Municipal treasury educational institution"Bogorodsk School No. 8"

Methodical development lesson:

“Features of the internal structure of birds. Features of adaptation of birds to flight

Completed by: biology teacher

S.V. Kulikova

Bogorodsk - 2017

Lesson Objectives:

To study the features of the internal structure of birds associated with flight;

show the place of birds in the wildlife system;

to teach to see the beauty in the world of birds, to show the unity of man and nature.

Lesson objectives:

Educational

To ensure that students acquire knowledge about the life processes of birds,

On the features of the structure of their internal organs in connection with their functions, fitness for flight.

To teach to recognize the organ systems of the bird class, to establish the relationship between the structure and functions of organs.

Educational

Promote the development of logical thinking,

ability to compare, analyze,

Identify cause and effect relationships in nature.

educators

Continue the education of love and respect for nature.

Equipment: bird picture,

use of the presentation “Features of the structure of birds. Features of the fitness of birds for flight.

During the classes

1.Organizing time.

Greeting: Birds are amazing creatures of nature. They - birds are one of the most important natural components, their role is significant. But birds are also an ornament of nature. Entering the forest or walking through the field, we are accompanied by the voices of birds

Question - What is the name of the branch of zoology that studies birds? (ornithology)

What type are birds in the animal kingdom? (Chordates) slide-2

On board: Type: Chordates

Class: Birds

Today we will continue to get acquainted with the Class "Birds", with the structural features of birds in connection with the fitness of birds for flight.

lesson problem: can birds be called living aircraft?

Survey of the material covered

In the previous lesson, we got acquainted with some features of the adaptation of birds to flight. Slides 3.4.5

What are these traits? (Integuments, skeleton and muscles)

At home, you should have started filling out the chart and putting the fitness traits on the chart.

Working with a table

1. The body of the bird is covered with feathers.

What is the meaning of feathers? Students answer.

Nature gave birds universal clothes - feather cover, which warms them in the cold, protects them from attack, and most importantly, this clothing is adapted for flight.

2. What are the structural features of the limbs in birds? Students answer.

Movement in the air is carried out with the help of forelimbs transformed into wings, and tail. The wings serve both as aerodynamic surfaces to keep the bird in the air and as a source of thrust to propel it forward.

When flying, the bird makes rhythmic synchronous movements with its wings.

Let's remember! What do birds need to be in order to take to the air? Student responses.

on the one hand, they must be light in order to rise into the air (comparing a bird to a balloon filled with air. Demonstration of a balloon.

on the other hand, they are very strong, like weightlifters (image of a weightlifter athlete)

Question - What allows a bird to be light at the same time, as balloon and strong as a weightlifter?

3. What are the features of the skeleton? Student responses. (slide 6)

bird skeleton has its own characteristics, and they are also associated with flight.

The bones of a bird are very light because they are hollow.. Some bones have air-filled cavities associated with the respiratory organs. However, despite the lightness, the bones of the bird are very elastic and durable. These qualities are absolutely necessary to overcome all the difficulties of flying.

Man also learned to fly. But not with the help of wings attached to the body. After all, man is completely unsuitable for flight, and in order to correct this situation, he needed to come up with something more radical.

What? (eg = aircraft)

What lifts a bird into the sky?

What allows us to raise and lower our hands? Students' answers are muscles.

Teacher - What muscles? Where are they located?

Wing muscles, pectoral muscles.

Teacher - Muscles in birds have reached a high level of development.

The weight of the human pectoral muscles, which move the shoulders and arms, is only one percent of the total body weight, while in some birds this figure reaches 30 percent of the total weight.

Question - Which muscles of birds lower their wings? The answer of the students is Breast.

Birds have a bone in the skeleton - the keel, a special outgrowth of the sternum, allows you to increase the area of attachment of the pectoral muscles, which contribute to the lowering of the bird's wing

Grades for D /Z. (compilation of the table)– for compiling all columns of the table -"5", if not completely filled without the 3rd column - "4", "3" and "2" at the discretion of the teacher.

Explanation of new material

Guys, as we have already learned, the body of birds is perfectly adapted for flight. This is a feather cover, wings, features of the skeleton. People have long dreamed of making wings and flying like birds. And there were craftsmen who made excellent wing designs ... and flew? Answer learn-Xia, their assumptions.

So, having wings is still far from enough to fly.

The purpose of our lesson: further study of the internal structure of birds. Find out if there are any more structural and functional features that help to adapt birds to flight?

Fizminutka.

Work in a notebook: recording the topic of the lesson

Theme "features of the internal structure, traits of birds' fitness for flight":

Digestive system : consider the features of the structure and work of the digestive system (slides 7.8)

1. Guys, look at the pictures of birds. Why don't they have the same beaks? What is it connected with? (with food) student answers.

Peculiarity digestive system - food is digested very fast. For example, a snake digests within 1-2 days, small owls - a mouse - in 3 hours. Juicy berries pass, intestines in 8-10 minutes.

Note the structural features of the digestive system? Slide

Mouth sections no teeth

esophagus - goiter - an enlarged part of the esophagus where food accumulates,

glandular stomach

muscular - an organ in which swallowed pebbles) crush its contents, thereby compensating for the absence of teeth.

small intestine

Conclusion: To compensate for the energy consumption during the flight, the digestive system is adapted to the rapid process of digestion.

Circulatory system - occurred in the circulatory system significant changes.

The circulatory system is closed, 2 circles of blood circulation - large and small (show). slide 10,11

How many chambers in the heart do reptiles have? Name the departments?

Birds have a heart chamber - 2 atria, 2 ventricles. The ventricle is completely divided in half by a septum. Thanks to such changes, the blood flows unmixed throughout the body. What does it give the bird? student's answer

What kind of blood moves in the systemic circulation?

Arterial blood moves through the body. What kind of blood is called arterial?

Blood enters the small circle -? Student's answer (Venous).

What kind of blood is called venous? student's answer

What features circulatory system? Student's answer (Movement of nutrients and supply of oxygen to the body).

In what organ does the blood give off carbon dioxide, and is saturated with oxygen? Student's answer -Easy.

The circulation rate in birds is extremely high, associated with a high heart rate. The bullfinch has 730 times per minute.

Conclusion from the study: due to the appearance of a septum in the ventricle, venous and arterial blood does not mix, and the organs are supplied with oxygenated blood. It happens very quickly.

Respiratory system . (Slide 12.13) Using the manual 1C of the laboratory "Why do we breathe"

Consider the structure and operation of the respiratory system.

The organ where gas exchange takes place lungs. Air enters them through the nostrils larynx trachea bronchi - these are respiratory tubes - the teacher demonstrates a diagram of the structure of the respiratory system. The bronchi enter the lungs and they strongly branch. Many of them end in bubbles, wrapped in a dense network of capillaries.

The metabolism of birds is very fast. With body
. This requires a lot of oxygen. Therefore, there are features in the structure of the lungs. depart from the lungs air bags(Slide show ) which are many times larger than the lungs. When the wings flap, the air fills the lungs and air sacs. The lungs are designed in such a way that air passes through them through and through. When you inhale, only 25% of the outside air remains directly in the lungs, and 75% passes through them and enters the air sacs. When exhaling, the air from the air sacs again goes through the lungs, but outward, forming the so-called double breathing.

For a better understanding of the breathing process, a fragment of the microfilm of the 1C laboratory “Why do we breathe” is shown on the computer. After watching, answer questions. What is breath? Why does the body need oxygen? What is its meaning? (Students began to study chemistry and knowledge about oxygen can apply and justify what they saw. Generalization of the teacher.)

Conclusion: Thus, the lungs are constantly saturated with oxygen, both during inhalation and exhalation. This double breathing relieves birds of shortness of breath: the faster they fly, the more they breathe. Increase the energy of the bird in flight. Working muscles and organs require a lot of energy. Air sacs are located between organs, under the skin, and even inside hollow bones, reducing the density of the bird, making it lighter. Air bags also protect internal organs from overheating during the flight.

excretory system: (slide 14) bean-shaped kidneys, the formed liquid decay products flow down the ureters into the cloaca and, together with the feces, are excreted. Birds do not have a bladder. What is it connected with? (facilitates birds in flight)

Nervous system (slide15) birds are well developed compared to reptiles. Let's note which departments are developed better. (cerebellum, anterior hemispheres)

Why do you think? What is the cerebellum responsible for? - cerebellum responsible for the coordination of movements. Birds in flight have to maneuver a lot in search of food, dodge predators.

Large hemispheres much larger, especially the visual lobes of the brain.

Sense Organs - Vision in birds is very good, especially in birds of prey. Color vision.

Hearing is well developed. The sense of smell in birds is less developed.

The large brain of birds testifies to their high development: they have complex behavior (flights, care for offspring, etc.), they easily learn new things, remember. slide 16

Anchoring . (slide 19) Thus, we learned that the internal structure of birds is much more complicated than that of reptiles. Features of the external and internal structure of birds indicate the adaptability of birds to life in flight.

Lesson conclusion: Can a bird be called an aircraft? Yes. Birds are perfect aircraft.

Birds are perfectly adapted to flight, and today we tried to prove it.

View Slide 20. As we study animals further, we will learn about another group of flying animals.

Slide 21 Reflection on the lesson.

Grading a lesson.

Houses §42, table.

Complete the table you started in the previous lesson. Describe the characteristics of bird adaptations for flight.

In the lesson, you can use the DER - presentation, microfilm from the educational digital manual 1C: Laboratory "Why do we breathe"

Most representatives of the class of birds have mastered the ground-air habitat. The adaptation of birds to flight is due to the peculiarities of their external and internal structure. In this article, we will look at these aspects in more detail.

Bird adaptations for flight

The main features that allow birds to master the air environment are:

Feather cover;

Modification of the forelimbs into wings;

warm-blooded;

Light skeleton;

The presence of a special bone - the keel;

double breath;

shortened intestine;

The absence of one ovary in females;

Well developed nervous system.

These structural features illustrate how birds are adapted for flight.

Skeleton structure

With ease, it becomes possible for birds to rise up, first of all, thanks to their light skeleton. It is formed by bones, inside of which there are air cavities. The main sections are the skull, spine, belts of the upper and lower extremities, and the free limbs themselves. Many bones fuse together, providing strength to the entire "construction". Distinctive feature the skeleton of birds is the presence of a keel. This is a special bone to which the muscles that set the wings in motion are attached. It is unique to birds.

covers

The features of bird adaptation to flight are largely related to the characteristics of the integument. Feathers are the only group of animals whose body is covered with feathers. They can be grouped into three groups. The first is called "contour". Thanks to them, the body of the bird acquires a streamlined shape. Depending on the location on the body and the functions performed, the contour wings are covering, fly and steering. They cover the body, forming the contours of the wings and tail. Regardless of the type, each wing consists of a central part - a rod, on most of which there are fans formed by barbs of the first and second order with hooks. The lower bare section of the feather is called the chin.

The second group is represented by down feathers. Their beards are devoid of hooks, so the fans are not linked, but free. The third variety is fluff. A characteristic feature of its structure are fluffy beards, which are located in a bunch at one end of a strongly shortened quill.

On the example of the features of plumage, it is easy to see how birds have adapted to flight. It provides thermoregulation, determines the color, the ability to move in the air. By the way, the color of birds can serve both as a disguise from predators, and as one of the forms of demonstrative behavior.

warm-bloodedness

This adaptation of birds to flight is very important. Warm-bloodedness means the presence of a constant body temperature, independent of environment. After all, as you know, with height, the air temperature decreases significantly. And if the birds were cold-blooded, like fish or amphibians, they would simply freeze during the flight. This feature is inherent in this group of organisms due to the progressive structure of the circulatory system. It is represented by a four-chambered heart and two circles of blood circulation. Therefore, venous and do not mix, the exchange of gases and substances occurs very intensively.

External structure

The body of birds is divided into the following parts: head, movable neck, trunk, tail and limbs. On the head are eyes, nostrils and a beak covered with horn covers. The lack of teeth makes the skull even lighter. The eyelids are motionless in front of the eyes, the cornea is moistened with the help of nictitating membranes.

The main adaptation of birds to flight, of course, lies in the modification of the upper limbs. They are transformed into wings. Legs - lower limbs, often covered with horny scales. This feature of the structure remained in birds from their ancestors - reptiles. The claws located on the toes help the birds to stay on the supporting surface.

The internal structure of birds

The adaptation of birds to flight is also reflected in the structural features of most internal organs.

The digestive system is represented by the oral cavity, the esophagus, which forms an expansion - goiter. In it, the food undergoes additional enzymatic processing, becomes soft and digested faster. Further, food enters the stomach, which consists of two sections: glandular and muscular, and then into the intestines. It opens outwards with a cloaca. The intestines of birds are shortened compared to other animals. This structure also makes their body lighter. Undigested food remains do not stay long in the intestines and can be excreted through the cloaca even during the flight.

The adaptation of birds to flight can also be traced. Thanks to its development, animals have fairly clear color vision, which makes it easy to navigate in the air even at a fairly high altitude. Hearing functions well. And thanks to the developed cerebellum, the Birds are at a high level and quickly react during an approaching danger or hunting.

Compactness - characteristic reproductive system. The testicles of males are small, bean-shaped. They open their ducts directly into the cloaca. Females have only one ovary. This structure makes the weight of the birds significantly less. The egg from the gonad moves along the oviduct, where the fertilization process takes place, the egg is covered with shells and calcareous shells. Then it goes out through the cloaca.

Breathing Features

The adaptations of birds to flight also concern. Indeed, for the intensive work of the muscular system, a continuous supply of tissues and organs with oxygen is necessary. Therefore, along with pulmonary respiration, birds have additional organs - air sacs. These are additional air reservoirs with a sufficiently large volume. Therefore, the breath of birds is also called double.

Adaptation of birds to the environment

The features of the external structure often change depending on the habitat. For example, a woodpecker living in the forest has sharp claws. With their help, he moves along the branches of trees, leaning on a tail with hard feathers. The beak of this bird is like a chisel. Using it, as well as with the help of a long sticky tongue, he takes out insects and larvae from the bark, seeds from cones.

Birds - inhabitants of water bodies, also have a number of important adaptations. These are short lower limbs with swimming membranes, a dense feather cover, lubricated with a water-repellent secretion of special glands. "Get out of the water dry" - this proverb, known to everyone, appeared due to the peculiarities of life

Inhabitants of open spaces - steppes and deserts, have a protective coloring of feathers, very powerful legs and excellent eyesight.

The birds of the coast are masters of gliding flight. Albatrosses, gulls and petrels are characterized by strong and long wings. But they have a short tail. All this allows coastal inhabitants to fish directly from the air.

Is it possible to see prey at a distance of up to a thousand meters? For this it is not a big deal. Falcon, hawk, eagle are bright representatives of this group. They have a large curved beak with which they grab and tear food. And powerful sharp claws leave no chance of salvation. Predators are able to soar in the air for a long time thanks to their very wide wings. And those of them who hunt at night, additionally have sharp eyesight and perfect hearing. For example, owls and owls.

Do all birds fly

Not all representatives of this class are able to fly. For example, penguins are excellent swimmers, their upper limbs are modified into flippers. But these birds cannot fly. They have a keel, however big weight does not allow them to soar into the air. And a thick fat layer and dense plumage are simply necessary for life in the harsh conditions of the north.

The ostrich superorder unites emu, kiwi, cassowary, rhea. These feathered keels are absent. And the inability to fly is compensated by a fast run. This skill saves birds in the conditions of flat Africa.

The vast majority of modern birds are perfectly adapted to flight and habitat. They live in the forest, on water bodies and their coasts, steppes and deserts.

Representatives of the class of birds are striking in their diversity, are important in nature and human life, and the characteristic features of the structure determine the ability to fly.

slide 1

Slide text:

Presentation on the topic
“Features of the internal structure of birds. Features fitness bird to fly"

field lark

Compiled by biology teacher
Abretsova Tatyana Vasilyeva

slide 2

Slide text:

The place of birds in the wildlife system

Kingdom: Animal

Type: Chordates

Class: Birds

slide 3

Slide text:

The ability to move in the air, warm-bloodedness and other features of the structure and life gave them the opportunity to widely settle on Earth.

Birds are vertebrates whose body is covered with feathers, and whose forelimbs are turned into wings.

blackbird

slide 4

Slide text:

Nature gave the birds unique clothes that

Nature has given the birds a unique clothing-feather cover that warms in the cold, protects and, most importantly, it is clothing for flight.

covers

slide 5

Slide text:

Feathers make the body streamlined and provide flight. According to their purpose, they are divided into flight feathers (primary and tail feathers) and coverts (head, body, wings, tail). When a bird is cold, it fluffs up its plumage, reducing its thermal conductivity. When the bird is hot, it presses the plumage, increasing its thermal conductivity.

slide 6

Slide text:

bird skeleton

The skeleton of a bird is light because the bones are hollow
Lime salts and strong bone joints
give them strength.
The lightness and strength of bird bones are the adaptation of birds to flight.

Slide 7

Slide text:

Slide 8

Slide text:

Zoryanka - robin

fast food lovers

The digestion process is fast. In small birds 8-10 minutes.

Slide 9

Slide text:

The structure of the digestive system

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

intestines

glandular

muscular

thin

thick

cloaca

without teeth

Slide 10

Slide text:

Most Efficient Breathing

Circular air path
Air bags

slide 11

Slide text:

Principle of double breathing

trachea

bronchi

Air bags

lungs

Air
bags

trachea

lungs

slide 12

Slide text:

The heart is four-chambered;
Two circles of blood circulation;
The heart beats at a high rate

goshawk

The most perfect circulation

slide 13

Slide text:

big circle
blood circulation

pulmonary artery

Circulatory system

Lower
hollow
vein

Slide 14

Slide text:

excretory system

The excretory system in birds consists of
kidney,
No ureter, no bladder.
Excretion is carried out through the cloaca

What do you think is the reason for the absence of the bladder?

slide 15

Slide text:

highly developed nervous
system

great tit

Significant development of the brain, the volume is 10 times greater than that of reptiles;
Can be trained;
Sense organs: sight, hearing, smell

slide 16

Slide text:

Give examples of more complex behavior.

Choose a conditioned reflex from the given test:
1. Nest building
2. Search for food
3. They resort to the voice of the poultry
4. Feeding the chicks.

bird nesting,
- caring for offspring
- flight of birds,
- formation of conditioned reflexes

Birds have more complex behavior than reptiles.
Give examples of complex bird behavior.

nesting

care of offspring

bird flights

formation of conditioned reflexes

Choose an example of a conditioned reflex in the test:
1 foraging
2 nest building
3 resort to the voice of the bird
4 bird migrations

1) double breath birds are tricky. Let's try to understand the scheme:

The lungs of birds are spongy, they cannot expand and contract like ours. This work (expand during inhalation and contract during exhalation) in birds is performed air bags . When inhaling(blue arrows) the air sacs expand and air enters. Air that has passed through the lungs (saturated with carbon dioxide, "used") enters bags No. 2. No. 1 bags store clean air. When exhaling(red arrows) bags are compressed. The used air from bags No. 2 is exhaled immediately, and the clean air from bags No. 1 passes through the lungs before being released. Thus, both inhalation and exhalation fresh air passes through the lungs of a bird. That is why bird breathing is called "double". By the way, pay attention: the air through the lungs of birds moves all the time in the same direction, which facilitates the organization of countercurrent. Due to double breathing and countercurrent (it turns out “quadruple breathing”), birds receive much more oxygen than us.

2) To store oxygen flying muscles contain a lot of myoglobin .

3) Circulatory system does not lag behind the respiratory: it has a very high pressure and heart rate. (The average pressure in birds is 133 mm Hg, and in mammals it is only 97 mm Hg. But the pulse of a half-kilogram mammal will be about 250 times per minute, and in a similar bird - only 180. But the mass of the heart of a bird is an average of 0.8% of body weight, compared to only 0.6% in a mammal. .)

4) Due to the well-developed circulatory and respiratory systems, birds have a very fast metabolism and high body temperature (in mammals from 36 to 39 ° C, and in birds - from 40 to 42 ° C). At high temperature all life processes go faster, including faster muscle contraction. This allows the birds to do a lot of work per unit of time. For those who don't like physics, work divided by time is called power. Birds over powerful so they can fly.

5) To receive a large number bird energy eat a lot more than mammals with the same body weight (against the background of birds, even a shrew, which has to eat 80 times a day, after eating - sleep for 10 minutes, then eat again - does not look like such a sufferer). To save at least a little, some birds (for example, hummingbirds) reduce body temperature during sleep ( heterothermia).

2. Aerodynamics

6) Streamlined body shape. In particular, the large muscles that move the limbs are located on the body, and the tendons go to the limbs (that's why the birds are so thin-legged).

7) Chewing food takes place not in the head, but in the stomach (with the help of stones). Relief of the body is unlikely, but heavy chewing devices are at least located in the center of the body ( centering aircraft).

3. Body lightening

8) Feathers, forming the flying surface of the wings, dead (analogues of our hair). They do not need blood vessels to bring food and oxygen, so the feathers are very light.

9) light skeleton filled with air (there are air sacs in the bones from paragraph 1). (In this regard, birds do not have red bone marrow and red blood cells have to reproduce themselves - for this they have a nucleus.)

10) Decreased number of bones especially in the wings and legs.

11) One ovary.

12) There are no salivary glands.

13) no bladder(this is more likely due to the excreted metabolic product - uric acid, which is not poisonous, so it does not need to be diluted).

4. Other features of the skeleton

14) Keel for attaching powerful flight muscles (lowering the wing).

15) The forelimbs have turned into wings(What, didn’t you expect?), so you have to walk on two legs. To reach the ground, large birds have a long, flexible neck.

16) Lumbar vertebrae to create a good base grown together among themselves, with the sacral and caudal vertebrae, as well as with the ilium.

5. Nervous system and sense organs

17) Enlarged cerebellum for better coordination.

18) At a height, sense of smell and hearing are useless, therefore they are developed so-so in birds. But they have the best on earth vision

Swimming.

Thanks to plumage and large air sacs, the specific gravity of all birds is less than one. Therefore, any bird does not sink in water and, if necessary, swims. Thrushes and pigeons can sit on the water, shepherds and many waders swim quite often, sometimes herons sit on the water and swim, etc. But birds that are constantly associated with water (there are more than eight hundred species of them) develop adaptations that facilitate swimming, and in many species diving.

The body of swimming birds is usually somewhat flattened in the dorsal-ventral direction, which increases stability on the water. Thicker and denser than those of land birds, the plumage (especially on the underside of the body) successfully resists getting wet. Dense plumage with well-developed down and a strong development of the subcutaneous fat layer, characteristic of most swimming and diving birds, prevent body cooling in cold water. The three fingers of the paw pointing forward are connected by a well-developed swimming membrane (penguins, loons, tube-nosed, geese and ducks, gulls and auks); in pelicans (copepods), the swimming membrane connects all four fingers. In a small number of species (grebes, coots, phalaropes), instead of the missing common swimming membrane, a dense keratinized leathery rim of each finger develops. All this increases the overall surface of the paw and thereby increases the power of the push when rowing. In swimming and especially diving birds, the tarsus is more or less flattened from the sides (especially flat in grebes), which reduces water resistance when the limb is brought forward for rowing. The body of a floating bird is supported by water; the legs are retracted somewhat back, the lower leg occupies an almost horizontal position, the main movements are carried out in the intertarsal joint ( rice.). When moving the paw back, the fingers spread apart and produce a push; when the distal part of the leg (tarsus and toes) is brought forward for the next stroke, the toes fold in, which drastically reduces water resistance ( rice.). When swimming slowly, the legs move alternately; when swimming fast, good swimmers usually move their legs simultaneously. Turns are carried out either with a stronger stroke of the opposite paw, or with a braking movement of the leg, from the side where the bird turns. In penguins, when swimming, wings-fins work vigorously, and the paws stretched back perform only the function of a rudder.

Diving

The low proportion of birds, while facilitating swimming, greatly complicates diving. Quite a few birds, when catching prey, are able to dive from a dive: the bird flies above the water and, noticing the prey near the surface, half-folds its wings and dives sharply, plunging into the water to a shallow depth due to inertia (1–2 own lengths). Birds that can swim resort to such diving - tube-nosed, many copepods (frigatebirds, phaetons, boobies, American brown pelican, gulls, terns, skuas); but birds also dive, usually not landing on the water and not having external signs water birds - osprey, sea eagles, fish owls, many - kingfishers. Special fixtures to such diving are weakly expressed. Really dives, i.e. dives to great depths and actively moves in the water column, chasing prey or escaping from danger, a relatively small number of species of well-swimming birds. Their adaptations for diving are more pronounced. All diving species have dense plumage and a well-developed layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue. The pneumaticity of the skeleton is reduced. Specific gravity above 0.7, and at the time of diving, apparently, it approaches unity due to the pressing of the plumage and the compression of air in the air sacs by the movable sternum.

The pelvis is usually noticeably narrowed, and the hip joint is somewhat shifted back, so when moving on land the body assumes a more or less vertical position (especially in penguins and auks), or the ability to move on land is almost lost (loons, grebes). The toes of the paw are connected by a well-developed swimming membrane, or each toe is surrounded by a dense leathery trim (toadstools, coots). The wings, especially their distal section, are shortened; the flight is quite fast, but not maneuverable, straightforward. In blood and muscles, compared with non-diving species, the content of hemoglobin increases and the number of red blood cells increases. Devices appear in the eyes that allow seeing in water at low light (the thickness of the sclera and cornea increases, the degree of accommodation increases, etc.). The need to protect the middle ear when diving is accompanied by hearing loss. When feeding, river ducks, geese, swans immerse their head, neck and middle part of the body in water and at the same time maintain balance with rowing movements of their paws (frightened and wounded river ducks dive). In real diving, diving into the water column requires great effort: a floating bird plunges into the water with a sharp jerk of the head and body down and simultaneous fast and powerful pushes of both paws directed back and sideways; part of the diving ducks and auks at the moment of diving, simultaneously with the pushes of their paws, flap their half-opened wings ( rice.). Diving cormorants and darters have legs moving under the body, their thrust is directed straight back, and the large and stiff tail serves as a rudder. Grebes, loons, coots, diving ducks direct the push of their paws back, to the sides and up ( rice.). The details of paw movement and the degree of rotation of the paw and other parts of the limbs varies in different groups; the movements of the paws of grebes are especially complex, resembling the movement of a ship's propeller (Kurochkin, 1971). When diving, the paws are brought above the center of gravity; when emerging, the push is directed back, sideways and somewhat downward.

Many diving ducks, when moving in the water column, flap their half-open wings; sometimes cormorants, loons and grebes apparently do this as well. But the role of the main mover in them is always performed by the hind limbs. In auks, diving petrels and penguins, the role of the main mover is played by half-open wings, making uniform flaps; the hind limbs directed backwards with spread fingers carry only the function of the rudders. When diving in shallow water, guillemots sometimes row only with their hind limbs.

Coots usually dive to a depth of several meters. Some diving ducks (eiders, long-tailed ducks, etc.), guillemots, loons, grebes, penguins sometimes dive to a depth of 50-60 m and extremely rarely - somewhat deeper. An emperor penguin has been recorded diving to a depth of 265 m - apparently this is the limit for diving birds. The duration of the dive is often close to 1–1.5 minutes, but the pursued birds can stay in the water column even up to 10–15 minutes (penguins, loons). In the water column, the speed of movement in coots and most ducks is 0.6–1 m/s, mergansers, grebes, penguins - up to 2.5–3 m/s (according to some reports, penguins are sometimes able to reach speeds of up to 8–10 m /With).

Dippers dive from passerine birds. They retain the typical appearance of passerines and, among diving adaptations, have only a slightly denser plumage, a strong development of down on the apteria, shortening of the wings and especially the tail. The way of diving of dippers is completely different from the diving of other birds. A dipper that has landed on the water holds its wings in such a way that it is pressed to the bottom by the current, it runs, turning over pebbles and pecking prey under them. A bird that has folded its wings, like a cork, is thrown to the surface. Dippers live along the banks of mountain rivers and streams; they cannot dive in still water.

Ecological group of aquatic birds

Water birds are characterized by dense plumage, strong development of down, well-developed coccygeal gland for lubricating plumage, swimming membranes on the legs. In this environmental group Our birds include auks, gulls, tube-noses, loons, grebes, copepods, anseriformes. The nature and degree of connection with the aquatic environment, as well as morphological adaptations, are quite diverse in these birds. In this group, the following main subgroups are distinguished.

Divers are most adapted to life in the water. This includes auks, loons, and grebes. They spend most of their lives in water bodies, they are connected with land only during the nesting period. Food is obtained exclusively in water, in its thickness and at the bottom. They dive and swim great. On land they move with difficulty, fly poorly. Nests are made close to water.

air-water birds- they spend most of their lives in the air, looking for food in the water (fish and other aquatic animals). This type includes gulls, terns, tube-nosed. Noticing the prey, they rush after it, slightly plunging into the water, and again rise to the wing. They swim well, their legs are equipped with membranes, but they do not dive (with rare exceptions). The beak is strong, elongated, in most of them it is somewhat curved at the end. They walk freely on land.

Land-water birds- the least associated with water. This includes ducks, swans, geese. They often nest far from water bodies. However, the relationship with water is not the same. More than others, diving ducks are associated with water, which feed only on water bodies, dive well, and get food from a considerable depth. They fly relatively well, but take to the air with difficulty. Less connected to water are real or river ducks, which often feed on land, and in water bodies they prefer shallow overgrown areas with grass and bushes. They dive badly, they fly well. Geese are least connected with water. Although they nest near water bodies, they rarely go into the water and feed almost exclusively on land. The filtering apparatus of geese is poorly developed, and the horny teeth along the edges of the beak are adapted to plucking plants.

The winter season in temperate and high latitudes completely changes the feeding conditions of birds. In general, the set of forages of all kinds is reduced. For birds, green shoots, grass, berries and fruits of herbaceous plants and low-growing shrubs, almost all seeds, almost all invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and fish in freezing reservoirs disappear completely. Hunting for rodents and other animals becomes extremely difficult, because the animals hide in holes and many fall into hibernation.

Only a part of the seeds, buds and small branches of trees, a few seeds of tall herbaceous plants, insects and their larvae hidden in the bark of trees, some small animals and waste available in human settlements, landfills and roads remain available. In general, plant foods prevail over animals during this period, but their production becomes more difficult.

Birds have to both change their diet, moving from animal food to plant food, as well as to household waste, and change the way they get food, and therefore the whole pace of their life. So the birds, accustomed to gathering food on the ground, have to move to the trees, and those who collected insects from the leaves now need to gouge wintering insects from under the bark of trees.

Birds able to change their "habits" in this way usually do not make large flights, which increases their sedentary nature. Such birds can live in the same latitudes all year round.

Another method of adaptation in changing food conditions is the storage of food. Many birds practice food storage. Both vegetable and animal food are stored, including the corpses of small animals and birds. Of the crows, Nutcrackers and Jays achieved great success in storing food. Nutcrackers make large stocks of pine nuts under tree roots and moss. Stocks of acorns and berries made by the jay in autumn, hidden in hollows and under the roots of trees, reach 4 kg. The crow and magpie can also hide small supplies under the leaves or in the snow. It should be noted that usually the bird finds itself eats only a part of its reserves and uses the reserves made by other birds of its species from this population.

In winter, a decrease in temperature affects birds both indirectly, through a change in feeding conditions, and directly, increasing the heat transfer of the bird's body. To be precise, temperature is only one of several indicators that determine cooling capacity of the medium, very important indicators are humidity and air velocity.

To compensate for heat loss in birds, heat production increases and thermal insulation improves. The drop in temperature has a particularly strong effect on small birds ah, in which, with seasonal changes in temperature, heat transfer increases several times. And since heat production requires energy, small birds are forced to eat throughout the daylight hours. In winter, daylight hours are short, which is another problem for wintering small birds in cold latitudes.

In wintering birds, in connection with a cold snap, changes occur both in the body and in behavior.

Changes in the body aimed at improving thermal insulation consist in increasing the density and fluffiness of plumage (the number and length of feathers increase, the development of the downy part of the feather, while the mass of plumage increases by one and a half or more times by winter) and in increasing its own energy reserves in the form of subcutaneous fat , the mass of which increases by 1–5 grams. Fat reserves increase to a greater extent in birds wintering far from human settlements, and in birds wintering in close proximity to them, fat reserves are small, probably due to the presence of more favorable feeding and protective conditions.

The behavioral adaptation of birds to winter conditions is characterized by the use different kind shelters, as well as gathering birds in groups for overnight stays. Temperatures are coldest at night, and since for most birds the night is a dormant period when metabolism is reduced and heat production is not as efficient, birds need ways to reduce heat loss during this period. Birds: terrestrial, burrow into the snow, some burrow in the snow, some use holes in tree trunks. Such methods are suitable both for overnight stays and for protection from bad weather. Birds wintering in settlements, climb under roofs, into various voids of buildings, etc. Gathering not individually, but in groups, such protection becomes even more effective. Some birds that spend the night on trees also arrange group lodging for the night (ravens, jackdaws, in some places rooks). They gather in large groups, sit on a tree tightly, with a dozen or more birds on a branch, fluff their feathers and thus spend the night. With such a dense landing, the air temperature between sitting birds increases and heat transfer decreases.

IN autumn-winter period in the northern hemisphere, there is a decrease in daylight hours, which is especially pronounced in temperate and high latitudes, where daylight hours are halved or even more. This affects the daily activity of birds. So, in the Far North, in the conditions of a polar summer day, birds are active around the clock, they constantly alternate rest and search for food. In the temperate zone in summer, birds are most active in the morning and evening hours, at night and in the middle of the day they rest. Thus, if in the spring-summer period the birds have enough time to search for food and rest, then in the autumn-winter period the birds have to search for food all day long, being content only with a night rest.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

Moscow State University for the Humanities

them. M.A. Sholokhov

Faculty of Biology and Geography

Department of Biology and Ecology

Graduate work

ADAPTATIONS OF BIRDS FOR FLIGHT

Completed by: 5th year student

Belolipetskaya Tatyana Sergeevna

Scientific adviser:

Tsvetkova Maria Alexandrovna

Moscow 2008

Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical analysis of the problem of bird adaptations to flight

1.2 The external structure of birds

1.3 The internal structure of birds

Chapter 2

Modification of the forelimbs into wings;

warm-blooded;

Light skeleton;

The presence of a special bone - the keel;

shortened intestine;

The absence of one ovary in females;

Well developed nervous system.

These structural features illustrate how birds are adapted for flight.

Skeleton structure

With ease, it becomes possible for birds to rise up, first of all, thanks to their light skeleton. It is formed by bones, inside of which there are air cavities. The main sections are the skull, spine, belts of the upper and lower extremities, and the free limbs themselves. Many bones fuse together, providing strength to the entire "construction". A distinctive feature of the feathered skeleton is the presence of a keel. This is a special bone to which the muscles that set the wings in motion are attached. It is unique to birds.

covers

warm-bloodedness

This adaptation of birds to flight is very important. Warm-bloodedness implies the presence of a constant body temperature, independent of the environment. After all, as you know, with height, the air temperature decreases significantly. And if the birds were cold-blooded, like fish or amphibians, they would simply freeze during the flight. This feature is inherent in this group of organisms due to the progressive structure of the circulatory system. It is represented by a four-chambered heart and two circles of blood circulation. Therefore, venous and do not mix, the exchange of gases and substances occurs very intensively.

External structure

The internal structure of birds

The adaptation of birds to flight is also reflected in the structural features of most internal organs.

Compactness is a characteristic feature of the reproductive system. The testicles of males are small, bean-shaped. They open their ducts directly into the cloaca. Females have only one ovary. This structure makes the weight of the birds significantly less. The egg from the gonad moves along the oviduct, where the fertilization process takes place, the egg is covered with shells and calcareous shells. Then it goes out through the cloaca.

Breathing Features

The adaptations of birds for flight also apply to the respiratory system. Indeed, for the intensive work of the muscular system, a continuous supply of tissues and organs with oxygen is necessary. Therefore, along with pulmonary respiration, birds have additional organs - air sacs. These are additional air reservoirs with a sufficiently large volume. Therefore, the breath of birds is also called double.

Adaptation of birds to the environment

Inhabitants of open spaces - steppes and deserts, have a protective coloring of feathers, very powerful legs and excellent eyesight.

Do all birds fly

Not all representatives of this class are able to fly. For example, penguins are excellent swimmers, their upper limbs are modified into flippers. But these birds cannot fly. They have a keel, but their large weight does not allow them to soar into the air. And a thick fat layer and dense plumage are simply necessary for life in the harsh conditions of the north.

The vast majority of modern birds are perfectly adapted to flight and habitat. They live in the forest, on water bodies and their coasts, steppes and deserts.

Representatives of the class of birds are striking in their diversity, are important in nature and human life, and the characteristic features of the structure determine the ability to fly.

Birds are highly organized warm-blooded animals adapted for flight. The general features of the organization of birds in connection with their fitness for flight are the following:

Streamlined body. The forelimbs are transformed into an organ of flight - wings, the hind limbs serve as a support for the body and for movement.

The skin is thin, dry, devoid of glands. The only coccygeal gland is located in the caudal region. The skin has horny formations in the form of feathers that create flying surfaces and protect the body from heat loss.

The bones of the skeleton are thin, strong, in the tubular bones there are air cavities that facilitate their mass. The skull is formed by fully fused, without seams, bones. All parts of the spine (except the cervical) are motionless. The sternum of flying birds has a protrusion in front - a keel, to which powerful flying muscles are attached. In the skeleton of the hind limbs, a long tarsus is developed, which increases the stride length of the bird.

The muscular system is highly differentiated. The largest muscles are the pectorals, which lower the wing. The subclavian, intercostal, cervical, subcutaneous and leg muscles are well developed. The movements of birds are fast and varied: walking, running, jumping, climbing, swimming. Types of flight - waving and soaring. Birds of many species are capable of long-distance flights.

The structural features of the digestive system are associated with the need to quickly break down large volumes of food and lighten the mass of the digestive tract. This is achieved due to the absence of teeth, the participation of the beak and tongue in obtaining food, softening it in the expanded part of the esophagus - goiter, mixing food with the digestive juices of the glandular section of the stomach and grinding it, as if on a millstone, in the muscular section of the stomach, and shortening the hindgut, ending cloaca. The structure of the beak and tongue in birds is diverse and reflects their food specialization.

Respiratory organs - lungs. In a flying bird, breathing is double: gas exchange in the lungs is carried out both during inhalation and during exhalation, when atmospheric air from the air sacs enters the lungs. Thanks to double breathing, the bird does not suffocate during the flight.

The heart is four-chambered, all organs and tissues are supplied with pure arterial blood. As a result of the intensive process of vital activity, a lot of heat is generated, which is retained by the feather cover. Therefore, all birds are warm-blooded animals with a constant body temperature.

There is no bladder due to the need to lighten the bird's body weight.

Like all vertebrates, the avian brain has five sections. The most developed, covered with a smooth bark, and the cerebellum, thanks to which the birds have good coordination of movements and complex behaviors. Orientation of birds in space is carried out with the help of acute vision and hearing.

61. Superorder Ostrich-like birds. Features of the structure and life. Representatives.

Ostrich-like (lat. Struthioniformes) - a detachment of ratites. Modern ostriches inhabit Africa. Ostriches are characterized by a number of traits due to the lack of the ability to fly. Ostrich-like wings are underdeveloped, but legs are developed, on which there are only two fingers ( the only case among modern birds) directed forward. Males are 2.7 m high and weigh from 50 to 90 kg. All ostriches run well, reaching speeds up to 70 km / h. Omnivorous, with an emphasis on plant foods.

The skeleton is not pneumatized, the keel is absent, the feathers have a simple structure: their beards do not interlock with each other and do not form feather plates.

In ostriches, males incubate eggs and raise brood chicks. These birds are nomadic, one male leads several females with him. The male arranges the nest; all females of the group lay their eggs in it - each with 7-9 eggs. As a result, the nest contains 15-20 eggs (North Africa) or even 50-60 eggs (East Africa) weighing 1.5-2 kg each. They incubate the clutch in turn: during the day - females, at night - male; incubation lasts 42 days. The type of reproduction is brood: ostriches hatch sighted, covered with down and capable of independent movement.

Ostrich-like animals live in deserts, steppes, savannahs. During non-breeding times, they sometimes unite in herds of several dozen birds. Sometimes ostriches are bred in a semi-domesticated state.

Representatives: African ostrich.

Birds- a progressive group of homoiothermic vertebrates adapted for flight. Currently, more than 8.6 thousand species of birds are known (about 750 species inhabit the territory of the CIS). Due to their large numbers and wide distribution, birds play a diverse role in nature and economic activity person.

Many structural features of birds are similar to reptiles, from which they preceded and separated into an independent branch at the end of the Triassic - the beginning of the Jurassic.

Leather in birds, as in reptiles, it is dry, almost devoid of glands, covered with horny (feather) formations, and on the tarsus and fingers of the lower extremities - with horny scales. Feather cover is periodically updated. The ribs have hook-shaped processes. There is a cloaca. The structure of the genitourinary system and the nature of embryonic development are similar to reptiles. Reproduction is carried out by laying eggs.

However, despite the noted resemblance to reptiles, the evolution of birds proceeded along the path of acquiring the ability to fly.

Adaptations for flight were formed in several directions:

reduction of the frontal resistance of the bird's body;
relief of body weight;
increasing the intensity of vital processes.

The body of the birds is compact, rounded, the head is small, the neck is well expressed. The forelimbs were freed from the function of movement and turned into a flying organ - wings. The tail is short, equipped with tail feathers. Contour feathers form the flying planes of the wings and tail.

Significant changes have taken place in musculoskeletal system birds. The only mobile part of the spine is the cervical (11-25 vertebrae). Due to the special structure and articulation of the vertebrae, as well as the complexly differentiated muscles of the neck, birds are able to turn their heads 180 ° and some (owls, parrots) 270 °. The thoracic vertebrae fused with each other and formed the dorsal bone, which is connected to the complex sacrum (fused lumbar, sacral and part of the caudal vertebrae). The iliac bones of the pelvis also fused motionlessly with the sacrum. Due to the rigid fixation of the spine during the flight and when walking, it creates a strong support. The large size of the sternum and the presence of a keel on it (except for ostrich-like ones) provide the possibility of attaching powerful muscles that move the wing. The short movable part of the tail section performs the functions of an additional carrier aircraft and flight control. In connection with the release of the forelimbs from the support function, the entire load is assumed by the lower limbs and the pelvic girdle. The skeleton of the hind limbs is formed by powerful long tubular bones. To increase the length of the stride, the tarsus was formed in birds by the fusion of the bones of the tarsus and all metatarsal bones.

The musculature of birds is much more differentiated, and its relative mass is greater than that of reptiles. This provides greater mobility of birds and a variety of their movements. The most massive are the muscles that move the wings. The mass of both large pectoral muscles that lower the wing in different species ranges from 10 to 25% of the bird's body weight. The subclavian muscles that lift the wing are smaller. Changing the position of feathers in large areas of the body is carried out by well-developed subcutaneous muscles.

Weight relief the body of the bird has been achieved by the development of a number of adaptations. The bones of the skeleton are strong and light. The cavities of tubular bones are partially filled with air. Flat bones have a spongy structure, maintaining great strength with a small thickness. Missing organs such as teeth, bladder, right ovary. The hindgut was severely shortened.

Increasing the level of metabolic processes in birds achieved by intensification of digestion, respiration and circulation. The food consumed is ground into gruel in the muscular section of the stomach, quickly broken down by enzymes, the activity of which is high due to the constant and high body temperature. Absorption in the small intestine occurs quickly, which is facilitated by the abundance of villi in its mucosa. The relative daily weight of food consumed is significantly higher than in other chordates of similar sizes and amounts to 50-80% in small birds, and 15-40% of their body weight in large birds.

All organs and tissues of the body are supplied with pure arterial blood, since in four-chambered heart birds are completely separated arterial and venous blood flow. The relative mass of the heart is higher than in other chordates, and is 1-2% of body weight. The heart rate is high.

Blood has a high oxygen capacity (2-4 times higher than that of reptiles), a high content of carbohydrates in it. In the muscles of birds, especially flying birds, there are significant reserves of myoglobin, which is a reserve of chemically bound oxygen, which can be used during intensive work.

Intensification of breathing in birds in flight, it is achieved due to the almost continuous gas exchange that occurs both on inhalation and on exhalation (double breathing). When you inhale, part of the atmospheric air is sent to the lungs, where gas exchange occurs. Most of the air we inhale enters the air sacs, which are 10 times the volume of the lungs. When exhaling, air from the air sacs also enters the lungs, where gas exchange again takes place. The act of breathing in a flying bird is carried out by changing the volume of the chest when raising and lowering the wings. Therefore, the more frequent the flapping of the wings, the more intense the gas exchange occurs.

The intensification of the processes of digestion, respiration and blood circulation caused the development of homeothermia in birds - the ability to maintain high constant body temperature.

Thanks to the ability to fly, high level life processes, their independence from temperature external environment, a high level of development of the central nervous system and sensory organs (especially vision and hearing), the complication of behavior and the diversity of relationships between individuals, birds have spread widely around the planet.

At the same time, it was precisely the deep specialization for flight that limited the size of their bodies (all flying birds are relatively small) and did not allow them to populate the soil and water, which mammals successfully did.

Lesson topic: Habitat and external structure of birds.

The purpose of the lesson: the formation of students' knowledge about the features of the external structure of a bird associated with flight and habitat.

Tasks:

provide students with knowledge general characteristics birds, features of their organization in connection with the adaptability to the air habitat.

to promote the development of schoolchildren's skills to analyze and compare cognitive objects;

create conditions for the inclusion of students in active cognitive activity, research work;

educate the desire to preserve the species diversity of birds

Lesson form: lesson - study

Lesson type: a lesson in discovering new knowledge

Methods: partial search, research, verbal

Forms: group, individual

Equipment: stuffed birds, tables “Type Chordata. Bird class”, a set of feathers, an interactive microscope.

During the classes:

Org.moment:

Knowledge update: Ekaterina’s monologue sounds from Ostrovsky’s Thunderstorm “Why don’t people fly?

I say why don't people fly like birds? You know, sometimes I feel like I'm a bird. When you stand on a mountain, you are drawn to fly. That's how I would run up, raise my hands and fly"

Guys, can you answer this question?

Motivation:

The miracle of flight - this quality has always been desirable for people, and unattainable, and enviable. But flight is precisely the most characteristic feature of the animals, the study of which we begin today. What class are we talking about? Recording the topic of the lesson. Demonstration of a video film about birds.

Birds are amazing animals and are currently the most prosperous group of animals. This is evidenced by the fact that now there are 9 thousand species of birds, while mammals are 2 times less. They tried to master the aerial habitat, and they succeeded brilliantly in this attempt. Even a person who has put himself at the top of the evolutionary ladder is not able to fly. It is easy and unconstrained to soar up, as if without any effort breaking away from the earth, only birds are capable of sweeping over the vast expanses of water and land.

Operational-executive stage.

3.1 Statement of the problem:

What questions do you have when looking at these amazing creatures?

Why do birds fly?

Why does a bird fly?

Why do birds interrupt their flight?

What question should we answer? (ABOUT FITNESS FOR FLIGHT)

To resolve the issues that have arisen, we will conduct a series of studies. The science of birds is called ORNITOLOGY, and we will be ornithologists-researchers.

Definition of the research topic.

object research is the Bird Class.

Item research: adaptations of birds for flight.

Determining the purpose of the study.

aim Our work is to study the features of the external structure of birds associated with flight and habitat.

Putting forward a hypothesis.

How can we achieve the goal of the lesson? (children's answers)

Choosing a method for solving a problem situation.(work with a textbook, additional information, a microscope, a set of feathers, stuffed birds)

Drawing up a research plan:

Research 1.

Complete the task"The external structure of a bird" . (All do)

Work with stuffed birds - natural objects according to the plan: 2-3 min.

1g - rook 2g - sparrow 3g - swallow

1) Fitness in the external structure:

Investigated Organs	fixtures
1. Departments of the body:
2.Body shape
3.Body cover

Announcement of results. Slides.

Conclusion: The shape of the body is ________________, it is _____________ friction in the air and makes it easier to fly.

The cover, which _______________ resistance in flight and __________ body of a bird.

2) Study of body parts:

1 gr.

Explain proverb: “Every bird is full with its beak,” says folk wisdom (slide)

Conclusion:

2 gr.

Conclusion:

3 gr. Features of the body cover:

Laboratory work "Study of the external structure of birds"

“A child lifts from the ground, but a strong man will not throw over a fence”

Consider a collection of bird feathers.

Study the structure of the pen by looking at the drawing in the textbook (p. 135). Sign pen pieces.

Consider the proposed types of feathers. Determine their name.

Using Additional information, complete the table (p.134).

Modern birds have two main types of feathers - contour (1,2) and downy (3). Strong contour flight feathers grow on the wings (1). The contour feather has a narrow solid trunk and a wide fan, which is formed by a dense network of horny beards of the I and II orders with hooks. This structure of the wing makes it flexible, light and almost impervious to air.

Contour covers (3), leaning on top of each other like tiles, form a continuous streamlined surface on the bird's body, which facilitates flight. During flight, the large contour feathers of the wings and tail are of primary importance.

Down feathers are located under the contour. Their fan is light, loose, without barbs of the second order. Some birds also have down (6) - a short rod with a bunch of beards on top in the form of a brush. Down feathers keep the body heat of the bird. And there are also bristles (5,6), they play a role in touch.

The groups report on the results of their research.

The teacher completes.

1gr. work with the table.

2gr. working with a table

3gr. How do birds take care of their plumage? (cosmetics of birds).

Individual work:

ENVIRONMENTAL aspect:

Primary fastening:

Why do birds fly? How are they adapted for flight? Analysis of the resulting table. Conclusions: Birds are very well adapted to flight in the external structure: a streamlined body shape to reduce friction, a feather cover that both protects from the cold and reduces drag in flight. The presence of a tail regulates the direction of flight. Formation of a tarsus - as a landing device. Sense organs.

All conclusions on the slide.

Cognitive reflection: Why don't people fly?

Consolidation: test to execute.

But have you ever wondered:� Why do birds fly?�

1. To - build higher nests.

2. To - escape from enemies.

3. To - catch prey in the air.

4. To - look out for prey on the ground.

5. To - get to warm places where there is more food.

Second question:� Why do birds interrupt their flight?�

1. To - relax.

2. To - quench your thirst.

3. To - incubate eggs.

4. To - feed the chicks.

5. To - collect food from the ground.

Suggest your answers.

Guys, today in the lesson we found out a number of traits of bird fitness for flight in the external structure. Of course, there are such devices in the internal structure, but we will get acquainted with them in the next lesson.

Educational reflection: cards on the board, put magnets.

D.Z.p.44;

*Why do birds fly?

Why do birds interrupt their flight

Last name, first name _____________________

Investigated Organs	fixtures
1. Departments of the body:
2.Body shape
3.Body cover

Conclusion:

Self-esteem:_____

Group work

Investigated part of the body	fixtures
Head: Eyes (where they are located)
Beak (structure)
Nostrils (where they are located)
hearing organs

Pair work

Explain proverb: “Every bird is full with its beak »

Conclusion: Birds have well-developed _____________, which help ______________ in flight. The neck ___________ provides the best _________ of the body.

Self-assessment:_____

Last name, first name______________

Instructional card for the lesson.

Exercise 1. Fitness in external structure: Working in a group

Investigated Organs	fixtures
1. Departments of the body:
2.Body shape
3.Body cover

Conclusion: The shape of the body is ________________, it is _____________ friction in the air and makes it easier to fly. _____________ cover, which _______________ resistance in flight and __________ body of a bird.

Self-esteem:_____

Task2. Study of body parts:

Group work

Investigated part of the body	fixtures
Torso (shape)
Upper limbs (name, where they are located, cover)
Lower limbs (where are they located, which part does not have plumage, what is covered with?)

Pair work

Compare the structure of the lower limbs in the table different birds, what are the differences?

Conclusion: The upper limbs are transformed into ______________. The lower limbs have ___________, which does not have a feather and is necessary for the takeoff and landing of the bird.

Self-esteem:______

Last name, first name______________

Instructional card for the lesson.

Exercise 1. Fitness in external structure: Working in a group

Investigated Organs	fixtures
1. Departments of the body:
2.Body shape
3.Body cover

Self-esteem:_____

Task 2. Features of the body cover: Group work:

Consider a collection of bird feathers.

Study the structure of the pen with an interactive microscope, and look at the drawing in the textbook. Sign pen pieces.

3. Consider the proposed types of feathers. Determine their name.

individually

Complete the table using the additional information.

Conclusion: ___________ the cover consists of _______, _______, _______, _______ feathers. When flying, ______ and ______ feathers play a role. The structure of the pen makes it _________________, __________________, ___________________.

Self-esteem:_____

Perform a test on the fitness of the external structure of the bird for flight and habitat.

Feathers contribute to the preservation of heat in the bird's body, since:

A) consist of a trunk and a fan;

b) the air that is between them has a high thermal conductivity.

C) the air that is between them has a low thermal conductivity.

D) they are lubricated with an oily fluid that is formed in the coccygeal gland.

2. Birds, unlike reptiles, have:

A) tail b) neck; c) wings; d) claws.

3. The streamlined body shape of birds is an adaptation to:

A) flight

B) protection from predators;

B) reproduction

D) looking for food

4. There are horny scales on the legs of birds, which indicates their relationship with:

A) reptiles

B) amphibians;

B) mammals;

D) annelids.

In birds, it is not an adaptation for flight:

A) streamlined body shape;

B) wings;

D) the formation of a tarsus

Self-Esteem:______

Individual work:

ENVIRONMENTAL aspect: MINI STUDENT STUDY: Oil. No one will argue that it is necessary for humanity. And no one groans to assert that it is deliberately thrown into the water, that they deliberately cause accidents in the oil fields or set fire to ships carrying oil. As a result of all these accidents, millions of tons of oil end up in the water. The world's oceans and its inhabitants are suffering, birds are suffering. sea birds covered with a thick layer of feathers. Their density provides almost complete insulation from cold water. Oil destroys the structure of feathers. An experiment is being carried out. Oil is poured into a glass of water (a thin film forms on the surface) and a bird's feather is lowered. A clean pen easily restores its integrity. If the grooves are separated from each other, then after a light stroke, which the bird can make with its beak, the integrity of the feather is restored. In a pen covered with oil, the grooves stick together, and it is impossible to restore the former appearance of the pen.

The sight of oil-covered birds is terrifying. Feathers no longer protect birds from being chilled. In addition, the ability to swim is impaired in birds due to the lack of an air gap between the body and feathers. As a result, the birds sink deeper into the water, and often can no longer get their own food. An experiment is being carried out. Let's try to wash off the oil from the feathers of a bird with water - after all, this is the only remedy for birds. Nothing succeeded. If the bird does not die of hunger, then sooner or later it will die of hypothermia. But the unfortunate creature can swim for a long time with a heart beating twice as fast in order to compensate for the loss of heat. Maybe the end will be hastened by the ingestion of a small amount of oil, which acts as a poison.