Pedagogical goal: Continue to form a generalized idea of wintering and migratory birds; learn to distinguish birds by the way they feed; cultivate love for birds, a desire to help them in the cold season; exercise in the correct use of adverbs and tense; develop dexterity, speed of reactions; the ability to act on a signal.
Education targets me: shows interest in birds, features of their life; distinguishes between birds appearance; pronounces words and sounds correctly; initiative in conversation; capable of targeted observation of objects; shows interest in job assignments; creativity in independent play and motor activity.
Mastered educational areas :
Socially - communication development»;
"Cognitive development";
"Artistic and aesthetic development";
"Physical development".
Types of children's activities : game, motor, communicative, labor, cognitive.
Means of implementation : sport equipment; attributes for games; rakes.
Organizational structure walks
1. Observation of the behavior of birds.
Birds fly south
Geese, rooks, cranes.
Here is the last flock
Wings flapping in the distance.
M. Evensen
Conversation with children
Draw the children's attention to the fact that the birds are getting smaller and smaller. Note which birds are more common and which are not visible at all. Name migratory and wintering birds, tell about the reasons for their departure. Continuing the story about the birds, explain that in the evening the voices of the birds are getting quieter and quieter, because they are getting ready for bed (some find secluded places to spend the night, others hide in nests or on tree branches).
Questions
How the life of birds has changed with the advent of autumn ? (There is less and less food for birds, it starts to get colder - the birds gather in flocks, try their hand and train the chicks, prepare them for departure)
Tell us about your observations of the behavior of birds in summer and autumn. In summer, there is enough food for the birds, they hatch and feed the chicks. In autumn, birds gather in flocks and fly away to warmer climes.
What happens to bird food in autumn? Feed for birds is becoming less and less: first insects disappear, then plants wither, the number of fruits and seeds decreases.
What is the reason for the departure of insectivorous and granivorous birds in autumn? Insectivores fly away earlier. Since insects disappear, and the birds have nothing to eat. Then the granivores fly away. Birds that eat fruits, seeds, grains.
Why are there fewer birds in autumn? From the end of August, birds begin to fly south, as it gets colder, and insects begin to disappear.
How do birds prepare for departure? Having gathered in flocks, they rapidly rush in the air, exercising before a long-distance flight.
What is the first sign of the approaching autumn migration of birds? The hubbub of birds intensifies, they gather in flocks.
Which birds are the last to fly south? Ducks, geese are waterfowl, they are the last to fly away, until the reservoirs are frozen, they have something to eat.
Do you know how birds line up when they fly south? Cranes fly in a wedge - an angle. Herons and geese - in a row. Ducks line up (one after another.) Some flocks of ducks fly in a gentle arc, and small ones - insectivorous birds - fly in a crowded flock.
Invite the children to get together for a “flight”; form a wedge, a straight line, etc.
Tell about the departure of cranes in the fall. They fly at an angle, in two rows diverging back, with long outstretched necks, loudly cooing. Sometimes it is possible to see how the leading crane - the leader - changes places with its neighbor. One of them will fly under the other and take his place.
Cranes fly, chirp.
Send the last goodbye
Behind them they call summer
Taken to a warm land
Research activity.
Invite the children to consider cards - diagrams that show: an angle, a straight line, a jamb, chaotically, crowded birds. Give an answer to which type of bird each card belongs to.
Collection of seeds of various plants for feeding birds in winter.
Target : to cultivate sympathy, empathy towards birds.
Game activity
Didactic game "Earth, Water, Fire"
Game progress:
Children stand in a circle, in the middle - the leader. He throws the ball to one of the players, while saying one of four words: earth, water, fire, air. If the host says "land", the one who caught must quickly name the one who lives in this environment. On the word "fire" - discard. The one who makes a mistake is out of the game.
Outdoor games
"Swan geese"
Target: Exercise in running with dodging, in catching. Strengthen the ability to perform the actions of the role taken on. Coordinate words with game actions. To develop in children dexterity, ingenuity, speed of reaction. Cultivate purposefulness, a positive emotional attitude.
"Entertainers"
Target: To teach children to coordinate their actions with the actions of their comrades, to develop resourcefulness, imagination.
Outdoor games for children.
Independent games for children.
Bird flights
Even in ancient times, people paid attention to the annual flights of birds. This phenomenon in the life of nature is truly remarkable. With the onset of autumn colds, many of the birds that lived in our forests and fields in the summer disappear. Others fly in instead of them, whom we did not see in the summer. And in the spring, the disappeared birds reappear. Where were they and why did they return to us? Couldn't they have stayed where they flew off for the winter? Some birds disappear for the winter and others appear not only in the North. In the south and even near the equator, birds make seasonal flights. In the north the birds are forced to fly cold weather and lack of food, and in the south - a change of wet and dry seasons. Where birds breed, i.e. in the north and in temperate climates, they spend a smaller part of the year, and spend most of it on flights and living in wintering areas. However, every year migratory birds return to where they hatched the previous year. If in the spring the bird did not return to its homeland, we can assume that it died.
How better bird finds its home, the more likely it is that it will survive and breed. This is understandable: after all, any animal, including a bird, is most adapted to the conditions where it was born. But, when living conditions change at home - a cold snap sets in, food disappears, the bird is forced to fly to warmer and more abundant food places.
Birds that make such journeys are called migratory. But there are birds all year round find suitable conditions for existence in their homeland and do not fly. This sedentary birds. Sedentary, for example, the inhabitants of our forests: capercaillie, hazel grouse. Some birds, during a favorable winter, remain in their homeland, and in severe winters they wander from place to place. This nomadic birds. These include some birds nesting high in the mountains; during the cold season they descend into the valleys. Finally, there are also birds that, in favorable winter conditions, are sedentary, but in unfavorable years, for example, when the seeds of coniferous plants fail, they fly far beyond the borders of their nesting homeland. These are crossbills, waxwings, Muscovy tits, nuts, tap dances and many others. Saji nesting in the steppes and semi-deserts of Central and Central Asia behave in the same way.
Some widespread bird species are migratory in some places and sedentary in others. Hoodie from the northern regions of Russia it flies to the southern regions for wintering, and in the south this bird is sedentary. blackbird we have a migratory bird, and in the cities of Western Europe - a settled one. The house sparrow lives in the European part of Russia all year round, and from Central Asia it flies to spend the winter in India. The wintering places of migratory birds are permanent, but there they live without adhering to certain narrow areas, as when nesting. Naturally, birds winter where natural conditions similar to the conditions of life at home: forest - in wooded places, coastal - along the banks of rivers, lakes and seas, steppe - in the steppes.
In the same way, in flights, birds adhere to habitual and favorable places for them. Forest birds fly over wooded areas, steppe birds fly over steppes, and water birds move along river valleys, over lakes and sea coasts. Birds nesting on oceanic islands fly over the open sea. Cross large sea spaces and some mainland birds. For example, kittiwakes that nest off the coast of the Kola Peninsula winter in the Northwest Atlantic and reach the western coast of Greenland. Sometimes birds have to overcome during the flight unusual terrain for them, such as deserts. Birds try to quickly pass such places and fly over large spaces with a “wide front”.
Autumn departure begins after the young learn to fly. Before departure, birds often form flocks and sometimes wander over long distances. Birds leave places with a cold climate in autumn earlier than warmer climes; in spring they appear later in the north than in the south. Each kind of bird flies and arrives in certain time, although, of course, the weather affects the timing of departure and arrival.
Birds of some species fly one by one, others - groups or flocks. For many species, a certain order of arrangement of birds in a flock is characteristic. Finches and other passerines fly in random groups, crows - in rare chains, curlews and oystercatchers - in a “line”, geese and cranes - in an “angle”. In most birds, males and females fly at the same time. But in the chaffinch, the females fly away in the autumn before the males, and in the storks, the males arrive in the spring to their homeland before the females.
Young birds sometimes fly off for wintering earlier than old ones. Some birds fly during the day, others at night, and stop for feeding during the day. The flight speed of birds on flights is relatively low. For example, a quail has a speed of 41 km/h. Top speed at the black swift - 150 km / h. The flight height is average. Many small passerines fly low to the ground. Even lower - with a headwind, heavy cloud cover, precipitation. Large species fly approximately at an altitude of 1-2 thousand m, medium and small - about 1000-500 m. However, in the Himalayas mountain geese were observed on migration at an altitude of about 8 thousand m above sea level.
With such a flight speed, the birds could reach the wintering or nesting area in a relatively short time. But in fact, the flight usually stretches for a long time. It is believed that birds during long-distance flights cover from 150 to 200 km per day. Thus, for example, passerines spend 2-3 and even 4 months on their flight from Europe to Central Africa.
At spring migration birds usually fly faster than in autumn. Some birds have to cover very long distances when flying. Arctic terns from the Far North of America fly over 10 thousand km to the south of the American continent, to the south of Africa and even to the Antarctic to spend the winter. Bee-eaters nesting in Asia winter in South Africa. About 30 species of birds nesting in Eastern Siberia winter in Australia, Far Eastern Falcons in South Africa, and some American Waders in the Hawaiian Islands. In a number of cases, "land" birds are forced to fly over the open sea from 3,000 to 5,000 km.
Direction migration is determined not only by the location of wintering and nesting sites, but also by places lying on their way, favorable for feeding and resting. Therefore, not all birds in the northern hemisphere fly from north to south in autumn. Many northern European birds fly west and southwest in autumn and winter in Western Europe. It also happens that birds of a certain species from the northeastern strip of the European part of Russia fly south to the Caspian Sea, while their relatives from Western Siberia fly to the southwest.
North American birds usually move south to the equator, but some species fly further, even to Tierra del Fuego. Black-throated loons from Western and Central Siberia fly through the tundra to the White Sea and from there, partly by swimming, move for wintering to the shores of Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea. If birds of the same species nest both in the north and in the south, then the inhabitants of the north usually winter further south than their southern relatives. For example, tundra falcons from Siberia winter in the South Caspian, North Africa and South Asia, while falcons of the same species nesting in the middle zone of the European part of Russia make relatively small migrations and winter no south of Central Europe.
A small bird makes a significant flight - oatmeal-dubrovnik. It breeds in floodplain meadows of river valleys, such as the Moskva River and the Oka. It arrives late in the spring, at the end of May, flies away earlier than other passerines, and, as it was possible to trace, in the fall it flies for wintering through all of Siberia and the Far East to South China.
big economic importance have wintering grounds for hunting waterfowl. Most of the ducks nesting in our country winter outside the borders of Russia - in Northwestern Europe (in the area of the Baltic and North Seas), in the Mediterranean Sea, in the lower reaches of the Danube, in the Nile Valley, in Asia Minor, Iran, India, in Southeast Asia . But many different birds also winter in Russia - in the south of the Caspian Sea, and the former republics of the USSR in Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, near the Black Sea, on Lake. Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan. In these places, a huge number of ducks, geese, swans, and waders accumulate in winter. Special reserves have been created for their protection.
During flights and wintering perishes a lot of birds. So, for example, in the Caspian Sea and in Transcaucasia, tens of thousands of ducks die every winter. They die from starvation, severe frosts, deep snow, and especially from storms at sea. Waterfowl are often killed by oil spills in the Caspian Sea. Oil stains feathers, sand sticks to them, and birds can no longer fly. In the south of Ukraine, the change of rains and cold weather destroys many bustards. In the rain, their feathers get wet and freeze from the onset of a cold snap.
There were many guesses and assumptions, Why birds fly away for the winter and how they find their way while flying. In some birds, young birds fly first, and then old birds. Consequently, no one shows the way to the winter quarters for the young. Undoubtedly, instinct is of great importance in flights, that is, the innate, inherited ability for a certain behavior. No one teaches a bird to build a nest, and when it first sets about building it, it does so in the same way as all birds of its kind. The song thrush smears the tray with clay, but the redwing does not. Remez builds a complex nest from vegetable fluff in the form of a bag suspended from tree branches. A complex chain of external stimuli evokes a number of interconnected responses to stimulation in the animal organism - unconditioned reflexes. The disappearance of food familiar to the bird, changes in weather, air temperature, humidity - all this makes the bird fly away for the winter.
But why don't birds stay in their wintering grounds? forever? After all, it is warm and there is a lot of food. Why do they, overcoming heavy obstacles, return to their nesting places? Science cannot yet fully explain this phenomenon. But this can partly be explained by internal changes in the bird's body. When the breeding season begins, various endocrine glands, under the influence of external stimuli, secrete special substances into the bird's body - hormones. Under the influence of hormones, the seasonal development of the gonads begins and passes. This, apparently, encourages birds to fly.
The influence of changing external conditions also affects. At the wintering grounds, the climate does not remain constant and changes in the direction that is worse for the birds wintering there. For example, the snowy owl nests in the tundra, where summers are cold, the climate is humid and there are many lemmings that the owl feeds on. She spends the winter in the forest-steppe of the middle zone. Can this owl stay for the summer in the hot, dry steppe, where there is little of its usual food? Of course not. She will fly away to her native tundra. Perhaps for the same reason, our common cranes and other migratory birds do not nest in Africa. Sometimes birds lose direction when migrating.. Lost flamingos were encountered near Tomsk, usually inhabiting the Caspian Sea and the tropics; the vulture vulture, an inhabitant of the Caucasus Mountains, flies into the Yaroslavl region. Birds fly to us even from America: in Ukraine there have been cases of the appearance of Swenson's Thrush, nesting and wintering on the American continent.
When birds fly during the day, they can determine the direction of flight notable points: a turn by a river, a mountain, a group of trees, and by the position of the sun. During long-distance flights, the most important are, apparently, not terrestrial, but celestial landmarks: the sun - during the day, the moon and stars - at night. Many birds, in order not to lose each other in flight, especially at night, make special sounds, scream and even sing . In addition, the bird uses its voice as an echo sounder. The sound is reflected from objects in the path of the bird, and caught by her very subtle hearing. Therefore, it does not stumble upon trees or rocks in the dark and, perhaps, even determines the height above the ground.
