MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE AMUR REGION
STATE PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL
AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION OF THE AMUR REGION
"AMUR AGRARIAN COLLEGE"
WORKING PROGRAM OF THE DISCIPLINE
OP01 Biology of farm animals with the basics of zootechnics
01/36/02 Master of animal husbandry.
Program basic training V full-time learning
Received Profile vocational education - natural science
2017
APPROVE
Director of SPOAU AMAK
_____________________ M.I. Grieving
"___" ________________ 2017
Working programm academic discipline is compiled on the basis of the Federal State educational standard(hereinafter - GEF) in the specialty (specialties) of secondary vocational education (hereinafter SVE) 36.01.02 Master of animal husbandry.
State vocational education autonomous institution Amur Region "Amur Agrarian College", Blagoveshchensk
Work program compiler:
Dudkin V.M.,teacher of special disciplines SPOAU AmAK
Considered at a meeting of the subject - cyclic commission
Minutes No. __________ of __________________________
Chairman of the PCCVoblikova N. G. /__________________/
Approved by the Scientific and Methodological Council of SPOAU AmAK
Protocol No. __________ from ____________________________
CONTENT
1. PASSPORT OF THE WORKING PROGRAM
page
2. STRUCTURE and approximate content of the academic discipline
3. conditions for the implementation of the academic discipline
4. Monitoring and evaluation of the results of mastering the academic discipline
1. WORK PROGRAM PASSPORT
academic discipline
Biology of farm animals with the basics of animal science
1.1. Scope of the program
The working curriculum of the academic discipline is part of the main professional educational program in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard by profession (professions) SPO36.01.02 Master of animal husbandry Specialty: Master of Animal Husbandry.
1.2. The place of the academic discipline in the structure of the main professional educational program: discipline is included in the professional cycle.
1.3. Goals and objectives of the academic discipline - requirements for the results of mastering the academic discipline:
As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must
Know:
Morphological features of the body structure of farm animals;
Origin of pets;
External and internal structure of farm animals and birds;
The evolution and origin of pets
Time of domestication of farm animals
General laws of the structure of the body of mammals and birds;
Be able to:
Use the basic laws of the natural sciences in professional activity;
To navigate in the location of organs, the boundaries of regions according to the skeletal landmarks of the body of various types and ages of domestic animals;
Determine the species affiliation of organs by anatomical features: size, consistency, color;
Compare the received data and identify them with the methods used;
Identify different breeds of farm animals;
1.4. Number of hours to master curriculum disciplines:
the maximum study load of the student -55 hours , including:
obligatory classroom teaching load of the student -38 hours;
student's independent work– 14 hours;
2. STRUCTURE and EXAMPLE content of the Academic discipline
2.1. Thematic plan of the academic discipline
Independent work students (total)
14
Including:
Abstracts, tests, crossword puzzles, messages
Final certification in the form of an exam
2.2. The content of training in the academic discipline
Topic 1. Introduction.Academic discipline « Biology animals”, its tasks, significance and connection with other disciplines.
1,2,3
Topic 2. The concept of a cell
Content educational material
Basic processes of cell life. cell organelles.
2,3
Main stages life cycle cells: growth, division, differentiation, aging and death.
Laboratory work
Differences between an animal cell and a plant cell
Topic 3. Fundamentals of histology
Content educational material
Teaching about tissues. Epithelial tissues: secretion, structure of glands.
2,3
fabrics internal environment or support-trophic (connective tissues). general characteristics: blood, lymph.
Loose fibrous connective tissue. Reticuloendothelial tissues. Cartilage tissue, Bone tissue.
Muscle. Smooth muscle tissue. Striated muscle tissue. Cardiac striated tissue.
Basic functions of connective tissue.
The main functions of the cardiac striated muscle tissue.
Topic 4. Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology of farm animals
Content educational material
General principles building and development of the organism. Body cavities and terms for the location of organs. Departments and regions of the body of the animal and their bone base. Skeleton. Connecting the bones of the body. The doctrine of bones (osteology).
2,3
Musculature. The doctrine of muscles (myology). The structure of the skin. The structure of the mammary gland. The digestive system. Respiratory system. The urinary system. Reproductive system.
Central nervous system. Central part of the nervous system. Peripheral (somatic) part of the nervous system. Vegetative (autonomous) part of the nervous system.
Laboratory works
The difference between the digestive organs in farm animals.
Topic 5. Biology of reproduction of farm animals and breed formation
Content educational material
Socio-economic factors of the rock-forming process. The structure of the breed.
2,3
Breeding methods for farm animals. The history of the development of artificial insemination and its importance for improving the breeding and productive qualities of farm animals.
Laboratory works
Organization of insemination of farm animals.
Topic 6. The origin of farm animals and the doctrine of breeds
Content educational material
2,3
The history of the origin of domestic animals. The concept of breed. Classification and specialization of breeds. Constitution, interior and exterior of the animal.
Classification of breeds of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats.
Importance of cattle breeding as the main branch of animal husbandry.
Laboratory works
Breed classification farm animals
Topic 7. Features of anatomy farm poultry
Content educational material
Movement apparatus. Skeleton. Muscles. Skin and its derivatives.
2,3
The digestive system. Respiratory system. The urinary and reproductive system. The cardiovascular system. Endocrine glands.
Laboratory works
Function pen structure and meaning.
Nervous system. Sense organs.
Topic 8. Origin poultry. Breeds of poultry.
Content of educational material
2,3
The history of the origin of poultry. poultry productivity.
Importance of poultry farming. The main breeds and characteristics of poultry: chickens, geese, turkeys, guinea fowls, quails, etc.
Laboratory works
Classification of poultry.
Independent work while studying.
The history of the development of the discipline “Biology of farm animals.
Cells of the body, features of the structure and development.
Features of tissues, types and their differences, functions.
Features of insemination of various breeds of farm animals.
Meat and dairy breeds of cattle.
Digestion of ruminants.
Origin of breeds of farm animals.
The main branches of pig breeding.
Features of the digestive tract in birds.
Rare breeds of poultry.
Domestication features: chickens, geese, turkeys and quails
Approximate topic homework
What types of farm animals are bred in the Far East.
Repetition of animal evolution.
The anatomical structure of artiodactyl animals
What secrets are produced by the glands of animals.
What farm animals are obtained with the help of selection.
Total
55
To characterize the level of mastering the educational material, the following designations are used:
1 - introductory (recognition of previously studied objects, properties);
2 - reproductive (performance of activities according to a model, instructions or under guidance);
3 - productive (planning and independent performance of activities, solving problematic tasks)
3. conditions for the implementation of the curriculum
3.1. Minimum Logistics Requirements
The implementation of the curriculum implies the presence of classrooms:
"Zootechny";
"Livestock"
Laboratories:
Microbiology, sanitation and hygiene;
Livestock production technologies
Halls:
Library,
reading room with Internet access
Equipment of the study room and workplaces of the zootechnics office:
Handout,
table sets
posters
layouts
Equipment of the study room and workplaces of the "Livestock" cabinet:
Handout,
table sets
posters
layouts
Technical training aids:
computers,
projector,
DVD- player,
TV,
interactive board
Equipmentlaboratoriesand laboratory workstations:
cell preparations,
dummies of agricultural animals,
3.2. Information Support learning
Main sources:
Klimov A.F., Akaevsky A.I. Anatomy of domestic animals. Lan 2007
Kostomakin N.M., Bakai L.V., Potokin V.P. "Animal husbandry" textbook publishing house KolosS 2006,448 p. www.dogpile.com
4. Monitoring and evaluation of development results
Learning OutcomesForms and methods of control and evaluation
Morphological features of the body of agricultural animals.
Testing
Survey
Working with text, note-taking
Test
Survey
Practical work
Practical work
Written survey
Origin of pets
External and internal structure of agricultural animals
Evolution and origin of domestic animals.
Time of domestication of farm animals.
General features of the structure of agricultural animals and birds.
Navigate the location of organs and system boundaries.
Determine the species affiliation of organs and systems by structure.
Identify different breeds of farm animals
The basis of life, both in the simplest living matter and in higher animals, is metabolism, reproduction, and heredity. According to K. A. Timiryazev, heredity is “biological inertia” - continuity in a series of successive generations.
Ch. Darwin explained evolutionary development by the interaction of heredity, variability and experience.
Michurin biology defines heredity as the property of organisms to selectively demand certain conditions for their development. So, for the existence of a reindeer, a cold climate and tundra pastures are required. Camels live and breed in the dry desert plains of Africa and Asia. Buffaloes are well adapted to the conditions of humid subtropics, and yaks to the conditions of mountainous regions. Not only animals have different requirements for living conditions different types but also in different breeds of animals within a species. So, for example, Karakul sheep are bred in the hot regions of Central Asia, and fur coat Romanov sheep are adapted to the climate of the central regions of the RSFSR.
The Michurin school of biology, in defining heredity, proceeds from the position of a close relationship between the organism and the external conditions of its life. Under the influence of these conditions, heredity can change. However, there is
there is a certain conservatism, stability of heredity.
It is known that many species of animals have existed for centuries. Due to the conservatism of heredity, their characteristic properties have been passed down from generation to generation for hundreds of years.
If heredity were not stable, then there would be no different species of animals and plants.
In practice Agriculture the conservatism of heredity is sometimes a hindrance in breeding work. This conservatism can be broken only by drastically changing the conditions in which animals are kept. For a directed change in heredity, it is not enough to change the conditions of detention in one generation. It is necessary to change them for a number of generations.
An easier way to loosen heredity is to cross animals of different breeds and species.
Zootechnical practice confirms Michurin's position that old breeds of animals, like plant varieties, bred for many years in one direction, as a rule, are distinguished by more stable heredity than breeds created recently.
Accordingly, wild animals have a more conservative heredity compared to domestic ones.
The Michurin school of biologists claims that not only sex cells, but the whole organism as a whole, have the property of heredity.
At present, thanks to the great advances in physics and chemistry, biologists have been able to look deeper into the inner life of cells. A modern electron microscope makes it possible to obtain magnifications of 1 million 100 thousand times. Under such a microscope, you can see large molecules and study their internal structure.
The efforts of many biologists in the Soviet Union and foreign countries have recently been directed to the study of the secrets of heredity. Particular attention is paid to the study of nucleic acids and their role in the transmission of hereditary information. Nucleic acids are non-protein formations of a very complex polymeric nature. The infinite variety of the biochemical structure of nucleic acids is due to the different ratio
and the spatial arrangement of four complex nitrogenous bases - nucleotides.
There are two nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA). DNA is contained only in the cell nucleus and is an integral part of chromosomes. RNA is found both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. It has been established that DNA and RNA control protein synthesis inside the cell.
There is a hypothesis that it is DNA that is the chemical substance, due to which the subsequent development of the organism is carried out in one direction or another. This hypothesis is not shared by all biologists. High level The development of biology, chemistry and physics gives a real and close opportunity to discover the basic law of life - heredity.
Reproductive organs males - testes, females - ovaries. In the ovaries of the female, eggs develop. Periodically, during the hunt of the animal, the egg is released from the ovary and can be fertilized.
In the testes of males, male sex cells - spermatozoa - develop. When mounted on a cow, a bull, for example, releases 4-6 billion spermatozoa. This mass of germ cells in the female genital tract meets the egg. Actually, in fertilization - in fusion with the egg - only one sperm is involved, A the rest die and, dissolving, create the biochemical environment necessary for fertilization.
Spermatozoa are very small, they can be seen under a microscope only at a magnification of 300-400 times.
The egg is much larger than the sperm. In some animal species, the egg cell is a million times larger than the sperm cell. However, the egg is so small that in most cases it cannot be seen with the naked eye.
The spermatozoon, like the egg, is incapable of independent development, although it has a certain supply of nutrients. When this reserve is used up, the germ cells die. The beginning of a new life occurs only after the connection of the egg with the sperm in the female genital tract; when a zygote is formed.
From the zygote, the embryo of only a certain animal will develop: from the mating of a purebred black-and-white cow with the same bull, a black-and-white heifer will be born
or bull. Features of animals: their color, shape of horns, milk yield, fat content in milk and other signs and properties are already predetermined to some extent by heredity.
However, in order to realize hereditary inclinations, the zygote must go a long way in development.
In the development of higher animals, two stages are distinguished: embryonic - from the moment of fertilization to birth, occurring in the mother's body with a constant influx of food, and postembryonic - from birth to death of the animal.
For farm animals, body growth slows down with age.
In the embryonic stage, growth is most intense. Thus, the weight of a horse zygote is 0.6 mg, the weight of a newborn foal is 50 kg, and the weight of an adult horse is 500 kg. Thus, in the embryonic stage, the weight increased many times more than in the postembryonic one. Not only overall increase body weight of the embryo, that is, its growth, but also the development of individual organs, proceed most intensively in the embryonic stage.
By the time of birth, the calf, lamb and foal have mostly already formed organs and tissues. After the birth of the most active growth animal organism occurs in the early period. On this feature of young animals, the most effective methods are based - meat fattening of pigs and rearing of meat chickens - broilers.
Figure 3 shows the proportions of the body of adult and newborn animals. Young animals are not an exact copy of an adult. Due to the increased growth of the bones of the limbs of the animal embryo in the embryonic stage of development, by the time of birth, the calf, like the cubs of other herbivores, turns out to be high-legged with a relatively short body. Long legs, large heart and lung size are all features that contribute to the speed of movement of young animals.
The development of the embryo in rodents or in predators, which hide the offspring after birth in burrows or dens, proceeds differently. There are many cubs in the offspring of rodents and predatory animals, but they are born weak and blind and unable to move.
Rice. 3. Changes in body proportions with age (from birth to 5 years) in horses, cattle and pigs (according to N. A. Kravchenko).
The change in the type of animals occurs in connection with the uneven growth of individual parts of the body, organs and tissues in different periods of their life. In herbivorous animals, after birth, the bones of the trunk grow faster, and the young animal in the process of growth takes on the forms of an adult animal.
The development of various organs is greatly influenced by living conditions. The influence of nutritional conditions is especially great. With weak development, not only the overall size changes, but also the body type of the animal. When feeding young animals from an early age with vegetable fats with reduced milk supply, we can enhance the development of the digestive organs, increase the size of the stomachs and intestines.
Thus, the features of the development of the organism are determined by the total effect of heredity and the conditions of keeping and feeding, that is, various external conditions.
As a result of this, constant variability is observed in nature. For example, if we take the annual milk yield of cows, the fineness of wool of sheep, the number of piglets in a litter, the live weight of animals, etc., then according to these signs, animals of the same herd or of the same breed will differ from each other to some extent. Biologists, agronomists, and livestock breeders use the average values of the biometric series to process the data of mass measurement of the characteristics of organisms. Biology comes to the aid of variational statistics, on which biometrics is based.
Variation can be caused by heredity, since in one organism the heredity of the father and mother are composed. At the same time, the heredity of distant ancestors (grandfathers, grandmothers, great-grandfathers, etc.) can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent. The same effect on variability can be exerted by external environment. The end result is complex. The issues of reproduction, heredity, development and variability have not yet been sufficiently studied, and there is a lot of controversy in them.
At the end of the last century, the idealistic teaching in biology of the German zoologist August Weismann, who put forward the theory of the continuity of the "germ plasm", gained fame. According to Weismann, the germ plasm is unchanged and is transmitted from generation to generation regardless of living conditions; in the process of evolution, nothing new is created, but only a recombination of features once created takes place. Weismann's theory - typical example metaphysics and idealism.
At the heart of Soviet biological science is the Michurin doctrine. It comes from a materialistic understanding of the relationship between the organism and the environment. The huge successes of modern biochemistry and biophysics, the invention of the electron microscope - all this puts biology on the threshold of new discoveries. The achievements of modern biological science make it possible to control heredity and change the inherited qualities of animals in the direction necessary for humans.
In practice, man has long since learned to control the heredity of animals and plants. Proof of this is the presence of many excellent breeds of farm animals, steadily transmitting their qualities to their offspring.
NATURAL
AND ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
The great English naturalist Charles Darwin theoretically substantiated the materialistic doctrine of the origin of animal and plant species through natural selection. Ch. Darwin formulated the theory of evolution
in his On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859). And nine years later, in 1868, his book "Tamed Animals and Cultivated Plants" was published, where he cited material on artificial selection as proof of natural selection.
Natural selection adapts organisms to the conditions of existence in the wild. The essence of natural selection is that of the born animals, the most adapted to the conditions of life survive and leave offspring. They multiply more intensively and inherit more useful signs, which are passed on to offspring and are fixed in the species. Darwin's teaching scientifically, materialistically explains the origin of organic expediency. If organisms adapted to certain conditions survive in the struggle for existence, then they must have useful properties.
Artificial selection, carried out by man, leaves animals with traits that are desirable for him. Animals with undesirable traits are not allowed to breed. Thus, a person accumulates the smallest deviations in the organism of animals, develops them in a certain direction through purposeful selection.
So, for example, the ability of pigs to become obese is a property that is not at all useful for the animals themselves. For the existence of cattle as a species, high milk production is not needed, sheep do not need excessive hairiness, etc. But all these signs are useful to humans and have been developed in animals through artificial selection.
Lecture 1
Importance of animal husbandry in the national economy
Animal husbandry is represented by a large number of specialized industries such as cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, sheep breeding, etc.
Animal husbandry is the second branch of agriculture, the importance of which cannot be overestimated. The level of development of animal husbandry determines the degree of saturation of the market with high-calorie food products - meat, dairy and other products. The production of woolen fabrics, leather and footwear products, etc. is directly connected with the development of animal husbandry. Animal husbandry does not develop in isolation from agriculture, but along with it. There are close bilateral ties between them. Agriculture (plant growing), in particular, actively participates in creating the feed balance of animal husbandry. In turn, animal husbandry is a source of valuable environmentally friendly organic fertilizers.
Animal husbandry, like crop production, is distinguished by the complexity of its structure. Its most important branches are dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding and poultry farming. basis forage base form field fodder production, natural fodder lands, by-products and waste of the food industry, the feed industry. Special mention should be made of field fodder production. It has great potential for creating a powerful feed ration for animals.
Cattle breeding is the first important branch of animal husbandry. Cattle breeding is of great economic interest, primarily because it produces the most valuable high-calorie food products.
An important industry is pig breeding, characterized by increased labor intensity, but the short duration of fattening animals to established standards, their fertility and growth energy. The latter circumstance is one of the decisive factors for the rapid recovery and replenishment of meat resources. For their fattening, grain, beets, compound feeds are widely used. Greasy, semi-greasy, meat and bacon types of fattening pigs are widespread.
An important structural branch of animal husbandry has become poultry farming - a source of valuable food products, characterized by a quick payback for the production of meat and eggs. Modern poultry farming is a rapidly growing economy on an industrial basis.
Lecture 2
Economic and biological features of page - x. animals of different types
Under biological features understand the complex of anatomical and physiological properties of an animal that determine its mode of existence in environment and the ability to shape its inherent productivity.
The biological characteristics of animals have been developed in the process of long evolution, they are difficult to change, therefore, technologies for the production of one or another livestock product must be created taking into account these features.
Economic and biological features of cattle
Among all branches of animal husbandry, cattle breeding is in the first place. Cow's milk occupies about 99% of the total volume of dairy products, beef 45 - 50% of the total meat production.
One of the most important biological features of cattle is its ability to consume and process into human food. a large number of cheap vegetable feed, crop waste and Food Industry. Due to the special structure of the four-chamber stomach with a well-developed microflora and the digestive tract as a whole, it digests foods with a high fiber content much better than other animal species and is able to transform nitrogenous non-protein substances into proteins of animal origin and, due to them, provide more than one third of the body's needs. in protein.
Highly productive cows eat up to 100 kg of coarse, juicy and concentrated feed per day. In their diet, coarse, juicy and green foods occupy 75 - 80% of the total nutritional value.
In terms of paying for feed, a dairy cow is considered the most profitable. For example, in the annual milk yield of 3000 kg of milk contains more than 360 kg of dry matter easily digestible by the human body.
The formation of milk in the udder of a cow can occur continuously only until it is completely filled. From the moment of filling, the secretion of milk almost completely stops, so timely milking of cows is very necessary.
A very valuable biological feature of cattle is the ability to synthesize a large amount of milk. Thus, the most highly productive cow in the world, Urbe Blanca from the Republic of Cuba (crossbreed ¾ Holstein + ¼ zebu) had the highest daily milk yield of 107.3 kg. In Russia, the Vena cow of the Yaroslavl breed had the highest daily milk yield of 82.2 kg.
The maximum milk production in cows is observed in IV-V lactations. At the same time, according to the 1st it is approximately 75%, according to the 2nd - 85-88% and according to the 3rd - 93-95% of the maximum.
Cattle are hardy, unpretentious, and have high acclimatization abilities. Life expectancy is on average 25 - 30 years, the maximum known is 40 years. Average duration economic use of cows 10-12 years, bulls - 7-8 years. Sexual maturity in cattle occurs at the age of 6 months, economic maturity at 18 months. However, age is not the main indicator of the possibility of the first insemination of heifers. It should be linked to their development and live weight. In practice, it is believed that the live weight of heifers by the first mating should be at least 70% of the live weight of full-aged cows (for large breeds at least 360-400 kg, for small breeds 320-360 kg). The duration of sexual hunting in cows is on average 18-20 hours. The duration of the sexual cycle averages 18-24 days. Cattle are monoparous animals, bearing one calf per birth. The duration of pregnancy is 275-285 days.
Economic and biological features of pigs
Pigs differ from farm animals of other species in a number of biological features, rational use which makes the industry highly profitable. The most important of them are omnivorousness, wide adaptive possibilities, high prolificacy and good maternal qualities of sows, a relatively short gestation period, precocity.
The pig can be called a biological miracle. She translates into food products up to 20% of the nutrients of the feed eaten, while the cow -15, poultry per egg - 7 (for meat - 5), fattening bulls and lambs - 4%.
Pigs reach sexual maturity at the age of 6 months. In the first mating, gilts are allowed at the age of 9-10 months, boars from 11-12 months of age. The duration of sexual hunting in queens is 36-48 hours. In queens that remain unfertilized, estrus is repeated every 20-21 days.
The highest fecundity in queens differs in the age from the 2nd to the 5th farrowing.
The average life expectancy in pigs is 10-15 years, the maximum known is 20 years. The average duration of economic use is 6-7 years.
Sows have the shortest gestation period compared to animals of other species - an average of 114 - 116 days. In this regard, they receive 2, and when organizing early weaning of piglets - 2.1-2.5 farrowings per year.
Multiple pregnancy is a characteristic feature of animals of this species. Multiple pregnancy refers to the number of live piglets at birth. For one farrowing, a sow brings an average of 10-12 piglets (a known case of birth of 34 piglets). Large-fruited piglets are of great importance in pig breeding. This indicator is determined by the live weight of a piglet at birth, which, depending on the breed and other factors, ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 kg.
For lactation (60 days), sows produce 200-250 kg of milk, and the best - up to 350 kg. IN working conditions The milk yield of sows is determined by the weight of the nest of piglets at the age of 21 days.
Pigs are distinguished by high precocity. Early maturation is understood as the ability of pigs to reach such a degree of development at which they can be used for reproduction and obtaining meat products V short time. With intensive fattening, gilts can reach a live weight of 100-120 kg at the age of 6-7 months. For 1 kg of growth, spending 4-5 feed units, and surpassing animals of other species in this indicator.
The yield of all slaughter products after fattening pigs is 75-85% of the pre-slaughter mass, the yield of meat in carcasses is 55-62%, fat is 35% and bones are 10%. This is significantly higher than the corresponding indicators of animals of other species.
Economic and biological features of sheep
Sheep are ruminant animals and mainly grazing by the nature of their diet. The narrow muzzle, thin, mobile lips and sharp incisors allow the sheep to bite the grass low, collect small stems and leaves, and eat the young growth of shrubs. Sheep make good use of the pasture vegetation of the mountain slopes of ravines, beams, semi-deserts and other places inaccessible to other animal species. In addition, they eat many more plant species than cattle and horses. Therefore, sheep can be grazed after cattle and horses. The digestive organs of sheep are well adapted to the digestion of roughage and the more complete assimilation of the nutrients contained in them, therefore, sheep spend less feed per unit of live weight gain than cattle. Sheep can drink brackish water, and sheep require relatively little water, which allows them to be kept on pastures in areas with a hot, arid climate.
Thanks to strong limbs and a strong hoofed horn, sheep in low-snow steppe, semi-desert and desert regions can forage in the pasture in winter, raking snow with their hooves and eating plants released from under the snow. Sheep are distinguished by mobility and endurance, in search of food they can make long transitions. A pronounced herding instinct makes it possible to keep sheep in large flocks. Therefore, labor productivity in sheep breeding is the highest.
The well-developed coat of sheep helps animals to endure cold. They do not require particularly warm rooms, but are sensitive to dampness and drafts.
Sheep breed relatively quickly: their pregnancy period lasts 5 months, which makes it possible to good conditions receive compacted lambs. In terms of fertility (150-160 lambs per 100 queens), sheep are in third place after pigs and rabbits. Romanov sheep are exceptionally prolific. For one lamb, they get 3-4 lambs, and in some cases 5-6 lambs. The live weight of lambs at birth is approximately 7 - 8% of the live weight of an adult animal.
Sexual maturity in sheep occurs at 6 - 7 months, economic - at 18 months. In early maturing meat and wool sheep breeding, the ewes are allowed to mate when they reach a live weight of 45 kg.
Unlike other types of page - x. animals in sheep there is a seasonality of reproduction, they come to hunt mainly in the fall. The exception is sheep of the Romanov breed. The duration of sexual hunting in queens is 24 - 48 hours, the duration of the sexual cycle is 15 - 18 days.
The life expectancy of sheep is 10-12 years or more, but they are usually culled at the age of 6-7 due to the abrasion of teeth by this time and poor use of feed.
Sheep are distinguished by high acclimatization abilities. They are bred almost everywhere, with the exception of the tundra and the Arctic.
Economic and biological features of horses
The horse has played an important role in economic activity man, without losing it to this day.
The horse is a herbivore animal, belongs to the family of horses, a detachment of artiodactyls. Well adapted in open spaces, fast movement on hard ground. Has strong teeth. The stomach is unicameral. The sense organs (especially hearing and smell) are well developed. Average life expectancy is 25-30 years. The most famous 67 years. The average duration of economic use is 15 - 18 years. Puberty occurs at the age of 1 - 1.5 years, but mating is prescribed no earlier than 3 years of age.
As a rule, mares bring one cub. The highest fertility and obtaining the best offspring in terms of quality is noted in mares and stallions at the age of 8-12 years. A significant part of the mares 5-10 days after foaling is capable of fertilization, which is unusual for any type of farm animal. Pregnancy lasts an average of 11 months. Lactation lasts 6-8 months. With proper feeding, mares of large breeds produce up to 20-25 kg of milk per day.
Exists big number breeds of horses that differ in constitution, exterior and other features. So, a riding horse is characterized by a short body, long and thin limbs, a light dry head, and a relatively thin neck; for heavy-duty - a long torso, thick short limbs, a large head, a short neck, a wide chest.
The main indicator characterizing the economically useful features of a horse is working capacity, which depends on the development and condition of the limbs. They pay special attention when evaluating a horse by exterior. The role of the front and hind limbs in the movement of the horse is different. The forelimbs serve as a support for the body, the hind limbs provide the movement of the horse.
Unlike other domestic animals, the horse is characterized by increased bone strength and good development of muscles and tendons.
The development of muscles depends on the nature of the performance and production type of horses. Walking breeds of horses are characterized by looser muscles, while horses of fast gaits have dense, consisting of long muscle fibers capable of significant contraction.
Thoroughbred horses are capable of colossal performance. So, the mare Rent of a thoroughbred riding breed covered a distance of 1000 m in 58 seconds. The stallion Force of the Soviet heavy-duty breed showed a carrying capacity of 22991 kg.
For veterinary and medical purposes in biofactories, gastric juice is obtained from horses using a special apparatus. From the blood of donor horses, medicinal and prophylactic preparations, very valuable for medicine, against tetanus, gangrene, diphtheria, botulism, etc., are prepared.
Economic and biological features of the bird
Farm poultry is characterized by high egg productivity. So, a chicken is able to lay up to 365 eggs per year. The yield of egg mass per year is 6-7 times greater than the live weight of the bird. Individual chickens produce up to 18-19 kg of egg mass.
The bird is very fast. Yes, chickens. meat breeds reach a live weight of 1.5-2 kg by 7 weeks of age, and hybrid ducklings over the same period - 3 kg.
Based on 1 kg of feed, the bird gives more products than other types of animals (with the exception of dairy cattle). For 1 kg of egg mass, 2.5-3 kg of feed is consumed, for 1 kg of growth of broilers - 2-3, ducks - 3-4, geese - 4 kg.
Eggs and poultry meat are highly nutritious foods. Nutrition chicken egg can be compared with the nutritional value of 40 g of meat or 200 g of milk. Chicken meat is considered dietary. The digestibility of poultry meat is related to its composition. It contains a large amount of essential amino acids.
The main feature of the bird is the production of eggs regardless of the presence of a male. Eggs laid in the absence of a male are unfertilized. They are used for food purposes, and they are unsuitable for incubation.
The bird has a high natural adaptability, so it can be bred in a wide variety of climatic zones.
The ability of the embryo to develop outside the mother's body made it possible to widely use artificial incubation of eggs.
The period of economic use of poultry is short and is 12 months for chickens of egg breeds, 8-9 months for meat breeds. Only geese are used for 3 years.
The feather cover protects the bird's body from hypothermia and overheating due to the specific structure of individual feathers and the air content between them. The bird does not sweat and therefore does not tolerate heat well, unlike large farm animals. Being omnivorous, the bird is prone to cannibalism.
Economic and biological features of fur animals
According to the nature of the nutrition of fur-bearing animals of cage breeding, they are divided into carnivorous - predatory (fox, arctic fox, mink, sable, ferret), omnivorous (raccoon dog) and herbivorous (nutria, chinchilla). Predatory animals feed mainly on food of animal origin. This is due to the high need of their body for animal protein. If a pig or bird needs 10 % animal protein, then carnivores - about 80% of their total need for digestible protein. Such a high need for animal protein of predatory animals left its mark on the structural features of their skull, teeth and various departments. digestive system.
Like all carnivores, fur-bearing animals have especially well developed fangs, false-rooted teeth have sharp jagged edges, molars are small with a blunt surface.
All predatory fur animals are characterized by the seasonality of the main life processes: molting of the hairline, reproduction (rutting), as well as the birth, growth and development of young animals. In summer, the metabolism of mink, sable, arctic fox, fox and raccoon dog is especially intense, in autumn it decreases, in winter it is at its lowest level, and in spring it rises again.
The reproduction of carnivorous fur animals in cage conditions retained its natural seasonality.
Representatives of the mustelid and canine families bring offspring once a year, while rodents (nutria and chinchilla) breed throughout the year. Mating (rutting) of minks, foxes, arctic foxes and raccoon dogs occurs at the end of winter and in early spring, in sables - from mid-June to early August, furo ferret - from the third decade of March to mid-August. Hybrid ferrets obtained from crossing a furo with a black ferret can produce two offspring per year. Their first rutting season usually begins at the end of March, the second - at the end of June-July.
Pregnancy in predatory fur animals also has its own characteristics. In arctic foxes and foxes, the duration of embryonic development is from 50 to 56 days, in minks - 36-80, raccoon dogs - 58-64, ferrets - 42, sables - 250-295 days. The lengthening of pregnancy is associated with a latent period (embryonic diapause), during which the development of the embryo is slowed down. The period of intensive growth of fruits in minks is about 40 days, in sables - 30-35.
In nutria, pregnancy lasts 128-137 days, and in chinchillas - 106-111 days.
The live weight of bred ferrets increases intensively from the moment of birth and also ends at the age of 6 months.
Puppies of foxes, arctic foxes and raccoon dogs grow somewhat more slowly.
Coypu and chinchilla puppies are born sighted and well furred. Newborn nutrias have a live weight of 150-200 g, and chinchillas - 45-50 g. From the very first days of life, nutria puppies swim and feed not only on mother's milk, but also on ordinary food. Nutria grow most intensively up to 8 months of age, and their general growth ends by 1.5 years.
The lactation period for a chinchilla lasts 2 months, but puppies begin to eat food already on the 5th day after birth. The growth rate of puppies is high. By the age of one month, they have a live weight 3 times greater than at birth, and at 9 months they are already adults.
Economic and biological features of reindeer
Domestic reindeer are bred in many areas of the North - from the Kola Peninsula to Sakhalin, from the islands of the Arctic Ocean to the Sayan Mountains.
One of the main biological features of reindeer is their adaptability to life in the harsh conditions of the Extreme Sulfur. In winter, they feed mainly on reindeer moss (a combination of different types of lichens) and the remains of snowy greenery, common in forest and forest-tundra zones. Due to the fact that reindeer are adapted to eating this type of food, they have a special structure of the digestive system. Reindeer, like other ruminants, has a four-chambered stomach. In an adult deer, the length of the intestine exceeds the length of the body by 20 times and reaches 25 m.
The mating season (rut) of reindeer is strictly limited. Hunting in females and the ability to sexual activity in males appear only in the fall, when, after a full-fledged summer feeding, the animals become capable of reproduction. Well-developed females are capable of fertilization at the age of 5 - 6 months, and males - at 18. However, females reach economic maturity at the age of 1.5 years, males - at 2.5 years.
The rut takes place in September-October, while in the eastern regions of the country it begins 2-3 weeks earlier than in the western ones.
Reindeer are polyester animals. Usually, during one sexual season, estrus in females repeats 3-4 times every 12-15 days, depending on individual characteristics may vary within 10 - 18 days. If fertilization did not occur before the end of the rut, then the rest period lasts until the next autumn.
Pregnancy of heifers and calves lasts an average of 225 days (7.5 months) with fluctuations from 200 to 245 days, which depends on the conditions of winter feeding, keeping and individual characteristics of animals.
Lactation lasts 5 - 6 months. Milk yield for lactation is small and amounts to about 70 kg of milk, and at the beginning of lactation, milk yield is higher, and at the end it drops sharply and amounts to only 0.4 kg per day. Reindeer milk is fat (17-18%), with a high protein content (10-11%), which undoubtedly has a great influence on the growth rate of calves.
ContentIntroduction
5. Poultry farming
Conclusion
Bibliographic list of references
Introduction All domestic animals are descended from wild ancestors, some of which have died out. The oldest farm animals were probably sheep and goats. The ancestors of sheep are argali (argali) and mouflons, goats - bezoar saber-horned goats and markhorn goats (some researchers point to the existence of a European "primitive goat" that lived in the Balkans). The ancestors of domestic cattle - humpless and humpbacked, European and Asian, were European and Asian tours. The closest (not direct) relatives of cattle are the American bison and the European bison close to it, as well as the yak, gaur, banteng, zebu. Domestic pigs are descended primarily from the wild pigs of Southeast Asia, the Mediterranean wild boar, and the wild boars of Central Europe and northern Asia. Pigs of modern breeds, when crossed with wild breeds, give fertile offspring. The genus of horses developed in the Upper Pliocene of North America (the end of the Tertiary period), from where the animals spread to Asia, Africa, and Europe. Once in new conditions, they gave rise to the breeds of donkeys, half-donkeys (onager, kulan, kiang were not domesticated), zebras (it is difficult to tame) and horses proper (Przewalski's horse). Domestic chickens are descended from wild banking chickens; geese - from a wild gray goose, which is still common throughout Europe (Chinese - from a sukhonos); ducks - from wild mallards. In America, the local, so-called musky, duck and turkey are domesticated, in Africa - guinea fowl. dairy directionRED STEPPE BREED cattle, dairy direction. Formed from the end of the 18th century. on the territory of modern Zaporozhye region of Ukraine. Crossbreeding of gray steppe cattle with red Ostfriesland, red German, angel and other cattle was used. Animals of a dry, dense, strong constitution. The suit is red, different shades; many animals have white markings on the head and torso. Adult breeding bulls weigh 800-900 (sometimes 1200) kg, cows - 45-550 (sometimes up to 700) kg. The average annual milk yield is 3800-4500 kg, milk fat content is 3.6-3.8%.
Animals are adapted to a hot climate, acclimatize well. The main breeding areas are the south of the European part of the CIS, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan.
BLACK PIECE BREED cattle, dairy direction. It was bred in the USSR by crossing local cattle bred in different zones with East Frisian, Black-and-White Swedish and other breeds of a similar origin.
In animals of the Black-and-White breed, the body is somewhat elongated, proportional; the udder is voluminous, the skin is elastic. The suit is black-and-white. Black-and-white cattle of the central regions of the Russian Federation was formed by crossing Dutch and East Frisian cattle with local, Kholmogory, Yaroslavl; partly crossbreeds of Swiss and Simmental breeds were used. Animals are large (bulls weigh 900-1000, cows - 550-650 kg), with high milk productivity (average annual milk yield is about 4000, in breeding farms - up to 6000 kg), but they are inferior to other groups in milk fat content (3.6 - 3 .7%.
The meat qualities of the Black-and-White breed are satisfactory. With intensive cultivation, the average daily weight gain of young animals is 800-1000 g, by the age of 15-16 months the animals weigh 420-480 kg. Slaughter yield 50-55%. Breeding work is aimed at improving the breed by purebred breeding, taking into account local conditions in different zones. To improve the constitution of animals and increase milk productivity in farms, bulls of the Dutch Holstein-Friesian breeds are used. The main breeding areas: the northwestern regions of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states, Uzbekistan, the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East.
The SIMMENTAL BREED is inferior in number in the Ukrainian SSR only to the red steppe breed. Distributed in the forest-steppe and woodland zones of the republic. The Simmental breed of cows was formed on the basis of crossing local unproductive cattle with Simmental cattle imported from Switzerland.
The Simmental breed of cows belongs to the combined direction of productivity. Animals are relatively large, have a strong constitution and harmonious constitution. The suit is mostly fawn-variegated and fawn.
The live weight of adult bulls is 900-1100, cows - 550-650 kg. For 10 months of lactation in the best breeding herds milking 4500-5000 kg of milk from a cow with a fat content of 3.7-3.9%, and advanced milkmaids - 6500 kg of milk and more. There is a multi-Simmental breed of cows that give over 10,000 kg of milk per lactation.
Young animals are characterized by high meat and slaughter qualities. Gobies quickly build up muscle tissue and reach a mass of 450-500 kg by 15-18 months. In this case, the slaughter yield is 58-60%.
Meat DirectionKAZAKH WHITE-HEADED BREED of cattle, meat breed. Bred on collective farms and state farms of the Kazakh SSR, Orenburg and Volgograd regions by crossing local Kazakh and partially Kalmyk cattle with the Hereford breed (approved in 1950). From the Kazakh cattle, the animals of the new breed inherited the strength of the constitution, from the Hereford - precocity, a high yield of meat. Animals have a well-defined meat body type. Color: body red; head, chest, belly, lower legs and tail brush are white; there are white marks on the withers and rump. Cattle are adapted to seasonal changes in the level and type of feeding. Depending on the intensity of rearing, young animals at the age of one year reach a weight of 320-350 kg. By 15-16 months such young growth can be used for slaughter. Carcasses are characterized by moderate fat content, meat of high nutritional quality. Weight of adult bulls 850-1000 kg, cows 500-550 kg. Crossbreeds from crossing dairy breeds with animals The Kazakh white-headed breed is distinguished by high fattening and fattening qualities. The breed is bred in the Kazakh SSR, Orenburg, Volgograd, Saratov and other regions of the RSFSR.
CHAROLET- a breed created in France by the method of long-term selection of local cattle, related to the Simentals, according to their meat qualities. Animals are characterized by good acclimatization abilities, large, have high growth energy, rapidly build up muscle tissue, are marked by stable heredity and a rich gene pool.
The disadvantages of the Charolais breed include cases of heavy calving, softness of the back, general friability of the constitution. A sublethal sign of doppellanderism is common in the breed, i.e. hypertrophy of the posterior third of the body.
The Charolais breed has gained worldwide recognition, it is bred in more than 50 countries around the world.
Sexual oil, light shades. The live weight of adult bulls reaches 1000-1200 kg, cows - 600-700 kg. Cows are characterized by high milk production (218 - 300 kg). In the post-milk period, young animals do not reduce growth rates. At the age of one year, bulls reach 400 kg, and at 15 months - 480-550 kg. Heifers at the age of 18 months have a live weight of 400-450 kg, average daily weight gain from birth to 15 months ranges from 900 to 1100 g for bulls, and 800-950 g for heifers.
The live weight of calves at birth is: bulls - 42-45 kg, heifers - 40-42 kg. Young animals of the Charolais breed are characterized by good slaughter rates, high quality meat. Slaughter yield - 64.6%.
Confirmation of the high palatability and biological usefulness of meat is the ratio of protein-fat - 1.73.
HEREFORD BREED of cattle, breed of meat direction. Released in the 18th century. in England, in the county of Herefordshire (Hereford, Herefordshire), by selecting and selecting local cattle. Animals of typical meat build.
The body is barrel-shaped, squat, wide, deep, the dewlap protrudes strongly. The color is dark red, the head, withers, dewlap, belly, lower limbs and tail brush are white. Average measurements of cows (in cm): height at the withers 125, chest depth 72, chest girth 197, oblique body length 153, metacarpus girth 20. Weight of bulls 850-1000 kg, cows 550-650 kg. The livestock is well fattened and fattening, gives high-quality "marble" meat. Slaughter yield 58-62%, maximum up to 70%.
Herefords are hardy, adapted to various natural conditions, to long-term content on pastures, they tolerate long hauls well. The breed is widespread in England, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. They have been imported to the USSR since 1928. They are used for industrial crossing with dairy and milk-meat breeds. The Hereford breed was bred by crossing with Kazakh and Kalmyk cattle Kazakh white-headed breed livestock. The Hereford breed is widespread in the Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Rostov, Saratov regions, the Altai and Krasnoyarsk territories of the RSFSR, the Kazakh SSR, and other regions.
2. Pigs
Sebaceous direction
BERKSHIRE BREED pigs, an English breed of early maturing pigs of the universal direction of productivity. Released at the end of the 18th century. in the county of Berkshire by crossing local large but late maturing pigs with Neapolitan, Portuguese and Chinese breeds. It was formed in improved conditions of feeding and maintenance. Modern Berkshire pigs are black, harmoniously built, have a strong constitution, and are well adapted to grazing. Live weight of queens 180-250 kg, fertility 6-7 piglets. Berkshires give a lot of lean meat in a carcass. Young animals are used for any type of fattening, but mainly for meat (up to a live weight of 85-100 kg), in which to 6-7 months get great bacon.
UniversalLARGE WHITE BREED
This breed was created as a result of long-term breeding work with crossbreeds obtained by crossing animals of the English Large White breed with local pigs.
Pigs of the Large White breed are characterized by a small head with a slightly curved profile and a broad forehead. The ears are thin, pointing up, forward and to the sides. The neck is muscular; the withers are wide; the chest is deep and wide, without interception behind the shoulder blades. The back is straight; the loin and sacrum are wide; hams are rounded; legs are strong, dry, well set. The skin is dense, elastic; the bristles are white, long, smooth.
Pigs of this breed are large, with a somewhat stretched middle part of the body, on low legs. Full-aged queens weigh an average of 220-280 kg, boars - 320-380 kg. Pigs of the Large White breed are characterized by multiple pregnancies and good milk production. On average, 10-12 piglets weighing 1-1.3 kg are obtained from full-grown queens per farrow. Milk content of queens - 45 - 50 kg and more. Pigs are characterized by high precocity and high rates of live weight gain.
BREED DUROC The color is red with shades from light brown to dark brown (almost black), the ears are of medium size, hanging over the eyes, the head is short, wide, with a slight bend in the profile, the body is long, rounded, the back is arched, the hams are well executed, the legs are high, strong.A very valuable quality is the resistance of animals to adverse environmental influences (to stress). Live weight of boars - 300-330 kg, queens - 240-260 kg, multiple pregnancy of sows - 9.5 piglets, milk yield - 45-48 kg.
The live weight of 100 kg of pigs is reached in 160-175 days, their average daily gain is 800-950 g, 3.5 feed is spent per 1 kg of gain. units The thickness of the fat at slaughter with a mass of 100 kg is 21-23 mm, the yield of muscle tissue in the carcass is 62-64%.
The boars of the Duroc breed showed themselves well in crossing with the queens of the large white breed and with crossbreeds. If the meat of purebred Durocs is dryish, with a low content of intermuscular fat, then these shortcomings are absent in the meat of crossbred animals. Bacon
LANDRAS- a specialized bacon breed of pigs, bred at the beginning of the 20th century. in Denmark. It was brought to the USSR in 1948. The body of the breed is torpedo-shaped, the head is small, and the hams are well developed. Boars weigh 250-300 kg, queens - 200-220 kg. Fertility 10-12 piglets per farrow, milk yield 70-80 kg. With bacon fattening, young animals at the age of 189 days weigh 100 kg, average daily weight gain is 707 g, feed costs are 3.9 feed units per 1 kg of weight gain. Meat in the carcass 55-56%. The quality of the bacon is high. Purebred Landraces are bred in the Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Novgorod, Kaluga and other regions. Landrace is used in industrial crossing with other breeds. Danish Landraces are common in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Great Britain, USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Brazil.
3. Horses trottingORLOVSKY TROTTLE one of the oldest, popular in Russia factory breed of horses. Oryol trotters have high agility at the trot, pass their qualities well to their descendants, due to which stallions of this breed are widely used as improvers of mass horse breeding.
Oryol trotters are among the large horses. Height at withers 157-170 cm; the average height of stallions is 162 cm, mares - 161 cm. average weight 500-550 kg.
The most common colors are grey, light grey, red grey, dappled grey, and dark grey. Often there are also bay, black, less often - red and roan colors. A great rarity are the buckskin and nightingale Oryol trotters, but they are also found. The cream gene came into the gene pool of the Oryol trotting breed through the mother of Polkan I, a tan mare.
The modern Oryol trotter is a harmoniously built draft horse, with a small, dry head, a high-set neck with a swan-like curve, a strong, muscular back and strong legs. These are beautifully built, harmonious, quite temperamental and good-natured horses. They have a proud posture, graceful, elegant high movements, lush mane and tail.
riding
BUDENOVSKAYA BREED- one of the most common half-breed breeds in the former USSR. The breed was bred in stud farms. S. M. Budyonny and the 1st Cavalry Army and some other farms of the Rostov region under the leadership of S. M. Budyonny by crossing mares of the Don and Black Sea breeds with thoroughbred riding stallions. The breed was officially approved in 1948. Large riding horse (height at the withers 162 - 164 cm, girth of the mouth 20 - 21 cm). The color is red, often with a golden hue, sometimes bay, very rarely black and caraca. It is bred in the steppe regions in a cultural herd way. Compared to the Don breed, it is less adapted to herd keeping, more demanding on feeding, but has better movements and higher sports performance. They are used for the planned improvement of working horses in a number of territories and regions of the North Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Western Siberia, as well as in equestrian sports, mainly in overcoming obstacles and triathlon. Shows outstanding results in runs. Exported abroad.
Draft
SOVIET BREED- bred by crossing local, improved selection of horses with Belgian heavy-duty stallions - Brabancons. At first, breeding work was carried out by the method of absorption crossing, but as good performance along with absorption crossbreeding, breeding of hybrids "in itself" began to be used. The resulting breed is characterized by precocity.
With proper feeding and maintenance, young animals at two and a half years old almost reach the height of adult horses, and at the age of three they are suitable for reproduction and are successfully used in work. The Soviet heavy truck has a massive, wide body on low legs. The main color is red, red-roan, less often bay, gray.
The Soviet heavy truck has a large carrying capacity.
VLADIMIR BREED- horses created in the collective farms of Vladimir and Ivanovo regions through a long and complex crossbreeding of local horses with horses of various breeds, mainly heavy ones - Clydesdale, Shire, Suffolk, etc.
The characteristic features of horses of this breed are dryness, strong physique, endurance, high working qualities. Horses are precocious and complete growth by the age of three.
4. Sheep WoolenSoviet merino
Breed of fine-fleeced sheep. It was bred (1920-52) in the southern regions of the European part of the USSR by selection and selection of hybrids obtained from crossing Mazaevsky and Novokavkazsky merinos (improved by rambouillet rams), as well as hybrids from absorption crossing of local coarse-haired ewes with merino rams; in the future, many herds were improved with several breeds - Askanian, Caucasian, Stavropol, Grozny, Altai. There are two types in the breed - wool and wool-meat. Closed fleece, merino wool, thick, equal in fineness and length, with uniform crimp, mostly quality 64, length 7.5-10 cm. -7 kg, the largest - up to 12 kg. The yield of washed wool is 36-42%. Sheep of the wool-meat type weigh 95-115 kg, uterus - 50-60 kg; wool-type animals weigh 5-10 kg less. Fertility 120-140 lambs per 100 queens. Sheep are well adapted to transhumance on winter pastures. The breed is bred in the Stavropol Territory, Rostov and Astrakhan regions, Western Siberia, the Kalmyk ASSR and the Kazakh SSR.
Prekos
A breed of fine-wool sheep of the meat-wool direction of productivity. Bred in France at the end of the 19th century. by crossing rambouillet ewes with Leicester rams and, in Germany, by crossing German merinos with English long-haired rams. Sheep are large, as a rule, there are no folds of skin on the neck and torso. Sheep weigh 100-110 kg, some 115 kg or more. Sheared wool from rams 8-10 kg, maximum 14 kg, from queens - 3.8-4.2 kg, maximum 10 kg. Wool quality 58-60, length 7-10 cm. Washed wool yield 45-50%. Fertility up to 150 lambs per 100 queens. Animals are precocious, demanding on the conditions of feeding and keeping, and are not suitable for breeding in arid regions. The breed is widespread in France, Germany, East Germany, SFRY, Czechoslovakia, SRR, Poland, Italy, North African countries. P. was imported to the USSR from Germany in 1926-31; bred in the central regions of the RSFSR, the Bashkir ASSR, the Tatar ASSR, the forest-steppe and Polissya of the Ukrainian SSR, the BSSR, etc.
Fur coats
Karakul breed.
A breed of fat-tailed, coarse-wooled sheep of the smushkovo direction. The leading astrakhan breed in the USSR. The majority of researchers classify sheep breeding as one of the most ancient and believe that it was created by the peoples of Central Asia through a long-term selection of local sheep. Most Karakul sheep the head is semi hook-nosed, the body is deep, the tail with a large deposition of fat, ends in an S-shaped skinny appendage. Rams are mostly horned, queens are polled. Weight of rams 55-65 kg, queens 45-50 kg. The color at lamb age is black (in 80% of sheep), gray, brown, “agouti” (sur), etc. With age, black sheep turn gray, only the color of the head and legs remains unchanged. The coat of newborn lambs consists mainly of rolled and bean-shaped curls, creating a beautiful pattern. As the hair grows, the curls are destroyed and coarse hair is formed.
The main products of Karakul sheep are smushki. Karakul astrakhans enjoy in great demand in the USSR and are an important export item (see Karakul). The wool of adult sheep is characterized by good valency and is used for the manufacture of coarse woolen fabrics and carpets. Sheared (for two haircuts) from rams 3.5-3.8 kg, from queens 2.0-2.2 kg. Queens exempted from raising lambs (due to slaughtering for astrakhan) are used for milk production (25-30 kg per lactation).
Breeding work with the breed is aimed at improving the quality of astrakhan and expanding its range. K. p. is used to improve the qualities of other breeds. K. p. is bred in Iran, Afghanistan, Southwest Africa, and some other countries. The main breeding areas for Karakul sheep in the USSR are the republics of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, some regions of the Ukrainian SSR and the Moldavian SSR.
Tsigai breed.
A breed of semi-fine-wool sheep of the wool-meat and meat-wool directions. Bred in antiquity, the origin is not exactly established. In appearance of animals and the quality of wool, it is close to merino. It was brought to Europe from Asia Minor; to Russia - for the first time in the early 19th century. Sheep of wool-meat type weigh 85-95 kg, uterus 45-50 kg. Wool of the 48-56th quality, length 8-10 cm, sheared from rams 6.5-7.5 kg, from queens 3.5-4.5 kg. The yield of washed wool is 56-58%. Animals of the meat-wool type are somewhat larger. Wool of the 46-56th quality, length 10-12 cm, sheared from rams 7.5-8.5 kg, from queens 4-4.5 kg. Features of wool - elasticity, strength, small roll. It is a good raw material for the production of technical cloths and knitwear. Sheepskins are used for the manufacture of fur products. Tsigai sheep are early maturing, well fattening and fattening. The uterus is characterized by high fertility and milk production. Sheep are well acclimatized. The breed is bred in Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania; in the USSR - in the south of Ukraine, in Moldova, in the Rostov, Saratov, Orenburg, Kuibyshev and Aktobe regions.
Romanov breed.
Coarse-haired breed of the fur coat direction of productivity. Released in the 18th and 19th centuries. peasants of the Volga regions of the Yaroslavl province by selecting and selecting the best local northern short-tailed sheep in terms of fur coat qualities. It got its name from the place of initial distribution - Romanovo-Borisoglebsky district (now Tutaevsky district of the Yaroslavl region). Sheep R. p. give the world's best sheepskin coats; the most valuable sheepskins come from 6-8 month old lambs. The coat contains a lot of fluff, which grows along the length of the awn and forms braids with beautiful ring-shaped curls. The hairline in newborn lambs is black (by 5 months the down fibers are depigmented), in adult sheep it is gray (the awn is black, the down is white) with a bluish tint. Wool when worn in fur coats and sheepskin coats does not fall off, the mezdra is thin. The sheep are sheared 3 times a year. The annual shearing of wool from rams is 2.5-3.5 kg, from queens 1.4-1.7 kg. Sheep weigh 65-75 kg, queens 48-55 kg. Sheep are characterized by high fertility - 230-250 lambs per 100 queens: some queens give up to 8 lambs per lamb. The breed is widespread in the northern and northeastern regions of the RSFSR and in the BSSR. R. p. is used to improve coarse-wooled sheep.
Meat
Hissar breed of sheep.
A breed of coarse-haired fat-tailed sheep of the meat-greasy direction. Bred in Tajikistan by folk selection. The height at the withers in rams is 80-85 cm, in queens 75-80 cm. The live weight of rams is 130-140 kg, the largest is up to 190 kg, the queens are 80-90 kg, the largest is up to 150 kg. The constitution is strong, the chest is wide, deep, with the sternum extended forward. The head is massive, hook-nosed, with elongated drooping ears. Sheep are horny. On the sacral bones lies a large fat tail (18-20 kg), where fat is deposited. The predominant color is brown, of various shades. Animals are precocious. By 6 months, the mass of rams reaches 60 kg or more. Slaughter yield 58-60%. The coat is coarse, with a lot of dry and dead hair. It is used for the manufacture of coarse felt and felt. Sheared wool from rams 1.3-1.6 kg, from queens 1.0-1.4 kg. Fertility 115-120%. Sheep are hardy, adapted to year-round grazing. The breed is bred in the Tajik SSR and adjacent regions of the Uzbek SSR.
5. Chickens
Meat
Cornish.
Egg production per year is 100-130 eggs weighing 58-60g each. Coloring eggshell light brown. The hatchability is 70% of the eggs laid for incubation.
The color of the fluff in chickens is white. The bird is heavy and calm. The live weight of roosters reaches 4.2-4.8 kg, chickens - 3.0-3.6 kg, hens by the age of 8 weeks - 1.2-1.4 kg, males - 1.4-1.8 kg.
Chickens start laying eggs at the age of 180 days. The instinct of incubation is manifested well.
Cornish and their hybrids are distinguished by well-developed muscles on the chest and hips.
Cornish roosters are used for crossbreeding with Plymouth Rock hens in the production of broilers.
The mass of a rooster is 3.5-5 kg, chicken - 3.5-4.5 kg. Egg production - 100-140 eggs, shell color is yellow-brown. Plumage coloration - light Colombian, dark, yellow Colombian.
Plymouth Rock
Breed of chickens meat and egg direction of productivity. Bred in the USA in the second half of the 19th century. According to the color of the plumage, there are 8 varieties. The most widespread are striped and white P. Roosters weigh 3.6-4.3 kg, chickens - 2.7-3.4 kg. The average egg production is 160-170 eggs per year, eggs weigh 55-60 g. P. is widespread in most countries. In the USSR, mainly meat lines of white P. (of Canadian and Dutch origin) are bred, using them as a mother form when crossed with Cornish chickens for the production of broilers.
Combined
NEW HAMPSHIRE .
The breed was bred by American poultry farmers in the state of New Hampshire. They were brought into our country in 1946. In appearance, they differ little from the Rhode Islands. New Hampshires have lighter plumage than Rhode Islands and higher egg production. This bird has a calm character, so it can be kept in cages.
There are two types of this breed of chickens - broiler and egg.
Egg-type chickens have an egg production of 190-210 eggs per year, egg weight - 62-65 g. Egg-laying begins at 6-7 months.
Weight of roosters - 3.5-4 kg, chickens - 2.5-3 kg.
RHODE ISLAND.
The breed was bred in the USA in the state of Rhode Island by crossing red Malay and fawn Cochinchins with a mixture of bloodlines of brown leghorns, Cornish and Wyandotes. In our country, this breed appeared in 1925.
Chickens of this breed have a dense, shiny plumage of red-brown color, a black tail with a green tint, small wings, strong legs, a yellow beak and a leaf-shaped crest.
Egg production - 180-200 eggs per year. Eggs with good incubation qualities. Shell color is brown. Egg laying starts at 7 months.
Weight of roosters - 3.5-3.8 kg, chickens - 2.7-3 kg.
egg
Russian whites
The breed was created by long-term acclimatization of leghorns and their subsequent crossing with local Russian chickens, selection and selection according to body weight, productivity, body resistance and egg weight. Approved as a breed in 1952. Russian white chickens used to be widespread, but are now being replaced by leghorns.
With a great resemblance to leghorns, chickens of the Russian white breed do not have such an ease of position and are somewhat closer in type to chickens of meat and egg breeds. They have strong and coarser bones; the body is long, wide and deep; the head is not long, wide with a large leaf-shaped crest (in chickens it is of medium length); the back is wide, long, even; the chest is wide, rounded, the stomach is voluminous; beak, metatarsus and toes yellow; the skin is also yellow; plumage white color, dense, well covering the whole body.
The average egg production of laying hens reaches 200-255 eggs per year. Live weight of roosters - 2.8-3 kg, chickens - 1.9-2 kg, egg weight - 60-62 g. Up to 330 eggs with an average weight of 65 g are obtained from highly productive laying hens per year. White eggs. A dozen eggs consume 3-3.5 kg of feed. Russian white chickens are more viable and have better meat qualities than leghorns.
White Leghorn
Breed of hens of the egg direction. Released in the 19th century. in the USA by crossing Italian white chickens with Minorca, Spanish, fighting and other breeds. The name of the breed comes from the Italian port of Livorno, from where local chickens were exported.
The plumage is white, brown, fawn, black, blue; the most common are white Leggorns, which are well acclimatized, hardy, early maturing. Roosters weigh 2.3-2.5, chickens - 1.6-1.8 kg. The average annual egg production is 240 or more eggs. Weight of eggs 57-60 g.
They were first brought to the USSR in 1925 from the USA, later from Europe and Japan. Were used to create the Russian white breed of chickens. Leghorn is the main breed for the production of food eggs from hybrid laying hens with an average annual egg production of 260-290 eggs. Widespread in many countries.
