Angola. Angola is a state in southwestern Africa, bordered by Namibia in the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the northeast and north, Zambia in the east, and the Republic of the Congo (Cabinda enclave), washed from the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The former Portuguese colony has significant natural resources, of which oil and diamonds are the main ones, as well as iron ore, phosphates, copper, gold, bauxite, uranium.
The history of the discovery of the coast of Angola by the Portuguese expedition of the navigator Diogo Cana, the Portuguese lay the fort of San Paolo di Luanda, which later becomes the capital of Angola. Until the middle of the 19th century, the main occupation of the Portuguese in Angola was the slave trade; according to rough estimates, over 300 years, about 5 million people were taken out of the country (mainly to Brazil). Angola as a whole was more connected to Brazil than to the mother country. After the proclamation of the Brazilian Empire, the Angolan colonists repeatedly expressed their desire to join it. Portugal, Belgium, Germany and England conclude agreements that defined the modern borders of Angola. Angola receives the status of an “overseas province” of Portugal and the first rebel groups arise. groupings of the UPA, and then the FNLA). Rebel camps are located on the territory of neighboring Congo (Kinshasa). The beginning of the war for independence, which lasted 14 years.
1962 the provisional government of the Angolan Republic in exile was formed, headed by Roberto Holden. The first armed action of UNITA, led by (Jonas Savimbi), the former representative of the Ovimbundu people in the FNLA and Holden's associate Roberto, "carnation revolution" in Portugal. Portugal grants freedom to all her colonies. 1975 November 11 Angola's independence. The first president of Angola is the leader of the pro-Soviet MPLA group Agostinho Neto, whose troops occupy Luanda, the administrative center of Angola. However, independence does not bring peace to Angola. A civil war for power in the country began between the pro-Soviet MPLA and the pro-American UNITA. This war is complicated by interethnic contradictions. Weapons are pouring into the country. Government troops train Soviet and Cuban instructors MPLA uses the help of the regular Cuban army, UNITA assistance of South Africa new MPLA leader José Eduardo dos Santos becomes the president of Angola Deprived of Soviet support, the MPLA will reorient itself to the United States the death of UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi, the end civil war in Angola (). Has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established with the USSR).
Geography. The Atlantic coast of Angola is occupied by the coastal lowland, which rises in a steep ledge to the plateau, which occupies more than 90% of the country's territory. The central part of the plateau is occupied by the Bie massif with the highest point of the country, Mount Mocha (2620 m). Of the minerals, Angola is rich in oil, diamonds, iron ore, bauxites, phosphorites, gypsum, gold, ores of uranium, copper, titanium, manganese ...
Climate. The climate of the coastal lowland is tropical trade wind, arid due to the cold Benguela current passing along the coast, which lowers the temperature of the coastal air to 24-26˚С in the warmest month (March) and to 16-20˚С in the coldest month (July). The annual amount of precipitation on the coast decreases from north to south from up to mm (in the Namib Desert). The climate of the plateau is equatorial monsoon with long wet summers (October-May) and dry winters (June-September). The air temperature, depending on the height of various parts of the plateau, varies from 13-23˚С in winter to 17-28˚С at the beginning of the rainy season. The annual amount of precipitation decreases from north to south of the plateau from up to mm.
Forests and rivers. The rivers flowing from the western slopes of the plateau flow into the Atlantic Ocean, from the northern slopes they flow into the Congo, from the southeast into the Zambezi, from the south they are lost in the sands of the Kalahari. During the long rainy season, the rivers overflow strongly, become shallow in the dry season, and dry up in the south. Forests and light forests occupy about 40% of the territory of Angola. Tropical rainforests are concentrated in the northeast of the country, the rest of the plateau is occupied by dry deciduous tropical woodlands and grass savannahs. The vegetation of the seaside lowland changes from grassy and shrubby savannahs with baobab in the north to velvichi deserts in the south.
Animals and plants. The fauna of Angola is typical of the savannas: elephants, zebras, antelopes, buffaloes, jackals, lions, cheetahs, leopards, warthogs, aardvarks, monkeys, various reptiles and insects. Coastal waters are rich in fish AND ROOTS OF USEFUL PLANTS
Policy. Republic. The head of state is the President. Since September 1979 Eduardo dos Santos. The government is appointed by the president. Since September 2008, Prime Minister Paulo Kassoma (from the MPLA party). Legislative power is a unicameral parliament, 220 deputies elected for 4 years. Political parties represented in Parliament (as of September 2008 elections): MPLA (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola) 191 seats; UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) 16 seats; PRS (Party of Social Renewal) 8 seats; FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) 3 places; ND (New Democracy) 2 seats.
Population 12.5 million (July 2008 est.). The main part of the people of Angola are three ethnic groups: Ovimbundu (37%), Mbundu (25%) and Bakongo (13%). The rest of the peoples inhabiting the Chokwe country are Ganguela, Nhaneka-Khumbe, Ambo, Herero and Xindunga. About 2% of the population are African-European mulattoes, 1% are ethnic whites, mostly assimilated Portuguese. Population growth in the country is about 2% annually. In Angola, infant mortality is quite high, with an average of 185 out of 1,000 babies dying. Average duration The life of the Angolans is only about 38 years. In 2003, 3.9% of the population was infected with the immunodeficiency virus (HIV). About a person dies from this disease every year. More than 53% of the population in Angola are Christians. Most of them are Catholics (38%) and Protestants (15%). About 47% of Angolans profess local beliefs. The official state language is Portuguese. But African Bantu languages are also widespread: Kikongo, Kimbundu, Umbundu, Chokwe, Mbunda, Kwanyama.
Economy of Angola. The economy of Angola is based on the extraction and export of oil 85% of GDP. In addition to oil and oil products, Angola exports diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish, timber, and cotton. Angolan and Namibian diamonds are considered the best in the world, and diamond mining at the world's largest diamond mine, the Angolan Russian-led Kataka diamond mine, experienced growth in early 2009 despite the global financial crisis. The main export partners ($45 billion in 2007) are the USA (32.6%), China (32.5%), France (6%). Imported manufactured goods vehicles, medicines, food, textiles, weapons. Main import partners ($12.3 billion in 2007) Portugal (20%), USA (11%), China (10.5%). IN agriculture employs over 80% of workers, but about half of the food consumed is imported. Bananas, sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, cassava, tobacco, and vegetables are cultivated. Livestock is bred.
Angola Burduja Semyon, 11th grade student, St. Petersburg School No. 104 Teacher Shizhenskaya Nina Nikolaevna
ANGOLA, the Republic of Angola, a state in southwestern Africa. The capital is Luanda (4.51 million people - 2010). Territory - 1.247 million square meters. km. Administrative-territorial division - 18 provinces. Population - 13.3 million people (2011 estimate). The official language is Portuguese. Religion - Christianity and traditional African beliefs. The monetary unit is the kwanza. National holiday - November 11 - Independence Day (1975)
The history of Angola during the period of European colonization Angola was discovered by Diogo Can, a Portuguese navigator, in 1482 to the European world. A little less than a hundred years later, the Portuguese, led by Paulo Dias de Novais, captured the settlement that became the capital of the country, São Paulo de Luanda. For a huge period, about three hundred years, the history of Angola is the slave trade carried out by the Portuguese.
In the center of the coat of arms are a machete and a hoe, symbolizing agriculture and the liberation struggle. Above them is a star symbolizing international solidarity and progress. The rising sun signifies a new country. All these symbols are framed by half of the cogwheel, which symbolizes industry, and a sheaf of corn, coffee, cotton - the main crops grown in Angola. Pictured below open book which symbolizes education and culture. This emblem has been the official emblem of the Republic of Angola since 1992.
Angola has been a member of the UN since 1976, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) since 1976, and since 2002 its successor, the African Union (AU), the Non-Aligned Movement, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), common market Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and since 1996 the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (PALOP).
Geographic location and boundaries. Continental State. The province of Cabinda is separated from the rest of the country by a narrow strip of territory called the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC - formerly Zaire). The western part is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. It borders in the northeast with the Republic of the Congo, in the east - with Zambia, in the south - with Namibia. The coastline is approx. 1600 km.
Nature. Most of the territory is plateau. The heights of its most elevated part - the Bie massif - reach more than 2000 m. The highest point is Mt. Moko (2620 m). Minerals: diamonds, iron, gold, quartz, manganese, copper, natural gas, oil, lead, mica, radioactive ores and zinc.
The climate of the interior regions is equatorial, monsoonal. From 600 to 1500 mm of precipitation falls annually. The climate of the coast is tropical, trade wind. A dense river network, most of the rivers are replete with rapids and waterfalls. The water level fluctuates throughout the year. Major rivers: Kwanza, Kwito, Kubango and Kunene. Kwanza and Shilvango are navigable. OK. 40% of the territory is covered with tropical forests (red and sandalwood, limba, tola, chitola, etc. grow) and deciduous woodlands. Palm trees abound on the coast. In the north, south, east and in the central regions there are vast savannahs (acacias, baobabs, Berlinia, brachistegia, dende palms grow). In the north of the province of Cabinda - mangrove forests. In the Namib Desert (south of the country), there is an amazing dwarf velvichia tree.
Rich fauna - hippos, white and black rhinos, warthogs, buffaloes, gazelles, cheetahs, giant black antelopes, hyenas, giraffes, zebras, kaffir striders (large rodents), crocodiles, leopards, lions, monkeys, pangolins (lizard-like mammals), elephants , aardvarks and jackals.
Population. The average population density is 10 people. per 1 sq. km (2009). The average annual population growth is 2.10% per year (2009). Birth rate - 42.91 births per 1000 population. Mortality - 23.4 deaths per 1000 population (July 2011). Child mortality - 175.9 deaths per 1000 newborns. 43.2% of the population are children under 14 years of age.
Residents who have crossed the line of 65 years of age account for 2.7%. Life expectancy - 38.76 years (men - 37.74, women - 39.83 years) (all figures for 2011) The vast majority of the population qualifies as poor.
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Presentation on the topic:
Republic of Angola.
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Angola.
Angola is a state in southwestern Africa, bordered by Namibia in the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the northeast and north, Zambia in the east, and the Republic of the Congo (Cabinda enclave), washed from the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The former Portuguese colony has significant natural resources, of which oil and diamonds are the main ones, as well as iron ore, phosphates, copper, gold, bauxite, uranium.
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Coat of arms and flag of the country.
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Story.
1482 - discovery of the coast of Angola by the Portuguese expedition of the navigator Diogo Cana. 1576 - The Portuguese lay the fort of San Paolo di Luanda, which later becomes the capital of Angola. Until the middle of the 19th century, the main occupation of the Portuguese in Angola was the slave trade; according to rough estimates, over 300 years, about 5 million people were taken out of the country (mainly to Brazil). Angola as a whole was more connected to Brazil than to the mother country. After the proclamation of the Brazilian Empire, the Angolan colonists more than once expressed their desire to join it. 1885-1894 - Portugal, Belgium, Germany and England conclude agreements that determined the modern borders of Angola. 1951 - Angola becomes an "overseas province" of Portugal. 1950s - The first insurgent groups emerge. 1961 - anti-Portuguese uprising led by Holden Roberto (leader of the UPA group, and then the FNLA). Rebel camps are located on the territory of neighboring Congo (Kinshasa). The beginning of the war for independence, which lasted 14 years.
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1962 - An interim government of the Angolan Republic in exile was formed, headed by Holden Roberto. 1966 - the first armed action of UNITA led by (Jonas Savimbi) - a former representative of the Ovimbundu people in the FNLA and an associate of Holden Roberto. 1974 - "carnation revolution" in Portugal. Portugal grants freedom to all her colonies. 1975, November 11 - Declaration of Independence of Angola. The first president of Angola is the leader of the pro-Soviet MPLA group Agostinho Neto, whose troops occupy Luanda, the administrative center of Angola. However, independence does not bring peace to Angola. A civil war for power in the country began between the pro-Soviet MPLA and the pro-American UNITA. This war is complicated by interethnic contradictions. Weapons are pouring into the country. Government troops are trained by Soviet and Cuban instructors. 1975 - MPLA uses the help of the regular Cuban army, UNITA - the help of South Africa. 1979 - New MPLA leader Jose Eduardo dos Santos becomes president of Angola. 1992 - Deprived of Soviet support, the MPLA reorients itself to the United States. 2002 - the death of UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi, the end of the civil war in Angola (1975-2002). It has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established with the USSR on 11/11/1975).
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Geography.
The Atlantic coast of Angola is occupied by the coastal lowland, which rises in a steep ledge to the plateau, which occupies more than 90% of the country's territory. The central part of the plateau is occupied by the Bie massif with the highest point of the country - Mount Mocha (2620 m). Of the minerals, Angola is rich in oil, diamonds, iron ores, bauxites, phosphorites, gypsum, gold, ores of uranium, copper, titanium, manganese ...
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Climate.
The climate of the coastal lowland is tropical trade wind, arid due to the cold Benguela current passing along the coast, which lowers the temperature of the coastal air to 24-26˚С in the warmest month (March) and to 16-20˚С in the coldest month (July). The annual amount of precipitation on the coast decreases from north to south from 250-500 to 50-100 mm (in the Namib Desert). The climate of the plateau is equatorial monsoon with long wet summers (October-May) and dry winters (June-September). The air temperature, depending on the height of various parts of the plateau, varies from 13-23˚С in winter to 17-28˚С at the beginning of the rainy season. The annual amount of precipitation decreases from north to south of the plateau from 1000-1500 to 600-800 mm.
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Forests and rivers.
The rivers flowing from the western slopes of the plateau flow into the Atlantic Ocean, from the northern slopes they flow into the Congo, from the southeast into the Zambezi, from the south they are lost in the sands of the Kalahari. During the long rainy season, the rivers overflow strongly, become shallow in the dry season, and dry up in the south. Forests and light forests occupy about 40% of the territory of Angola. Tropical rainforests are concentrated in the northeast of the country, the rest of the plateau is occupied by dry deciduous tropical woodlands and grass savannahs. The vegetation of the seaside lowland changes from grassy and shrubby savannahs with baobab in the north to velvichi deserts in the south.
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Animals and plants.
The fauna of Angola is typical of the savannas: elephants, zebras, antelopes, buffaloes, jackals, lions, cheetahs, leopards, warthogs, aardvarks, monkeys, various reptiles and insects. Coastal waters are rich in fish AND ROOTS OF USEFUL PLANTS
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Policy.
Republic. The head of state is the president. Since September 1979 - Eduardo dos Santos. The government is appointed by the president. Since September 2008 - Prime Minister Paulo Kassoma (from the MPLA party). Legislative power - unicameral parliament, 220 deputies elected for 4 years. Political parties represented in parliament (according to the results of elections in September 2008): MPLA (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola) - 191 seats; UNITA (National Union for the Complete Independence of Angola) - 16 seats; PRS (Party of Social Renewal) - 8 seats; FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) - 3 places; ND (New Democracy) - 2 seats.
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Population and demography.
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Population - 12.5 million (July 2008 estimate). The main part of the people of Angola are three ethnic groups: Ovimbundu (37%), Mbundu (25%) and Bakongo (13%). The remaining nationalities inhabiting the country are Chokwe, Ganguela, Nhaneka-Khumbe, Ambo, Herero and Xindunga. About 2% of the population are African-European mulattoes, 1% are ethnic whites, mostly assimilated Portuguese. Population growth in the country is about 2% annually. In Angola, infant mortality is quite high - an average of 185 out of 1000 babies die. The average life expectancy of Angolans is only about 38 years. In 2003, 3.9% of the population was infected with the immunodeficiency virus (HIV). About 21,000 people die from this disease every year. More than 53% of the population in Angola are Christians. Most of them are Catholics (38%) and Protestants (15%). About 47% of Angolans profess local beliefs. The official state language is Portuguese. But African Bantu languages are also widespread: Kikongo, Kimbundu, Umbundu, Chokwe, Mbunda, Kwanyama.
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Economy of Angola.
The economy of Angola is based on the production and export of oil - 85% of GDP. In addition to oil and oil products, Angola exports diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish, timber, and cotton. Angolan and Namibian diamonds are considered the best in the world, and diamond mining at the world's largest diamond mine, the Angolan Russian-led Kataka diamond mine, experienced growth in early 2009 despite the global financial crisis. The main export partners ($45 billion in 2007) are the USA (32.6%), China (32.5%), France (6%). Industrial goods, vehicles, medicines, food, textiles, weapons are imported. The main import partners ($12.3 billion in 2007) are Portugal (20%), USA (11%), China (10.5%). Agriculture employs over 80% of the workforce, but about half of the food consumed is imported. Bananas, sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, cassava, tobacco, and vegetables are cultivated. Livestock is bred.
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Slide text: The Republic of Angola is a country in southwestern Africa with an area of 1.3 million square kilometers. It includes the province of Cabinda, an enclave in the territory Democratic Republic Congo. The capital is Luanda. The president is at the head of the state. The official language is Portuguese. The monetary unit is the new kwanza. Former colony Portugal, the country gained independence in 1975.
Slide text: Flag Coat of arms.
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Slide text: Relief. Almost the entire territory is occupied by a plateau with a height of about 1 thousand meters. above sea level. It is raised in the center and in the west, lowering to the north and southeast, where the main rivers of the country, the tributaries of the Congo and Okavango, flow down. The Atlantic coast of Angola is occupied by the coastal lowland, which rises in a steep ledge to the plateau, which occupies more than 90% of the country's territory. The central part of the plateau is occupied by the Bie massif with the highest point of the country - Mount Mocha (2620 m). Of the minerals, Angola is rich in oil, diamonds, iron ores, bauxites, phosphorites, gypsum, gold, ores of uranium, copper, titanium, and manganese.
Slide text: Rivers The rivers flowing from the western slopes of the plateau flow into the Atlantic Ocean, from the northern slopes they flow into the Congo, from the southeast into the Zambezi, from the south they are lost in the sands of the Kalahari. During the long rainy season, the rivers overflow strongly, become shallow in the dry season, and dry up in the south.
Slide text: Climate The climate is equatorial - monsoonal (wet winter, dry summer), softened by the high altitude of the area. average temperature the warmest month (September) +21, and the coldest (July) +16. On the coast, the climate is tropical, trade winds. The climate of the coastal lowland is tropical trade wind, arid due to the cold Benguela current passing along the coast, which lowers the temperature of the coastal air to 24-26 ° C. The annual precipitation on the coast decreases from north to south from 250-500 to 50-100 mm (in the Namib Desert ). The climate of the plateau is equatorial monsoon with long wet summers (October-May) and dry winters (June-September). The air temperature, depending on the height of various parts of the plateau, varies from 13-23˚С in winter to 17-28˚С at the beginning of the rainy season. The annual amount of precipitation decreases from north to south of the plateau from 1000-1500 to 600-800 mm.
Slide text: natural areas Forests and light forests occupy about 40% of the territory of Angola. Tropical rainforests are concentrated in the northeast of the country, the rest of the plateau is occupied by dry deciduous tropical woodlands and grass savannahs. The vegetation of the seaside lowland changes from grassy and shrubby savannahs with baobab in the north to velvichi deserts in the south. Rainforests grow along the rivers.
Slide text: Animal world. The fauna of Angola is typical of the savannas: elephants, zebras, antelopes, buffaloes, jackals, lions, cheetahs, leopards, warthogs, aardvarks, monkeys, various reptiles and insects. Coastal waters are rich in fish.
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Slide text: Population The population is 13.1 million (July 2010 est.). About 110 ethnic groups live on the territory of the country. The main part of the people of Angola are three ethnic groups: Ovimbundu (37%), Ambundu (Mbundu) (25%) and Bakongo (13%). The rest of the nationalities inhabiting the country are Chokwe, Ganguela, Nhaneka-Khumbe, Ambo, Herero and Xindunga. About 2% of the population are African-European mulattoes, 1% are white, mostly assimilated Portuguese. Population growth in the country is about 2% annually. The average fertility rate is 6.05 births per woman. In Angola, infant mortality is quite high - an average of 178 out of 1000 die in the first year of life (1st place in the world). The average life expectancy of Angolans is 37.5 years for men and 39.5 years for women.
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Slide text: More than 53% of the population in Angola are Christians. Most of them are Catholics (38%) and Protestants (15%). About 47% of Angolans profess local beliefs. The official state language is Portuguese. The population uses African Bantu languages: Umbundu (Southern Mbundu) - the language of Ovimbundu, Kimbundu (Northern Mbundu), Kikongo, Chokwe, Kwanyama.
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Slide text: Culture Traditional crafts - making implements and jewelry, dressing skins, making pottery and homespun clothes, wood carving, weaving - are preserved among the people along with songs, dances and legends about ancestors, although European culture has deeply penetrated into the life of the Angolans. In Angola, the art of wood carving and the manufacture of masks from wood fibers is highly developed.
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Slide text: Completed: Peshekhonova Anastasia Grade 7
