One of the largest branches of the fuel and energy complex is the coal industry.
Back in the era of the USSR, Russia became a recognized leader in the field of coal mining and processing. Here, coal deposits account for approximately 1/3 of the world's reserves, including both brown and coal, and anthracites.
Russian Federation ranks sixth in the world in terms of coal production, 2/3 of which is used to produce energy and heat, 1/3 - in chemical industry, a small part is transported to Japan and South Korea. On average, more than 300 million tons per year are mined in the Russian coal basins.
Characteristics of deposits
If you look at the map of Russia, then over 90% of the deposits are located in the eastern part of the country, mainly in Siberia.
If we compare the volume of coal mined, its total quantity, technical and geographical conditions, then the most significant of them can be called the Kuznetsk, Tunguska, Pechora and Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basins.
, otherwise Kuzbass, is the largest coal basin in Russia, and the largest in the world.
It is located in Western Siberia in a shallow intermountain basin. A large part of the basin belongs to the lands Kemerovo region.
A significant disadvantage is the geographical distance from the main consumers of fuel - Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the central regions of the country. It produces 56% of hard coal and about 80% of coking coal, approximately 200 million tons per year. The type of prey is open.
Kansk-Achinsk coal basin
Spread along the Trans-Siberian Railway on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kemerovo and Irkutsk Regions. 12% of all Russian brown coal belongs to this basin, in 2012 its amount was 42 million tons.
According to information provided by geological exploration in 1979, the total coal reserves are 638 billion tons.
It should be noted that the local one is the cheapest due to its open-pit mining, has low transportability and is used to provide energy to local enterprises.
Tunguska coal basin
One of the largest and most promising basins in Russia, it occupies the territories of Yakutia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region.
If you look at the map, you can see that this is more than half of Eastern Siberia.
The local coal reserves are about 2345 billion tons. Here lie hard and brown coal, a small amount of anthracites.
Currently, work in the basin is poorly conducted (due to poor knowledge of the field and the harsh climate). About 35.3 million tons are mined annually by the underground method.
Pechora basin
Located on the western slope of the Pai-Khoi ridge, it is part of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic. The main deposits are Vorkuta, Vorgashorskoye, Inta.
The deposits are mostly represented by high quality coking coal, due to extraction exclusively by the mine method.
12.6 million tons of coal are mined per year, which is 4% of the total. Consumers solid fuel- enterprises of the North European part of Russia, in particular the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant.
Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin
It stretches along the Upper Sayan from Nizhneudinsk to Lake Baikal. It is divided into the Baikal and Sayan branches. The volume of extraction is 3.4%, the extraction method is open. The deposit is remote from large consumers, delivery is difficult, so local coal is used mainly at Irkutsk enterprises. The reserve is about 7.5 billion tons of coal.
Industry issues
Nowadays, active coal mining is carried out in the Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Pechora and Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basins, the development of the Tunguska basin is planned. The main mining method is open pit, this choice is due to its relative cheapness and safety for workers. Minus this method the fact that the quality of coal suffers greatly.
The main problem faced by the above basins is the difficulty of delivering fuel to remote regions, in connection with this, it is necessary to modernize the Siberian railways. Despite this, the coal industry is one of the most promising sectors of the Russian economy (according to preliminary estimates, Russian coal deposits should last more than 500 years).
The main tasks set before the coal industry include the extraction and primary processing (enrichment) of hard and brown coal. Coal mining is the largest of all branches of the fuel industry in terms of the number of personnel and the cost of fixed assets. Such a subject of the Russian Federation as the Kemerovo region owes its economic potential to the coal industry. Russian coal basins
On the territory of Russia there are deposits various kinds coal - brown, stone and anthracite. The Russian Federation occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of the amount of fossil fuel in the bowels. The total amount of coal is 6421 billion tons, 5334 billion tons of which are conditioned.
The amount of hard coal in total reserves is more than 60% of all reserves. Technological fuel - coking coal - occupies 10% of the total reserves, 3.6% of the gross product falls on the share of coal production in the fuel and energy complex, and in the total volume of Russia's GDP this industry accounts for about one percent.
The amount of coal consumed by the domestic market of Russia increased by 2.3% and amounted to 178 million tons. Of these, 38 million tons were consumed for coking, and 140 million tons were consumed by power engineers.
If we look at the map of Russia, then more than 90% of the deposits are located in the east of the country, mainly in Siberia. If we compare production volumes, then the most significant deposits for the country can be called the Kuznetsk, Kansko-Achinskoye, Tungusskoye, Pechorskoye and Irkutsko-Cheremkhovskoye deposits.
Development of the coal industry in Russia In the world, in terms of coal production, Russia occupies the fifth place (ahead of China, the United States of America, Australia and India), 75% of the extracted fuel is used by power engineers in the production of thermal and electrical energy, 25% is used for the needs of the metallurgical and chemical industries.
A small percentage of the total production is exported. The main export markets are Japan and the Republic of Korea.
In Russia, the main method is open-pit mining - 75% of the total. The use of the open method is due to the shallow depth of occurrence. To use this method of extraction, it is necessary to remove the upper layers of the soil. Bulldozers, scrapers, rotary excavators, draglines are used for opening.
Then the rock is crushed. For crushing, water cannons, crushers are used, sometimes drilling and blasting methods for breaking coal are used. Mining in this way occupies a fairly large area of \u200b\u200bthe territory.
Open pit coal mining has the following positive sides:
Coal mining - production of a unit of production occurs in a short time interval;
- low cost;
- relative safety;
Flaws:
Coal mined by the open method contains a large percentage of impurities.
Mining is more costly. The use is due to the occurrence of useful rock layers at great depths. The development of mines requires large capital expenditures. financial plan, as well as in time. When mining coal in mines, a large proportion of manual labor takes place. The depth of some mines reaches one kilometer.
Advantages:
- high quality of the extracted raw materials;
- less impact on environment;
Flaws:
- the most unsafe way of extraction;
- significant financial investment is required.
The largest deposits of Russia
Kuzbass
Mineral resources. Brown coal basins Kuznetsk coal basin, abbreviated as Kuzbass, is the largest deposit in terms of coal reserves in the Russian Federation, and the largest in the world. It is located in the West of Siberia.
The main part of the territory of the basin is located in the Kemerovo region. Kuzbass accounts for the extraction of 56% of hard coal and about 80% of coking coal mined in the Russian Federation, in the total amount of two hundred million tons per year.
In the Kuznetsk basin, coals are of different quality. Coal with higher quality lies deeper, and the closer to the surface the ash content and moisture content of coal increases. Long distances from the main consumers of fuel - the central part of the country, Kamchatka and Sakhalin - is the main disadvantage. Mining is carried out by an open method.
Kansko-Achinsk basin
This basin is located in central Siberia. The main type of mined coal is brown coal, which is widely used in the power industry. It is mined in an open pit.
The amount of coal reserves is 638 billion tons, fuel is used by local power plants to generate electricity and heat. A significant part of the mined mineral is used at the thermal power plant of the Irkutsk energy system. The largest consumers of Kansk-Achinsk coal are thermal power plants located in the following cities:
- Krasnoyarsk;
- Abakan;
- Sunny;
- Zheleznogorsk.
Of no small importance for the basin is the presence of the Trans-Siberian railway, through which coal is transported both in the western direction of the country (for the needs of the Ryazanskaya GRES) and to the Far East.
Tunguska basin
The largest coal deposits
The Tunguska basin, the leader in Russia, is one of the largest coal basins in the world. Its area is approximately one million square kilometers. The amount of coal in the bowels is approximately two billion tons, and 95% of them are stone. This amount of coal is able to meet all the world's needs for a period of five hundred years.Due to the lack of access roads and remoteness from industrial centers, it is not operated at full capacity. The main consumer of coal is the Krasnoyarsk Territory, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
Pechora coal basin
Coal mining in the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin It is located on the western slope of the Pai-Khoi ridge. Administratively located in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic.
Coking coals of high quality are predominantly found in the depths of the basin. Mining is carried out using the mine method.
Annual production of 12.6 million tons of coal, which is equal to 4% of the total amount of coal mined in Russia. Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant is the largest consumer.
Irkutsk–Cheremkhovo basin
The Irkutsk coal basin covers an area of 42.7 thousand km². The amount of coal in the depths of the basin is 9 billion tons, of which 94% is hard coal, the remaining 6% is brown coal.
The thickness of the layers is from one to ten meters. Long distances from large consumers do not allow the use of mined coal, except in local power plants. An open method is used to extract fuel.
Impact on the environment
The nature of the environmental impact problems of the coal mining industry is mainly associated with mining operations. Especially in open pit coal mining. During blasting, tons of dust rise into the sky and are carried by the wind for many kilometers. More than fifty percent of coal mines are classified as explosive, and the risk of spontaneous combustion is also high. coal dust.
During blasting, tons of dust rise into the sky, and are carried by the wind for many kilometers When working underground, there is a high probability of subsidence of the earth, which can be prevented. When mining, voids formed underground must be filled with worthless rock or other materials.
Many countries around the world are already successfully using this technology. First of all, in those countries where standards have been adopted, and programs for the reclamation of territories where mining operations have been carried out.
Each business entity in the extraction of fossil fuels must comply with the safety requirements adopted in the mining industry. Neglect of these rules can lead to very dangerous consequences:
- during mining, landscape changes are possible;
- the development of soil erosion associated with subsidence of the earth's surface, the soil cover is disturbed;
- deteriorating air and water quality;
- underground coal mining results in methane emissions;
- underground fires;
- spontaneous combustion in dumps;
- shedding of slopes;
To minimize environmental consequences, each subject economic activity, engaged in the extraction and processing of coal should contribute to solving this problem.
Video: Coal. Modern coal mining!
Russia boasts the most generous coal deposits, but they are often located in hard-to-reach regions, which complicates their development. In addition, not all deposits are recoverable for geological reasons. We bring to your attention the rating of the world's coal basins, fraught with colossal natural wealth, most of which will remain in the bowels of the earth without being extracted to the surface.
Tunguska basin, Russia (coal reserves - 2.299 trillion tons)
The indisputable world leadership in terms of the volume of coal deposits belongs to the Russian Tunguska basin, which covers an area of more than a million square kilometers and covers the territories of the Irkutsk region, Yakutia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The block's reserves total 2.299 trillion tons of hard and brown coal. It is too early to talk about the full-scale development of the fields in the basin, since most of the zones of possible production are still poorly understood due to their location in hard-to-reach areas. In those areas that have already been explored, mining is carried out by open and underground methods.
Kayerkan coal mine, Krasnoyarsk Territory
Lena Basin, Russia (1.647 trillion tons)
In Yakutia and partly in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, there is the second largest coal basin in the world - Lensky - with reserves of 1.647 trillion tons of brown and hard coal. The main part of the block is located in the Lena River basin, in the region of the Central Yakut lowland. The area of the coal basin reaches 750 thousand square kilometers. Like the Tunguska basin, the Lena block has been insufficiently studied due to the inaccessibility of the area. Extraction is carried out in mines and cuts. At the Sangar mine, which was closed in 1998, a fire broke out two years later, which has not been extinguished to this day.
Abandoned mine "Sangarskaya", Yakutia
Kansko-Achinsk basin, Russia (638 billion tons)
The third position in the ranking of the largest coal blocks in the world went to the Kansk-Achinsk basin, whose reserves amount to 638 billion tons of coal, mostly brown. The length of the basin is about 800 kilometers along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The block is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk and Kemerovo regions. About three dozen deposits have been discovered on its territory. The basin is characterized by normal geological conditions for development. Due to the shallow occurrence of the seams, the development of the sites is carried out in a quarry way.
Borodinsky coal mine, Krasnoyarsk Territory
Kuzbass, Russia (635 billion tons)
The Kuznetsk basin is one of the largest developed blocks in the country. The geological reserves of Kuzbass coal are estimated at 635 billion tons. The basin is located within the Kemerovo region and partly in the Altai region and Novosibirsk region, where sub-bituminous coal and anthracite are mined, respectively. In Kuzbass, the underground mining method is predominant, which makes it possible to extract better quality coal. Another 30% of the volume of fuel is mined in an open way. The rest of the coal - no more than 5% - is extracted hydraulically.
Mine "Bachatsky", Kemerovo Region
Illinois Basin, USA (365 billion tons)
The fifth in terms of coal reserves in the world is the Illinois basin with an area of 122 thousand square kilometers, located in the state of the same name, as well as in the territories of neighboring regions - Kentucky and Indiana. Geological coal reserves reach 365 billion tons, of which 18 billion tons are available for open mining. The average mining depth is within 150 meters. Up to 90% of the coal produced is produced by only two of the nine available seams - "Harrisburg" and "Herrin". Approximately the same amount of coal goes to the needs of the heat and power industry, the rest is coked.
Crown III coal mine, Illinois, USA
Ruhr Basin, Germany (287 billion tons)
The famous German Ruhr block is located in the basin of the river of the same name, which is a right tributary of the Rhine. This is one of the oldest coal mining sites, known since the thirteenth century. Industrial reserves of hard coal lie on an area of 6.2 thousand square kilometers, at a depth of up to two kilometers, but in general, geological strata, the total weight of which is within 287 billion tons, reach six kilometers. About 65% of the deposits are coking coal. Mining is carried out exclusively underground. The maximum depth of mines in the fishing area is 940 meters (the Hugo mine).
Auguste Victoria Coal Mine Workers, Marl, Germany
Appalachian Basin, USA (284 billion tons)
In the eastern part of the United States, in the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky and Alabama, the Appalachian coal basin is located with reserves of 284 billion tons of fossil fuels. The area of the basin reaches 180 thousand square kilometers. There are about three hundred coal mining areas in the block. 95% of the country's mines are concentrated in the Appalachians, as well as approximately 85% of the quarries. The coal-mining enterprises of the basin employ 78% of the industry's employees. Extraction of 45% of coal is carried out by an open method.
Removal of mountain peaks for coal mining, West Virginia, USA
Pechora Basin, Russia (265 billion tons)
The Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Komi have the eighth largest coal basin in the world with an area of 90 square kilometers - Pechora. The coal deposits of this block amount to 265 billion tons. Fishing is carried out in areas of permafrost, in the forest-tundra and tundra. In addition, severe production conditions are associated with the fact that the layers lie unevenly and are characterized by high level methane content. Working in mines is dangerous due to high concentrations of gas and dust. Most of the mines were built directly in Inta and Vorkuta. The depth of development of the plots reaches 900 meters.
Open-pit mine "Yunyaginsky", Vorkuta, Komi Republic
Taimyr Basin, Russia (217 billion tons)
Another Russian coal block entered the world's top ten - the Taimyr basin, which is located on the territory of the peninsula of the same name and covers an area of 80 thousand square kilometers. The structure of the seams is complex, part of the coal deposits is suitable for coking, and most of the reserves are energy grades. Despite the significant volumes of fuel reserves - 217 billion tons - the basin's deposits are currently not being developed. The prospects for the development of the block are rather vague due to its remoteness from potential consumers.
Coal layers on the right bank of the Shrenk River, Taimyr Peninsula
Donbass - Ukraine, Russian Federation, DPR and LPR (141 billion tons)
The rating of the largest coal basins is Donbass with a volume of deposits of 141 billion tons, which covers the territory of the Russian Rostov region and a number of regions of Ukraine. On the Ukrainian side, part of the administrative territory in the basin zone is covered by an armed conflict, is not controlled by the Kyiv authorities, while being under the control of the unrecognized republics - the DPR and the LPR in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, respectively. The area of the basin is 60 thousand square kilometers. All major grades of hard coal are distributed in the block. Donbass has been intensively developed for a long time - since the end of the 19th century.
Mine "Obukhovskaya", Zverevo, Rostov region
The above rating in no way reflects the real situation with field development indicators, but only shows the scale of the world's largest geological reserves without reference to the actual levels of exploration and extraction of minerals in a particular country. The total number of proven reserves at all deposits in the countries that are leaders in the coal mining industry is much less than the volume of geological deposits even in one large basin.
From the above diagram, it is obvious that there is no relationship not only between the volumes of proven and total geological reserves. There is also no connection between the size of the largest basins and the proven amount of coal in the countries where they are located. For example, despite the fact that four of the largest basins in the world are located in Russia, the country is inferior to the United States in terms of proven reserves.
The ratings show the wealth of Russian mineral resources, but not the possibility of their development. In turn, production rates depend on other factors. For example, we recall that Pronedra wrote earlier that Russia in 2017 will increase coal exports. Decisions of this kind are made subject to a number of conditions that do not depend on the volume of reserves. We are talking about the complexity of work in the fields, the technologies used, economic feasibility, the policy of the authorities and the position of industry operators.
Coal is a type of fossil fuel formed from parts of ancient plants underground without oxygen. Today we will visit one of the oldest enterprises in Kuzbass, where coal mining operations have been carried out since 1917.
Welcome to oldest enterprise Kuzbass - Mine No. 12 LLC, located in a small mining town near Novokuznetsk - Kiselevsk.
Combine:
To form coal abundant accumulation of plant mass is necessary. It forms when rotting plant material accumulates faster than it can be bacterially decomposed. The ideal environment for this is created in swamps, where stagnant water, depleted in oxygen, prevents the vital activity of bacteria and thereby protects the plant mass from complete destruction.
In ancient peat bogs, starting from the Devonian period (about 416 million years ago), the very same organic matter, from which fossil coals were formed without access to oxygen. Most commercial fossil coal deposits date from this period, although younger deposits also exist.
Coal cuts:
Coal mining methods depend on its depth. The development is carried out in an open way in coal mines if the depth of the coal seam does not exceed 100 meters. There are also cases when it is advantageous to develop a coal deposit by an underground method. Mines are used to extract coal from great depths. The deepest mines in Russia extract coal from a level of just over 1,200 meters.
Loading:
Coal has its own label. Depending on the degree of conversion and the specific amount of carbon in coal, there are its four types: brown coals (lignites), hard coals, anthracites and graphites. In Western countries, there is a slightly different classification - lignites, sub-bituminous coals, bituminous coals, anthracites and graphites, respectively.
5.5% of the world's coal reserves are concentrated in Russia, which is more than 200 billion tons. Such a difference with the percentage of proven coal reserves (19%) is due to the fact that most of it is not suitable for development, as it is located in Siberia in the permafrost region. 70% falls on brown coal reserves.
The use of coal is varied. It is used as a domestic, energy fuel, raw material for the metallurgical and chemical industries, as well as for extracting rare and trace elements from it.
As for the Kuznetsk coal basin, Kuzbass is one of largest coal deposits in the world. Currently, the name "Kuzbass" is the second name of the Kemerovo region.
KOMATSU mining dump truck with a carrying capacity of 90 tons. But as the drivers say, it happens that they load more than 90
In total, we were in Kiselevsk for a week, most of the time we were filming. It can't get boring, it's really interesting.
When exposed to oxygen, coal ignites spontaneously. Well, or smokes, as in the photo:
Loading:
Bucket of a walking mining excavator:
Even at a career in regime time, everything looks prettier. But shooting is difficult, everything is in motion:
Walking excavator:
At night, throughout the quarry, you can see how coal burns in some areas:
Technique. Everyone has a plan that must be followed. Therefore, the movement in the quarry never stops.
Well, maybe at the end of the shift for half an hour or an hour
Bucket marks:
One such wheel costs 700,000 rubles, so they try to clear the roads from sharp stones:
In the cab of the excavator:
50-ton BELAZ followed by 90-ton KOMATSU:
IN cab of a walking excavator. This is a whole room. There is a couch, a microwave, a samovar, a washbasin and a bunch of posters with naked girls on the walls:
And this is from his arrow. Height 27 meters:
The welder is repairing the ladle:
These machines drill the ground, and explosives are poured into the dug 12 meter holes, produce undermining of the rock. He does this so that the rock becomes looser, large strong layers are broken into small stones, which then become much easier to develop with an excavator:
Explosive. We were unable to film the explosion itself.
And now, when the coal is dug out, it is taken to the enrichment plant. Enrichment- a set of processes for the primary processing of raw materials, namely the separation of coal from waste rock and sorting:
Atmospheric inside:
A place where both coal and rock travel along a conveyor belt, and women (!) separate this rock from coal, collect it and throw it away. There are large enough pieces that women alone cannot cope and throw off pieces of the breed together. In the rest of the workshops, everything is automated:
Car dumper:
Coal warehouse:
Loading coal into wagons that will go to consumers. It was a report from Kuzbass.
coal industry is engaged in the extraction and primary processing (enrichment) of hard and brown coal and is the most major industry by the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets.
Russian coal
Russia has various types of coal - brown, black, anthracite - and occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of reserves. The total geological reserves of coal amount to 6421 billion tons, of which 5334 billion tons are standard. More than 2/3 of the total reserves are coal. Technological fuel - coking coal - is 1/10 of the total amount of hard coal.
Coal distribution throughout the country uneven. 95% reserves account for eastern regions, of which more than 60% - to Siberia. The main part of the general geological reserves of coal is concentrated in the Tunguska and Lena basins. In terms of industrial coal reserves, the Kansk-Achinsk and Kuznetsk basins are distinguished.
Coal mining in Russia
In terms of coal production, Russia ranks fifth in the world (after China, the USA, India and Australia), 3/4 of the coal mined is used for the production of energy and heat, 1/4 - in metallurgy and the chemical industry. A small part is exported, mainly to Japan and the Republic of Korea.
Open pit coal mining in Russia is 2/3 of the total volume. This method of extraction is considered the most productive and cheapest. However, this does not take into account the severe disturbances of nature associated with it - the creation of deep quarries and extensive overburden dumps. Mine production is more expensive and has a high accident rate, which is largely determined by the depreciation of mining equipment (40% of it is outdated and requires urgent modernization).
Russian coal basins
The role of this or that coal basin in the territorial division of labor depends on the quality of coal, the size of reserves, technical and economic indicators of production, the degree of preparedness of reserves for industrial operation, size of production, features of the transport and geographical position. Together, these conditions stand out sharply interdistrict coal bases— The Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk basins, which together account for 70% of coal production in Russia, as well as the Pechora, Donetsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo and South Yakutsk basins.
Kuznetsk basin, located in the south of Western Siberia in the Kemerovo region, is the main coal base of the country and provides half of the all-Russian coal production. High quality coal, including coking coal, is deposited here. Almost 12% of mining is carried out by open pit mining. The main centers are Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Prokopievsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Belovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky.
Kansko-Achinsk basin located in the south of Eastern Siberia in the Krasnoyarsk Territory along the Trans-Siberian Railway and provides 12% of coal production in Russia. The lignite of this basin is the cheapest in the country, since it is mined in an open pit. Due to the low quality of coal, it is not very transportable, and therefore powerful thermal power plants operate on the basis of the largest mines (Irsha-Borodinsky, Nazarovsky, Berezovsky).
Pechora basin is the largest in the European part and provides 4% of the country's coal production. It is remote from the most important industrial centers and is located in the Arctic; mining is carried out only by the mine method. Coking coal is mined in the northern part of the basin (Vorkuta and Vorgashorskoye deposits), while in the southern part (Intinskoye deposit), mainly energy coal is mined. The main consumers of Pechora coal are the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, enterprises of the North-West, the Center and the Central Chernozem Region.
Donetsk basin in the Rostov region is the eastern part of the coal basin located in Ukraine. This is one of the oldest coal mining areas. The mining method of extraction led to the high cost of coal. Coal production is declining every year and in 2007 the basin produced only 2.4% of the total Russian production.
Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin in the Irkutsk region provides a low cost of coal, since mining is carried out in an open way and provides 3.4% of coal in the country. Due to the great distance from large consumers, it is used at local power plants.
South Yakutsk basin(3.9% of the total Russian production) is located in the Far East. It has significant reserves of energy and process fuels, and all mining is carried out by an open method.
The promising coal basins include the Lensky, Tungussky and Taimyrsky, located beyond the Yenisei to the north of the 60th parallel. They occupy vast areas in the poorly developed and sparsely populated areas of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
In parallel with the creation of coal bases of inter-district significance, there was a wide development of local coal basins, which made it possible to bring coal production closer to the areas of its consumption. At the same time, in the western regions of Russia, coal production is declining (the Moscow Basin), and in the eastern regions it is increasing sharply (deposits of the Novosibirsk Region, Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorye.
