"Policy of Nicholas 1" - Similar demands were made to Turkey. In September, Russian troops inflicted a number of defeats on the Iranians. Emperor Nicholas I strengthened the military and political alliance of Russia with Prussia and Austria. The Iranian army captured Elizavetpol and laid siege to the fortress of Shusha. The Danubian principalities came under the protectorate of Russia.
"Russia at the turn of the century" - 44 million people lived. Human. The secret committee. Restoration of privileges to cities and nobility. Most of the cities were classified as small. The Russian names and uniforms were returned to the army. The life of the people. Multi-confessional state - in. Russia at the turn of the century. Russian absolutism relied on the nobility and the rising bourgeoisie.
"The domestic policy of Nicholas I" - Years of life 1796 - 1855 years of reign 1825 - 1855 "the apogee of autocracy." 2. An attempt to solve the peasant question (P.D. Kiselev). Read an excerpt from A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" from the point of view of the "Charter on censorship". Select from the listed activities the most likely areas of activity to eliminate the shortcomings of the existing system.
"Famous people of Russia" - What are the causes and goals of the Russian - Turkish war of 1877 - 1878? IV round. The era of Alexander II and Alexander III. What is the essence of the judicial reform of 1864? General lesson. 8. "Famous people." 7. 10. 13. 11.
"The estates of Russian society" - 6-Siberian. 1. Hereditary. 1st guild. Privileged. Unprivileged. estate structure Russian Society in the first half of the 19th century. In 10 black earth provinces. Make a step-by-step diagram of the "Beliefs of the peoples Russian Empire". In 13 non-chernozem provinces. What religions do you know? At the head of each army was an appointed (appointed) ataman.
"Decembrist uprising" - Most of the victims were crushed by a crowd rushing in a panic from the center of events. On December 14, 1825, Rostovsky-Shepin managed to bring the Moscow Regiment to the Senate Square. Preparation for the uprising. Dynastic crisis of 1825. The army and the Senate swore allegiance to Constantine. Hundreds of corpses remained on the square and streets.
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Presentation on the topic: Counter-reforms of Alexander III
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1. Identify what was the main reason for curtailing the reforms of Alexander II. 1. Identify what was the main reason for curtailing the reforms of Alexander II. 2. Be able to work with documents, photographs, brief information. 3. Be able to create your own opinion about the first persons of the state.
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The concept of counter-reform has a broad meaning and includes not only reactionary laws, but the entire political course of the Russian autocracy. Alexander III sought to preserve the existing order, strengthen the position of the nobility, and prevent a revolution. Domestic politics of the emperor was of a conservative, protective nature, which, however, did not exclude the protection of the interests of Russian industrial and commercial capital. The reign of Alexander III was controversial: political reaction was combined with great economic achievements. This was fraught with shocks in the future. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the time of this reign was one of the most peaceful and stable in the history of Russia. The concept of counter-reform has a broad meaning and includes not only reactionary laws, but the entire political course of the Russian autocracy. Alexander III sought to preserve the existing order, strengthen the position of the nobility, and prevent a revolution. The emperor's domestic policy was of a conservative, protective nature, which, however, did not exclude the protection of the interests of Russian industrial and commercial capital. The reign of Alexander III was controversial: political reaction was combined with great economic achievements. This was fraught with shocks in the future. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the time of this reign was one of the most peaceful and stable in the history of Russia.
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Growing up in an officer's environment, Alexander did not receive the education that a future emperor should have. They left much to be desired and the features of the upbringing of the young man. Alexander III was arrogant and rude, he treated people as soldiers subordinate to him. Autocratic royalty was present in the powerful figure of Alexander III. Physically, he was extremely strong: he broke horseshoes, bent silver rubles. His character was calm, balanced, very firm, in rare cases he hesitated. And yet for statesman the mind and education are more important. “Emperor Alexander III,” Witte wrote, “was of a completely ordinary mind, perhaps, one might say, below average, below average abilities, below average education ...” Unlike his father, Alexander III was not a brave man. Fearing assassination attempts, he retired to Gatchina, to the palace of his great-grandfather Paul I, planned as an old castle, surrounded by ditches and protected by watchtowers. Alexander Alexandrovich did not count on the Russian crown either in childhood or in his early youth. The legitimate heir to the throne - his elder brother Nikolai Alexandrovich - died at the age of 22 from tuberculosis. Growing up in an officer's environment, Alexander did not receive the education that a future emperor should have. They left much to be desired and the features of the upbringing of the young man. Alexander III was arrogant and rude, he treated people as soldiers subordinate to him. Autocratic royalty was present in the powerful figure of Alexander III. Physically, he was extremely strong: he broke horseshoes, bent silver rubles. His character was calm, balanced, very firm, in rare cases he hesitated. And yet, for a statesman, intelligence and education are more important. “Emperor Alexander III,” Witte wrote, “was of a completely ordinary mind, perhaps, one might say, below average, below average abilities, below average education ...” Unlike his father, Alexander III was not a brave man. Fearing assassination attempts, he retired to Gatchina, to the palace of his great-grandfather Paul I, planned as an old castle, surrounded by ditches and protected by watchtowers. Alexander Alexandrovich did not count on the Russian crown either in childhood or in his early youth. The legitimate heir to the throne - his elder brother Nikolai Alexandrovich - died at the age of 22 from tuberculosis.
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The new government course apparently differed from the activities of Alexander II and his inner circle - the liberal-minded ministers. The latter were replaced by D.A. Tolstoy, K.P. Pobedonostsev, S.G. Stroganov, V.P. Meshchersky, who became the closest adviser to Alexander III. The main reason for the sharp change in government policy in the early 80s. XIX century was not only in the originality of the personality of Alexander III and his associates. The decisive role was played by the tense internal political situation caused by the terrorist activities of the Narodnaya Volya, and above all by the assassination of Alexander II. However, Alexander III had one property unusual for Russian emperors: he did not envy someone else's mind, brought talented, extraordinary people closer to him and put him in the most important government posts (for example, the finance ministers N.Kh. Bunge (from 1881 to 1886), and A. Vyshnegradsky (from 1888 to 1892), S. Yu. Witte (from 1892 to 1903), later - Chairman of the Committee of Ministers no constitution was made, and this whole fantastic project was rejected". The new tsar was disgusted with any more or less progressive movements of the century. Therefore, the essence of the domestic policy of Alexander III contained a gradual return to the old: strengthening the estate system and autocracy. The new government course in a visible way differed from the activities of Alexander II and his inner circle - liberal-minded ministers.The latter were replaced by D.A. Tolstoy, K.P. Pobedonostsev, S.G. Stroganov, V.P. Meshchersky, who became the closest adviser to Alexander III. The main reason for the sharp change in government policy in the early 80s. XIX century was not only in the originality of the personality of Alexander III and his associates. The decisive role was played by the tense internal political situation caused by the terrorist activities of the Narodnaya Volya, and above all by the assassination of Alexander II. However, Alexander III had one property unusual for Russian emperors: he did not envy someone else's mind, brought talented, extraordinary people closer to him and put him in the most important government posts (for example, the finance ministers N.Kh. Bunge (from 1881 to 1886), and A. Vyshnegradsky (from 1888 to 1892), S. Yu. Witte (from 1892 to 1903), later - Chairman of the Committee of Ministers no constitution was made, and this whole fantastic project was rejected.” The new tsar had an aversion to any more or less progressive movements of the century. Therefore, the essence of the domestic policy of Alexander III contained a gradual return to the old: the strengthening of the estate system and autocracy.
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1. The main activities of the new government were the “eradication of sedition” and the reassurance of the public. A special role in strengthening and protecting the regime was assigned to the Police Department, headed by G.P. Sudeikin, who created a well-thought-out system of political investigation based on provocative activities, espionage and blackmail. 1. The main activities of the new government were the “eradication of sedition” and the reassurance of the public. A special role in strengthening and protecting the regime was assigned to the Police Department, headed by G.P. Sudeikin, who created a well-thought-out system of political investigation based on provocative activities, espionage and blackmail. 2. According to the new “Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions” of 1880, the zemstvo was transformed. The nobility got the opportunity to elect most of the elected zemstvo figures - vowels (about 57%). Peasants generally lost the right to choose vowels, since now they were appointed by the governor. The meaning of the zemstvo counter-reform was to nullify the possibility of participation in the work of the zemstvo bodies of "random" (undesirable for the regime) people, to increase the representation of the nobility - the support of the throne, and ultimately to make the zemstvos loyal to the autocratic power.
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3. The city counter-reform pursued exactly the same goals as the zemstvo one. According to the new city regulation of 1892, the property qualification, which gave the right to participate in elections, increased. As a result, the number of voters in Moscow, for example, decreased three times. The provision that city dumas and councils act independently was withdrawn from the legislation. The intervention of the tsarist administration in their affairs was consolidated. 3. The city counter-reform pursued exactly the same goals as the zemstvo one. According to the new city regulation of 1892, the property qualification, which gave the right to participate in elections, increased. As a result, the number of voters in Moscow, for example, decreased three times. The provision that city dumas and councils act independently was withdrawn from the legislation. The intervention of the tsarist administration in their affairs was consolidated. 4. Judicial reform Russia - the most successful offspring of reformers removed from power - did not suffer any significant changes at that time. The judicial statutes of 1864 continued to operate successfully. However, publicity was limited in legal proceedings in political cases: the publication of reports on political trials was prohibited. All cases of violent actions against officials. 5. Education. Since the students were considered the main source of free-thinking, a hotbed of republican ideas and all sorts of unrest, Russian universities became one of the first victims of the protective course. The new university charter of 1884 abolished their autonomy. The university court was liquidated, any student associations were prohibited. Teachers elected by academic councils were necessarily approved in their positions by the Minister of Education.
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The inspirer and main organizer of the counter-reforms in the field of education, Count I. D. Delyanov (1818-1897), Minister of Public Education since 1882, also belongs to the authorship of the infamous circular "about the cook's children." This document recommended limiting the admission to the gymnasium and pro-gymnasium of “children of coachmen, footmen, cooks, laundresses, small merchant shopkeepers and the like, whose children, with the exception of perhaps gifted with extraordinary abilities, should not be taken out of the environment to which they belong” . In middle and high educational establishments the reception of persons of Jewish nationality was reduced. The inspirer and main organizer of the counter-reforms in the field of education, Count I. D. Delyanov (1818-1897), Minister of Public Education since 1882, also belongs to the authorship of the infamous circular "about the cook's children." This document recommended limiting the admission to the gymnasium and pro-gymnasium of “children of coachmen, footmen, cooks, laundresses, small merchant shopkeepers and the like, whose children, with the exception of perhaps gifted with extraordinary abilities, should not be taken out of the environment to which they belong” . In secondary and higher educational institutions, the admission of persons of Jewish nationality was reduced. 6. Press: The first experience of freedom of speech was interrupted after the approval in August 1882 of the new "Provisional Rules on the Press" (which became permanent). The administration received the right to close any newspapers and magazines, deprive publishers and editors of the right to continue professional activity. The editors undertook to disclose the pseudonyms of their authors at the request of the authorities. Increased censorship. In accordance with the new legislation, in 1884, the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, hated by the government, ceased to exist, edited by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
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The counter-reforms carried out in the “vital interests of the people” turned out to be powerless in the face of the very course of life: it took its toll. The zemstvo counter-reform did not stop the zemstvo movement, but set up a significant part of the zemstvo against the autocracy. The increased electoral qualification during the implementation of urban reform has become another incentive for business people to think about increasing your income. This, in turn, contributed to the development of the urban economy, the strengthening of the urban bourgeoisie, which demanded that the autocracy grant it more and more rights. Educational counter-reforms also produced the exact opposite of what was expected: the spirit of freethinking intensified in the universities. The government's measures in the field of printing were not successful either: the number of publications in Russia increased from year to year. Alexander III died in the fall of 1894 from kidney disease, which worsened due to bruises received during a railway accident near Kharkov, and constant immoderate drinking. He is buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. The counter-reforms carried out in the “vital interests of the people” turned out to be powerless in the face of the very course of life: it took its toll. The zemstvo counter-reform did not stop the zemstvo movement, but set up a significant part of the zemstvo against the autocracy. The increased electoral qualification during the city reform has become another incentive for business people to think about raising their income levels. This, in turn, contributed to the development of the urban economy, the strengthening of the urban bourgeoisie, which demanded that the autocracy grant it more and more rights. Educational counter-reforms also produced the exact opposite of what was expected: the spirit of freethinking intensified in the universities. The government's measures in the field of printing were not successful either: the number of publications in Russia increased from year to year. Alexander III died in the fall of 1894 from kidney disease, which worsened due to bruises received during a railway accident near Kharkov, and constant immoderate drinking. He is buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.
The political course of Alexander III can be described as follows: "first order, then liberal reforms" Alexander carried out: the reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the fight against revolutionary sentiments within the country, transformations in culture and local government, economic transformations, etc.).
BOARD OF ALEXANDER III () DOMESTIC POLICY Ideologists: K.P. Pobedonostsev, D.A. Tolstoy, V.P. Meshchersky Dismissal of liberal ministers: D. Milyutin, A. Abaza, T. Loris-Melikov, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich.
Causes The rise of the zemstvo and liberal movement in Russia (requirement of the constitution). Terrorist activities of revolutionary populists. Conservative views of Alexander III (father overreformed). Counter-reforms in Russia in the 80s - early 90s of the XIX century.
Counter-reforms is the name adopted in the historical literature for the measures taken by the government of Alexander III to revise the results of the reforms of the 60s. Restriction of zemstvo and city self-government Strengthening the police regime and the elimination of certain provisions of the judicial reform of 1864 Introduction of additional restrictions in the sphere of the press and education Main directions
Counter-reforms in Russia in the 80s - early 90s of the XIX century. Printing and education Tightening censorship. Shutdown of liberal and radical journals Reactionary university charter, which essentially eliminated the autonomy of universities Decree on "cook's children"
Counter-reforms in Russia in the 80s - early 90s of the XIX century. local administration Limiting the functions of zemstvos and strengthening control over the activities of these institutions. Reduction of peasant representation in zemstvos. Restriction of the electoral rights of the urban population (high property qualification).
Labor legislation of 1882 - a law that prohibited the work of children under 12 years of age and limited the working day of minors (from 12 to 15 years old) to eight hours - a ban on night work for women and adolescents - a limitation on the amount of fines arbitrariness of employers in relation to employees For execution labor law supervised by a specially established in 1882 factory inspection in 1882
1881 Termination of temporarily liable relations (since 1883) Establishment of the Peasants' Bank (loan at 6.5%). Decrease in the amount of redemption payments y.y. The abolition of the poll tax. On the peasant question
"Alexander III and his internal politics" - Judicial counter-reform. Counter-reform. Rules for Jews. social background populists. Pobedonostsev Konstantin Petrovich. Peasant question. Educators. Knowledgeable people. Labor law. Education policy. All Jews were evicted from Moscow. Reign of Alexander III. Alexander ruled in place of his deceased brother. The program of the reign of Alexander III. Alexander III and his domestic policy.
"Economic development under Alexander 3" - Economic development during the reign of Alexander 3. The role of the state in the development of industry. Agriculture. N.H. Bunge. Peasants. Compare the economic policies of Alexander II and Alexander III. The main directions of economic policy. N.A. Vyshnegradsky. financial reform. Directions of economic policy S.Yu. Witte. Characteristic. Trans-Siberian Railway. Development of agriculture.
"The domestic policy of Alexander 3" - Alexander III. V.P. Meshchersky. Attempts at judicial counter-reform. Urban counter-reform. 1884 - student unrest. "Circular about cook's children". From an article by Pobedonostsev. Liquidation of the world court. Zemstvo counter-reform. censorship counter-reform. Resignation of N.P. Ignatiev. The governors received the right to suspend the decisions of the zemstvos. I will never allow limitations on autocratic power. In 1887, the property qualification for jurors was significantly increased.
"Counter-reforms in the domestic policy of Alexander III" - Change of government. Events. Measures to mitigate the lack of land of the peasants. Alexander III. Domestic policy of Alexander III. Police State. Temporary rules on the press. Exit of peasants from the community. Personalities. Ideology. The law on the obligatory redemption by peasants of their allotments. Regulation on measures for protection public order. Document. Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions. Education policy.
"Counter-reforms of Alexander III" - Note. Penalties for faulty work are determined according to the nature of the fault. Death of a migrant. 1889. The era of counter-reforms. The number of City Council meetings was limited. Built in 1892–1916. Raising the electoral qualification for the city curia. 1882 - the prohibition of the labor of children under 12 years of age. Liquidation of Magistrates' Courts (preserved only in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Odessa). No penalties may be imposed for other reasons.
"Counter-reforms of Alexander 3" - New appointments. Alexander ruled in place of his deceased brother. Judicial reform. Portrait. Resignations. Zemstvo counter-reform. Replacing the peasant administration with a noble one. Tasks. Forced Russification. Circular about cook's children. Domestic policy of Alexander III. Judicial counter-reform (1887-1894). Educators. 1845-1894 - the years of the reign of Alexander III. What was the nature of politics? Counter-reforms.
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(1845-1894) (1881-1894) Heir to the throne since 1865. Teachers: K. Pobedonostsev, S. M. Solovyov Peacemaker. (Peacemaker). The king is a boa constrictor.
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Last family photo. From left to right: Tsarevich Nicholas, Grand Duke George, Empress Maria Feodorovna, Grand Duchess Olga, Grand Duke Mikhail, Grand Duchess Xenia and Emperor Alexander III.
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Appearance. The emperor was distinguished by high (193 cm) growth. In his youth, he possessed exceptional strength - he bent coins with his fingers and broke horseshoes, over the years he became obese and bulky, but even then, according to contemporaries, there was something graceful in his figure. He was completely devoid of the aristocracy inherent in his grandfather and partly his father. Even in the manner of dressing there was something deliberately unassuming. He, for example, could often be seen in soldier's boots with trousers tucked into them in a simple way.
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Abilities "below average intelligence, below average abilities and below average education; in appearance he looked like a big Russian peasant from the central provinces, and yet he was his appearance, which reflected his enormous character, beautiful heart, complacency, justice, and at the same time hardness, undoubtedly impressed" (S.Yu. Witte).
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Character As S. Yu. Witte wrote, “Emperor Alexander III had an absolutely outstanding nobility and purity of heart, purity of morals and thoughts. As a family man, he was an exemplary family man; as a boss and owner - he was an exemplary boss and an exemplary owner ... he was a good owner not because of a sense of self-interest, but because of a sense of duty. Not only in the royal family, but also among dignitaries, I never met that feeling of respect for the state ruble, for the state penny, which the Emperor had ...
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Interests, hobbies. 1866 - Historical Society. 1872 - decree on the opening of the Historical Museum (Alexander ΙΙ). 1883 - opening of the Historical Museum.
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Hobbies The emperor was a passionate collector (About Alexander III, an extensive collection of paintings, drawings, decorative and applied arts, sculptures, after his death, was transferred to the Russian Museum founded by the Russian Emperor Nicholas II in memory of his parent. Alexander was fond of hunting and fishing. (Europe can wait while the Russian tsar fishes).
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Activities as heir to the throne. 1868 - introduced to the higher public institutions. 1878 (Russian-Turkish war) - commanded the Ruschuk detachment (75,000 people).
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Under what circumstances did he ascend the throne? March 2, 1881 - wedding to the kingdom (for the first time the peasants swore allegiance). March 10, 1881 - The Executive Committee of the "Narodnaya Volya" issued an ultimatum. “You have lost your father. We lost not only fathers, but also brothers, wives, children, best friends. But we are ready to stifle personal feelings if the good of Russia requires it.”
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On the report of Pobedonostsev dated March 30, 1881, he urged the new emperor, in view of the “thought put into motion” about the possibility of “saving convicted criminals from the death penalty”, in no case succumb to the “voice of flattery and dreaminess”. Alexander wrote: “Be calm, no one will dare to come to me with such proposals, and that all six will be hanged, I vouch for this”
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April 3, 1881 - the execution of the "First March" A. Zhelyabov. S. Perovskaya. N. Kibalchich. T.Mikhailov. N. Rysakov. Gesya Gelfman.
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The execution of Timofey Mikhailov. “In a quarter of an hour he was hanged 3 times, since twice he was hanged and fell off the gallows.” The phrase of a German correspondent flew all over Europe: "I attended a dozen executions in the East, but I have never seen such a flayer."
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Define the tasks of the board. 1) Economic development of the country. 2) Support for the privileges of nobles. 3) Restriction of zemstvo and city self-government. 4) Suppression of the liberal opposition. 5) The defeat of the revolutionary movement. 6) Preservation of peaceful relations with other countries.
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March 1, 1887 - assassination attempt on Alexander ΙΙΙ. One of the participants A.I. Ulyanov. From the petition of the widow of the current State Councilor Maria Ulyanova to pardon her son: “If I could imagine my son as a villain, I would have had the courage to renounce him ... My son has always been a hater of terrorism.” Review of Alexander III: “Well, she knows her son!”
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Main directions of activity. Domestic policy 1) Adhered to conservative-protective views 2) pursued a policy of counter-reforms 3) Russification of the national outskirts. Foreign policy 1) Franco-Russian alliance. 2) A peacemaker, since during his reign, for the first time in a long time, Russia did not wage major wars.
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Ideologists K. Pobedonostsev. (Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, "Russian Pope") M. Katkov. (quencher of thought, literary bandit). D. Tolstoy. (he is fed with the saliva of a rabid dog).
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"Not all conservatives are fools, but all fools are conservatives." Epigram on Pobedonostsev: Pobedonostsev for the Synod of Lumber-bearers at the court He is Bedon-bearers for the people of Donos-bearers at court.
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V. Martynov - the manager of the royal stables was appointed to the Senate. Feoktistov: “Well, it could have been worse. Caligula sent his horse to the Senate, and now only a groom is sent to the Senate. It's still progress."
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Remember the project of M. Loris - Melikov. "Constitution? So that the Russian tsar swears allegiance to some cattle?" About his policy, Alexander III spoke definitely: "Our ministers ... would not have wondered about unrealizable fantasies and lousy liberalism."
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Remember the theory of official nationality. Autocracy, Orthodoxy and the Spirit of Humility.
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On April 29, 1881, the emperor signed a manifesto on the inviolability of autocratic power, drawn up by Pobedonostsev. announced a departure from the former liberal course, saying, in particular: “But in the midst of OUR great sorrow, the Voice of God commands US to stand up cheerfully for the work of the Government, in the hope of Divine Providence, with faith in the strength and truth of Autocratic power, which WE are called to affirm and protect for the good of the people from all encroachments on it. The Manifesto called on “all faithful subjects to serve faithfully and truthfully to eradicate the vile sedition that dishonors the Russian land, to the establishment of faith and morality, to the good upbringing of children, to the extermination of untruth and theft, to the establishment of order and truth in the operation of all institutions” .
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Counter-reforms - measures aimed at revising the results of the reforms of the 60s Reform of Alexander ΙΙ Counter-reforms of Alexander ΙΙΙ The purpose of the counter-reform
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Zemstvo City reforms of 1881 - "Manifesto on inviolability .." 1889 - decree on Zemsky district chiefs. (39-against, 13-for) 1890- Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions. 1890-city counter-reform. Restriction of zemstvo and city self-government Landlords restored their rights Strengthening the position of the nobility. Small proprietors are deprived of voting rights.
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M. Gorky "Klim Samgin" Zemsky chief Bronsky fined the peasants for fifty dollars, because they did not take off their hats in front of his horse.
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Judicial 1881 - Regulations on measures for the protection of public order 1887 - raising property and educational qualifications for jurors. 1889 - withdrawal from the knowledge of jury cases on resistance to the authorities. Liquidation of the world court. -Declaration of a state of emergency. -Suspicious could be arrested and sent into exile for 5 years. Strengthening the police regime.
