The era of rocket weapons
Since the late 1950s, the world's military shipbuilding has received new push to development - guided cruise missiles appeared in service with the fleets (according to the old classification - rockets). In fact it was technological revolution. At that time, it seemed to many (both here and abroad) that equipping ships with rocket weapons put an end to the development of large-caliber naval artillery, as well as surface and underwater structural protection. All the ships newly designed in the USSR no longer had either large-caliber artillery or armor.
In this regard, by 1958, the Amur and Danube river flotillas were disbanded in our country (on the basis of the latter, a Brigade of river ships was created, consisting of Black Sea Fleet) and all BKAs in service were either handed over to the border guards or scrapped. True, at the same time, individual "long-livers" of projects 1125 and 1124 continued to serve until the early 1970s.
It is believed that the undoubted superiority in the design and construction of a new class of small warships - missile boats - was in the USSR. At the same time, their appearance turned out to be closely connected with the saturation of the fleets of all countries with radar detection tools, which cast doubt on the possibility of effective attacks. torpedo boats(TKA) - one of the main strike assets in the coastal zone. This required the ability to hit the enemy from distances exceeding the range of their detection by shipborne radar stations (RLS), and this could only be achieved through the use of shipborne cruise missiles from boats.
The development of the first domestic missile boat of project 183-R was carried out at TsKB-5 (now TsMKB Almaz) based on TKA pr.183. At the same time, due to the novelty of the development and the lack of analogues abroad, the designers had to carry out a lot of development and research work, including those related to the safety of personnel during missile launches. Initially, in 1957, two experimental boats, pr.183-E, were built in Leningrad. On October 16 of the same year, the first launch of the P-15 anti-ship missile (ASM) specially designed for use from boats was made in the Black Sea.
Officially, the first missile boat pr.183-R (in the west received the designation Komar class) was put into service in 1960. It was equipped with two hangar-type anti-ship missile launchers and a 25-mm twin 2M-3M machine gun, the displacement was 66.5 tons. In total, in the USSR, at factories in Leningrad and Vladivostok, from December 1959 to the end of 1965, 58 RKA were built (not counting the first two experimental ones) and another 54 were converted from TKA. Later, some of them were transferred to the fleets of the Warsaw Pact countries and some countries of Africa and Asia, and they were deployed in China and North Korea. mass production under license.
Thus, a new subclass appeared in our country - a missile boat, which, by definition, was a small warship, the main armament of which is missiles and designed to destroy enemy surface ships in coastal areas of the sea.
Project 183-R missile boats are also associated with the world's first experience in the combat use of anti-ship missiles. During the Arab-Israeli war on October 1, 1967, the Israeli destroyer Eilat with a displacement of 1710 tons was hit by four P-15 missiles launched from Soviet-built Egyptian missile boats pr.183-R. Of the 202 crew members of the Eilat, 47 were killed and 91 wounded. For the naval specialists of many countries, this event was completely unexpected. However, it is worth noting that Israel was able to respond quickly by creating in 1967-68. missile boats of the "Saar" type (French-built) with small-sized anti-ship missiles "Gabriel" and thus became the second country to acquire its own missile boats. In the future, in battles with the Arabs, Israeli boats showed great effectiveness.
Meanwhile, in the USSR, the development of a special RCA project 205 (cipher "Tsunami") with a more powerful composition was started. missile weapons(4 anti-ship missiles P-15), increased seaworthiness and qualitatively improved characteristics. The design was carried out in the same TsKB-5, which had accumulated rich experience in the development of the RCA pr.183-R. The technical design of the boat was completed in 1957; missile system P-15, which made it possible to further increase the firing range from 40 to 80 km. The displacement of the RKA was 172/209 tons, the full speed was 38.5 knots, the power of the three-shaft diesel power plant was 12,000 hp. For the first time in domestic shipbuilding, remote-controlled 30-mm AK-230 assault rifles were installed. Lead RKA R-36 project 205 ( Osa class) was built in Leningrad in 1960 (a year after the adoption of the first RCA pr.183-R), in total, until 1973, 160 boats and two more experimental ones were built under this project.
Then the project was significantly modified for the P-15U missile, which had an increased range and a folding wing, due to which it was launched from a compact cylindrical container. The project received the number 205-U, and in total in 1965-73. 32 boats were built on it. The displacement increased to 192/235 tons, a more powerful 15,000-horsepower power plant made it possible to reach speeds of up to 42 knots. Further construction was carried out for export under the 205-ER project until 1984. These boats were distinguished by the export performance of the main systems and weapons and had a displacement increased to 243 tons. A total of 87 units were built.
Boats of projects 205 and 205-U actively served in all four fleets of the Soviet Navy. In 1990-94, most of them were decommissioned, and only a few "survived" until 2000, after which they were also withdrawn from the fleet. IN different years RCA were exported to the following countries: Algeria: - 3 units, Angola - 4, Benin - 2, Bulgaria - 6, Vietnam - 4, East Germany - 15, Egypt - 17, India - 16, Iraq - 13, China - 7 units (also the Chinese have established own production), North Korea - 16, Cuba - 26, Libya - 12, Poland - 14, Romania - 6, North Yemen - 2 (delivered in 1982, returned in 1985), Syria - 16 (one was sunk in 1973 by the Israelis), Somalia - 2, Finland - 4, Ethiopia - 4, Yugoslavia - 10, South Yemen - 8. And even after the collapse of the USSR, 1 RCA went to Azerbaijan and 3 to Latvia.
However, the story about the missile boat pr.205 will be incomplete if you do not mention the border guard ship (PSKR), created on its basis and which has become no less a massive representative of artillery boats.
Since the pre-war years, our country has developed the practice of creating border boats based on fleet ships (usually small and large submarine hunters and patrol boats). Therefore, it was not unusual when TsKB-5 received TTZ in 1963 for the development of the PSKR project 205-P (code "Tarantula") with the maximum use of the hull, engines and units from pr.205. By and large, the "border guard" differed from the RCA in the composition of weapons and a more developed superstructure. Instead of anti-ship missile launchers, four single-tube 400-mm torpedo tubes (TA) for firing anti-submarine torpedoes and two bomb releasers were installed on it, and a Sheksna lowering sonar station (GAS) was added. The lead PSKR-600 entered service in 1967 (received the designation in the west Stenka class). Total in the period 1967-1989. 130 ships of this project were built for the naval units of the border guard of the KGB of the USSR at factories in Leningrad and Vladivostok, while about twenty of them were transferred to the Navy, where they were already listed as artillery boats.
In addition to this, in 1984-85, an export series of 7 artillery boats of project 02059 was built in Leningrad, on which there were no torpedo tubes, bomb releasers and sonar. These ships were delivered to Cuba (3) and Cambodia (4). In addition, the AK-225 artillery boat of project 205-PE, armed with 57-mm and 30-mm gun mounts, was developed and built on an experimental basis. In 1991 it was decommissioned.
Table 3
The main performance characteristics of Soviet missile boats
|
Project (code) |
205 (Tsunami) |
||
|
Western designation |
Komar class |
Osa class |
Osa II class |
|
Years of construction |
|||
|
Displacement, t: – standard – complete |
|||
|
Dimensions, m: - width - draft |
|||
|
four-shaft, diesel |
three-shaft, diesel |
three-shaft, diesel |
|
|
Power, hp |
3 x 5000 or 3 x 6000 |
||
|
Speed, knots: - full stroke – economic |
|||
|
Crew, pers. (including officers) |
|||
|
Armament |
PU anti-ship missiles P-15 - 2x1 25 mm 2M-3M - 1x2 |
PU anti-ship missiles P-15 or P-15T - 4x1 30mm AK-230 - 2x2 |
PU anti-ship missiles P-15U - 4x1 30mm AK-230 - 2x2 |
|
Radar "Rangout" |
Radar "Rangout" Radar UAO * "Lynx" |
Radar "Rangout" Radar UAO * "Lynx" |
* artillery fire control radar
Table 4
The main performance characteristics of the Soviet post-war border patrol ships (artillery boats)
|
Project (code) |
205-P (Tarantula) |
|
|
Western designation |
Stenka class |
Stenka class |
|
Years of construction |
||
|
Displacement, t: – standard – complete |
||
|
Dimensions, m: - width - draft |
||
|
three-shaft, diesel |
three-shaft, diesel |
|
|
Power, hp |
3 x 4000 or 3 x 5000 |
|
|
Speed, knots: - full stroke – economic |
||
|
Cruising range, miles (at speed, knots) |
||
|
Crew, pers. (including officers) |
||
|
Armament |
30mm AK-230 - 2x2 400 mm TA - 4 x 1 2 bombers |
30mm AK-230 - 2x2 (on some later they were replaced by 23 mm ZU-23 and 40 mm Bofors) |
|
Radar "Raid" OGAS "Sheksna" on some SOKS MI-110K GAS MG-11 (anti-sabotage) Radar UAO "Lynx" |
Radar "Xenon" Radar UAO "Lynx" |
OGAS - descending hydroacoustic station
SOKS - station for detecting the thermal wake of submarines
Well, finally, the cherished childhood dream of the author has come true - I am going to the real border! And not just like that, but at sea - on the border ship "PSKR 205 P", which sounds menacingly according to American military ciphers - "Tarantula".
If you chatter in a dry authorized language, then the border Russian Federation is a line and a vertical plane passing along this line, which define the limits state territory(land, water, subsoil and air space); in other words, the spatial limit of the operation of the state sovereignty of the Russian Federation.
How I got to the sea border guards is a separate detective trick, but now there is no time to philosophize: we have the exact time of leaving Vysotsk on our commander’s watch, where since 1940 (order of the NKVD of the USSR dated 11.05.) For the protection of the water section of the Vyborg and Gulf of Finland is located connection of border ships:
Launch the three main ones! Bakov - on the tank! The uniform is stormy! Drop anchor!
Alexander Viktorovich Lykov, who is also a comrade chief - Mr. Commander of the "Tarantula", guarding the state border of Russia in the economic region No. 32, cockily hides this from the navigation bridge with the usual commands of cap-three, as in ordinary service vernacular, the Gulf of Finland, familiar to St. Petersburg rumors, is called . Sailors in orange rescue bibs immediately swung around, rattled with the heels of their uniform shoes on the gray decks, and our ship of the 3rd rank, with a displacement of 240 tons, having doused the Tranzund berths with a plentiful puff of thick and savory smoke from three diesel engines at once, rolled off for at least two weeks into the sea-ocean. Tranzund is the pre-Bolshevik name of Vysotsk, where today only 1,100 inhabitants live, and exactly half of them belong to the humanoids of the army race, although in the pre-revolutionary "far away" more than 36,000 peaceful Finnish subjects of the Russian crown lived harmlessly here.
In addition to these roaring 5000-horsepower 56-cylinder monsters (7 blocks of 8 cylinders each, arranged in a "star" - the diesel engine is exceptionally compact and powerful, there are no analogues in the world), rotating three solid propellers on a border van-vstanka; in another compartment, two smaller diesel engines operate - 136 liters. s., these are generators.
Specialists call our venerable vessel "roly-poly" - project No. 205 built in 1958 - for its exceptional seaworthiness, because the "Tarantula" cannot roll over for any cakes and under any waves (I really want to believe!). Americans are by no means lovers of wasting compliments in vain, and they consider it this project one of the achievements of Soviet shipbuilding (authored by Anton Pavlovich Gorodenko, not without the participation of Evgeny Ivanovich Yukhnin). After all, over 35 years, about 40 different models of ships were launched on the basis of this hull!
This Viktorych had in mind the ships passing by, which must necessarily hit the Russian marines with their ethereal forehead, or else ...
Most law-abiding citizens of the North-West of Russia will never enter into their minds that not far from their five-story buildings and log houses, wearily staring into the lustful mists of the Gulf of Finland, there is the real state border. It is worth going out in the summer without any ulterior motives on some kind of punt and dip the heated bodies into the waters just west of Zelenogorsk, and you are already almost ready to violate this border, unless, of course, there is a special border raspberry paper or a sovereign position worthy of this occasion. Maybe you are not aware that all access to our local "ocean" at a distance of more than 3 km from the coastline is strictly regulated by the governor's decree Leningrad region No. 261 of August 13, 1999 "On the border zone and border regime". For example, small yachts and pleasure boats without special border clearance can only go to the Tolbukhin lighthouse line, while cruising boats - to the western border of the Kronstadt fortress zone (Sista-Palkino line).
According to regulatory documents, for the passage of all fishing, sports and other small vessels that go beyond the line of the islands of Kozliny, Sommers, Moshchny, Cape Kurgalsky, a corridor is established, bounded by lines connecting points with the following geographic coordinates:
- A. Northern passage: from the south - 60°05’06"N and 27°45'05"E d.; from the north - 60°08'00" N and 27°43'09" E d.
- B. South passage: from the east - 59°56'03"N and 28°01'02"E d.; from the west - 59°56’04" N
And when you daily observe what seems to be significant ship activity in the bay, then you should know that the owners of modern galleons do not slap "back and forth" for a great life, but turned to the border guards for permission at least 24 hours before leaving. This is for you and me the Gulf of Finland - only a place of Sunday amusements, and for the border guards - already the exclusive "economic zone of the Russian Federation." Here, the absolute masters are the guys in camouflage from the Federal Border Service (FPS), to which all rights for the protection of bioresources were transferred three years ago.
And there is something to control - the territory on the shores of the bay is literally stuffed with fishing artels, fish farms and all kinds of joint-stock companies(for example, CJSC "Petrotral" from Primorsk has 22 fishing vessels under arms, and the collective farm "Progress" has 18). The poachers do not rest either, freely living in the labyrinths of the imperfection of laws and the minimum wage impunity (in a normal month, loosening 30,000 rubles in their pockets is a trifling matter for them).
Border guards in all ages were kind of like not an army; after all, even the nostalgically ordinary disciplinary army regulations began to operate in the local dioceses only from 1887 ( military ranks appeared two years earlier), and camouflaged good fellows in full height only to the Minister of Finance. In 1920, they were shoved into a special department of the Cheka, while freeing them from customs supervision.
You are well aware of the future from many television shows and feature films.
Today, the FPS, created by presidential decree of December 30, 1993, is a separate department with its own director, structurally unrelated to the KGB progenitor.
I grew up in the family of an officer and rubbed my youth around the military camps a lot, watching the candied army dubism. In addition, in recent years, from bluish TV screens and magazine lightning, we were all plentifully fed with desserts, where everything that was connected with the army was called decay and corruption in a diminutive way.
It was with such a rich ideological bag that I volunteered to guard the maritime state border in November 2001. Now imagine the author's amazement when, neither on a ship, nor at coastal bases, I have ever tasted a pearl, or twice boiled sauerkraut, or put cartilage in an aluminum plate that Ukrainian brothers usually carefully place instead of meat in oiled cans of pork stew.
And at the start of the buffet table, I’ll firmly say that both the sailors and officers from the 205th border ate from the same boiler, and so excellently that I involuntarily began to recall the pioneer childhood worthy of Anatoly Rybakov’s stories. At 8 am and 10 pm, hot tea with rolls and a solid spread was supposed, but at noon and six o'clock - a full lunch and dinner. Dispensary, and only.
Bread with boron crust is baked on the Tarantula. It's just amazing how 20-year-old conscripts can knead such deliciousness in shipboard conditions. Yes, and there was no regular cook on the ship, usually the helmsman Altyn from Bashkiria cooked.
We have anyone - a master of all trades, after all, the second year has gone for them, - the elder of the crew, 43-year-old boatswain Yuri Dmitrievich, smiled in his moustache. - First they boil the rice, then they burn the potatoes, they take it and throw it overboard. Nothing, they will sit on the norm for two or three days, they will immediately begin to respect the product!
On the "Tarantula" 5 officers, 2 midshipmen and 2 contractors went to sea (as it is supposed to be on ships of the third rank according to the state), the rest on the evening verification were listed as ordinary sailors of military service.
In the evenings, the officers dreamed aloud about retirement, although the eldest - assigned navigator Andryukha Vorobyov - was only 29. He was assigned because the servicemen were understaffed, and he was pulled off another ship to this exit.
I get only 100 dollars a month, the girls I know laugh...
Then I remembered the words of the brigade commander, captain of the first rank Alexander Sytnik: in 2000, out of 20 young lieutenants, six immediately resigned out of fear. After all, either the children of the military remain in the troops, or people from such places lost on the map, where leaving for military school is equated by the villagers with enrollment in the cosmonaut corps.
On the "Tarantula" I instantly had a bosom friend - the sailor Denis Batrakov, I ran into him constantly, it seemed as if he was on duty for 24 hours in a row at the same time everywhere - in the galley, and in the engine room, and at the helm in the storm.
The last event was especially memorable, because between Gogland (here, on the highest point of the Leningrad region, the North Gogland lighthouse, engineer Popov once tested his radio invention, and in the last war the Luftwaffe sanatorium was located at the Krauts) and Powerful, our boat caught such a chatter on its beak that it was not large growth, the first officer Borya immediately began to nervously fiddle with a brown rosary on a greasy ribbon, which immediately betrayed in him a Muslim Aga-Baba Nurutdinovich, a Lak by nationality, although a hereditary sailor.
- Degree to the left of the compass. Rumbus two degrees. Cars full speed ahead! - Commander Lykov confidently peered into the sticky blackness of the November night, and in the meantime, along the cabin, like carefree evening crickets, chairs, cards, compasses and rulers fluttered, which, in the mischief of girlish flirting, jumped off the navigational table without asking. Of course, it was not yet a hurricane (according to the wind scale, it is over 29 m/s), but even 21 m/s makes anyone free from the watch go as deep as possible and in parallel with the events taking place. According to my observations, except for the commander and the boatswain, all the ship's border persons "died" that evening. Although they continued to serve, outwardly, however, they looked more like the shadow of Hamlet's father than the defenders of the Motherland.
The only thing that did not attach any importance to what was happening was the whitish cat Stepanych, who had chosen the diesel control point for a serene life. He is calm and confident, he knows that there is nowhere to run from a well-fed life - you can’t spoil it in civilian life, and there are plenty of Sharikovs in every doorway, so the storm must be endured.
You exhale deeply when the ship falls into the pit! - commander Lykov tried to teach the St. Petersburg correspondent. - And all the business...
I laughed it off for an hour and a half, naively hoping that seasickness would bypass my person as a distant cordon. Meanwhile, the experienced command staff imperceptibly crawled into the minks. (“I haven’t poisoned like this since my cadet years, probably for ten years,” the navigator Vorobyov quietly told after the chatter).
And the Baltic went on a spree in earnest, we even moored only with the help of steel cables, because the thick rope ends were torn that night faster than the threads of the Krasnoye Znamya hosiery factory. In addition, on the rusty dock, we smashed our fender into the trash, not to mention the cabin and galley shurum-burum, when everything that was not nailed down was crumpled and beaten on the floor in a mess. On the navigation bridge, the radio station was torn off by pitching and firmly wedged between the radar and the commander's seat.
You ungrateful creature, could not convey! - This is already heard from the lower deck squabbling speeches of the boatswain. This means that one of the young marimans, naively and in semitones, decorated the corridor with gastric juices in Cezanov's style. Rougher than this sincere clap, I have never heard anything on the ship. Once, however, the orderly Seryoga was promised to be thrown overboard with things when he screwed up something in the Japanese video. But this is so, in jest. Without a video recorder on the ship and completely kranty. Of course, there is also a library, where even religious literature is full of bright ligature, but the commanding staff, in the statutory frowning bible, clearly preferred cartoons or the latest KVNs.
I did not find any hazing on the ship. But, as they would say in the Brezhnev years, a complete international gathered on board: the first officer Borya is a Lak from Dagestan, the head of the PUD Valera is a Belarusian, midshipman Rasul is a Karachai, the helmsman Altyn is a Bashkir, but the boatswain and generally Ukrainian. And no one shared anything, they didn’t poke a dirty rag in the face in anger, they couldn’t even believe that we coexist so peacefully in a troubled time of self-determination and the collapse of a single community of people, which at party congresses was proudly called the “Soviet people”.
Maybe because at the border people are engaged in a specific necessary business, the goals and means are common, and the products in the galley are the same. This good feeling of family did not leave me until last day. It always happens when a stranger appears in a friendly team and is forced to show off only according to the laws written here. And what they are - bad or noble, it's not up to you to decide!
What a blessing that stories about army everyday life of recent years turned out to be far from the truth!
Boatswain Davydenko has a birthday today, and on the occasion of the morning we took a little sip of her, darling, and now, with pitching, we are together giving excellent baked meat and cakes away, away - to the elements and pop-eyed fish that always loved to walk in the Kingisepp region. All large islands in our "Finnish" fortified area are administratively assigned to Kingisepp. Kingisepp himself, although he was an Estonian communist, but, fortunately, did not have time to screw up anything here. Otherwise, we would have lost our Canary archipelago in the Leningrad region.
Of the large land pimples-islands - Gogland, Powerful, Maly, Seskar and both Tyuters. Sailors, border guards and civil philosopher-lighthouse keepers are in charge here, which, according to the statutory ranking, already belong to the Hydrographic Service of the Navy.
Our "Tarantula" is hiding in a secluded cove of Moshchny Island, where there is a pier and a rusted trophy floating dock. According to naval instructions, a ship of this class can seek shelter already with a wind of 12 m / s, but on our examination table for the third day at least 17, the nasty rain is pouring, the Baltic is unfriendly curly with endless herds of forehead waves-rams. This always happens in the fall, only Alexander Sergeevich is not enough to tint everything around with Boldino palettes.
Together with my kind colleagues, three more small vessels are wrinkling their sides in Okolnaya Bay - a gray VMEEF hydrograph, a cargo border guard "Kanin" (not a very successful project, originally from Severodvinsk; the servicemen said that this slow-moving punt, with a maximum of 9.5 knots, in a storm can swing even up to 50 °) and a fishing MRTK from Lomonosov. For warriors at sea, a year and a half goes by, so you can relax, but fishermen don’t need a simple one, especially since they are not allowed to go down to the shore by border regulations. All one thing, we meticulously checked them, and today, as already mentioned, one of the tasks of the Federal Border Guard Service is precisely to prevent the illegal capture of biological resources "internal sea waters, the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf of the Russian Federation." On average, up to 700 domestic and more than 300 foreign vessels fish every day in this space throughout Russia. The border guards employ more than 300 inspectors of state maritime inspections. We also have him on the ship - this is Igor Shevrygin. For fishermen, the presence of a fish spectrum is not good; he is passionately pushing for licenses and demanding fishing documents, and with all the meticulous afterwords - after all, 15 years of work in the bay.
They tortured you with checks, a bunch of new certificates are required every year, and unfasten this at least 50 bucks! - Gennady Starovoitov, the captain of the "mrtashka", of respectable size, complains with pathos, taking out documents and account books from boxes.
Of course, he is cunning, however, as it should be for all fishermen in the world, they have such a profession! After all, already Peter the Great, in decree No. 1669, demanded: "The fish trade is a primordially thieves' business, and therefore the salary is to be paid to them meagerly. Yes, hang one a year, so that it would not be habitual for others!" According to the papers, everything seems to be in order with Captain Starovoitov, although there is no catch on board - everything has been handed over to the bins of the motherland. In November, "MRTK 0706", owned by the Progress fish farm, daily trawls success with herring and sprat, and, according to Shevrygin, the ratio of accounting data in the catch log (70% sprat and 30% herring) does not correspond to reality: there should be herring, at least all 50%. It’s just that the fishermen’s catch limit for this species is ending, so they replace it in the reports with sprat.
They did not draw up a protocol - the violation is unprovable, and there is no mood for fiscal attacks. In addition, since 2001 there have been absolutely no economic incentives for active work - all fines and amounts for damage on caught fish that go to the accounts of the border guard as a result of the application of sanctions against violators, eventually go to the budget without a trace. Although in most countries of the world, the coast guard services are actively encouraged just at the expense of funds extorted from law-abiding people. And here, under the tsar-father, a distinguished border guard received up to 60% of the fine collected. For example, for the detention of a fugitive or a vagabond, they paid 3 rubles, for a state criminal - already 50, and for a particularly important skinhead - all 100.
As Aleksey Gonik, Head of the Maritime Inspectorate, said, "Today there is a tendency towards a decrease in indicators in our region. If in 2000 308 protocols were drawn up in the amount of 132,000 rubles, then in almost 11 months of 2001 they barely reached the figure of 100,000" .
On Powerful, I felt like I was in the Kremlin state reserve. What is Jurmala and Finnish Turku! You will not see such beauty in the Y. Senkevich travel club. There are endless virgin sandy beaches with flocks of fearless swans, calmly clustering not far from the coast before a long winter flight, and everywhere low pine trees, spreading ballet branches towards cocky revelers - westerly winds. What kind of fishing is here, what mushrooms with berries!
Pike, perch, bream, whitefish, Baltic salmon. And the memories of a dried kilogram roach on the table of the island sailors will pull at least ten Aksakov pages to the Red Bavaria beer. It is even surprising that none of the modern, post-perestroika barmaley has yet built a government gatehouse or hotel on the island, because the Kurgolovsky Peninsula is just a stone's throw away (from Sosnovy Bor no more than an hour on a motorboat with a "thirty").
Under the Finns, 139 families lived on Powerful (Lavensaari), there were also two shops, a pharmacy, a hospital, a school, a church, a fish processing shop and even a sea station. Today there are: a cemetery, the family of the lighthouse Gromov (led by the heavily made-up wife Lyuba), a small garrison of the Navy and an outpost of the FPS under the command of Starley Igor Vetrov. And countless hordes of cockroaches.
Guys-border guards from 40-meter towers flog the ships passing through the fairways and report on the side numbers where they should. (Having climbed onto one of them, I discovered that attempts to get through to Peter on the vaunted GSM are futile, only Delta works normally on the island.)
Their task is to control that everything in the bay is "on the way". However, serious incidents have not occurred since 1995, when the Almaz border ship seized brave overseas merchants while smuggling alcohol. With the disappearance of the communist ideology, the ideological component of the border service was forever lost on the pages of reports and detective stories. No one else drags forbidden proclamations and glossy magazines with naked busty aunts to one sixth of the Earth - we have plenty of beauties, just stick out your pocket. Sometimes someone drunk will run aground, that's all the flaws of the modern border.
Today, as such, there are no violations of the border, - Borya, who is also Aga Baba, is slowly loading over evening tea, - there are only errors in paperwork. Another thing is the fishermen who are trawling the Baltic from Vyborg to Ivangorod - go to the light, dear comrade!
The control of fishing games is further complicated by the fact that fishing permits are issued by the Sevzaprybvod, and the Marine Inspectorate of the Federal Border Guard Service has no idea in advance who, how much and what can be allowed.
It is simply surprising that such a rich and promising region from a recreational point of view is not used at all by the inhabitants of the city and the region - only individual motley personalities sometimes penetrate secret paths to these Canaries of regional subordination. It is simply a heavenly place for water motorists and yachtsmen and, of course, for admirers of salmon trolling. According to my information, the Russian salmon quota in the Gulf of Finland is not used in full, only five or six vessels fish with longlines, although sport fishing, as foreign scientific Socrates have long established, brings their capitalist treasury at least eight times more dividends.
And how many outdoor enthusiasts voluntarily give their feasible monetary yasak to the economy of individual localities (for example, salmon lovers from St. Petersburg pour about $ 200,000 annually into the Kola Peninsula alone) and foreign resorts, it is difficult to count. And is it necessary?
Our faithful "Tarantula", it seems, has finally anchored firmly on the bank of the "Turtle" - not far from the main fairway. We "serve the border", we are not up to crossword puzzles.
The Tarantula-class border patrol boats, known in the NATO classification as "Stenka", hold a special place in history. domestic fleet. Project 205P (border) inherited best qualities of their predecessors: from sea "hunters" for submarines - full speed, and from patrol ships - autonomy and seaworthiness.
From the end of the 60s to the end of the 80s, the naval units of the border troops of the KGB of the USSR received a large number of small but heavily armed ships capable of both long-term patrols in the maritime economic zone and search and destruction of enemy submarines.
In Russia, the first border patrol boats (PSKR) of specialized construction appeared in 1904, when the New York company Flint & K ° proposed to build a series of coastal defense boats for the Russian imperial fleet by the famous American engineer Lewis Nixon.
The main advantage of these 35-ton boats with shallow draft and high speed, the author of the project emphasized the presence of the latest, at that time, gasoline engines, the advantage of which over steam engines was the production of more power, in comparison with the latter, as well as a smaller number of crew. Total commissioned by the Committee of Coastal Defense for protection seaports and minefields, 9 Nixon boats were built.
The next most successful border boats were "" for submarines of the MO-4 type and "big hunters" of project 122A, developed in the 30s. These patrol boats have proven themselves well in combat operations during the Great Patriotic War. However, the emergence of new technical and strategic concepts of warfare at sea no longer met the requirements of our time. Therefore, in the first post-war ten-year program of 1946-1955, the Soviet Union began the construction of corrected projects and the creation of new transitional types of ships.
Back in 1944, the Gorky TsKB-51 began developing an improved Project 122bis large patrol boat with enhanced armament, more advanced radar and sonar stations, and an increased cruising range.
To replace small hunters of the MO-4 type, project 183P and 199 were developed on the basis of the hull and power plant of the torpedo boat of project 183 Bolshevik. In the period from 1954 to 1955, fifty-two patrol boats were built at Plant No. 5 in Leningrad.
However, the anti-submarines did not like the Project 199 boats. At a high full speed, these ships had a very short cruising range at low speeds, which was a serious drawback, since the search for submarines was carried out at these speeds. This imperfection was the result of the adoption of planing contours of the hull of project 183 torpedo boats for MO-4. This and other flaws led to the limited construction of these patrol boats with their subsequent transfer to the naval units of the border troops. Project 201 boats were the first post-war specially designed sea hunters for submarines.
The next step in the development of the 201 project was the creation of a small anti-submarine ship project 204 with the original propulsion system. But the practice of creating border boats based on sea hunters, large hunters and patrol boats, formed since the pre-war years, was not implemented in project 204. The naval units of the border troops needed a special ship with improved performance.
project 205 border patrol boat
On the basis of the hull of a very successful project 205 missile boat, a border patrol boat was created under the project 205P "Tarantula". The tactical and technical assignment for the development of the PSKR project 205P was issued by the Almaz design bureau in 1963. The border boat was created in the hull with the power plant of the project 205 missile boat and differed from the latter in the composition of weapons and a more developed superstructure. Instead of P-15 anti-ship cruise missiles, four single-tube 400 mm torpedo tubes were installed for firing anti-submarine torpedoes and two bomb releasers. Two GAS "Hercules" and "Bronze" were added to the radio equipment. In total, 117 boats were built under the 205P project from 1967 to 1981 for the naval units of the Border Troops and the USSR Navy. Also, project 205PE border boats of the Tarantula type were exported to Cuba and Cambodia.
The hull of the border boat is made of steel and has special contours in the bow and stern. As practice has shown, this contributed to the improvement of seaworthiness, and also made it possible to use weapons with sea waves up to 4 balls and a wave height of 2 meters at speeds up to 30 knots - without restrictions. The superstructure is made of aluminum-magnesium alloy. To make the superstructure more durable, its outer walls are made in a corrugated form, the cavities of which are filled with non-combustible and non-toxic heat and sound insulating materials. In order to prevent the hull of the border boat from deforming when entering a large wave, the so-called “stretchable seam” was applied in its stern.
The basis of the power plant is three high-speed diesel engines of the M-504B type, four-stroke supercharged and reversible freewheels with built-in gearboxes, which each work on its own shaft. The power of one motor is 5000 hp. at 2000 rpm crankshaft. In terms of their characteristics, M-504 diesel engines are unmatched, as among domestic manufacturers, and foreign samples. The power plant is controlled by the Orion-2C system. The time for preparing the main engines for launch is 1 minute. The time for the development of full revolutions in emergency mode from the “ship stopped” position is about two minutes. The boat is controlled automatically and in manual mode with the help of an emergency drive to the afterpeak.
TO auxiliary equipment patrol boats include life-saving equipment - inflatable life rafts. They are regularly located on the left side of the superstructure and can receive the entire personnel of the boat. In addition, there is a project 1397 speed boat on board for the inspection team.
The main armament of the project 205P border boat is anti-submarine 400 mm torpedoes fired from four 400 mm single-tube torpedo tubes that are not induced.
In addition to torpedo weapons, the Tarantula-class boats can be armed with two detachable bomb releasers, each of which can take up to 6 depth charges weighing 160 kg each. In addition, the project 205P PSKR is armed with two AK-230 30 mm caliber artillery mounts with remote guidance. These complexes are located in the diametrical plane in the bow and stern of the ship, which provides the greatest firing angles along the horizon. The rate of fire of one machine gun is at least 1000 rounds per minute. Food: continuous, tape, from a magazine with a capacity of 500 rounds per barrel. Fire control is carried out by the MP-104 "Vimpel" system - in automatic and manual mode from the sighting column.
Providing illumination of the underwater environment is carried out radar station"Cormorant", adopted in 1959. The detection range of air targets is 300 km, surface targets are up to 35 km. The navigation environment is provided by the Xenon radar with a target detection range of up to 10 km. Hydroacoustic armament is presented on the project 205P boat by the Hercules Pidkil hydroacoustic antenna, the detection range of underwater targets, in noise direction finding modes, is from 2 to 3.5 km, and the lowering antenna "Bronze" with a detection range of underwater targets from 2 to 8 km.
In view of their large number, the patrol boats of the Tarantula project received a number of modifications. In 1970, the AK-225 artillery boat was built at the Primorsky Plant in Leningrad as an experiment under project 205 PE (patrol, escort). This boat had a modified form of the superstructure and navigation bridge; the ship was armed with the AK-725 and AK-630 artillery mounts. In 1977, instead of the AK-725, an experimental artillery mount AK-157 was installed, which showed insufficient power of artillery fire during ship tests, and therefore did not go into serial construction.
The artillery boat "Batumi" of the Georgian Navy, received after the partition of the Soviet Navy, can also be called a modification.
The patrol boat "Tarantula" was with dismantled gun mounts AK-230. In their place, two 37 mm 70-K submachine guns from the Great Patriotic War were installed.
border patrol boat "Nikolaev"
In April 1987, on the slipway of Primorsky shipyard production association Almaz was laid down as a border patrol ship with serial number 210. Exactly one year later, on April 10, 1988, the border patrol boat was launched and, after completion of completion in June 1988, successfully passed sea trials on the Krasnogorsk measuring line. The date of signing the acceptance certificate is June 28, 1988. On July 14, 1988, the flag of the border troops of the KGB of the USSR was hoisted on PSKR-722, after which, from July 26 to August 20, the boat made the transition along inland waterways from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, where it was included in the 5th separate guard brigade ships of the KGB Border Troops stationed in Sevastopol, Balaklava Bay. From that day on, after passing all the course tasks, PSKR-722 took over the protection of the economic zone of the USSR in the northern part of the Black Sea. Over the years of its maritime service, the PSKR has repeatedly suppressed poaching fish.
August 8, 1995 in order to revive maritime traditions by order of the chairman State Committee- Commander of the Border Troops of Ukraine No. 314 PSKR-722 was named "Nikolaev". Also on the account of the frontier patrol boat "Nikolaev" rescue of the fishing seiner "Aragon". In February 2000, the sea border guards left the place of deployment in a matter of minutes and managed to save and tow a fishing seiner, which was only 50 meters from the rocks. None of the fishermen were injured. Combat watch PSKR "Nikolaev" continues.
Speaking about the Tarantula project, their commanders unanimously express a positive assessment of these ships. Everyone notes high reliability, controllability, seaworthiness and good living conditions. Of course, these watchdogs were a model of advanced technology of their time. In fact, a ship with a small displacement was armed with a small project 204 anti-submarine ship and therefore could safely take on an enemy submarine. On the border boat, an air defense system was successfully arranged, due to which the ships of this project could well escort small convoys, land and support tactical landings. The disadvantages of the 205P project include the weak range of the radar and sonar, as well as the short engine life of the M-504 diesels. In conclusion, it should be noted that the Tarantula was conceived as a specialized ship to deal with violators of the territorial waters of the USSR. As the experience of the services showed, this goal was achieved.
