Of all the types of turning tools, the most common are through-cutting tools. They are designed for turning external surfaces, trimming ends, ledges, etc.
The prismatic body of a walking cutter (Fig. 1), like any other, consists of a cutting part (head) and a holder. The head of the cutter contains the front 1, the main back 2 and the auxiliary back 3 surfaces. The intersection of these surfaces form the main 4 and auxiliary 5 cutting edges.
Rice. 1. Structural elements of a turning tool:
1 - front surface; 2 - main rear surface;
3 - auxiliary rear surface; 4 - main cutting edge;
5 - auxiliary cutting edge
On the front surface, the chips removed by the cutter come off. The main back surface faces the cutting surface formed by the main cutting edge, and the secondary back surface faces the machined surface of the part.
The specified surfaces and cutting edges after sharpening are located at certain angles relative to two coordinate planes and the direction of feed, selected taking into account the kinematics of the machine.
Two mutually perpendicular planes are taken as coordinate planes (Fig. 2):
1) the cutting plane passing through the main cutting edge and the cutting speed vector tangent to the cutting surface;
2) the main plane passing through the same edge and normal to the cutting speed vector.
There is another definition of the main plane: it is a plane passing through the vectors of the longitudinal Spr and radial Sp feeds; in a particular case, it may coincide with the base of the cutter, in which case it is possible to measure the angles of the cutter outside the machine in its static position.
Rice. 2. Geometrical parameters of the through turning tool
For the cutting speed vector, in relation to cutters, as well as to many other tools, the circumferential speed vector of the part is taken without taking into account the longitudinal feed vector, which is many times smaller than the circumferential velocity vector and does not have a noticeable effect on the magnitude of the front and rear angles. Only in some cases, for example, for drills, at the points of the cutting edges adjacent to the axis of the drill, this influence becomes significant.
On fig. 2 shows the view of the workpiece and the cutter in plan and the geometric parameters that must be indicated on the working drawings of the cutters: γ, α, α1, φ, φ1. Below are definitions and recommendations for assigning their values.
The front and back angles of the main cutting edge are usually measured in the main cutting plane N–N, passing normally to the projection of this edge onto the main plane, which in this case coincides with the plane of the drawing. The N–N plane was chosen due to the fact that it is in it that the deformation of the metal occurs during cutting.
Rake angle γ is the angle between the base plane and the plane tangent to the front surface. The value of this angle has a decisive influence on the cutting process, since it determines the degree of deformation of the metal during the transition to chips, the power and thermal loads on the cutting wedge, the strength of the wedge, and the conditions for removing heat from the cutting zone. The optimal value of the rake angle γ is determined empirically depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the processed and cutting materials, cutting mode factors (V, S, t) and other processing conditions. Possible values of the angle γ are within 0...30°. To harden the cutting wedge, especially made of brittle cutting materials, a chamfer is sharpened on the front surface with a zero or negative rake angle (γf = 0 ...–5 °), width f, depending on the feed.
Relief angle α is the angle between the cutting plane and the plane tangent to the flank. In fact, this is the angle of the gap that prevents the back surface of the cutter from rubbing against the cutting surface. It affects the intensity of cutter wear and, in combination with the angle γ, affects the strength of the cutting wedge and the conditions for heat removal from the cutting zone.
The lower the load experienced by the cutting wedge and the stronger it is, the greater the value of the angle a, the value of which depends, therefore, on the combination of the properties of the processed and cutting materials, on the feed rate and other cutting conditions. For example, for cutters made of high-speed steel during roughing of structural steels α = 6...8°, for finishing operations α = 10...12°.
Angle of inclination of the main cutting edge λ- this is the angle between the main plane drawn through the top of the cutter and the cutting edge. It is measured in the cutting plane and serves to protect the tip of the tool A from chipping, especially under shock loading, as well as to change the direction of the descending chips. The angle λ is considered positive when the tip of the cutter is underestimated compared to other points of the main cutting edge and is the last to come into contact with the workpiece. At the same time, the chips come off in the direction of the machined surface (from point B to point A), which can significantly increase its roughness. When roughing, this is acceptable, since it is followed by a finishing operation that removes these irregularities. But in finishing operations, when the load on the cutting wedge is small, the task of removing chips from the machined surface is of paramount importance. For this purpose, negative values of the angle (–λ) are assigned. In this case, the tip of the cutter A is the highest point of the cutting edge, and the chips descend in the direction from point A to point B.
The presence of the angle λ complicates the sharpening of cutters, therefore practical implications this angle are small and are within λ = +5…–5°.
Angles in plan φ and φ 1 (main and auxiliary)- these are the angles between the direction of the longitudinal feed Spr and, accordingly, the projections of the main and auxiliary cutting edges on the main plane.
The entering angle φ determines the ratio between the thickness and width of the cut layer. With a decrease in the angle φ, the chips become thinner, the conditions for heat removal improve, and thereby the tool life increases, but the radial component of the cutting force increases.
When turning long workpieces of small diameter, the above can lead to their deformation and vibration, in which case φ = 90° is taken.
– when finishing φ = 10...20°;
– when roughing shafts (l/d = 6...12) φ = 60...75°;
– when roughing more rigid workpieces φ = 30...45°.
For through cutters, usually the angle φ1 = 10...15°. As the angle γ1 decreases to 0, the value of h also decreases to 0, which makes it possible to significantly increase the feed and, consequently, the productivity of the cutting process.
Auxiliary relief angle α1, measured in the section N1 - N1, perpendicular to the secondary cutting edge, is assumed to be approximately equal to α; α1 forms a gap between the secondary back surface and the machined surface of the workpiece.
The auxiliary rake angle γ1 is determined by the sharpening of the front surface and is usually not indicated on the drawing.
In order to increase the strength of the cutting part of the cutter, the radius of rounding of its top in the plan is also provided: r = 0.1...3.0 mm. In this case, a larger radius value is used when processing rigid workpieces, since with an increase in this radius, the radial component of the cutting force increases.
Three surfaces can be distinguished on the workpiece: processed, processed And cutting surface(see fig.4.3). Knowledge of these surfaces is necessary in order to define the main elements of the working part of the tool.
Turning straight through cutter consists of a working part and a rod. The rod has a rectangular (square) cross-sectional shape and serves to fasten the cutter in the tool holder. The working part serves to cut the chips, on which surfaces and blades are sharpened, shown in Fig. 4.5.
On the front surface cutting tool 1 chips come off during cutting. The main back surface 2 is the surface that faces the cutting surface. Auxiliary rear surface 3 faces the machined surface of the workpiece.
The main cutting blade of the tool 4 is obtained by the intersection of the front and main rear surfaces, and the auxiliary cutting blade 5 is obtained by the intersection of the front and secondary rear surfaces.
The top of the cutter 6 is the point of intersection of the main and auxiliary cutting blades. The top can be sharp or rounded.
Turning tool angles to static e
When considering the angles of the working part (head) of the cutter, the following coordinate planes are distinguished (Fig. 4.6): the main plane, the cutting plane and the main cutting plane.
Main plane 1 - a plane passing through the considered point of the cutting blade, parallel to the direction of the imaginary longitudinal and transverse feeds, i.e. at V= 0 and S= 0. In the general case, when V≠ 0 and S≠ 0, the main plane is given the following definition: the main plane is a plane passing through the considered point of the cutting edge perpendicular to the velocity vector of the main or resulting movement at this point.
Fig.4.6. Coordinate planes when determining cutting angles.
cutting plane 2 - passes through the main cutting blade of the cutter, tangent to the cutting surface of the workpiece;
Principal cutting plane 3 - a plane perpendicular to the projection of the main cutting blade on the main plane.
There are also auxiliary cutting plane- a plane perpendicular to the projection of the auxiliary cutting blade on the main plane.
The angles of the cutter, measured in the main cutting plane, are called the main:
Main rake angle γ- the angle measured in the main cutting plane, between the front surface and the main plane; the angle γ can be both negative and positive.
Relief angle α- the angle measured in the main cutting plane, between the cutting plane and the main back surface;
Taper angle β- the angle measured in the main cutting plane, between the front and main rear surfaces.
Cutting angle δ- the angle measured in the main cutting plane, between the front surface of the cutter and the cutting plane.
In the main plane, the angles in the plan are measured:
Entering angle φ- the angle between the projection of the main cutting edge on the OP and the direction of feed (for the feed - the feed is longitudinal, for the cutting and scoring - transverse).
ε- angle at the top in the plan.
Auxiliary angle in plan φ 1- the angle between the projection of the auxiliary cutting edge on the main plane and the direction opposite to the feed direction.
Angle of inclination of the main cutting blade λ- the angle between the main cutting blade and the main plane.
Corner λ can be positive, equal to 0 and negative, the direction of chip flow depends on it. If λ < 0 – стружка сходит в направлении подачи (продольной). Если λ = 0, then the chips come off along the axis of the cutter. If λ > 0, then the chips come off in the opposite direction to the feed direction. This is especially true when machining on automatic lathes: chips must be removed so that they do not interfere with the work of tools in adjacent positions of the machine.
Specialists who often use lathe cutters when working on metal, as well as those who sell these products or supply machine-building enterprises, are well aware of what types of these tools are. For those who rarely encounter turning tools in their practice, it is quite difficult to understand their types presented on modern market in great variety.
Types of turning tools for metal processing
Turning cutter design
In the design of any cutter used for, two main elements can be distinguished:
- holder, with which the tool is fixed on the machine;
- working head through which metal processing is performed.
The working head of the tool is formed by several planes, as well as cutting edges, the sharpening angle of which depends on the characteristics of the workpiece material and the type of processing. The cutter holder can be made in two versions of its cross section: square and rectangle.
According to their design, cutters for turning are divided into the following types:
- straight - tools in which the holder together with their working head are located on one axis, or on two, but parallel to each other;
- curved cutters - if you look at such a tool from the side, you can clearly see that its holder is curved;
- bent - the bend of the working head of such tools in relation to the axis of the holder is noticeable if you look at them from above;
- drawn - for such cutters, the width of the working head is less than the width of the holder. The axis of the working head of such a cutter may coincide with the axis of the holder or be offset relative to it.
Classification of cutters for turning
The classification of turning tools is regulated by the requirements of the relevant GOST. According to the provisions this document, incisors are assigned to one of the following categories:
- one piece tool made entirely of . There are also incisors that are made entirely of, but they are used extremely rarely;
- cutters, on the working part of which a plate made of hard alloy is soldered. Tools of this type are most widely used;
- cutters with removable carbide inserts that are attached to their working head with special screws or clamps. Cutters of this type are used much less frequently compared to tools of other categories.
(click to enlarge)
The incisors also differ in the direction in which the feed movement takes place. So, there are:
- turning tools of the left type - in the process of processing they are fed from left to right. If put on top of such a cutter left hand, then its cutting edge will be located on the side of the bent thumb;
- right incisors - the type of tool that has received the greatest distribution, the feed of which is carried out from right to left. To identify such a cutter, you need to put your right hand on it - its cutting edge will be located, respectively, on the side of the bent thumb.
Depending on what work is performed on turning equipment, cutters are divided into the following types:
- to perform finishing work on metal;
- for rough work, which is also called peeling;
- for semi-finishing work;
- to perform fine technological operations.
In the article we will consider the entire spectrum and determine the purpose and features of each of them. An important clarification: no matter what type the cutters are, certain grades of hard alloys are used as the material of their cutting inserts: VK8, T5K10, T15K6, much less often T30K4, etc.
Use a tool with a straight working part to solve the same tasks as the bent type cutters, but it is less convenient for chamfering. Basically, such a tool for (by the way, not widely used) processes the outer surfaces of cylindrical blanks.
The holders of such cutters for a lathe are made in two main sizes:
- rectangular shape - 25x16 mm;
- square shape - 25x25 mm (products with such holders are used to perform special work).
These types of cutters working part which can be bent to the right or left side, are used for processing on lathe end part of the workpiece. With their help, chamfers are also removed.
Tool holders of this type can be made in various sizes (in mm):
- 16x10 (for training machines);
- 20x12 (this size is considered non-standard);
- 25x16 (the most common size);
- 32x20;
- 40x25 (products with a holder of this size are made mainly to order, they are almost impossible to find in the free market).
All requirements for metal cutters for this purpose are specified in GOST 18877-73.
Such tools for a metal lathe can be made with a straight or bent working part, but they do not focus on this design feature, but simply call them through-thrust.
A through-thrust cutter, with the help of which the surface of cylindrical metal blanks is machined on a lathe, is the most popular type of cutting tool. The design features of such a cutter, which processes the workpiece along the axis of its rotation, make it possible to remove a significant amount of excess metal from its surface even in one pass.
Holders of products of this type can also be made in various sizes (in mm):
- 16x10;
- 20x12;
- 25x16;
- 32x20;
- 40x25.
This tool for a metal lathe can also be made with a right or left bend of the working part.
Outwardly, such a scoring cutter is very similar to a through cutter, but it has a different shape of the cutting plate - triangular. With the help of such tools, workpieces are processed in a direction perpendicular to their axis of rotation. In addition to bent, there are also persistent types of such turning tools, but their scope is very limited.
This type of cutter can be produced with the following holder sizes (in mm):
- 16x10;
- 25x16;
- 32x20.
The cut-off tool is considered the most common type of tool for a metal lathe. In full accordance with its name, such a cutter is used for cutting workpieces at a right angle. It also cuts grooves of various depths on the surface of a metal part. It is quite simple to determine that it is a cutting tool for a lathe that is in front of you. His feature is a thin leg, on which a hard alloy plate is soldered.
Depending on the design, right- and left-handed types of cut-off cutters for a metal lathe are distinguished. It is very easy to tell them apart. To do this, you need to turn the cutter with the cutting plate down and see which side its leg is located on. If on the right, then it is right-handed, and if on the left, then, respectively, left-handed.
Such tools for a lathe for metal also differ in the size of the holder (in mm):
- 16x10 (for small training machines);
- 20x12;
- 20x16 (the most common size);
- 40x25 (such massive turning tools are hard to find on the free market, they are mostly made to order).
Thread cutters for external threads
The purpose of such cutters for a lathe for metal is threading on outer surface blanks. These serial tools cut metric thread, but you can change their sharpening and cut different types of threads with them.
The cutting insert mounted on such turning tools has a spear-shaped shape; it is made from the alloys that were mentioned above.
Such cutters are made in the following sizes (in mm):
- 16x10;
- 25x16;
- 32x20 (used very rarely).
Such cutters for a lathe can only cut threads in a large diameter hole, which is explained by their design features. Outwardly, they resemble boring cutters for processing blind holes, but you should not confuse them, since they are fundamentally different from each other.
Such cutters for metal are produced in the following sizes (in mm):
- 16x16x150;
- 20x20x200;
- 25x25x300.
The holder of these tools for a metal lathe has a square section, the dimensions of the sides of which can be determined by the first two digits in the designation. The third number is the length of the holder. This parameter determines the depth to which a thread can be cut in the inner hole of a metal workpiece.
Such cutters can only be used on those lathes that are equipped with a device called a guitar.
Boring cutters for blind holes
Boring cutters, the cutting plate of which has a triangular shape (as with scoring cutters), perform the processing of blind holes. The working part of tools of this type is made with a bend.
The holders of such cutters can have the following dimensions (in mm):
- 16x16x170;
- 20x20x200;
- 25x25x300.
The maximum hole diameter that can be machined with such a turning tool depends on the size of its holder.
Turning cutters for metal are designed for cutting metal, synthetic and other materials. They differ from each other in purpose, design, direction.
Consist of two parts:
- heads;
- holders.
The working part of the cutter - the head, is equipped with cutting plates that are soldered to the head. There are designs where overheads are used - replaceable - they are mechanically fixed to the head of the cutter. Mounting on the machine is carried out by clamping the holder in the tool holder. By design, the heads are divided into straight, bent and drawn.
Head design
According to the design of the cutting part of the head, turning tools can be with brazed and replaceable inserts, as well as solid ones.
According to the type of processing, turning tools are classified for:
- roughing;
- semi-finishing;
- finishing processing.
Types of cutters
By technological purpose, turning tools are divided into:
- Cut-off. Without them, the manufacture of more than one detail is not complete. This group can be used not only in its own way intended purpose- processing the end elements of the part and cutting off the finished workpiece from the piece of which it was made. Most often on sale you can find cutting incisors of the classical form. Each turner uses for himself the most convenient cut-off cutters on his own lathe using overhead plates.
- The feedthrough is used for processing rotating cylindrical workpieces. The sharpening angles of the tool may vary depending on the convenience of the turner when processing the part.
- Scoring is used in the processing of the end parts of the workpiece and the creation of ledges on the outside of the manufactured part. When trimming the ends, it is more convenient to lead the trimming cutter from the center towards the outer part of the workpiece. With this feed method, the scoring tool is positioned against the surface to be machined so that the cutting is provided by long-edge inserts. When the scoring tool is fed from the outside to the axis of rotation of the part, short edge cutting inserts work. The processing result is less accurate and cleaner. The scoring tool, when used to trim the ends of a part fixed at the centers, is only used if the back center will be changed to a half center. This is necessary to save the plates. Otherwise, it will not be possible to avoid their damage due to contact with the full rear center.
- The grooving cutter has a thinner cutting edge than the cutoff cutter. When turning a wide, but shallow groove, the grooving tool can replace the cutting cutters. The grooving tool is made of two types - straight and bent. Their cutting edge is selected in accordance with the required groove width. The peculiarity of the grooving is that the height of the head significantly exceeds the height of the cutting edge. This design feature increases strength, making the thin-edge grooving turning tool capable of withstanding heavy loads.
- Boring machines are used for making blind and through holes without the use of drilling equipment. Holes made with cutters are more accurate. Various types are used to make closed and through holes.
- Threaded. To cut threads on the inner and outer surfaces of the part, tools are used that differ in width and type of working head. To work on a lathe, it is not always enough to use classic-shaped cutters and set the part correctly. The types of threads made on turning equipment have different angles, which means a wide range of inserts that are ground at different angles. Types of internal and external threads are produced using different technologies. To make the work less time-consuming, it is better to use the right tool for a particular operation. It is more convenient to perform cutting if the angles of the cutting edge and the required thread angle are the same. To do this, you need to sharpen the cutting plates yourself. The sharpening angles of most cutters correspond to 60⁰. If necessary, you can change the corners of the head, if it does not belong to the category of non-grinding, it is possible on a grinding machine.
Cutter geometry
The cutter consists of a head and a holder (round or rectangular rod). The head has several surfaces: front, back, cutting edges and top.
Main parts
Chips come off along the front plane during part turning. The back is divided into 2 surfaces: main and auxiliary, and the intersection of these surfaces gives 2 cutting edges: main and auxiliary.
In the traditional view, the procedure for processing metals using cutting is a technical operation, main task which is to obtain the desired shape of the part required quality by removing a piece of metal from the workpiece. What are the most widely used cutters installed on slotting, planing, turning and other machines, which process the internal cavities and external surfaces of parts, as well as cutting grooves, threads, and so on.
Among the existing variety of this type of metal-cutting tool in most presented turning tools for metal.
Design features of cutters
The cutter is made of two elements: a head and a rod (also called a holder). The rod is intended for mounting in the tool holder of a metal-working lathe. The profile of the holder has the shape of a rectangle or square.
To unify the use, such range of section sizes turning holder, mm:
- for rectangular sections - 16 x 10; 20 x 12; 20 x 16; 25 x 16; 25 x 20; 32 x 20; 20 x 25; 40 x 25; 40 x 32; 50 x 32; 50 x 40; 63 x 50;
- for square sections - 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40.
The head of the cutter is its working part and has a number of planes and edges that are sharpened at certain angles for different metal processing options.
Basic Relief Angle. The angle made between the cutting plane and the main flank of the cutter. Reduces the frictional force that appears between the workpiece and the rear surface. Responsible for the quality of metal processing and its wear resistance. The specified angle is inversely proportional to the density of the material being processed.
Sharpening angle. The angle that is between the main back and front plane of the incisor. Responsible for sharpness and strength.
Front angle. The angle that lies between the front plane and the normal to the cutting surface where the front plane contacts the metal. Reduces the deformation of the cut workpiece, reduces the cutting force, facilitates the removal of chips, and increases heat dissipation. The sharpening of the angle is inversely proportional to the hardness of the metal workpiece.
Cutting angle. The angle that is between the front plane of the cutter and the cutting surface.
Lead angle. The angle that is between the main cutting edge and the metal surface. Responsible for the quality of the machined plane of the workpiece, maintaining the feed rate and depth of cut. The quality of the corner is inversely proportional, and the resistance to breakage and vibration is directly proportional to the size of the corner.
Additional plan angle. The angle that is between the additional back plane of the cutter and the metal surface. Responsible for the quality of the processing of the metal plane (with a decrease in the angle, the roughness decreases, the purity increases).
Angle near the top. The angle that is between the main cutting edge and the secondary back plane. The quality is directly proportional to the size of the corner.
Additional rear corner. The angle that lies between the secondary back plane and the surface perpendicular to the cutter surface and passing through the secondary cutting edge. Reduces the friction force that appears between the additional rear plane and the metal.
Incisal angle. Responsible for the direction of chip removal and sets the geometry of the contact between the cutting edge and the metal. The slope of the angle determines the purpose of the cutter: a negative slope - for fine cutting, 10-12 degrees - for rough cutting, 20-30 degrees - for cutting hardened metal. Universal incisors have a cutting edge slope equal to zero.
Types and classification of turning tools
In accordance with GOST turning tools are divided into three main groups:
- with mechanical fastening of plates made of hard alloy, superhard metals and ceramics;
- hard-alloy brazed planing and turning;
- planing and turning with a cutting edge made of high-speed material.
Products used in mechanical engineering are divided according to such main features into the following groups.
By type of equipment where they are used:
By type of holder section:
- round;
- square;
- rectangular.
In terms of design
Whole. The head is made as one piece with the stem. Most often, these cutters are made of high-speed metals (for small cutters) or carbon tool metal and are rarely used.
With brazed or welded plates. The head has a brazed or welded carbide or high speed metal plate. Failure specifications when soldering plates, it can sometimes be accompanied by the appearance of cracks and further destruction. They have a huge scope of use.
With mechanical fastening of plates. The plate is fixed mechanically in the head. This option very useful for metal plates, where the base is mineral ceramics:
- Holders.
- Adjustable.
- Prefabricated.
By type of processing
Fine and semi-finish. Used for finishing finished products at a low feed rate and a small thickness of the metal removed from the blank. Most often, this tool is a through cutter.
Draft. Used for rough cuts at high cutting speeds and thicker chip removal. It is characterized by the ability to maintain hardness during heating and strength, as well as increased heat absorption.
According to the type of installation regarding the processed plane
Tangential. During processing, the cutter is placed at an angle, different from a straight line, to the axis of the surface to be machined. It has a complex fastening scheme and is used on machines that make it possible to create a good surface finish (automatic and semi-automatic lathes).
Radial. During processing, the cutter is placed at a right angle relative to the axis of the surface to be machined. It is often used in industry, has a simplified fastening scheme in machine tools, as well as a more convenient setting of the geometric parameters of the cutting edge.
By type of submission
Left. The main cutting part, turned to the surface of the metal being processed, is located on the right side.
Rights. The main cutting part, turned to the surface of the metal being processed, is located on the left side.
By fastening the main cutting part regarding the rod
Bent. The projection axis of the part in the upper position has a curved line, and in the lateral projection - a straight line.
Direct. The projection axis of the part in the upper position and the side projection has a straight line.
Drawn. Head size smaller than rod size. The head is located on the axis of the cutter or shifted parallel to it in any direction.
Curved. The projection axis of the part in the upper position has a straight line, and in the lateral projection it is curved.
By processing method
Undercut. They are used for processing the metal plane on machines with a transverse feed (turning of stepped parts, processing the edges of surfaces). Characteristics of scoring models are specified by GOST 18871 73.
Checkpoints. They are used for processing the metal plane on machines with transverse and longitudinal feed (cutting and turning of conical and cylindrical blanks, trimming the ends). Dimensional accuracy and surface quality are not considered a priority. Characteristics of through models are indicated GOST 18869 73, 18868 73, 18870 73.
Boring. Used for boring and processing recesses and recesses, deaf and through holes. The range and characteristics of cutting models are indicated by GOST 18872 73, 18873 73.
Cut-off. They are used for processing the metal plane on machines with a transverse feed (turning annular grooves, cutting off workpieces). The range and characteristics of cutting models are indicated by GOST 18874 73, 18884 73.
Threaded. Used for cutting internal and external threads of square, rectangular, rounded and trapezoidal sections. In appearance they may be round, flat and curved.
Shaped. Used for processing shaped surfaces of complex shape, removing internal and external chamfers of the workpiece.
According to the material of manufacture of the working part
From solid metals:
- TT 7 K 12, TT 8 K 6, TT 20 K 9 - tantalum-tungsten-titanium (used for processing forging, heat-resistant and other hard-to-cut metals);
- T 30 K 4, T 15 K 6, T 14 K 8, T 5 K 10, T 5 K 12 V - titanium-tungsten (used for processing any type of metal);
- VK 2, VK 3, VK 3 M, VK 4, VK 6, VK 6 M, VK 8, VK 8 V - tungsten (used for processing non-ferrous metals and alloys, cast iron blanks, as well as non-metal products).
From high-speed material:
- R 18 F 2, R 14 F 4, R 9 F 5, R 9 K 5, R 18 K 5 F 2, R 10 K 5 F 5, R 6 M H - increased efficiency;
- R 18, R 12 and R 9 - normal efficiency.
From carbon material:
- U 10 A and U 12 A are high quality carbon metal.
Choosing a model, you need to be guided by such basic rules:
Well, in the end, how to sharpen a cutter
Sharpening is done both during their manufacture and after long wear. The sharpening work takes place on grinding and grinding machines with constant cooling. First, the main surface is sharpened, after - back and additional. Then the front part is sharpened until a smooth cutting edge is formed.
Every turning tool sharpening machine has two grinding wheels: one made of green silicon carbide and one made of electrocorundum. The latter is used for processing products made of high-speed material, the former is used for pointing hard-alloy products. To check the sharpening of the edge, there are special templates.
