses and accidents in the US submarine fleet. However, the same can be said about Russia. Those facts that have become public knowledge will be presented in this chapter.

In 1963, a two-day test campaign ended with the death of the American submarine Thresher. The official cause of the disaster is the ingress of water under the hull of the boat. The muffled reactor immobilized the submarine, and it went into the depths, taking the lives of 112 crew members and 17 civilian specialists. The wreckage of the submarine is at a depth of 2,560 meters. This is the first technological accident of a nuclear submarine.

In 1968, the multi-purpose nuclear submarine USS Scorpion disappeared without a trace in the Atlantic Ocean. The official version of death is the detonation of ammunition. However, even today the mystery of the death of this ship remains a mystery. In 2015, US Navy veterans once again appealed to the government with a demand to create a commission to investigate this incident, clarify the number of victims and determine their status.

In 1969, the USS Guitarro submarine with tail number 665 curiously sank. It happened at the quay wall and at a depth of 10 meters. The inconsistency of actions and the negligence of the instrument calibration specialists led to flooding. Raising and restoring the boat cost the American taxpayer about $20 million.

On May 14, 1989, a Los Angeles-class boat, which took part in the filming of The Hunt for Red October, hooked a cable connecting a tugboat and a barge off the coast of California. The boat made a dive, pulling a tugboat behind it. Relatives of one tug crew member who died that day received $1.4 million in compensation from the Navy.

Introduction
If you carefully study the history of the Soviet Navy, then it is precisely quantitative indicators- the Soviet submarine fleet was numerous. At the same time, it is clear that the basis of the Soviet fleet was not super-submarines, but simple and cheap mass-produced boats.

From the mid-60s to the beginning of the 80s, the construction of three series of multi-purpose nuclear submarines of project 671-671, 671RT and 671RTM with a total of (15 + 7 + 26) 48 units made it possible to saturate all ocean fleets with modern submarines. The six hundred and seventy-first series was supplemented by missile carriers of projects 670A and 670M (11 + 6 \u003d 17 units) designed and built at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant in the city of Gorky - small single-reactor boats that were considered the quietest boats of the 2nd generation. The fleet also received very specific Lira - high-speed submarines of project 705 (7 units). This made it possible to create a group of 70 modern multi-purpose nuclear-powered ships by the mid-70s.

Although the boats were distinguished by mediocre characteristics, due to their large number they provided the combat service of the USSR Navy in all corners of the planet. It should be noted that the United States is following this path, building a huge series of inexpensive simple boats such as Los Angeles (62 boats), and at the moment - Virginia (plan 30, in service - 11).

The concept of a budget nuclear submarine for the Russian Navy

Academician Spassky, in his article in the Military Parade magazine in 1997, indicated that the Russian fleet needed about a hundred submarines. Approximately 15 strategic missile carriers are needed, 15-20 missile cruisers with cruise missiles and 30-40 diesel-electric submarines. The rest of the boats (40-50 units) should be nuclear multi-purpose.

The problem is that there are no such boats in Russia. The construction of nuclear submarines of project 971 and 945 has been discontinued and it makes no sense to restore it. Project 885 nuclear submarines are being built in a small series - a series of 8 units has been announced until 2020. At the same time, their price - from 30 to 47 billion rubles and the construction time - one boat in 5-8 years does not allow to have many such boats. Diesel-electric boats - which are now fashionable to call non-nuclear - are too small and are not able to go to sea for a long time. Between the boat with a displacement of 2000 tons and the boat with a displacement of 9500 tons, there are currently no intermediate projects.

Talk about the need for such a boat has been going on for a long time, but so far nothing concrete has appeared. For example, variants of project 885 without a missile compartment were proposed, but it quickly became clear that such a project would not reduce the cost / increase in the series / construction time. Just for the same money, the fleet will get a worse boat. The variant of the "Russian Rubis" was also considered - i.e. a small boat with full electric propulsion, but such proposals were rejected by the French themselves, who are currently building a normal-sized nuclear submarine. The European (for example, English) experience is also of no help, it is not capable.

Therefore, I decided to figure out on my own what such a boat should be.

In my opinion, the concept of a budget nuclear submarine should be as follows:

To reduce the weight and size characteristics and the cost of a nuclear power plant, we reduce the required full speed from 31-33 to 25 knots, which will reduce the maximum power of the power plant by 2.5 times compared to boats of the 3rd generation. Those. up to 20 thousand hp The point is that when the boat goes on top speed because of the roar of water, she loses both stealth and the ability to detect targets. At the same time, reducing the power of the power plant will reduce weight and spend the saved weight on strengthening weapons. In our case - on the missile compartment with 16 missiles.

Refusal of emergency quantitative duplication of systems, as well as an increased margin of buoyancy (we will have it in the region of 16%), and a rescue chamber.

Reduction in comparison with boats of the 3rd generation of the maximum diving depth from 600 to 450 meters, which will reduce the weight of the hull.

One and a half body architecture is the same as in Severodvinsk. Single-hull architecture have 2 and 3 compartments - residential and control. The rest are double-sided.

Armament - combined - UVP for missiles and torpedo tubes for torpedoes. Moreover, TA of two calibers: large - for combat torpedoes and small - for anti-torpedoes and means of active setting of hydroacoustic jamming.

Torpedo tubes have a classic location for the Soviet fleet - in the upper hemisphere in the bow. Since now the boat has not only a spherical antenna in the bow, but also onboard conformal antennas.

The boats should be built at second-tier factories in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the construction period for a serial boat is no more than three years, and the cost is 18-20 billion rubles.

The device of a nuclear submarine

Multi-purpose nuclear submarine of project P-95 pre-na-zna-che-na for conducting de-fighting against enemy shipping, co-ra-bel-us groups against-against-no, under- water-us-mi lod-ka-mi, on-not-se-niya blow-ditch on be-re-go-y-y objects-there, os-sche-st-in-le-min-ny on -sta-no-wok, ve-de-intelligence.

Just like on boats of the 3rd generation, all the main equipment-ru-do-va-nie and combat-e-hundred times-me-shche-us in amor-tee-zi-ro-van-nyh zone-nal-nyh blo -kah. Amor-ti-za-tion greatly reduces the acoustics of the co-slave, and also allows you to protect the boat from underwater explosions.

First compartment- torpedo, in its upper-lo-vi-not races-on-lo-the-same-us ka-zen-nye parts of torpedo ap-pa-ra-tov and the whole battle-for- pass on av-to-ma-ti-zi-ro-van-nyh stel-la-zhah. Under it there is a room with racks of up-pa-ra-tu-ry radio-electron-no-go-voo-ru-zhe-niya, medium-st-va ven-ti -la-tion and con-di-cio-ni-ro-va-nia from-se-to. Under them - try-we and ak-ku-mu-la-tor-naya pit.

Second and third compartments- management and residential. On the first and second pa-lu-bah races-on-the-same-we are the main co-mand post, rub-ki, up-pa-ra-tu-ra combat-howl in-for-ma- qi-on-no-management system-te-we (BI-US); the third and fourth pa-lu-would be for-nya-you zhi-ly-mi, common-st-ven-us-mi and me-di-tsin-ski-mi in-me-sche-ni-mi. In the hold - all kinds of equipment, medium-st-va con-di-cio-ni-ro-va-nia and general-ko-ra-bel-nye systems-the-we. In the second from-se-ke times-me-sche-we all rise-but-mach-th-th devices-swarm-st-va, in the third - a diesel generator.

Fourth compartment- rocket. It has 4 solid mines in each of which there are 4 transport and launch containers with cruise missiles. Also in the compartment are various equipment and storerooms.

Fifth compartment- reactor. The reactor itself with its equipment is isolated from the rest of the boat of the bio-logi-che-sky shield. Sa-ma PPU together with sys-te-mami under-ve-she-on on horse-salt beams, for de-lan-nyh in re-bor-ki.

Sixth compartment- turbine. Consists of block pa-ro-tour-bin-noy us-ta-nov-ke and av-to-nom-ny-mi tour-bo-ge-not-ra-to-rum and ho-lo-dil -we-mi ma-shi-na-mi pa-ro-tour-bin-noy us-ta-nov-ki. The block through amor-ti-for-that-ry stands on the pro-me-zhu-precise-ra-me, someone-paradise through the second cas-cad amor-ti-for- then-ditch for-cre-p-la-et-sya to special racks. Also in this compartment is located on a special shock-absorbed platform a reversible low-speed electric motor and a clutch that allows you to disconnect the GTZA.

Seventh compartment- auxiliary mechanisms. Through some-tho-dit va-lo-pro-water with the main thrust under-thorn in the nose and the seal of the rowing va-la in the stern. Compartment two-pa-lub-ny. Also in it is a rum-pel-noe from-de-le-nie, in which there are times-me-sche-we-ru-le-guid-raw-li-che-tires, as well as the rum-pe-li and the ends of the ball-le-ditch ru-lei.

Above the second and third compartments, there is an og-ra-g-de-ning of the cabin and you-moving devices. In the stern - four stabilizers form the stern oper-re-tion. The main entrance to the submarine is through the og-ra-zh-de-ne rub-ki. In addition to that, there are auxiliary and repair hatches over the first fifth and seventh compartments.

The main propeller is a seven-bladed low-speed propeller with a diameter of 4.4 meters. Auxiliary - two retractable speakers with a capacity of 420 hp each. providing speed up to 5 knots.

It was decided to abandon the installation of water jets due to lower efficiency and lower efficiency at low speeds

Power plant and equipment

The boat has characteristics exceeding the requirements for the fourth generation of submarines. Those. corresponds to generation 4+.

To ensure low noise in our project, we are moving away from the traditional thrust for the Soviet fleet to high-power power plants with a low specific gravity. Multi-purpose boats of the 2nd generation had two reactors of 70 MW each and a turbine with a capacity of 31 thousand horsepower, boats of the third - 190 MW and 50 thousand horsepower. At the same time, it is known that the mass of power plants of the 2nd and 3rd generations is approximately the same and is in the region of 1000 tons.

n (according to various estimates from 900 to 1100 tons) - only the specific gravity differs - the mass of one horsepower.

So, we are deliberately going to reduce the power of the power plant and refuse to unify with power plants of other types. At the same time, in addition to reducing power, we also simplify the scheme of the power plant. This approach makes it possible to reduce the dimensions and dimensions of the force, increasing the number of weapons, while due to the increase in specific characteristics, the aggregate reliability increases. Plus, since the power of less power - it makes less noise, costs less and is more reliable.

The power plant "Kikimora" includes:

one nuclear reactor with a capacity of 70 MW, with two steam generators, one primary circuit pump each. Approximately such a scheme nuclear reactor used on American nuclear submarines of the Virginia type. The reactor can operate in low-noise mode with natural circulation at 20% of the nominal power, providing steam only to the boat's turbogenerator.

one GTZA with a single-casing steam turbine and a planetary gearbox with a shaft power of 20,000 hp. At the same time, when running under the turbine, the propeller motor works as a generator, which allows you to turn off the steam generator and go under only one unit.

1500 kW reversible rowing electric motor for low-noise running. Installed in front of the turbine, i.e. GTZA can be turned off and go only under the turbogenerator and electric motor, or vice versa, you can turn on the GTZA and turn off the turbogenerator, then the propeller motor works as a generator. The presence of only one working device eliminates resonances and reduces the noise of the boat.

one low-noise autonomous turbogenerator with a capacity of 3500 kW. In this case, the turbogenerator is located along the axis of the boat of the plane of the boat - under the turbine on the same cushioned platform with it, only from below. Such a scheme - ensures the minimization of noise emitted by the generator and allows you to get when driving under the electric motor in low noise mode - minimal noise. At the same time, both ATG and GTZA each use their own fittings - condensers, refrigerators, pumps, etc. Including supplies of feed water. That allows you to increase the reliability of the power plant and the autonomy of the boat.

one diesel generator with a capacity of 1600 kW. It is located in the 3rd compartment. One large battery in the first compartment and 3 small batteries in compartments 2, 3 and 7.

Electronic weapons

The composition of electronic weapons weapons is classic. The boat is armed with a sonar complex with several antennas and retractable devices. Reception of information from all devices and control of weapons is carried out by an integrated combat information and control system.

The hydroacoustic complex of a submarine consists of:

bow spherical antenna with a diameter of 4.4 meters

two onboard low-frequency conformal antennas

high-frequency anti-mine sonar in the bow of the cabin

towed low-frequency antenna

systems for non-acoustic detection of surface ships in the wake

Retractable devices: (from bow to stern)

universal optocoupler periscope - in addition to several optical channels, it is equipped with a laser rangefinder and a thermal imager.

multi-purpose complex of digital communications - provides both terrestrial and space communications in several ranges.

radar/electronic warfare complex - is a multifunctional radar with a phased antenna array capable of detecting both surface and air targets, with the additional ability to interfere.

RDP - a device for the operation of a diesel engine under water.

a digital complex of passive electronic intelligence - instead of the old radio direction finders. It has a wider range of application and, at the same time, due to the passive mode of operation, it is not detected by the enemy's RTR means.

Armament

As mentioned above, thanks to a light power plant and a lightweight hull, the boat has an extremely powerful armament for its size, amounting to 56 weapons with a standard load. At the same time, anti-ship missiles and anti-submarine missile-torpedoes are launched from the UVP. From torpedo tubes - torpedoes are launched.

The armament of a nuclear submarine consists of:

16 launchers in 4 strong mines located in the midship area of the ship. These are not Onyxes, they did not fit in length. In our case, three times cheaper solid-propellant anti-ship missiles and vertical-launched rocket-torpedoes are used (they are solid-propellant initially). RCC has a mass of 2.5 tons, transonic speed and a flight range of 200 km with a warhead of 450 kilograms, an anti-submarine missile-torpedo has a range of 35 km (more for a boat and is not needed) and a warhead in the form of a 324-mm torpedo or underwater missile .

Four 605-mm torpedo tubes with 20 torpedoes - 4 in TA and 16 on mechanized racks. The increase in the caliber of torpedoes is associated with the desire to increase the capabilities of the torpedo without increasing the length. If an ordinary Soviet torpedo has a caliber of 533 mm and a length of 7.9 meters, then our torpedo, with almost the same length (8 meters), is thicker, heavier by a ton (i.e., it weighs three tons). Two types of torpedoes go into ammunition - the first has a heavy warhead weighing 800 kg (modern supertankers are so huge that they require large warheads), the second - high speed and range - 50 knots / 50 km.

Also, instead of part of the torpedoes, the boat can take up to 64 mines of various types.

Four 457-mm torpedo tubes designed to launch anti-torpedoes, sonar jammers, simulators and small anti-mine torpedoes. Ammunition - 4 torpedoes in TA and 16 in two echelons in mechanized racks. Instead of 16 small torpedoes, 4 large torpedoes can be placed on racks. The mini-torpedo has a length of 4.2 meters and a mass of 450 kilograms, a firing range of up to 15 kilometers, and a warhead mass of 120 kilograms.

Six MANPADS "Igla" with a stock of missiles.

Crew and Habitability

The crew of the boat consists of 70 people, including 30 officers. This practically corresponds to the boats of project 971, where the crew is 72-75 people. There are about 100 people on the boats of project 671RTM and project 885. For comparison, on American boats of the Virginia type, the crew is 120 people, and in Los Angeles in general - 140. All personnel are located in single cabins and small cockpits. For the reception of food and other measures, two wardrooms are used - an officer's and a midshipman's. The boat is equipped with a medical block, shower cabins and a sauna. All residential quarters are of the same race in the 2nd and 3rd compartments on decks 2 and 3.

Comparison with competitors

Compared to its direct predecessor - project 671rtm - the boat has become shorter by almost 12 meters, thicker and has lost 6 knots of speed. By reducing the weight of the power plant (by 200-250 tons), it became possible to strengthen the armament with a compartment with anti-ship missiles. With almost the same underwater displacement, by reducing the reserve of buoyancy (i.e. water) by 900 tons, the habitable volumes increased, which made it possible to raise the habitability conditions. Noise has been drastically reduced. The detection range of low-noise targets has also increased. The autonomy remained at the same level, but the crew accommodation conditions have become better, while the boat is better in operation, which will increase the utilization factor from 0.25 to 0.4.

Compared with a classmate - project 885 - the boat of project P-95 has one and a half times less displacement and one and a half to two (depending on the number of ships in the series) times lower cost. It is believed that in low-noise mode, when driving under an electric motor, the boat will be quieter than even project 885.

The P-95 project looks very worthy against the background of an American Virginia-type boat. At least in duel situations, our ship will not be inferior to the American one.

More than 15 years have passed since the last of the Project 705 boats was excluded from the Russian Navy, and disputes continue to this day in the circles of military sailors and shipbuilders. What was Project 705 really - a breakthrough ahead of its time, or a costly technical gamble?

The outer contours of the boat were worked out at TsAGI, tested on numerous models in the pools of the Leningrad Central Research Institute. Krylov. And, in addition to technical excellence and numerous innovations important for warship, the nuclear submarine also turned out to be unusually beautiful.

By 1990, all (except one) nuclear submarines of the 705th project were withdrawn from the fleet, having served significantly less than the period for which they were calculated. The last one, K-123, ended its service in 1997.

racing boat
Photo: Project 705 nuclear submarines, thanks to their lines and power-to-weight ratio, were dynamic and extremely maneuverable. The boat was capable of accelerating to full speed in a minute, and circulating with a full turn at full speed in 42 seconds. She could “hang on the tail” of a mock enemy nuclear submarine for hours (there was a real case when the boat pursued a NATO nuclear submarine in the North Atlantic for 20 hours). Moreover, the boat could even get away from a torpedo fired in its direction!

In 1959, when the first Soviet nuclear submarine (NPS) Leninsky Komsomol, built according to the project of the Leningrad SKB-143 (now SPMBM Malachite), had already gone to sea, and the construction of a whole series of similar ships was underway in Severodvinsk, the leading specialist of the same SKB A.B.? Petrov proposed the creation of a "Small high-speed fighter submarine." The idea was very relevant: such boats were needed to hunt submarines - carriers of ballistic missiles with nuclear charges, which then began to be actively built on the stocks of a potential enemy. On June 23, 1960, the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers approved the project, which was assigned the number 705 ("Lira"). In NATO countries, this boat became known as "Alfa" (Alfa). scientific supervisors Academicians A.P. Alexandrov, V.A. Trapeznikov, A.G. Iosifyan became the project, and Mikhail Georgievich Rusanov was the chief designer of the ship. It was talented person with a very difficult fate: seven years in the Gulag, and after his release - a ban on entry to Leningrad. An experienced shipbuilding engineer worked in a button-making artel in Malaya Vishera and only in 1956 was able to return to Leningrad, to SKB-143. He started with the Deputy Chief Designer of the Project 645 nuclear submarine (this experience turned out to be very useful for Rusanov).

Battle with titan

The purpose of the new submarine determined the basic requirements - high speed and maneuverability, perfect hydroacoustics, powerful weapons. To meet the first two requirements, the boat had to have extremely small dimensions and weight, the highest hydrodynamic characteristics of the hull and a powerful power plant that fit into the limited dimensions. It was impossible to do this without non-standard solutions. Titanium was chosen as the main material for the ship's hull, as well as many of its mechanisms, pipelines and fittings - the metal is almost twice as light and at the same time stronger than steel, and it is also absolutely corrosion-resistant and low-magnetic. However, it is rather capricious: it is welded only in an inert gas environment - argon, it is difficult to cut it, it has a high coefficient of friction. In addition, titanium could not be used in direct contact with parts made of other metals (steel, aluminum, brass, bronze): in sea water, it forms an electrochemical pair with them, which causes destructive corrosion of parts made of other metals. It was necessary to develop special grades of high-alloy steel and bronze, and specialists from the Central Research Institute of Metallurgy and Welding (Prometheus) and the Central Research Institute of Shipbuilding Technology managed to overcome these titanium tricks. As a result, a small-sized ship hull with an underwater displacement of 3,000 tons was created (although the customer, the Navy, insisted on a limit of 2,000 tons).

I must say that Soviet shipbuilding already had experience in creating submarines from titanium. In 1965, in Severodvinsk, a nuclear submarine of project 661 with a titanium hull was built (in a single copy). This boat, known as gold fish”(a hint at its fantastic cost), to this day remains the record holder for speed under water - on sea trials it showed 44.7 knots (about 83 km / h).

Solid innovations

Another radical innovation was the size of the crew. On other nuclear submarines (both Soviet and American), 80-100 people are serving, and in the terms of reference for the 705th project, the number 16 was named, and only officers. However, during the design, the number of the future crew grew and eventually reached 30 people, including five midshipman technicians and one sailor, who was assigned the important role of a cook, and part-time day-cleaner (initially it was assumed that the duties of a cook would be performed by a ship's doctor). To combine such a small crew with huge amount and mechanisms, the boat had to be very seriously automated. Later, the sailors even called the boats of the 705th project “automatic machines”.

For the first time in the country (and probably in the world), global automation covered everything: ship motion control, the use of weapons, the main power plant, all general ship systems (immersion, ascent, trim, retractable devices, ventilation, etc.). One of the key and very controversial issues in the development of automation systems (this was done by a number of research institutes and design bureaus, including the Central Research Institute "Aurora", "Granite", "Agat") was the choice of the current frequency for the ship's electrical network. Options of 50 and 400 Hz were considered, each had its own advantages and disadvantages. The final decision in favor of 400 Hz was made at a three-day meeting of the leaders of several organizations involved in the topic, with the participation of three academicians. The transition to a higher frequency caused a lot production problems, but it allowed to significantly reduce the dimensions of electrical equipment and appliances.

Armament

For the first time, pneumohydraulic torpedo tubes were installed on the Project 705 nuclear submarine, providing firing in the entire range of immersion depth. Six torpedo tubes and 18 torpedoes, taking into account the speed and maneuverability of the boat, made it a serious adversary for NATO submarines.

atomic heart

And yet, the main innovation that determined the fate of the entire project was the choice of the main power plant of the ship. It was a compact atomic fast neutron reactor (FN) with a liquid metal coolant (LMC). This allowed saving about 300 tons of displacement due to higher steam temperature and, consequently, better turbine efficiency.

The first submarine in the world with a reactor of this type was the American nuclear submarine Seawolf (1957). The design was not very successful, during sea trials there was a depressurization of the primary circuit with a release of sodium. Therefore, in 1958, the reactors were replaced with water-cooled ones, and the military in the United States no longer began to contact the reactors on the LMT. In the USSR, they preferred to use lead-bismuth melt as a coolant, which is much less chemically aggressive than sodium. But the K-27 nuclear submarine built in 1963 was also unlucky: in May 1968, during the campaign, the primary circuit of one of the two reactors broke. The crew received huge doses of radiation, nine people died, and the boat was dubbed "Nagasaki" (the nickname "Hiroshima" was already taken by K-19 in 1961). The nuclear submarine was so radioactive that it could not be repaired, and as a result, in September 1982, it was flooded off the northeastern coast of Novaya Zemlya. To its "titles" naval wits added "forever underwater." But even after the K-27 tragedy, the USSR decided not to abandon the tempting idea of using LMC reactors on nuclear submarines; engineers and scientists continued to work on their improvement under the guidance of Academician Leipunsky.

Two organizations took on the development of the main power plant for the 705th project. Podolsk Design Bureau "Gidropress" created a block two-section unit BM-40 / A with two circulation pumps. Gorky OKBM issued the OK-550 installation, also a block one, but with a branched primary circuit and three circulation pumps. In the future, both installations were used on nuclear submarines of the 705th project: OK-550 was installed on boats built in Leningrad (four ships), and BM-40 / A was installed on three boats built in Severodvinsk according to the 705K version of the project. Both installations provided power on the turbine shaft up to 40?? 000 hp, which made it possible to develop the speed of 40 knots provided for in the terms of reference.

Full automatic
In order to control the submarine with the forces of a very limited crew of 30 at that time, numerous automation systems were developed to keep all the mechanisms of the ship under control. Later, the sailors even gave these boats the nickname "automatic".

longest boat

A total of seven Project 705 nuclear submarines were built, they became the world's first serial boats equipped with LMC reactors. The first boat, K-64, laid down in June 1968 in the same old boathouse where the famous Aurora cruiser was built 70 years earlier, was handed over to the Navy in December 1971. The main problems of trial operation were associated with the reactor, which was fundamentally different from the well-known pressurized water. The fact is that the lead-bismuth alloy crystallizes at +145°C, and during the operation of a reactor with such a LMC, in no case should the temperature in the primary circuit be allowed to drop to this value. It was as a result of non-compliance with this condition in the pipelines of one and then the second loop of the primary circuit that plugs began to appear from the solidified melt, which could no longer be returned to the liquid state. There was a “goat” of the steam generating plant, accompanied by a depressurization of the primary circuit and radioactive contamination of the boat, which at that time was moored at its base. It soon became clear that the reactor was irretrievably ruined, and the boat could no longer go to sea. As a result, in August 1974, she was withdrawn from the fleet and, after a long debate, was cut into two parts, each of which was decided to be used for crew training and testing of new technologies. The bow of the boat was towed to Leningrad, while the stern with the reactor compartment remained in Severodvinsk for shipyard"Star". In the same place, a black cross of the cut-off K-64 stern stabilizer with horizontal and vertical rudders remained as a mournful monument. Among the sailors and shipbuilders, there was a riddle-joke about "the world's longest boat" for a long time.

Real life

The construction of the series, which was already actively underway in Leningrad and Severodvinsk, was suspended, but resumed a couple of years later, and from 1977 to 1981, six nuclear submarines of the 705th project were transferred to the fleet. These ships quite intensively and successfully served as part of Northern Fleet, causing serious concern among NATO countries. Taking into account the sad experience of K-64, an “electric boiler” was additionally installed on all serial nuclear submarines of this project, the task of which was to maintain the required temperature in the primary circuit of the reactor when it was brought to minimum power when the nuclear submarine was parked at the base. For the operation of the boiler, it was necessary to supply electricity from the shore. There were interruptions to this, and since the crews of the boats were desperately afraid to destroy the reactor, it was not maintained at the minimum power level, which accelerated the production of nuclear fuel. In addition, the displeasure of the naval base authorities was caused by the need to organize special laboratories for periodic checks, adjustments and repairs of automation, which were stuffed with boats of this type. So a lot of concerns have been added to the coastal services of the Navy. Increasingly, there was talk that the new ships, despite their unique combat qualities, were ahead of their time and unnecessarily difficult to maintain. The seventh serial boat was not completed, but cut right on the slipway. By 1990, all (except one) nuclear submarines of the 705th project were withdrawn from the fleet, having served significantly less than the period for which they were calculated.

Last "Alpha"

The K-123, which became an exception, was delayed in service until 1997 due to an unreasonably long repair after a serious accident in 1982. When the boat was submerged in the Barents Sea, the signal “Reactor malfunction” suddenly lit up on the control panel in the central office of the nuclear submarine. Lieutenant Loginov went for reconnaissance in an uninhabited reactor compartment, who reported a minute later that he was observing a silvery metal spreading over the deck: it was a highly active liquid fuel that had escaped from the first circuit of the reactor. At the same time, the signal “Pollution of the reactor compartment. Leave the compartment! ”, And, as one of the crew members who survived the accident later recalled,“ Loginov was already thought of in the past tense. But Loginov survived. Having gone out into the lock, through which the reactor compartment communicates with the rest of the boat, he left all his clothes there and underwent a thorough washing. The reactor was shut down, the nuclear submarine surfaced, blowing through its ballast tanks. As it was established later, about 2 managed to leak out of the primary circuit? t ZhMT. The boat was so dirty that the cruiser that came to the rescue did not dare to approach her in order to hand over the towline. As a result, the cable was nevertheless wound up with the help of a deck helicopter from the same cruiser. Repair of K-123, during which the reactor compartment was completely replaced, ended in 1992, the nuclear submarine returned to service and served safely until 1997. With its decommissioning, project 705 ended ingloriously.

reserve parachute

Of the six compartments of the nuclear submarine, only two were inhabited, above one of which there was a pop-up rescue cabin-camera, created for the first time in the world, designed to save the entire crew (30 people) even from the maximum diving depth (400 m).

ahead of time

Project 705 nuclear submarines boasted fantastic speed and maneuverability characteristics and many innovations: a titanium hull, a fast neutron reactor with a liquid metal coolant and a fully automated control all ship systems.

underwater metal
The hull of the boat was made of titanium, so the specialists of the Central Research Institute of Metals and Welding (Prometheus) and the Central Research Institute of Shipbuilding Technology had to develop special technologies for welding and joining titanium parts, and metallurgists - new corrosion-resistant alloys.

Liquid metal

Nuclear ships are essentially steamboats as their propellers are driven by steam turbines. But steam is generated not in ordinary boilers with furnaces, but in nuclear reactors. The heat of radioactive decay is transferred from the nuclear fuel in the primary cooling circuit to a coolant, usually pressurized water (to raise the temperature to 200°C or more), which also serves as a neutron moderator. And the coolant already transfers heat to the water of the secondary circuit, evaporating it. But pressurized water has its drawbacks. The high pressure means that the walls of the pipes of the reactor's primary cooling system must be thick and strong, and when the primary circuit is depressurized, radioactive vapor penetrates into the most inaccessible places. One of the alternatives is the use of fast neutron reactors with a coolant made of low-melting metals in their liquid phase - for example, sodium or a lead-bismuth alloy. Their thermal conductivity and heat capacity are much higher than those of water, they can be heated to higher temperatures without high pressure in the primary circuit, which makes it possible to create very compact reactors.

According to information provided by RIA Novosti with a corresponding reference to the data provided by JSC Afrikantov OKBM, a core was created and successfully tested in Russia, which is part of a nuclear reactor and is its key element. Based on the message received, the main creator, the zone has the potential to ensure the entire period of operation of a nuclear submarine (NPS).

To the question posed about whether a perpetual nuclear reactor was actually created for nuclear submarines, we answer that, yes, indeed, if we count the years of operation of the submarine for eternity.

So, what is the active zone in general terms, let's look at it in more detail. The core itself is nothing but the central "organ" of the reactor. All atomic recharge is concentrated in it and directly through it, or rather through the entire main, indicated area, a coordinated chain reaction spreads. Thanks to this latest design of the Afrikantov OKBM, now the commanders of nuclear submarines do not have to worry about recharging nuclear power.

Evaluation of competent sources

The situation was commented on by an officer with the rank of Admiral Vyacheslav Popov. In particular, he said that the fact of the production of a "permanent" reactor can really be regarded as an achievement of a huge scale, which is of great importance for the combat activity of the Navy's underwater arsenal. In addition, he clarified that the reloading carried out in the fleet is considered to be the most basic function. Previously, it took at least a month to complete. During this period, the combat strength of the fleet tended to be reduced by one unit.

“With a reactor designed and not requiring recharging, the indicator released for the use of this machine can increase several times at once,” the admiral summed up.

Based on a report prepared by OKBM Afrikantov, information appeared that the success of tests carried out with an optimal core designed for nuclear submarines, which are representatives of the fourth generation, was 100% confirmed. What will be operated as efficiently as possible will once again prove the feasibility of the project, which is based on the creation of ship cores.

Submarines of the fourth generation, which were launched in Russia, can safely be attributed to such submarines as Borey and Ash.