Background and trends in the development of social entrepreneurship briefly. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship is a new innovative way of carrying out socio-economic activities, connecting the social mission with the achievement of economic efficiency. It is based on the creation of so-called social enterprises - i.e. business enterprises organized for social purposes and for the creation of social benefits and operating on the basis of financial discipline, innovation and business practices established by the private sector. 1 In the last decade, this practice has gained extraordinary popularity both in developed industrial countries, such as the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, etc., and in third world countries, for which a new way of combining economic and social resources is a means to wrest people out of deep poverty. large segments of the population. According to G. Deese, director of the Center for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Lately gained popularity, tk. "very fitting for our times." This is due to the fact that "many results of the activities of state and charitable organizations turned out to be far from our expectations, and most of the institutions of the public sector are increasingly seen as ineffective, inefficient and irresponsible. Social entrepreneurs are needed in order to create new models of socially significant activities" for new age". 2

concept social entrepreneurship in Russia is just beginning to circulate. In this sense, it lags behind, for example, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova or Belarus. For the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia, not only the correct self-identification, which can come with increased information exchange, is important, but also the development of important socio-economic institutions common in other countries - such as small business, credit cooperation, microfinance, non-profit activities in the socio-economic sphere capable of acting as "maternal structures" for the development of social entrepreneurship. At the same time, an analysis of the existing experience of functioning of some of the listed forms testifies to the beginnings of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia. An important prerequisite for social entrepreneurship in this series is microfinance and, in particular, credit cooperation.

The content of microfinance technologies is to make it economically feasible for the lender to provide the necessary range of financial services to the low-income population and micro-business in such a way that recipients can use financial services for their own development. Traditional lending technologies, unlike microfinance, do not allow large-scale work with these categories of clients. This is the fundamental difference between microfinance and usury, since the task of the latter is to consolidate the dependence of the borrower by withdrawing the income received almost in full.

The invention of microcredit technologies as an alternative to standard bank loan schemes and usury is associated with the name of the founder of the bank, and then the Grameen group, a university professor from Bangladesh, Mohammad Yunus. The Grameen Bank was founded by Yunus in 1976 with the dual mission of providing financial services to poor women and the poorest families in order to help them out of poverty through a profitable business. 3 It was the first microcredit experience in the world that simultaneously received global recognition as a successful example of social entrepreneurship. For his services "in the field of socio-economic development..." M. Yunus became in 2006 a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. 4

Due to the fact that consumers of microfinance services are, as a rule, classified as high-risk, a set of systems and procedures for providing services to recipients of microcredits has been developed in world practice. However, in itself, the technical solution to the problem of lending to small borrowers, taking into account the limitation of their economic resources, is not social entrepreneurship. In order to become such a social enterprise, firstly, it must have a social goal as the primary and leading task of the activity, and not its by-product. Secondly, in solving a social problem, it must offer an innovative economic solution - non-trivial from the point of view of combining economic social resources. The latter distinguishes "entrepreneurship" from just "business". In the case of the Grameen Bank, the goal was to eradicate poverty in a rural community. In other words, it was necessary to offer a credit system at such a modest percentage that it would allow the producer to keep the surplus from the sale of products for his own development (and exit from stagnant poverty), in contrast to the then existing practice of complete economic dependence on local moneylenders. The mechanism that was proposed for this served both as an economic and a social innovation - the new social enterprise united the borrowers into a social network connected by relationships of trust, mutual assistance and responsibility, which served both as a consumer and a resource of the services offered by the enterprise.

The main tasks of credit cooperatives are to provide loans to their members and pool their financial resources to provide financial mutual assistance oriented towards production or social goals. The nature of the cooperative 5 helps to avoid the risky use of shareholders' savings, including through the formation of a reserve fund, the development of an internal control and insurance system, but primarily through collective democratic management implemented by all shareholders on the principle of "one participant - one vote" and the presence of subsidiary liability of members for the obligations of the cooperative. Credit consumer cooperatives are organizations of reduced financial risk.

According to the Ministry of Finance, as of October 1, 2008, about 2,500 credit cooperatives were registered in Russia with a total number of members of about a million people, which accumulate about 15 billion rubles of personal savings of citizens. Such cooperatives are usually formed on a territorial, industrial or professional basis; they develop most actively in small towns Russia and in the countryside. Shareholders are mainly public sector employees, pensioners (up to 65% of shareholders), entrepreneurs and trade workers. The structure of the membership base of rural credit cooperatives is dominated by citizens who maintain personal subsidiary plots - more than 80%. At the same time, only a part of them are active borrowers. As for pensioners, they generally prefer to place their savings in the cooperative. For shareholders, participation in credit cooperatives is beneficial, first of all, due to rather high interest on deposits, on average from 16 to 24% per annum, which is about one and a half times higher than interest on deposits in banks. For borrowers, the average overpayment on a loan per year can be 28-46%. 6 The higher fee for a loan than in the banking sector is compensated by the speed of the decision to issue a loan and the absence of many formalities. The term for making a decision on issuing a loan, as a rule, is no more than three days. At the same time, a higher loan price is by no means an obligatory condition for cooperative lending; in a number of cooperatives, the loan fee is the same as the deposit fee. Differences in the credit policy of different organizations are due to the "specialization" of the cooperative and the composition of depositors and borrowers.

On average, credit cooperatives in Russia issue 100-120 thousand loans per month, the average loan amount is 70 thousand rubles for a consumer loan, 250-0300 thousand rubles for a business loan. In the last two years, the share of business loans in the total number of loans has been constantly growing, and at the moment it has already reached 40%. The average savings contribution in Russia as a whole is about 60,000 rubles, but it varies considerably by region. Regional systems of credit cooperation have so far received the greatest development in Kemerovo region, Altai Territory, Volgograd Region, Rostov Region, the Far East (in particular, Primorye).

The highest density of placement of rural credit cooperatives is observed in the Central, Southern, Volga and Siberian federal districts. Rural credit cooperatives are widely represented here not only in regional centers, but also in rural municipalities.

The largest cooperative in terms of the number of shareholders is the Chest credit cooperative, registered in Kamyshin, Volgograd Region, with over 35,000 members. In terms of assets, the cooperative "Eco" from the city of Urai, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, is in the lead - 1 billion 300 thousand rubles of assets.

In the new Russia, the revival of domestic credit unions began in 1991 in response to the aggravated problem of consumer credit for citizens and the need to save family budgets from rapidly growing inflation. The adoption in 1992 of the federal law "On consumer cooperation in the Russian Federation" played a decisive role. Credit unions began to register as consumer cooperatives or consumer societies. The first credit union in Russia was registered in 1992 (CS "Suzdalsky"). In January 1993, the first forum took place in Suzdal, where the main principles of the Credit Union Movement were formulated. The growth of their numbers and the accumulation of operational experience required organizational formalization. In November 1994, the founding assembly of the Union of Consumer Societies "League of Credit Unions" (SPO LKS) was held. 7 Today, this league includes more than 200 CUs. In turn, LKS is an official member of the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU) 8 and is also represented in the National Partnership of Microfinance Market Stakeholders (NAMMS). 9

The development of the movement required the creation of a fundamental legal field. In August 2001, a new law No. 117-FZ "On credit consumer cooperatives Citizens". It consolidated the non-entrepreneurial nature of the main activity of credit unions, their non-commercial status, the mutual and internal nature of work, the principles of membership, prescribed measures to protect the financial interests of shareholders, limit the financial and managerial risks of the credit union.

The benefits of credit cooperation can be summarized as follows:

Accessibility for low-budget segments of the population. The use of the principle of personal and group surety instead of collateral allows the cooperative to expand its activities to those sectors of society that cannot provide collateral.

Transparency and ease of control over resources. Members of the credit cooperative provide control over the issuance of loans. Since they usually know each other well, this is usually more effective than the control of an outside financial institution.

Low cost of doing business. This is due to the fact that the group takes on part of the administrative work in the process of issuing loans (formation of a credit group, evaluation and monitoring of projects).

Mutual support of group members. It strengthens social connections and reduces the need for advisory services from an outside financial institution.

These factors provide high level payments and affordable interest rates on loans.

The prerequisites for the transformation of a credit cooperative into social entrepreneurship are already laid down in the above principles of credit cooperation, combining social and economic components. Since this is a much less formalized and regulated procedure, it is based on close interaction with the client, with his business and social environment (family, friends, neighbors). This allows not only to focus on the specific financial needs and capabilities of a person, adapting lending opportunities to them, but also to carry out various types of business consulting and even mediation when concluding transactions. The latter is a distinguishing feature of a credit cooperative compared to other types of microfinance institutions in Russia. Another feature of Russian microfinance is the focus on small business, which is primarily due to the institutional and organizational barriers to its development. The latter are overcome to a certain extent by the flexibility of combining economic and social levers of support and control on the part of cooperative members, as well as by using the resource of informal social ties.

1 alter. S.K. Social Enterprise Typology. Virtue Ventures LLC. Nov.27, 2007 (revised vers.), p.12.

2 Dees, J.G. The meaning of social entrepreneurship. Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, Duke University's Fuqua School of Business, 2001 (revised vers.)

3 For more on M. Yunus’ experience, see Yunus, M. Banker to the poor: Microlending and the battle against world poverty/ New York: Public Affairs, 1999, http://www.grameen-info.org

4 For more information about the experience of well-known social entrepreneurship organizations abroad, see M. Batalina, A. Moskovskaya, L. Taradina "Review of the experience and concepts of social entrepreneurship, taking into account the possibilities of its application in modern Russia." M., SU-HSE, 2008. WP-1/2008/02.

5 Cooperative - in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - a voluntary association of citizens and legal entities in the form of a non-profit organization on the basis of membership in order to meet the material and other needs of participants, carried out by combining property shares by its members. The activities of specialized credit cooperatives are regulated by a number of special laws.

The transition of the Russian economy, like any other, to market relations is inevitably associated with the formation and development of entrepreneurship. So, speaking about the economy in general and about the market economy in particular, one inevitably has to focus on entrepreneurship as an integral part of economic activity. Entrepreneurship in different economic areas differs in form and, especially, in the content of operations and methods of their implementation. But the nature of the activity leaves a significant imprint on the type of goods and services that the entrepreneur produces or provides. An entrepreneur can produce goods and services himself, acquiring only factors of production. It can also purchase finished goods and resell it to the consumer. Finally, the entrepreneur can only connect producers and consumers, sellers and buyers. The general rejection of entrepreneurship is gradually turning into an awareness of the need to create conditions for its fast the most efficient and effective development. There is no doubt that entrepreneurship in Russia is the future.

The purpose of this work is to study the theoretical and practical problems of entrepreneurship.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the following tasks:

• Consider the prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship;
• To study the essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship;
• Consider the problems of entrepreneurship;
• Consider the subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity;
• Analyze the main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship;
• Consider business support funds.

1. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

The economic reforms being carried out in Russia, for all their inconsistency and inconsistency, were a condition for the formation and development of entrepreneurship. As the experience of countries with developed market economies shows, entrepreneurial activity plays a very important role in the economy, affects economic growth, market saturation with goods, and the creation of additional jobs. In other words, entrepreneurial activity contributes to the solution of many urgent economic, social and other problems.

In the transitional economy of Russia, economic prerequisites are gradually being created for the development of enterprises with various forms of ownership. The private sector is being formed, which is accompanied by the liquidation of the old, pre-reform structures, the creation of new institutions of a market economy, a new financial and credit mechanism.

Russia's transition to a market economy has actualized the problem of entrepreneurship, which is a necessary component of a market economy.

It should be noted that in modern literature on economic theory much attention is paid to the content of entrepreneurship and the assessment of its impact on the economy. Thus, the classic of modern microeconomic theory A. Marshall, speaking of the main feature of a market economy, draws attention to the "freedom of production and entrepreneurship." R. Cantillon drew attention to the phenomenon of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon of modern times that replaced the feudal Middle Ages and proved that in addition to landowners and mercenaries of various kinds, people appeared who, at their own peril and risk, rushed to market exchange in order to make a profit. This approach to the interpretation of the concept of entrepreneurship is quite legitimate.

It should be noted that in economic theory there was another approach to understanding entrepreneurship. So, a hundred years after Cantillon, the theoretical concept of J.B. Say, which is based on such economic concepts like capital, land, labor, factors of production, a combination of factors. Entrepreneurship itself was interpreted as operating the factors of production. This means that the factors of production are extracted in one place where they give a small income, then they are moved, and a new combination of them in another place gives a greater income.

Say's concept is applicable to any form of entrepreneurial activity and therefore has acquired the authority of the classical formula of entrepreneurship. Almost all research on entrepreneurship contains direct or indirect references to Say's concept.

Entrepreneurship is associated with risk. Therefore, an entrepreneur is defined as a person who takes the risk of decisions made on his own initiative. Indeed, in a market environment, any economic entity operates in conditions of uncertainty and therefore risks.

The Austrian scientist J. Schumpeter associated entrepreneurship with innovation. In accordance with this concept, the result of the entrepreneur's activity leads to changes in the material content, forms and methods of labor. It is the impact on the acceleration of economic processes that is a specific property of an entrepreneur.

Speaking about entrepreneurship, one should take into account its relationship with the socio-economic environment. Free enterprise can be formed as a phenomenon in the case of the implementation of four groups of interrelated prerequisites: political, economic, legal and psychological.

The group of political prerequisites assumes the political stability of society in the country and its democratization. Free enterprise as a mass phenomenon can take place if the government enjoys the confidence of the people.

The group of economic prerequisites means the transformation of state enterprises into joint-stock companies and the emergence of various economic structures with various forms of ownership.

The group of psychological prerequisites includes the elimination of the misunderstanding of social justice as equality - equality of opportunity.

A group of legal prerequisites suggests that free enterprise can function successfully if a country has a set of laws that support entrepreneurs, and do not outlaw their activities.

The beginning of the formation of entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation is considered to be the adoption in 1992 of the decision of the Russian government that destroyed the institutions of administrative regulation of production. Thus, the State Planning Committee, which developed centralized plans and forecasts for socio-economic development, was abolished. The State Committee for Material and Technical Supply ceased to exist, which, in accordance with the national economic plan, provided all sectors with the means of production.

For example, Russian small business (the main part of entrepreneurship) was born on July 18, 1991, when the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 446 introduced criteria for classifying enterprises as small, defined General terms and rules for their operation.

At the beginning of the reforms, there was a powerful breakthrough of people into private entrepreneurship, primarily in its small forms. In 1992, about 190 thousand new small enterprises were created, 1.4 times more than in 1991. This process played a decisive role in the emergence of the private sector in Russia, the filling of which was mainly due to small enterprises. By 1995, about 65% of all Russian private enterprises were small.

Over the past years, a legal framework has been created to regulate entrepreneurial activity. The goals and objectives of the state policy in the field of support and development of entrepreneurship are determined. Mechanisms for the implementation of targets have been developed and structures have been created that bring them to life. A network of service organizations has been formed that provides enterprises with educational, informational, consulting, and financial services.

The achieved level of entrepreneurship development is clearly reflected by state statistics: by the end of 2000, the number of small enterprises amounted to about 891 thousand, approaching the level of 1994. The total number of permanent employees in small enterprises by the end of 2006 amounted to about 12.0 million people 12% of the total number of employees in Russian enterprises. At the beginning of 2008, the number of small enterprises is already 1.137 million units, which indicates the progressive development of the small business sector.

Entrepreneurship is not going smoothly. There are still quite a few people in Russia who do not accept entrepreneurship, trust the former totalitarian system of centralized management, and the most conservative circles dream of restoring command and control structures and declaring entrepreneurship illegal.

2. Essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the subject of many disciplines. Hence the multiplicity of its interpretations and definitions. The essence of entrepreneurship, as an economic category, is due to its nature and features as a specific type of economic behavior, the ability of economic entities to respond to a potential source of benefit.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative, associated with economic risk and aimed at finding the best ways to use resources, an activity carried out with the aim of generating income and increasing property.

By its economic nature, entrepreneurship is inextricably linked with the market economy and is its product. As a property of economic activity, it externally manifests itself in the desire to extract additional benefits in the process of exchange. Meanwhile, exchange itself is not yet a source of entrepreneurship. It becomes such when it becomes an integral part of a single economic turnover, and production for exchange becomes the defining function of economic entities. Commodity production is historically and genetically the starting point of entrepreneurship. Exchange, firstly, stimulates the search for new opportunities, i. initiative. Secondly, it is in the process of exchange that the entrepreneur sees a source of possible benefit, which is both a motive and an assessment of the success of his initiative. Thirdly, when faced with similar persons in the process of exchange, the entrepreneur perceives his activity as competitive. Fourth, as a mechanism for meeting social needs, exchange determines the social nature of entrepreneurial activity.

The essence of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship is revealed in its functions: economic and social.

economic function entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it ensures continuous institutional change and development of the entire economic system society, constantly updating the environment with innovations, breaking old routine structures, opening the way for various transformations. The economic function of entrepreneurship contributes to increasing the efficiency of production, the quality of products and services, and the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Social function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it mitigates the spontaneous impact of the market by addressing issues social security people and teams. This function contributes to the growth of the cultural and educational level of the population, protects its low-income strata from inflation, etc.

Considering in more detail the explicit functions of small, medium and large businesses, it can be seen that in basic terms they coincide. The differences lie in the potential for each type of business to implement these functions in the most efficient way. For example, the function of organizing production, which provides for an assessment of the economic situation, the development of an action plan, the organization of administrative management and control over the implementation of the plan, is most effectively implemented by large enterprises due to superiority internal organization and the resulting economies of scale. For these reasons, it is large, and not small, enterprises that derive the main benefit from scientific and technological progress, since they can relatively quickly increase their fixed capital and use the most productive methods and production technologies.

A socially significant latent function of small business is the function of shaping the environment and the spirit of entrepreneurship, without which a market economy is impossible. In contrast to large-scale small business, in most of its forms, it is accessible to very many people already because it does not require impressive initial investments of capital. Low capital intensity and short terms of construction or reconstruction in comparison with large facilities are important advantages of small economic forms. It is also necessary to highlight the essential function of small business - the function of maintaining and strengthening political and social stability in society. This is achieved through the creation of new jobs by small businesses, as well as by expanding the layer of owners. An important role is played by the social function of small business - the financial filling of the revenue part of local budgets, since its taxation in most Western countries is carried out at the municipal level. Gradually, a similar situation begins to take shape in Russia.

Public functions of big business are specific. First of all, they should include the function of exercising real economic power in the country. The function of foreign economic representation of the national economy can also be attributed to a certain extent to the number of latent public functions big business. It is big business that is the dominant subject of international foreign economic activity. The role of transnational corporations (TNCs), which dominate the international product markets, is especially great in this area.

A socially significant function of large business is the function of ensuring stable employment, professional and career growth for the vast majority of the population. Due to the virtual lack of opportunities to obtain loans, a high degree of entrepreneurial risk, small enterprises go bankrupt much more often than large ones. Among the public functions of big business is the function of filling the revenue part of the state budget of the country.

However, the function of the multiplier, the driving force of economic growth, is especially socially significant and at the same time latent for entrepreneurship. The economic nature of entrepreneurship is characterized through its principles Keywords: initiative, commercial risk and responsibility, combination of factors of production, innovation.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative activity. The constant desire to search for something new, whether it is the production of new products or the development of new markets, in a word, the search for new opportunities for profit is the hallmark of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial initiative is the desire to realize the opportunities provided by the process of market exchange itself, carried out for the mutual benefit of the participants in this process. Entrepreneurship should not be associated with deceit and violence, but with the extraction of benefits through the satisfaction of social needs - with the "spirit of non-violent acquisition."

The initiative requires a certain economic freedom. When the level of regulation of entrepreneurial activity is too high, initiative activity decreases, turning into business stagnation. In this sense, creating conditions for enhancing the initiative of business entities is the key task of the transition to entrepreneurship.

Although risk is an organic component of entrepreneurial activity, entrepreneurship itself is not associated with risk appetite. The focus of the entrepreneur on the treatment of market uncertainty and his own benefit is a decisive factor in his decision-making. It is not human qualities in the form of reckless risk-taking, but the expected reward that drives the entrepreneur to take risks. Therefore, the amount of risk he takes on directly depends on the likely increase in income.

Commercial risk differs from risk in general in that it is based on a sober calculation and consideration of possible negative consequences. The desire for success here is always balanced by economic responsibility. The economic responsibility that accompanies the risk puts before the entrepreneur the task of mastering the risk and managing it. And if the entrepreneur is not able to abolish market uncertainty, then it is quite possible for him to reduce the risk. The most well-known mechanism for reducing risk is insurance, which allows you to transform the risk into insignificant additional costs. The problem, however, is that the innovative nature of entrepreneurial activity makes it extremely difficult to reliably assess the likely risk, thereby narrowing the possibilities for applying insurance specifically in the field of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial initiative, on the contrary, involves the creation of new, previously unseen situations, the probable outcome of which is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to assess. Consequently, the opportunities for insurance of business activities are reduced. Another way to reduce risk is to share it with others. stakeholders. Meanwhile, while helping to reduce risk (possible losses for an individual participant), this method undermines entrepreneurial motivation, since entrepreneurial income will be divided among the participants in the enterprise.

Risk as a property of entrepreneurial activity characterizes not only the specifics of entrepreneurship. It also has a general economic significance. The presence of risk forces the entrepreneur to scrupulously analyze the options for possible alternatives, choosing the best and most promising of them, which leads to progressive shifts in the productive forces and an increase in the efficiency of social production. On the other hand, the presence of risk in entrepreneurial activity requires the application of certain restrictions and regulations in relation to it.

The movement of resources for their more efficient use is only a general formula for a more complex process of increasing the efficiency of resource use. Another, more complex form of increasing the efficiency of resource use is combination of factors of production . Its essence is to find the most rational combination of factors by replacing one factor with another. By varying the factors of production, the entrepreneur not only ensures the transition to a more efficient use of the resource, but also, manifesting itself in new technologies, ensures the progressive course of social productive forces. In the process of industrialization of the economy, combination based on the "principle of substitution" becomes the determining factor in generating income, and the "spirit of rationalism" permeates the entire content of entrepreneurship and is identified with it.

At the same time, it would be an unforgivable omission to reduce the essence of combination only to the issue of efficient use of resources. The entrepreneur also combines in the field of more complex parameters that ensure the stability of the entrepreneurial structure itself. When the market mechanism, for whatever reasons: scarcity of resources, instability of supplies, difficulties in monitoring the fulfillment of obligations, does not provide the proper level, the entrepreneur begins to combine with the elements of the mechanism itself. He removes individual elements from the market sphere and includes them in the structure own organization, changing the nature of the mechanism for redistributing resources. Therefore, the content of the combination function is wider than the "principle of substitution", and it itself can act as a factor in the transformation of the resource allocation mechanism.

Being social in nature, entrepreneurial activity is aimed at meeting social needs. But the entrepreneur does not take on property risk out of charitable motives. The material interest expressed in income is the incentive motive for entrepreneurial activity. However, it should be borne in mind that not every income is the result of entrepreneurship. It acts as such only when it appears to be the result of a better use of the factors of production. Therefore, various types of rental income, interest on capital cannot be considered as income from entrepreneurship. In reality, entrepreneurial income is presented in the form of economic profit, which is a direct form of entrepreneurial motivation. Profit is a source of income for the entrepreneur and the development of the company, serves as an indicator of the efficiency of the use of resources and evaluation of investment opportunities, and finally, an assessment of success and a psychological incentive. This suggests that, even without outwardly manifesting itself, profit, nevertheless, occupies a dominant place in the hierarchy of the entrepreneur's goals.

Thus, as a business manager, an entrepreneur strives to provide stable conditions for the implementation and development of his entrepreneurial function. From this side, his task is to balance the multidirectional forces that allow him to effectively carry out the entrepreneurial function in the long term. At the same time, realizing the function of the owner, he must ensure the highest return on the resources used, which is expressed in maximizing profits. The resolution of this contradiction can take a variety of forms, but all of them ultimately come down to ensuring an acceptable rate of profit. Satisfaction with profit means nothing more than a compromise between the various sides of the entrepreneurial function.

However, it would be unfair to focus only on the acquisition motivation of entrepreneurship, losing sight of the creative work it performs.

The main principles that entrepreneurs should be guided by in their activities:

1) Right choice business strategies based on marketing research.

2) Creation of conditions for rapid adaptation to the requirements of the market of production, the range and quality of products, the management system of the production and marketing activities of the company

3) Active influence on demand, market and consumer through advertising, pricing policy, an effective system of control over the sphere of commodity circulation

4) An entrepreneur should not be afraid of competition

5) Carry out business planning

6) Do not be afraid to take loans

7) Diversify your production

8) Mechanize and automate your production.

3. Problems of entrepreneurship

During the transition to a market economy, Russia faced many problems that had to be solved as quickly as possible. First of all, it was necessary to define property rights and decide who would be allowed to own enterprises owned by the state, how, by what mechanism and at what prices the transfer of property would be carried out. It was also necessary to create capital markets, banking, financial and monetary systems. had to be developed efficient systems planning and accounting in order to assess the value of firms and most objectively judge the results of their activities. It was necessary to revise existing laws in order to legalize new forms of economic relations, new types of property and new types of transactions.

It was necessary to select and train managers capable of working in conditions market system and compete in their own country and on the world market. It was also necessary to achieve recognition by the population of the new rules of the game.

The challenge was to develop competition and regulatory policy and find a way to deal with the problems that arise from the fact that the mere privatization of gigantic inefficient enterprises creates a system of gigantic inefficient private monopolies.

It was necessary to determine the procedure for the state termination of subsidies for various industries and develop tax systems capable of providing funding for government activities.

Finally, it was necessary to decide whether, and if so, when, the closure of uncompetitive firms would be allowed, and to create services social assistance which will take upon themselves the solution of social problems arising from the inevitable economic disproportions both during the transition period and after its completion.

Most of these problems apply to small businesses as well. The problems of the further development of small business in Russia remain basically the same as those noted in the materials of the 1st All-Russian Congress of representatives of small enterprises:

• failure initial capital and own working capital;
• difficulties in obtaining bank loans;
• increased pressure from criminal structures;
• lack of qualified accountants, managers, consultants;
• difficulties in obtaining premises and extremely high rents;
• limited opportunities for obtaining leasing services;
• lack of proper social protection and personal security of owners and employees of small enterprises, etc.

It is no coincidence that the 2nd All-Russian Conference of Small Businesses, held in March 2001 in Moscow, was called "Reasonable Regulation for Civilized Entrepreneurship". The conference aimed to identify the sources of excessive administrative barriers in the development of entrepreneurship.

The fact is that among the problems hindering the development of small businesses, in second place after the tax burden are excessive administrative barriers. They not only hinder the development of entrepreneurship, but also create another state problem, forcing small businesses to go into the shadow economy.

In early 2003, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, conducted an inventory of the control functions of state bodies and found out how many people are directly related to supervision. As a result of the inventory, it turned out that there is no general system of state control in Russia. 43 federal ministries and departments have 65 inspection organizations. Only 55 of them employ 1065 thousand people. More than 423 of them are endowed with the right of direct state control, the rest serve them. There is no doubt that these numerous inspectors are focusing on small businesses, restricting, shackling, and often stopping their activities.

Experts who analyze the turnover of the shadow economy estimate it at least 40% of the gross national product. At the same time, there has been a gradual decline in the share of the shadow economy in Russia in recent years.

1) high level of taxation;

2) unavailability of credit resources;

3) administrative barriers.

Small businesses in Russia face great difficulties in their activities. The main problem is the insufficient resource base, both logistical and financial. Practically we are talking on the creation of a new sector of the economy. For decades, we did not have such a sector to any significant degree. This, in particular, meant the absence of trained entrepreneurs. The bulk of the population, who lived "pay to pay", could not form a reserve of funds necessary to start their own business. It is clear that the extremely strained state budget cannot become a source of these funds. It remains to hope for credit resources. But even they are insignificant and, moreover, extremely difficult to implement with constant inflation.

The situation can hardly seriously change in the right direction, unless we finally move from words to deeds in public support for constructive small business. There is no reason to count on a significant increase in the material, technical and financial resources available for this, at least in the near future.

Therefore, it is necessary to create mechanisms for preferential lending, taxation, various kinds of preferences, including those related to foreign economic activity. Their point is to ensure that the needs of the people are better served while creating the conditions for the consistent development of entrepreneurship.

The next problem is the legislative framework that small businesses can now rely on. So far, to put it mildly, it is imperfect, and in many very significant provisions it is completely absent. The difficulty is that, firstly, there is no single legislative framework for today's activities of domestic small businesses, and secondly, the existing scattered regulations are far from being fully implemented.

At present, small business is in conditions that are very remote from those that should be inherent in market relations. On the contrary, there is a tendency to surround it more and more with the old framework of the planning-administrative system with its almost all-embracing planning and strict regulation with the help of limits, funds, etc.

There is no system for conducting an in-depth analysis of the activities of small businesses, there is no proper accounting of the results of their work, there are practically no reports on those indicators that entitle these enterprises to take advantage of tax benefits.

The access of small enterprises to high technologies is limited, since their purchase requires significant one-time financial costs.

Another problem is staffing. Unfortunately, there are far fewer qualified entrepreneurs than the economy really needs.

Despite the seriousness of the problems associated with small business, domestic small business has prospects for further development.

First of all, it is necessary to protect small businesses from bureaucracy, make the registration procedure as simple as possible, reduce the number of regulatory bodies and inspections, and continue the process of reducing the number of licensed activities and products. It is necessary to eradicate corruption, which is not only dangerous from a moral point of view, but also impedes economic growth, significantly raises prices, and distorts competition.

It is necessary to significantly reduce the tax burden on small businesses. This is especially important for start-up entrepreneurs, primarily in such activities as innovation, manufacturing, construction, repair and construction, and medical.

Attention should be focused on the concentration of all financial resources intended to support small businesses (the federal budget, regional budgets, the Federal Fund for the Support of Small Business, various extrabudgetary sources) in the most important priority areas, and create a system of credit guarantees for it.

For newly created small businesses, the widespread use of leasing and franchising is necessary. If the franchising system is gaining more and more positions in our country, then leasing is only in its infancy. The further development of these forms of activity should be facilitated by large enterprises.

More energetic work is needed to develop small business infrastructure, develop banking system, various small business support funds. Small businesses should be able at any moment to get advice and free assistance on opening and functioning, on marketing strategy, protecting their interests, and on any other issue.

Much work remains to be done in the field of training and advanced training of entrepreneurial personnel. About 8 million people, or almost 12% of the total employed population in the country, work in the small business sector, and this number will increase from year to year. More and more young, energetic people come to small business. The task of professional training of managers of such enterprises is especially urgent.

In recent years, the number of applications for new licenses has decreased, which has undoubtedly made life easier for small businesses. At the same time, 80% of all issued licenses cost entrepreneurs more than the fee established by law, and 77% of all licenses and decisions held by the head of firms were issued for a period of less than the five years prescribed by law.

In accordance with the Federal Law of August 8, 2001 No. 128-FZ "On Licensing Certain Types of Activities", local authorities do not have the right to introduce any permits other than those listed in the Law on Licensing.

Thus, despite enough a large number of problems and obstacles, small businesses in Russia have reserves for further development.

4. Subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity

The main subject of entrepreneurial activity is the entrepreneur. However, the entrepreneur is not the only subject; in any case, he is forced to interact with consumer as its main counterparty, as well as with state, which in various situations can act as an assistant or opponent. Both the consumer and the state also belong to the category of subjects of entrepreneurial activity, as well as employee(unless, of course, the entrepreneur does not work alone), and business partners (if the production is not isolated from public relations) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Business entities

In the relationship between the entrepreneur and the consumer, the entrepreneur belongs to the category of an active subject, and the consumer is characterized primarily by a passive role. When analyzing the side of these relationships the consumer acts as an indicator of the entrepreneurial process. This is understandable, therefore, everything that constitutes the subject of an entrepreneur’s activity has the right to be realized only in the case of a positive (positive) expert evaluation of the consumer. Such an assessment is carried out by the consumer and acts as the willingness of the latter to purchase a particular product. An entrepreneur, when planning and organizing his activities, in no way can ignore the moods, desires, interests, expectations, assessments of the consumer.

An entrepreneur in a market system of relations has no other way to influence the consumer, except to act in unison with his interests. However, this situation does not mean at all that the entrepreneur is obliged to act only in strict accordance with the already identified interests of the consumer. The entrepreneur himself can form consumer demand, create new consumer needs. This is exactly what the proposition about two ways of organizing entrepreneurial activity is reduced to: on the basis of the revealed interest of the consumer or on the basis of "imposing" a new product on him.

Thus, the goal of the entrepreneur is the need to "win" the consumer, to create a circle of his own consumers.

The role of the state as a subject of the entrepreneurial process may be different depending on social conditions, the situation developing in the sphere business activity and the goals set by the state.

Depending on the specific situation, the state may be:

. an obstacle to the development of entrepreneurship, when it creates an extremely unfavorable environment for the development of entrepreneurship or even prohibits it;

. by an outside observer, when the state does not directly oppose the development of entrepreneurship, but at the same time does not contribute to this development;

. entrepreneurial process accelerator, when the state conducts a constant and active search for measures to involve new economic agents in the entrepreneurial process (often such a purposeful activity of the state causes an "explosion" of entrepreneurial activity and leads to a "boom" of entrepreneurship).

An employee as an implementer of the ideas of an entrepreneur also belongs to the group of subjects of the entrepreneurial process. It is on him that the efficiency and quality of the implementation of an entrepreneurial idea depends.

It is known that each economic entity has its own interests. As for the entrepreneur and the employee, part of their plans coincide (the higher the profit, the higher wage, for example), and some are polar opposite (the entrepreneur is not interested in high wages, but the hired worker is). In such cases the parties are forced to search for compromise options, which, in general, forms the basis of the relationship between these two subjects of the entrepreneurial process.

Partnerships (real and potential) play a very important role in entrepreneurship. Each entrepreneur, when planning his activities, when developing a business plan, must take into account the possibility of establishing the necessary partnerships. For example, if you are planning to produce, say, kitchen furniture, then you will naturally try to determine where, from whom and under what conditions, presumably (and whether there is such a possibility), you will be able to purchase everything necessary for organizing production (wood, other components, fittings, equipment, machines, etc.). Without such an approach, business planning is impossible.

Thus, when planning his activities, an entrepreneur considers a partner (partners) as a subject of the entrepreneurial process, on the form of relationships with which the level of efficiency of his activity depends.

The objects of commercial activity are fixed assets and working capital, as well as other tangible and intangible assets and financial resources, the value of which is reflected in the independent balance sheet of the company. Shareholders exercise the right to own, use and dispose of the property of the company.

The company has the right to dispose of its property at its own discretion, including selling, transferring to other enterprises for a fee and free of charge, writing off the balance.

Possession and use of property that does not belong to the company on the basis of ownership is carried out on the basis of its lease with or without subsequent redemption, and other legal grounds. The Company owns and uses land and other natural resources in accordance with the procedure established by law.

The company is liable for its obligations with all its property, which, under the current legislation, may be levied.

The authorized capital of the company is formed at the expense of cash, property contributions, income from the sale of intellectual property of shareholders. The authorized capital can be replenished with the personal property of shareholders transferred to the company for subsequent sale and crediting of the proceeds to the account of the shareholder's contribution to the authorized capital.

5. Organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

According to the Civil Code in the Russian Federation, the following organizational and legal forms of enterprises exist: business partnerships, companies and production cooperatives.

Business partnerships and companies are recognized as commercial organizations with the authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (participants). Property created at the expense of contributions of founders (participants), as well as produced and acquired by a business partnership or company in the course of its activity, belongs to it by the right of ownership.

Business partnerships can be created in the form of a general partnership and a limited partnership (limited partnership). Participants in general partnerships and general partners in limited partnerships may be individual entrepreneurs and/or commercial organizations.

A general business partnership is a closed-type association based on shared ownership with a limited number of participants who are fully liable for the obligations of the partnership with all their property. It may be established by at least two persons. Therefore, in the case when the only participant remains in the existing partnership, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

A limited partnership is a closed-type association that includes, along with the participants who bear full property liability for the obligations of the partnership, contributors whose liability is limited to the size of the contribution made.

A limited partnership is created on the same grounds as a general partnership, with the only difference that it must include at least one contributors (limited partners). In the event of the retirement of all depositors, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

Business companies may be created in the form of a joint-stock company, a limited liability company or an additional liability company. Members of economic companies and investors in limited partnerships may be citizens and legal entities. State bodies and bodies of local self-government are not entitled to act as participants in economic companies and investors in limited partnerships, unless otherwise provided by law.

A limited liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of the capital of a limited number of participants who are not liable for the obligations of the company.

A limited liability company may be founded by one or more participants, the number of which must not exceed the legally established limit of their number. In their activities, companies of this type are guided by the signed by the founders Memorandum of Association and the Charter approved by them, reflecting the main provisions of the organization and management of the company. The formation of the company's assets is carried out at the expense of the contributions of the founders. And although the capital of a limited liability company is divided into shares, the company is not entitled to issue shares and similar securities. Minimum size The statutory fund for companies of this type is regulated by law and must be at least 100 minimum monthly wages, and in the event of a decrease in the volume of the company's net assets below the established value, the company is liquidated.

An additional liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of the capitals of a limited number of participants who assume additional property liability determined by them for the obligations of the company.

Joint stock company (JSC) - formation based on the pooling of capital by issuing shares, the participants of which do not bear property liability for its obligations, except in the amount of the value of the shares acquired by them valuable papers society.

A distinctive feature of a joint-stock company is the division of its capital into a certain number of shares distributed among the participants, which, however, does not exclude the creation of a joint-stock company by one person, acting in this case as the holder of the entire block of shares. Given the specifics of the functioning of a JSC, the formation of its capital is regulated by law. The authorized capital of a joint-stock company consists of the nominal value of shares placed among the founders. At the same time, its minimum value is set at 1,000 minimum monthly wages, and open subscription for shares is allowed only after full payment by the founders of the statutory fund. An increase in the statutory fund to cover losses is not allowed, and its reduction is possible only after notification of all creditors. A joint-stock company is also not entitled to pay dividends, both before the full payment of the authorized capital, and in the case when the net assets of the company are less than the authorized capital or may become less after the payment of dividends. However, JSCs can use such an instrument for increasing assets as bonds only after the third year of their existence and for an amount not exceeding the size of the authorized fund. At the same time, the law allows for the possibility of overcoming specified requirements subject to securing the issue of bonds by third parties.

The main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation have the following gradation. (fig.2)

Fig. 2 Main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

6. Entrepreneurship support funds

At present, the role of small enterprises is growing significantly. Their creation is of great importance, as it contributes to an increase in employment of the population: it ensures the development of production, goods and services. Entrepreneurship support funds are being formed at the federal and regional levels. Regional funds and small business support centers have been set up in 73 subjects of the Russian Federation. Special state bodies carry out financial and credit and other measures to support small businesses.

The development of small enterprises is stimulated by tax incentives for the production of goods and services, preferential loans, provision of equipment under leasing agreements and other measures.

In the Russian Federation, state support for small business is carried out in the following areas:

• formation of infrastructure for support and development of small business;
• creation of favorable conditions for the use by small businesses of state financial, material and technical and information resources, as well as scientific and technical developments and technologies;
• establishment of a simplified procedure for registration of small businesses, licensing of their activities, certification of their products, submission of state statistical and accounting reports;
• support for foreign economic activity of small businesses, including assistance; development of their trade, scientific and technical, production, military, information relations with foreign states;
• organization of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for small enterprises.

Financial support for state and municipal programs to support small business is carried out annually at the expense of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, as well as from other sources. The federal budget annually provides for the allocation of appropriations for its implementation.

The following funding measures are envisaged:

• provision of state guarantees to foreign credit organizations that provide loans to support small businesses;
• provision of state guarantees for loans issued by banks and other credit organizations of the Russian Federation to small businesses;
• allocation of state preferential investment loans;
• allocation of at least 40% of the funds from the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation to create new jobs in the field of small business.

A number of measures are envisaged for the development of small business.

• Concessional lending. Lending to small businesses is carried out on preferential terms with compensation of the corresponding difference to credit organizations from the funds for supporting small businesses.
• Insurance. Insurance of small businesses is carried out on preferential terms. Small business support funds, under an agreement with an insurance organization, have the right to compensate it in full or in part for lost income.
• Government order. When forming and placing orders, as well as concluding state contracts for the supply of products and goods (services) for state needs for priority types of products, state customers are required to place at least 15% of the total volume of supplies for state needs of this type of product with small businesses.

Works in the Kemerovo region State Fund for Support of Small Business of the Kemerovo Region, The main purpose of the Fund's activity is to accumulate resources for financial support of state support programs for small businesses, participation in the financing of regional programs, as well as projects and activities aimed at supporting and developing small businesses.

In addition, to solve the problems of small business development in Kemerovo, an infrastructure to support small business has been created, which includes: Municipal Non-Commercial Fund for Support of Small Business of Kemerovo (MNFSMP) , which unites Kemerovo Business Incubators, the City Business Center, the Training and Consulting Center and the City Innovation Center. The Small Business Support Fund actively cooperates with the Council for the Support and Development of Small Business under the Head of the City, the Kuzbass Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Kuzbass representative office of OPORA Rossii.

The main activity of the Business Center is the provision of financial support to small businesses through the issuance of loans. A prerequisite for obtaining financial support is the creation of new jobs.

The Training and Consulting Center of the Municipal Non-Commercial Fund for Support of Small Business in the city of Kemerovo, having gone from teaching the basics of entrepreneurial activity to developing special courses in popular areas of doing business since 1999, today highlighted the direction of coaching as professional support and solving problem situations at the workplace of a businessman by a specialist in a particular field on the stated problem.

In turn, Business Incubators were created to solve the following tasks: support for start-up entrepreneurs by providing production space; formation and development of healthy competition in the region; creation of new jobs.

The main task of the City innovation center is informational, financial support for the commercialization of an innovative project, which is at the initial stage of creating a prototype. It is planned to create a bank of innovative projects, search for project executors thanks to the Center for Technology Transfer of the State Research Center, business incubation, consulting support for the activities of innovative enterprises, and assistance in protecting intellectual property.

This will allow, through the development of producing small and medium-sized businesses, to provide additional features significantly improve the living conditions of people, raise their standard of living, health, educational and intellectual potential, solve acute social problems of the city's economy. Thus, a comprehensive business support system has been formed in the Kemerovo MNFPMP: from training and consulting to the implementation of a business idea.

Such municipal, non-profit business support funds exist not only in the regional center, but also in almost every city and district of the Kemerovo region (Belovo, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Osinniki, Kaltan, Berezovsky, etc.)

Conclusion

Entrepreneurship is an indispensable force for economic dynamism, competitiveness and social prosperity. After all, an entrepreneur is always an innovator, introducing new technologies on a commercial basis, new forms of business organization; the initiator of the combination of factors of production in a single process of production of goods and services for the purpose of making a profit; the organizer of production, who sets the tone for the company's activities, determines the strategy and tactics of the company's behavior and assumes the burden of responsibility for the success of their behavior; a person who is not afraid of risk and consciously takes it in order to achieve his goal.

Market relations pose many complex tasks for our society, among which entrepreneurship occupies an important place.

The nature of Russia's entrepreneurial potential is determined by the state of the Russian economy. On the one hand, Russia has demonstrated the ability to quickly form an entrepreneurial infrastructure and the very class of entrepreneurs, especially since these concepts themselves have been perceived extremely negatively in the country for many previous decades.

For the development of entrepreneurship in Russia, a special program is needed, which should include:

1. creation of stable economic legislation;
2. formation of state-public investment, insurance and information funds to assist entrepreneurs;
3. building a regional market infrastructure (training, consulting, certification centers);
4. the introduction of appropriate tax, currency, price and antimonopoly regulation, which would make it unprofitable to deceive partners.

Bibliography

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Topics related to social entrepreneurship are becoming more and more popular every day. However, it is very difficult to give an unambiguous definition of this concept. What is corresponding to this direction, which categories are relevant in the first place? Why? These and other issues of no less concern to society are discussed in this article.

The concept of social entrepreneurship

What's happened social entrepreneurship? Activities, which characterize it, are determined in a very interesting way. So, social entrepreneurship should be understood as entrepreneurial activity, primarily aimed at mitigating or resolving social problems.

It is important to note that social entrepreneurs form a business model with unique characteristics. Its profit consists in increasing the social good. It needs to be added that social entrepreneurship, activities, corresponding to it, differ from business with a corporate social responsibility type (CSR). The fact is that in the second case, only part of the profit, and not its entire amount, is directed to solving problems of a social nature.

Related Definitions

Development of social entrepreneurship closely related to the following definitions:

• Social impact is nothing more than targeting a mitigation or solution actual problems social plan; sustainable social outcomes of a positive nature that can be measured.
• Innovation is the use of new techniques that increase the degree of social impact on society.
• Financial stability and self-sufficiency is nothing more than the ability of a socially oriented structure to solve social problems for as long as there is a need for this, and at the expense of the income that comes from its own economic activity.
• Replicability and scalability - some increase in the scale of economic activity of the social structure (both nationally and internationally) and dissemination of the model (experience) in order to increase the degree of social impact.
• Entrepreneurial approach - the ability of an entrepreneur entering into market failures, accumulating resources, finding opportunities, forming new solutions that can positively influence both individual social groups and society as a whole on a long-term basis.

Social Entrepreneurship: Governance and Models

Through the analysis of currently relevant activities, the following models of social entrepreneurship can be distinguished:

• Charity sales. Usually this includes shops of services or commercial products. As a rule, their proceeds are transferred directly to a charitable foundation. Vivid examples of such structures are the following stores: "BlagoBoutique", "Thank you", the art gallery "White Horse" and so on.
• Solving the issue of employment of mothers with children under three years of age, disabled people, as well as individuals who are in a difficult life situation. For example, in the store "Naive? Very!" the formation of souvenirs is carried out by people with mental disorders, and the restaurant "In the dark" employs only blind people.

Additional destinations

As it turned out, characterizing social entrepreneurship activities do not have clear boundaries. Therefore, in the literature, as a rule, only approximate models (directions) of the corresponding activity are given. The options presented in the previous chapter are by far the most common. However, the following points are inferior to them to a minimum extent:

• Social entrepreneurship organizations to create services that are not fully provided by the state. A prime example of this situation is kindergarten"Vasilek", located in Moscow.
• Provision of services of a unique focus, for example, the taxi service "Invataxi" implements a transport service exclusively for the disabled.
• Socially oriented entrepreneurship aimed at the development of the territory and local society. For example, the Kolomenskaya Pastila Museum, which displays exhibits of a lost taste, and the formation of an urban brand around pastila, as well as the LavkaLavka environmentally friendly product delivery project, implemented to support rural producers living in the Moscow region.

Small business entities

socially oriented the projects presented in the previous chapters are organized through the efforts of social entrepreneurs. So, the following structures and citizens can act as the latter:

• Commercial organizations.
• Organizations of a non-profit type.
• Individual entrepreneurs.

Signs of social entrepreneurship

Subjects of social entrepreneurship are engaged in organizing and promoting activities that correspond to the following features:

• Social impact. In other words, the activities of the structure, one way or another, are aimed at mitigating the actual problems of a social nature.
• Social entrepreneurship (examples presented above) is determined by such a feature as innovativeness. Thus, in the course of its own activities, the company must use new unique methods of work.
• sign financial stability. In other words, the enterprise is obliged to solve social problems at the expense of the income that it receives from its own economic activity.
• And finally, it is scalable. That is, the structure, one way or another, has the ability to transfer previously acquired skills to other enterprises, markets, and even other countries.

What follows from this?

Having fully analyzed the features presented in the previous chapter, it can be judged that, due to such an interesting entrepreneurial approach, the category considered in the article differs significantly from the usual traditional charity. Why? The fact is that in addition to the social effect, the activities of social companies are aimed at making a profit, which is very important for business structures today.

Development in different countries

To date, social entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation has not become as widespread as in other countries. The strategic director of the Russian Social Innovation Laboratory Clouswatcher expressed his point of view on this matter. He explained that social entrepreneurship is a newly formed economic sector, so many points in this case are debatable.

Thus, social entrepreneurship is usually classified as either a non-profit or a commercial field of activity. The specialists of the Laboratory of Social Innovations believe that the direction considered in the article exists and develops in accordance with its own laws. This means that a social entrepreneur can be considered absolutely any entrepreneur who has official obligations to regularly carry out a certain set of actions of a social nature to solve socially significant problems.

History pages

In the 1980s, the concept discussed in the article became popular in society thanks to the activities of Bill Drayton, who founded the Ashoka company. However, the direction appeared in reality long before this moment. Thus, in the Russian Federation, social entrepreneurship appeared at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

A striking example of such entrepreneurship is the House of Diligence, which was founded by Father John of Kronstadt. Subsequently, such structures began to rapidly gain popularity in society. In accordance with their meaning, they realized the function of labor exchanges, where every needy person had the opportunity to find a job.

However, social entrepreneurship only gained real popularity at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It is no coincidence that the world Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time in 2006 for the direction under consideration. It is important to add what the founder of the Grameen Bank organization, which has a microfinance character, Muhammad Yunus, received.

Expert point of view

According to experts, the category of social entrepreneurship significantly increases economic efficiency indicators. Why? The fact is that it puts into circulation those resources that were not previously used in such quantities. Moreover, the above provision applies not only to unused material (for example, industrial waste), but also to those that exclude the use of human resources. So, the latter include socially prohibited groups, which include the poor, ethnic diasporas, and so on.

Thus, Coimbatore Prahalad formulated a very interesting approach to social entrepreneurship in his own works. In accordance with this provision, one can notice the following: if you do not consider the poor as a burden or a victim, but see them as consumers and entrepreneurs, then mechanically a large number of opportunities open up not only for the poor, but also for business.

Conclusion

In accordance with the foregoing, it can be concluded that by working for the disadvantaged or poor, a business has the opportunity not only to be profitable, but also to significantly expand the market, as well as attract a large number of new consumers. In order for this state of affairs to become possible, large-scale companies need to work closely with state organizations of local authorities and civil society.

It is important to note that foreign experience related to the support of social entrepreneurship is very broad in scope. Separately, it is worth noting the activities of organizations in South Korea. Why? The fact is that it is there that the promotion of socially oriented business today is a priority task of national importance. Thus, all social entrepreneurs in South Korea are required to undergo certification. This gives them a significant advantage in terms of competition with conventional business entrepreneurs.

In our country, this type of activity has not yet become widespread, but society is developing, so this business will soon become very popular.

Moscow State University named after M.V. LOMONOSOVA Faculty of Journalism Theory of Mass Communications Abstract on the topic: "Social entrepreneurship in Russia and in the world. Practice and role in modern society." Completed by: student of preschool group 514 Alina Pachina Lecturer: associate professor, candidate of philological sciences, I. I. Zasursky MOSCOW 2014 1.1. The concept of "Social entrepreneurship" Social entrepreneurship is an activity that is aimed at solving or mitigating the social problems of society. It includes features of traditional entrepreneurship and charity. Charity refers to the social orientation of activities, and business to an entrepreneurial approach. Social entrepreneurship balances between social goals and a commercial component, where money is not a goal, but a means to achieve these social goals, allowing the entrepreneur to remain sustainable and not dependent on constant donor infusions. The social problem that the social entrepreneur solves with his work is the starting point of his business. For social entrepreneurship, it is important to have a problem, because without it there will be just a business with elements of corporate social responsibility or a social project without an entrepreneurial approach. Social entrepreneurship has existed abroad for about 30 years, and in Russia for less than a decade. Despite such a young age, social entrepreneurship already today occupies a place on a par with non-profit initiatives, charity, venture philanthropy and corporate social responsibility. And, of course, it already has its own history and its own heroes, some of which have managed to achieve well-deserved global recognition. According to experts, the idea of ​​social entrepreneurship gained popularity as it “touched the nerve” and “very much suited” the modern era. But it should be noted that the process of combining the economic efficiency of business organizations with social needs has certain historical prerequisites. 1.2. The first social projects. Let's start considering social projects with the organization of the House of Diligence of St. John of Kronstadt in 1882. It was the first center in Russia that was simultaneously engaged in employment, educational work and charity. Canteens, shelters and workshops were united under one roof. People were given the opportunity to find shelter and eat at the expense of their labor. The House of Diligence began with a hemp picking and capping workshop for men. It was work that did not require preparation, but could immediately provide earnings - small, but sufficient so as not to starve to death. The next important step in the development of social entrepreneurship is the creation of the non-profit organization "Ashoka: Innovators for Society" by William Drayton in 1980. Currently, this organization continues to function in more than 70 countries around the world, supporting over 3,000 fellows in the field of SP. At the time of its foundation, the starting capital of Ashoka was 50,000 US dollars, by 2006 this amount reached 30 million dollars; the organization currently has 25 regional centers located around the world. The meaning of the work of the Ashoka Foundation is to support social entrepreneurs by providing them with financial and consulting assistance, creating thematic communities and contributing to the creation of the infrastructure necessary for the development of the social sector and the dissemination of innovations. According to Bill Drayton, the main quality of a social entrepreneur is the desire to change the system as a whole: “That's what makes these people happy and keeps them engaged in the problem for as long as necessary. They are ready to measure their vision with reality, listen to the environment and constantly change the idea until it works, because if you are focused on structural changes, the idea goes through many stages ... This is a constant creative process, and it is the combination of two traits - creativity and entrepreneurial qualities – is the rarest” In 1983, Muhammad Yunus came up with an innovative idea, he proposed the Grameen Bank project, the essence of which was microcredit. The first loans Muhammad Yunus issued from his own money, then the money was issued by the Bank of Bangladesh under the guarantee of Yunus through a research project of the university where he worked. The project was created specifically to study the method developed by Yunus for lending to the poor rural population. On October 2, 1983, the bank became an independent organization in accordance with the decision of the country's authorities. A feature of the bank's activity is also the need for clients to make 16 decisions that are not any obligations to the bank, but include promises to improve the quality of the borrowers' own life, such as, for example, the obligation to drink only bottled or boiled water, the obligation to provide their own children with an education, and so on. Relations between the bank and clients are based on trust, microcredits are issued without any collateral. At the same time, the share of repaid loans is about 98%. At the same time, the share of loans repaid out of date sometimes reaches up to 20%. The absolute majority (97%) of the bank's clients are women. As one of the positive consequences of the bank's activities, a significant (twofold) reduction in domestic violence against women who received a loan was noted. Currently, the largest foundation is the Skoll Foundation founded in 1999 by Jeff Skoll. Jeff Skoll, founder and first president of eBay and Participant Productions, created his own, the purpose of which is to help people, regardless of their place of residence and economic status, realize their talents and abilities. Jeff donated $250 million of eBay stock to the foundation and makes over $30 million in grants annually. “At the foundation, we call them outstanding people committed to the cause of the public good,” says the founder. In 2012, the Reach for Change international charitable foundation operates in many countries around the world and supports projects aimed at improving the lives of children. This non-profit organization was founded by a group of media companies Kinnevik (Sweden) with the aim of improving the quality of life of children and adolescents and respecting their rights. The Foundation holds an annual competition for social entrepreneurs, issuing grants in the amount of 1 million rubles. for a year and providing other support necessary at the stage of project formation. Thus, the winners are accepted into the virtual business incubator and end up in the hands of experienced mentors from the companies of the Kinnevik group. A year later, fund experts evaluate social impact and financial indicators of the project and decide to extend the support period for another two years. And yet, no matter how diverse the programs being implemented, no matter how active the innovators are, one thing is clear: in Russia, “social” demand will exceed supply for many years to come. This means that more than one new chapter with the same open ending will be written in the history of social entrepreneurship. 1.3. Social projects in Russia. In 2007, Vagit Alekperov created the Fund for Regional Social Programs "Our Future" - the first Russian organization whose activities are aimed at developing and promoting social entrepreneurship in the country. "Our Future" is the founder of the All-Russian competition of projects in the field of social entrepreneurship, focused on people who are ready to develop and promote social business. Over the 5 years of its activity, the Fund has provided support to 59 social enterprises, and the total amount of assistance issued to them amounted to more than 130.5 million rubles. The winners of the competition receive financial and advisory support from the Foundation; The Fund also issues long-term interest-free loans, offers legal and accounting services at minimal rates, provides an opportunity to rent micro-offices, etc. Simultaneously with the All-Russian competition "Our Future", it holds the "Impulse of Good" Prize, which aims not only to provide financial, but also moral support to pioneers in the field of joint venture. Only in 2012, as part of the competitive selection for this award, the organizers received 194 applications from 54 regions of Russia. After such a rapid development of the fund "Our Future" in 2011, a new project was launched - "Achievements of the Young". This interregional public organization conducts the "Relay race of social innovations", target audience which are pupils and students. The organization also trains young people in the basics of economics and entrepreneurship. The organization appeared in Russia in 1991. The Social Entrepreneurship project was timed to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the Young Achievement program in Russia and started in 2011. Academician Yevgeny Pavlovich Velikhov is the founder and leader of the Russian program "Achievements of the Young". Also in 2011, the Center for Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation was established. CSP specializes in research, training and consulting in the field of social entrepreneurship, social innovation, social responsibility of business, commercialization, it plays an important role in promoting the ideas of social entrepreneurship and social innovation as part of the National Research University " graduate School economy". The emergence of this center was the result of many years of activity of its director Alexandra Moskovskaya, who since 2007 has been conducting research work in the field of social entrepreneurship. Despite its youth, the HSE Center is today a leader in the study of the theory and practice of social entrepreneurship in Russia: even before receiving its official status, the Center at HSE served as an informal platform for thematic discussions, applied and theoretical research in this area. In 2014, the Our Future Foundation created the Social Entrepreneurship Laboratory, focused on practical training for beginners and existing social entrepreneurs. The laboratory conducts both face-to-face and remote (webinars) programs lasting from one or two hours to several months (School of Social Entrepreneurship). The laboratory has created specialized courses for students, young professionals, entrepreneurs, employees of government agencies, industrial corporations, social innovation centers. The topics of the programs touch upon various aspects of the creation and development of social businesses, considering the success stories of active social entrepreneurs, practical aspects of the work of social enterprises, issues of project financing and interaction with authorities. The laboratory provides comprehensive support for social entrepreneurship in Russia, develops new areas for the industry, such as social franchises and certification of social entrepreneurs. In 2004, the Radio of Russia radio station created the Children's Question social project, which helps orphans find a loving family. Over the 10 years of the project's existence, more than two thousand families have found "their" child. Every year the number of adopted children is growing. Within the framework of the "Children's Question" there is a special "hot line" for adoption, correspondence is maintained with future parents and volunteers, radio programs are broadcast, a database of questionnaires for orphans is collected, and a school for foster parents is operating. The "Train of Hope" runs across the country with moms and dads who specially went for their kids to other regions. Today happy stories families that have resolved their "children's issue" form the basis of more and more new programs. 1.4. Medical innovators. Jim Fruhterman. Jim Fruchterman founded Benetech, a company that made technology accessible to the underprivileged. Unlike many entrepreneurs who work with people with disabilities, Fryuchterman became interested in working in this area not because of his own experience, but because of his interest in helping people. The idea for Benetech came about when Jim was in his senior year at Caltech. Once one of his professors explained how the image recognition mechanism for laser-guided bombs was used in combat operations. Fryuchterman began to think about how to use this principle for the benefit of society and created a device that allows the blind and visually impaired to read by touch. In the 1980s, Fryuchterman co-founded a venture capital company to create a recognition optical technology. Then he founded Arkenstone - non-profit organization, engaged in technologies for the visually impaired. Beneteh grew out of Arkenstone, which was eventually sold to a commercial company. Proceeds from the sale are used to continue developing and innovating Benetech. David Green. Physician David Green in 1992, Green founded the non-profit organization Aurolab (India) - one of the largest companies in the world producing lenses (IOLs). Surgically, IOLs are implanted into the eye to restore the clarity of the lens in cataracts. Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. Aurolab sells lenses for US$2-4, while equivalents in the industrialized world cost US$150. Green also ran a facility at Aurolab that made surgical suture. The company has significantly reduced the price of ophthalmic suture from $200 to $30 per pack. Currently, David Green is working to solve the problems of the hearing impaired. A social enterprise, Conversion Sound, was created to produce high quality hearing aids. The World Health Organization has estimated that 278 million people have acute hearing loss, and the need for hearing aids worldwide is 32 million annually. At the same time, only 7 million hearing aids were sold worldwide in 2006, and less than 12% of them went to developing countries, where 70% of the world's population lives. Conversion Sound plans to expand its distribution channels to bring hearing aids to the underprivileged. Ann Cotton. According to statistics in South African countries primary school Only 70% of boys graduate, and even fewer girls. In many poor families, only sons are educated, because it is customary to consider them the best "investment"; daughters are sent to work or get married early. This trend is devastating: girls under the age of 20 are five times more likely to be infected with HIV than boys. Studies show that educated girls are 3 times less likely to become infected with HIV than uneducated girls. Anne Cotton was the first person to worry about the fate of girls living in rural Africa. In 1991, during a research trip, she ended up in a remote Zimbabwean village. Ann was shocked by the stories of locals about girls who were not educated, they were at the lowest level of development. Parents who wanted to send their daughters to school could not do so because of poverty. After this incident, Ann created the organization Camfed, which supports girls from low-income families, allocating funds for their education. Ann Cotton's work has received recognition and international awards, including an honorary doctorate from the University of Cambridge. The Camfed model has four key components, each of which aims to make a difference in the lives of girls and girls in Africa's poorest regions. First, Camfed identifies vulnerable girls who are at risk of dropping out of even primary school due to poverty or the illness of a member of their family, and provides full support for the education of these children, including payment for school supplies. Second, Camfed continues to support girls in high school with four years of child support. Thirdly, Camfed provides graduates with a chance to become economically independent. The Camfed Association (CAMA), the organization's pan-African alumni network, constantly organizes trainings. Camfed also promotes local business development through a microfinance program. Fourth, Camfed defends women's rights. The organization's activities are aimed at ensuring that the voices of women from rural areas influence politics, contribute to the adoption of laws in the field of girls' education and gender equality. Victoria Hale. In 2000, Victoria Hale founded the One World Health Institute, which has changed the way we look at medicine in general. The first non-profit pharmaceutical company that develops drugs for diseases that are neglected in society. The Institute has shattered the notion of a seemingly uncompetitive industry providing drugs to those in need in developing countries by reshaping the entire revenue chain from drug development to drug delivery. Many infectious diseases unknown in developed countries. These include: leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, African sleeping sickness, lymph node filariasis, and Chagas disease. Others, such as diarrhea, are ubiquitous, but their impact is most severe and acute in developing countries, with two million children under the age of five dying from diarrhea each year. More than a million people a year die from malaria, most of them children. Over the past 25 years, 1,500 new drugs have been patented, but less than 12 of them are for the treatment of advanced diseases. Victoria Hale's experience and knowledge has been applied at all stages of the production of biopharmaceuticals in the United States. The experience of her corporation was used by Genentech, the world's first company specializing in genetic engineering. Hale received her PhD from the University of California in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. She is currently a member of the Association of Professors in Biopharmaceuticals, serves as a consultant to the World Health Organization in reviewing rules of ethical conduct for developing countries, and serves as an expert at the US National Institutes of Health. The mission of the One World Health Institute is to develop safe, effective and affordable medicine. The Institute designs, implements and manages the development of projects related to medicines intended for the treatment of advanced diseases. Conclusion. Social entrepreneurship is an activity that is aimed at solving a social problem and which really allows this problem to be solved. Moreover, the scale of the solution can be any, from local to global. It can be this or that territory, it can be a village, a single-industry town, a district of Moscow, an entire metropolis, after all, there is a certain social problem, then the solution to this problem in this territory is social entrepreneurship. The importance of social action is underestimated in our time, whether it is a project that helps students get an education through investment, or a project that helps produce free drugs and provide medical conditions to the poor. The future belongs to people who help change the living conditions of others, because thanks to their efforts the world around each of us becomes better.

The main factor in the efficiency of the modern economy is the achievement of welfare by the society with the priority of the development of the social sphere. Problems in the social sphere accompanied society for many years, starting from primitive times. We consider it appropriate to single out the following stages in the formation of the activities of social entrepreneurs, which for centuries has been aimed at ensuring social stability, general welfare and socio-economic security of all groups of the population.

The origins of social entrepreneurship as the first stage of development include the period of antiquity (IV-III centuries BC). It was the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle who were among the first to consider social issues and a just social order. In the most famous work "The State" (360 BC), Plato (427-347 BC, Athens) considered the socio-economic concept of development, which was expressed in the creation of an ideal state as a welfare state, where everyone does his own thing and benefits not only himself, but also society. Justice, according to Plato, was the fundamental principle of the ideal state.

In the writings of Plato's student Aristotle (384 BC, Halkidiki - 322 BC, Chalkis), along with consideration of issues of optimal social structure, we see a slightly different approach to social justice and building social well-being. Aristotle formulated socio-philosophical views based on the study of the political structures of states. He established that a correctly chosen goal and strategy of national development are directly related to the successful development of the state: “Now we have to talk about the state system itself: what and what quality of components should the state consist of, which wants to become a happy state and have an excellent structure. The good under all circumstances depends on the observance of two conditions: one of them is the correct establishment of the task and ultimate goal of any kind of activity, the second is the search for all kinds of means leading to the final goal.

The main goal of the state, according to Aristotle, is the welfare of citizens. Everything in the state is subordinated to this goal. In the fundamental work “Politics” (335–322 BC), Aristotle wrote: “You should not, moreover, think that every citizen is on his own; no, all citizens belong to the state, because each of them is a part of the state. And care for each particle, of course, should mean care for the whole. Thus, the well-being of society is a consequence of the virtuous life of all citizens.

Aristotle called man a political animal, while giving Special attention its social essence. It is known that the solution social issues, as well as the state system, the ancient Greek scientist associated with the nature of the social structure of society. The state, according to Aristotle, should first of all take care of people: “Only those state structures that have in mind the common good are, according to strict justice, correct; but those who have in mind only the good of the rulers are all erroneous and represent deviations from the correct: they are based on the principles of domination, and the state is the association of free people.

So, since ancient times, scientists have thought about the welfare of citizens, the relationship between man and society, turned to the problem of the optimal state structure and insisted on the need to take into account when building domestic policy by the state those problems that are directly related to the social sphere.

The second stage of the formation of social entrepreneurship includes the time period of the XVII-XVIII centuries. At this time, the ideas of social reform and understanding of the possibilities of social improvement of society were formulated and substantiated. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) - the creator of the theory of the social contract - in his work "Leviathan, or Matter, Form and Power of the Church and Civil State" (1651) reflected on the just structure of the state, paying attention to the issue of state support for the poor. society and charity.

Noting that this type of assistance is a necessary condition for a just state arrangement, Hobbes wrote: “If many people, due to inevitable accidents, have become unable to support themselves by their work, then they should not be provided with private charity, and the most necessary for existence should be provided to them by the laws of the state. . For just as it would be cruelty on the part of anyone to withhold support from a helpless person, so it would be cruelty on the part of a sovereign state to expose such helpless people to the accidents of indefinite charity.

It should be noted I.T. Pososhkov (1652–1726), the first Russian theoretical economist, who in the socio-economic treatise The Book of Poverty and Wealth (1724, published in 1842) wrote about the immaterial wealth of the country, a set of civil foundations, i.e. • institutions that contribute to the healthy functioning of the economy and society. Pososhkov was the first to raise the question of material wealth not as the money supply located in the country, but as material goods in the hands of the state and the people. “In which kingdom people are rich, that kingdom is also rich,” is his main idea.

A follower of I.T. Pososhkov and the first social entrepreneur can be considered the English sociologist Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). It was he who, in 1794, drew up a plan to widely attract poor citizens to the factory to service wood and metalworking machines, invented by his brother Samuel. Soon, the Bentham brothers' private business enterprise became a universal plan for solving the social problem as a whole. His workhouses, intended for the use of the labor of the poor, were to be directed by a central council, established in the capital, and organized on the model of the board of the Bank of England: shares worth 5 or 10 pounds gave each member one vote.

In the published version of the plan, one can see: “1. The care of the poor throughout the South of England is entrusted to a single body; the corresponding costs should be covered from one fund. 2. The specified body, which is a joint-stock company, will be called " National company charity" or something like that." It was supposed to create at least 250 workhouses, covering approximately half a million people. The draft analyzed in detail the situation of various categories of the unemployed. Note that Bentham was more than a century ahead of other researchers. "People without a job", dismissed quite recently, Bentham distinguished from those who could not find work due to "temporary stagnation", seasonal workers with their "periodic stagnation" - from "displaced hands", which became superfluous due to the introduction machines. The last group consisted of those discharged from the army.

The most important, however, was the “temporary stagnation” group, which included not only those artisans and craftsmen whose professions depended on fashion, but also a larger group of people who lost their jobs due to the general crisis in production. Thus, Bentham's innovative idea assumed a grandiose in scale set of measures aimed at solving such social problems as unemployment, social protection and support for the poor.

The third stage (XVIII-XIX centuries) is marked by the formation of the term "entrepreneurship" as a socio-economic phenomenon and the development of the principles of modern social entrepreneurship. For society as a whole, the development of entrepreneurship created conditions for a more efficient growth of production, saturation of the market with goods and services, an increase in the incomes of the population and the state, employment and social stability.

The word "entrepreneur" originated in France. Literal translation from French: this is the name of a person who decides on a significant project or activity; this is how they characterize courageous and reckless people who stimulated economic progress by finding new and better effective ways work.

Richard Cantillon (1680–1734), a merchant and financier originally from Ireland, who lived in France for many years, was the first to outline the concept of entrepreneurship. In his work “An Essay on the Nature of Trade in General” (1755), he singled out the dominant role of entrepreneurs, who, in his opinion, operate at risk due to the fact that farmers, merchants, artisans and other small proprietors acquire goods at a certain price. , and sell at an unknown price. At the same time, Cantillon characterized entrepreneurship as a type of profitable activity that stimulates economic progress through the search for new and most effective ways to implement a business initiative. He noted that an entrepreneur must have a certain intelligence, that is, various information and knowledge.

The ideas of Say and Schumpeter, the classics of the theory of entrepreneurship, undoubtedly served as the basis for the formation of a modern approach to social entrepreneurship. The French economist Jean-Baptiste Sayy (1767–1832) defined the entrepreneur as an economic agent who combines the factors of production and shifts economic resources from low productivity and profitability to areas where they can produce highest score. An entrepreneur, according to Say, is a person who is willing to take risks in order to achieve a goal. Its most important distinguishing features are: a) combination of factors of production (capital and labor); b) collection of information and accumulation of necessary experience; c) decision making and organization of the production process. Therefore, entrepreneurship is economic activity, carried out through a constant combination of factors, aimed at the efficient use of resources and obtaining the highest results. Say emphasized the creative, experimental, as well as innovative nature of the entrepreneur's activity, which, of course, is the basis for building the principles of modern social entrepreneurship.

The 20th century played an important role in the further development of social entrepreneurship, which was marked by an unprecedented development information technologies. The result was the emergence of a new technological order and widespread social innovation. Development innovation processes in turn had a significant impact on the associated social infrastructure

The fourth stage (the first half of the 20th century) is characterized by an already formed industrial base and the massive development of entrepreneurship. The Austrian economist and sociologist Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) supported the idea of ​​social innovation, focusing on the function of the entrepreneur as an innovator. He considered the entrepreneur as the main driving force and the “main phenomenon” of the economic development of society, while emphasizing the need to introduce innovative technologies and new combinations of the use of economic resources: “To produce means to combine the things and forces available in our sphere. To produce something different or different means to create other combinations of these things and forces.

If no new innovative combinations are carried out in the production process, then there is no proper reason to talk about entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship involves a departure from the usual "moving with the flow", requires a creative approach. Therefore, this kind of activity is weakly connected with the personal benefit of the entrepreneur and serves as a means of assessing the social result.

But unlike business, entrepreneurship was less closely associated with making a profit. This fully applies to the concept of social entrepreneurship, the fifth stage (the second half of the 20th century) and the formation of which is associated with the spread of the idea of ​​the participation of citizens in the management of production. This was expressed in the use of methods social partnership and the establishment of social peace, the method of legal concessions in the field of legislative and collective-contractual regulation of labor and trade union activities.

A prerequisite for the formation of social entrepreneurship was the development of the theory of the welfare state, developed by Ludwig Erhard (Germany) and Gunnar Myrdal (Sweden), in which a significant role was given to social partnership. The system of social partnership has served as a tool for combining economic efficiency and achieving social justice. This system was one of the forms of interaction between state institutions and civil society, including trade unions and associations of employers and entrepreneurs.

Particular attention was paid to the analysis of social relations, their role in the development of economic processes. Supported and developed the concepts of social entrepreneurship J.-B. Say and J. Schumpeter, Austrian-born American scientist Peter Drucker (1909–2005), focusing on new opportunities and the development of the idea of ​​social innovation. According to Drucker, “the entrepreneur is always looking for change, responding to it, and seizing it as an opportunity.” However, he did not consider any business development as entrepreneurship. Business expansion can be a routine process that does not involve transformation and innovation. The organization must adhere to three principles in its work: continuous product improvement, use of knowledge for its own development and system innovative activity. P. Drucker was the first to not only interpret innovation as purely technical, but also spoke about intra-company and social entrepreneurship. He believed, for example, that Japan's economic success was based precisely on social innovation, on the development of institutions such as higher and secondary education, labor agreements. Most successful innovations are based not on unique inventions and unknown facts, but on changes that have already taken place and may even be widely known, such as a change in the age structure of the population.

The sixth modern stage (late XX - beginning of XXI c.) is characterized by a significant complication of the social structure of society in developed countries, as well as a more distinct manifestation of the conditions for the formation of social entrepreneurship as a direction of domestic political activity of the state. The active development of non-profit, non-governmental and voluntary organizations of a philanthropic orientation begins simultaneously with the emergence of social enterprises. The outlines of modern models of social entrepreneurship (Anglo-American, European, Asian) are emerging, each of which is characterized by its own features.

The undisputed leaders in the development of social entrepreneurship are the United Kingdom and the United States. This is due to the need to solve pressing social problems and, first of all, is due to the fact that the state social security system lagged noticeably behind the rapid development of market relations, which was accompanied by acute manifestations of the shortcomings of the market economy, causing severe social consequences for certain groups of the population, to which the market does not care.

It is impossible not to note the evolution of the definition of social entrepreneurship. All previous history laid the foundations for a general understanding of the need for the state to pursue a policy to ensure the social stability of society as a set of measures aimed at solving problems in the social sphere, which are a kind of indicator of the level of socio-economic development. The unresolved social problems, the reduction of social protection of citizens, excessive differentiation in the incomes of certain social groups inevitably lead to the deepest stratification of society, a decrease in the level of well-being, threaten the loss of control over social processes, and also lead to destabilization of the economic and political situation in the country and a slowdown in economic growth. Meanwhile, the modern economy cannot be effective if it does not fulfill its main purpose - meeting the needs of citizens, ensuring the growth of living standards and national welfare.

Notes

1 Plato. State. M.: Nauka, 2005. S. 576.

2 Aristotle. Politics // Aristotle. Sobr. cit.: In 4 vols. M.: Thought, 1983. V. 4. S. 240.

3 Ibid. S. 254.

4 Ibid. S. 282.

5 Polanyi K. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. SPb., 2002. S. 102.

6 Schumpeter J.A. Theory of economic development. Capitalism, socialism and democracy. M.: Eksmo, 2007. S. 132.